
< J r€%^- Wk'td 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION 
1921 



RELATIVE TO THE BILL 



H. R. 7456 



PREPARED BY 
THE UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION , 
FOR THE USE OF 
THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON FINANCE 




ShOi 



l#v 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1922 



INTRODUCTION. 



The following compilation has been prepared by the United States 
Tariff Commission pursuant to a request by the Committee on Finance 
of the Senate for a summary of pertinent information upon the bill 
H. K. 7456 (the Fordney bill) as passed by the House of Repre- 
sentatives and now pending in the Senate. 

Treatment naturally falls into two main divisions, as follows : 

1. Descriptive and economic data on commodities mentioned in the 
bill, covering description and uses of the articles, and information 
concerning their production, importation, and exportation. 

2. Discussion of the form of the bill, including mention of impor- 
tant changes in classification made by the Committee on Ways and 
Means and the reasons therefor, notation of some provisions which 
appear to be inconsistent, and the suggestion of certain textual 
changes. 

The principal sources of information have been the commodity 
surveys and reports of the Tariff Commission, especially the " Sum- 
mary of Tariff Information, 1920." The material in the latter has 
been amplified and brought up to date. 

General statistics were obtained for the most part from official 
publications or directly from Government departments, as follows: 
Statistics of manufactures from the United States Census; of min- 
erals and earth products from the Geological Survey ; of agricultural 
products from the Department of Agriculture ; of imports and exports 
from the Department of Commerce. 

The special commodity surveys to which reference has been made 
above should be consulted for more extended discussion of the sub- 
jects appearing in this volume. Under the various subtitles will be 
found references to these surveys, as, for example : 

BLEACHING POWDER. 

(See Survey A-5.) 

This means that bleaching powder is treated at length in the com- 
mission's Tariff Information Survey A-5. The reports cited in this 
manner may be obtained in most cases from the Superintendent of 
Documents at the Government Printing Office or directly from the 
commission to a limited extent. 

In a few cases other abbreviations have been used. "T. I. S." 
refers to " Tariff Information Series," " M. S." refers to " Miscel- 
laneous Series" (unnumbered), and " W. M." to " Keports to Com- 
mittee on Ways and Means" (unnumbered). 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

The tabulated import and export statistics cover calendar years, 
those in the text fiscal years, unless otherwise indicated. " Imports " 
are " imports for consumption," except in some instances where " gen- 
eral imports" are specifically mentioned. The term "tons" used in 
relation to imports and exports means "long tons." Statistics of 
production, without definite reference to country, relate to the United 
States. 

Statistics of imports and exports, classified in " Commerce and 
Navigation" according to the paragraphs of the tariff act of 1913, 
have been brought as far as possible under the new classification of 
the bill H. E. 7456, but in a number of cases the figures could not be 
made to apply exactly to the items in the new bill. Statistics of duties 
for 1921 were not available and were therefore necessarily omitted 
from the tables and elsewhere. 

Under the heading " Suggested changes " obvious reasons for such 
suggested changes are omitted. 

At the end of the free list on page 1485 is a tabulation of articles 
transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (as modified) to the 
dutiable schedules of the bill H. R. 7456, and of articles transferred 
from the dutiable schedules of the act of 1913 to the free list of the 
bill H. R. 7456. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 

1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

AN ACT To provide revenue, to regulate 
commerce with foreign countries, to en- 
courage the industries of the United 
States, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress 

asscnibled, 

Trn.i: I. — Dutiarle List. 

Section 1. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, ex- 
cept as otherwise specially provided 
for in this Act. there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid upon all articles 
when imported from any foreign coun- 
try into the United States or into any 
of its possession* (except the Philip- 
pine Islands, the Virgin Islands, and 
the islands of Guam and Tntuila) the 
rates of duty which are prescribed 
by the schedules and paragraphs of 
the dutiable list of this title, namely : 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OE 1909. 

An Act To provide revenue, equalize duties 
and encourage the industries of the United 
States, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress 
assembled, That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act. 
except as otherwise specially pro- 
vided for in the second section of this 
Act, there shall be levied, collected, 
and paid upon all articles when im- 
ported from any foreign country into 
the United States or into any of its 
possessions (except the Philippine 
Islands and the islands of Guam and 
Tntuila) the rates of duty which are 
by the schedules and paragraphs of 
the dutiable list of this section pre- 
scribed, namely : 



ACT OE 1913. 

An Act To reduce tariff duties and to pro- 
vide revenue for the Government, and for 
other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress 
assembled. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, ex- 
cept as otherwise specially provided 
for in this Act, there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid upon all articles 
when imported from any foreign coun- 
try into the United States or into any 
of its possessions (except the Philip- 
pine Islands and the islands of Guam 
and Tntuila) the rates of duty which 
are by the schedules and paragraphs 
of the dutiable list of this section pre- 
scribed, namely : 



Suggested changes. — Importations into the Philippine Islands 
from foreign countries are subject to the rates of clutv prescribed 
in the Philippine tariff act of August 5, 1909 (ch. 8. 36 Stat., 130). 
The act of March 3. 1917 (ch. 171. sec. 4, 39 Stat., 1133), made im- 

7 



8 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

portations into the Virgin Islands subject to the laws in force there 
at the time of cession to the United States by Denmark. Prod- 
ucts of the United States are admitted free into both of those pos- 
sessions. Duties are collected upon importations into Guam and 
Tutuila under a tariff administered b}^ the Nav}^ Department \ there 
having been no legislation governing imports into those islands. 
Product's of the United States shipped to Tutuila are subject to duty 
or exempt from duty the same as like importations from foreign 
countries. Products of the United States going into Guam are 
exempt from duty. Under existing laws merchandise can not be 
shipped to Tutuila or to Guam for drawback of duties nor be with- 
drawn from bonded warehouses in the United States for shipment 
thereto without payment of duties. (Art. 200, Cust. Kegs, of 1915.) 

The Panama Canal Zone is not a possession of the United States 
but is a place subject to its jurisdiction for maintenance of the canal. 
(27 Op. A%. Gen., 594, of 1909.) Shipments between the United 
States and the Canal Zone are treated in all respects as shipments to 
and from foreign countries. (Act of Mar. 2, 1905; Kaufman v. 
Smith, 216 U. S., 610, of 1910.) The customs administration of said 
Zone is under the jurisdiction of the War Department. (Art. 201, 
Cust. Regs, of 1915.) 

. Section 401 (p) of Title IV of H. R. 7456 defines the term " United 
States " for the purposes of the whole act, and therefore applies to 
Title I, the dutiable list, and Title II, the free list, of H. R. 7456. 
The purpose of the definition, as suggested by the Tariff Commission 
in its report of August 26, 1918, upon the customs administrative 
laws, was to give the President authority in the absence of legisla- 
tion to treat the insular possessions and the Panama Canal Zone as 
foreign or domestic, according to the needs for administrative pur- 
poses. Unless, therefore, the word "act" in section 401 (p) of Title 
IV of H. R, 7456 shall be changed to " title " there will be a conflict 
with the above provision in section 1 of Title I of H. R. 7456, and 
also- with the first part of section 201 of Title II of H. R. 7456. 



DUTIABLE LIST. 

SCHEDULE 1.— CHEMICALS, OILS, AND PAINTS. 



[Note. — The United States Tariff Commission, in response to a request from 
the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, trans- 
mitted on March 28, 1921, to that committee a report entitled " Suggested 
reclassification of chemicals, oils, and paints." This document, referred to in 
the following pages as the " Reclassification Report," was confined to matters 
of wording, arrangement, and classification of the provisions dealing with 
chemicals, oils, and paints of the acts of 1913 and 1916. No attempt was made 
to transfer articles from the dutiable to the free list, or the reverse, nor to 
recommend rates of duty. The suggested reclassification was adopted by the 
committee as a basis of schedule 1 of H. R. 7456.] 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Paragraph 1. Acids and acid anhy- 
drides : Acetic acid containing not more 
than 65 per centum of acetic acid, 
»hree-f ourths of 1 cent per pound ; con- 
taining more than 65 per centum, 2 
cents per pound ; acetic anhydride, 8 
cents per pound ; boric acid, 2 cents 
per pound ; chloroacetic acid, 5 cents 
per pound ; citric acid, 12 cents per 
pound ; lactir acid, containing by 
weight of lactic acid less than 30 per 
pentum, 1£ cents per pound ; 30 per 
centum or more and less than 55 per 
oentum, 3 cents per pound ; and 55 
per centum or more, 5 cents per pound : 
Provided, That any lactic-acid anhy- 
dride present shall be determined as 
lactic acid and included as such: And 
provided further, That the duty on 
lactic acid shall not be less than 25 
per centum ad valorem; tannic acid. 
tannin, and extracts or decoctions of 
nutgalls, containing by weight of tan- 
nic acid less than 50 per centum, 4 
cents per pound ; 50 per centum or 
more and less than 80 per centum, 10 
cents per pound ; and 80 per centum or 
more, 20 cents per pound ; tartaric 
acid. 6 cents per pound ; arsenic acid, 
arsenious acid or white arsenic, formic 
acid, gallic acid, oleic acid or red oil, 
oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, pyrogallic 
acid, stearic acid, and all other acids 
and acid anhydrides not specially pro- 
vided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OE 1909. 

Schedule A. — Chemicals, Oils, and 
Paints. 

Par. 1, Acids : Acetic or pyroligne- 
ous acid, not exceeding the specific 
gravity of one and forty-seven one- 



ACT OF 1913. 

Schedule A — Chemicals, Oils, and 
Paints. 

Par. 1. Acids: Boracic acid, f cent 
per pound ; citric acid, 5 cents per 
pound ; formic acid, 1£ cents per 

9 



10 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

thousandths, three-fourths of one cent pound ; gallic acid, 6 cents per pound ; 
per pound ; exceeding the specific grav- lactic acid, 11 cents per pound ; oxalic 
ity of one and forty-seven one-thou- acid, 1| cents per pound; pyrogallic 
sandths, two cents per pound ; acetic acid, 12 cents per pound ; * * * tan- 
anhydrid, two and one-half cents per nic acid and tannin, 5 cents per pound ; 
pound; boracic acid, three cents per tartaric acid, 3^ cents per pound; all 
pound; * * * citric acid, seven other acids and acid anhydrides not 
cents per pound; lactic acid, contain- specially provided for in this section, 
ing not over forty per centum by 15 per centum ad valorem. 
weight of actual lactic acid, two cents Par. 2. Acetic anhydrid, 2\ cents 
per pound ; containing over forty per per pound, 
centum by weight of actual lactic acid, 
three cents per pound ; oxalic acid, 
two cents per pound ; * * * tan- 
nic acid or tannin, thirty-five cents per 
pound ; gallic acid, eight cents per 
pound ; tartaric acid, five cents per 
pound ; all other acids not specially 
provided for in this section, twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 482. Acids ; Arsenic or arseni- Par. 387. Acids : Acetic or pyroligne- 
ous, * * * phosphoric, * * * ous, arsenic or arsenious, * * * 
prussic, silicic,. * * * [Free]. phosphoric, * * * pmssic. silicic, 

* * * [Free]. 

Par. 22. * * * extract of nut- Par, 30. Extracts and decoctions of 
galls, aqueous, one-fourth of one cent nutgalls, * * * not containing al- 
per pound and ten per centum ad cohol and not medicinal, f of 1 cent 
valorem ; * * *. per pound. 

ACETIC ACID. 

(See Survey A-2.) 

Description and uses. — Acetic acid is that chemical constituent 
which gives vinegar its sour taste. The common grades of the com- 
mercial acid contain 28, 56, and 80 per cent of acetic acid. The 
most concentrated form, which contains over 99 per cent, is known 
as glacial acetic. acid. The largest use is in manufacturing the pig- 
ments, white lead, and verdigris. Other uses are in printing and 
dyeing textiles; in the leather industry; in the manufacture of in- 
secticides, inks, dyes, and drugs; and for laundry purposes. Pyro- 
ligneous acid is the crude acetic-acid solution obtained in the destruc- 
tive distillation of wood. It does not enter commerce to any great 
extent, but is usually refined by conversion into calcium acetate. 
(See par. 1540.) 

Production of acetic acid in 1914 was 75,303,375 pounds, valued 
at $1,272,294, and in 1919 (preliminary figures) 46,821,000 pounds, 
valued at $2,816,300. In 1919 the output of glacial acetic acid was 
5,050,000 pounds, valued at $869,200. Acetic acid is usually made 
from acetate of lime or of soda, and its manufacture is rather wide- 
spread. As a result of large war demands for acetone a process has 
been developed in Canada which gives acetic acid as an intermediate 
product and uses the raw material, calcium carbide. Productive 
capacity of the Canadian plant is about 650 tons per month of 100 
per cent acetic acid. 

Imports of acetic acid increased after the act of 1913, but from 
1910 to 1917 were never more than 1 per cent of domestic production. 
Later statistics follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



11 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 

i 


Value. 


Unit 

value. , 


1918 




Pounds. 
| 297, 323 


$83, 907 

219,826 

365, 741 

2,315 


$0.28 


1919 




1,850,427 


.12 


1920 




2, 862, 068 


.13 


1921 (9 months) . 




1 28.042 


.08 




. 



In 1919 over 90 per cent of imports came from Canada. The 1920 
import was about 5 per cent by quantity and by value 10 per cent of 
the 1919 domestic output. 

Exports of acetic acid are not shown. It is usually exported in the 
form of calcium acetate. (See par. 1540, p. 1267.) 

Important changes in classification. — "Acid anhydrides " added to 
the heading of this paragraph. Acetic or pyroligneous acid is exempt 
from duty under paragraph 387 of the act of 1913. 

Suggested changes.— Page 2, line 3, of H. K. 7456: Insert the 
words " by weight " after the word " containing." 

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE. 
(See Survey A-2.) 

Description and uses. — Acetic anhydride, a colorless liquid with a 
strong acetic odor, is derived from acetic acid by the removal of water. 
It is used in the manufacture of acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) and 
cellulose acetate. (See par. 28.) 

Production. — Acetic anhydride is made by treating anhydrous 
so'dium acetate with phosphorus chloride or sulphur chloride. Prior 
to the war little, if any, was made in this country. The war demand 
for airplane " dopes " and the expiration of the patents on " aspirin " 
caused a great stimulus to the industry. The production in 1919 
(preliminary figures) was 1,213,200 pounds, valued at $578,600. 

Imports prior to 1915 were from Germanv, and amounted to about 
1,200,000 pounds in 1910 and 1911. They declined to about 300,000 
pounds in 1913, and during the war were negligible. There have 
been no imports from 1919 to September 30, 1921, inclusive. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Acetic anhydride has been 
transferred to this paragraph from paragraph 2, act of 1913, so as 
to bring all acids and acid anhydrides together. 

BORIC acid. 

(See Survey A-l.) 

Description: — Boric acid is a white crystalMne substance which 
has very weak acid properties and is a mild antiseptic. Borax re- 
fined, or borate of soda, closely allied to boric acid, is assessed a duty 
of one-eighth cent per pound under paragraph 78 of H. K. 7456. 
Crude borax and crude borate minerals from which boric acid and 
refined borax are made are on the free list, paragraph 1533. 

Uses. — The principal uses of boric acid and borax are: (a) In 
making enamels for iron and steel (kitchen ware, sanitary ware, 
equipment for chemical factories, watch dials, etc.). (h) As an in- 
gredient for glazes on earthenware and pottery, (c) In the manu- 



12 



facture of some varieties of glass, especially lamp chimneys and 
chemical laboratory ware, (d) As a flux for welding and brazing 
metals, (e) As an ingredient for some varieties of soap, principally 
laundry soap for use with hard water. (/) In the tanning of some 
varieties of leather, (g) As an antiseptic in eye lotions, cosmetics, 
and washes for wounds, (h) In Europe as a food preservative, es- 
pecially in dairy products, dried and smoked meat, and sausages. 
In the United States this use is prohibited by the food and drugs act, 
except in products intended for export. 

Production. — Boric acid and borax are made from crude borate 
minerals which are mined commercially in California and Nevada, 
and Chile, Italy, Turkey, and Germany. The United States pro- 
duces about one-half of the world's total supply and Chile about one- 
third. The domestic production of these minerals has grown from 
50,609 tons in 1914 to 108,875 tons in 1917. Kefined boric acid and 
borax is manufactured in California, New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
sylvania, and Illinois. Production in the United States in 1914 was 
4,295 tons, valued at $588,981, and in 1917 was 5,888 tons, valued at 
$1,383,783. The production for 1919 (preliminary figures) was 7,227 
tons, valued at $1,754,600. 

Imports have been less than 5 per cent of the American production 
since 1908. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
259,096 
276,795 
189,667 
248,233 


$26,436 

20,716 

9,733 

18,392 


$0.10 
.07 

.05 
.07 


$1,943 
2,076 
1,422 


Per cent. 
7.35 


1919 


10.02 


1920 


14.63 


1921 (9 months).. 











Exports. — Statistics are not available, but were probably negligible 
before the war. An important export trade has developed since 
1914. 1 

CHLOROACETIC ACID. 

Description and uses. — Of the various chloroacetic acids, the most 
important is monochloroacetic acid (obtained by treating glacial 
acetic acid with chlorine), an important intermediate in the manu- 
facture of the coal-tar dye indigo. 

Production. — Little or no chloroacetic acid was produced in the 
United States prior to the war, because of the absence of a synthetic 
dye industry. The necessary raw materials — acetic acid and chlo- 
rine — are available in large quantities and the manufacture of the 
acid on a commercial scale was coincident with that of coal-tar dyes. 
Statistics of production are not available but the output is known 
to be large. 

Imports are recorded for 1914 (fiscal year) only, when commercial 
grades of monochloroacetic acid amounted to 12,834 pounds, valued 
at $2,756. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important change in classification. — New specific provision. 

i See Tariff Commission report, "Acids of paragraph 1 and related materials in the 
tariff act of 1013," for detailed import aud export information. 



SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



13 



CITRIC ACID. 

(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — Citric acid is a white crystalline substance 
obtained as a by-product of the lemon industry. Its principal use is 
in the manufacture of beverages and pharmaceutical preparations. 
Citrate of lime (dutiable at 7 cents per pound, par. 46) is the inter- 
mediary chemical in the manufacture of citric acid from lemon juice. 
Citrate of lime is used exclusively for the manufacture of citric acid. 

Domestic production. — The greater part of the citric acid manu- 
factured in the United States is from the citrate of lime imported 
from Sicily; a small amount is made from lemon and lime juice im- 
ported (free under par. 1604) from the West Indies; the remainder 
is obtained as a by-product of the lemon industry in California. 

Citric acid is made from " cull " (inferior or damaged) lemons, not 
salable as fresh fruit. A by-product obtained at the same time 
is essential oil of lemon, which is dutiable at 20 per cent under para- 
graph 54. The cultural methods in California are so superior 
to those commonly used in Sicily that a smaller proportion of the 
crop is converted into by-products. There is a large acreage of 
young, nonbearing lemon trees in California, and a substantial in- 
crease in the crop may be expected in the near future. In spite of 
this expansion in total output of lemons, the American demand for 
citric acid can not be met from domestic sources unless overproduc- 
tion forces lemons of good grade into by-products. 

Besides the California producers, a group of manufacturers located 
near Atlantic ports are engaged in making citric acid, principally 
from imported citrate of lime. These firms are concerned chiefly 
with the margin of duty between citrate of lime and citric acid. 
The production of citric acid in the United States grew from 2.- 
729,943 pounds in 1914 to 4,032,897 pounds in 1917, but decreased 
in 1919 (preliminary figures) to 3,163,700 pounds, valued at $3,- 
047,400. 

Imports of citric acid in 1913 were only 8,677 pounds, valued at 
$2,916, on which a revenue of $607 was collected. After the passage 
of the act of 1913 they increased greatly, although they remained small 
in comparison with imports of citrate of lime. The imports of 1915 
amounted to 722,434 pounds, valued at $447,131, and yielded a 
revenue of $36,121. This increase was not due entirely to the change 
in the tariff, but in part to the erection of citric-acid factories in 
Italy. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
leut ad 
valorem . 


1918 


Pounds. 

332, 269 
1, 224, 591 
1, 317, 467 

610, 249 


$217, 027 

1, 187, 267 

1,142,842 

378, 495 


$0.65 
.97 
.87 
.62 


$16,613 
61, 229 
65, 873 


Per cent. 

7 (if) 


1919 


5 Ifi 


1920 


5 76 


1921 (9 months) 











Imports of 1919 and 1920 were from six to ten times imports from 
1908 to 1913, and about double the 1915 imports. 
Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Suggested changes. — See paragraph 46, page 133. 



14 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



LACTIC ACID. 



(See Survey A-l.) 



Description. — Lactic acid is the acid formed in souring milk, 
although commercial supplies are obtained from other sources. 
Pure lactic acid is a colorless, odorless liquid which mixes with 
water in all proportions. It attacks iron, and must therefore bo 
shipped in wood or glass containers. It comes on the market 
in three grades of purity and in several degrees of strength. Tech- 
nical lactic acid contains impurities which give it a dark color and 
an unpleasant odor. It is customarily sold either in 22, 44, or 66 
per cent strength, and is graded according to whether it is " light " 
or a dark " in color. Edible lactic acid is free from impurities which 
give an objectionable odor and flavor, is nearly colorless, and is usu- 
ally about 50 per cent in strength. Medicinal lactic acid (United 
States Pharmacopoeia) is a refined article of not less than 85 per cent 
of acid and with only traces of impurities. 

Uses. — Technical lactic acid is used principally in tanning for the 
" bating " and " plumping " of hides and also in the dyeing and 
printing of textiles. Edible lactic acid has been on the market in 
considerable amounts only since the summer of 1918. A large mar- 
ket will probably develop for it in beverages, especially in nonalco- 
holic imitation beers and soft drinks. A use which may develop is 
that of bread making. It has been found that the addition of this 
acid to dough improves the quality of bread. Lactic acid and sev- 
eral of its salts are used in medicine. 

Production. — The acid is made from corn or other starchy mate- 
rial and from vegetable-ivory scrap obtained from button factories. 
The raw material is heated with sulphuric acid to make glucose, 
fermented to lactic acid, then concentrated and refined. The indus- 
try began to develop in the United States in 1881 and has steadily 
grown. There were five manufacturers in 1917, with an output of 
oyer 1,900.000 pounds, calculated as 100 per cent lactic acid. The 
output of American factories increased rapidly during the war. 
The production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 5,054,500 pounds 
(strength not stated), valued at $781,500. In 1896 manufacture was 
begun in Germany, where the industry grew more rapidly than in the 
United States. No figures on production in Germany are available, 
but German exports before the war were about equal to the. 1919 do- 
mestic output. The German acid is made from potatoes. 

Imports. — The largest during any one year (1912) were 335,33r 
pounds, valued at $25,267, yielding a revenue of $9,732. Later statis- 
tics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

200 

* 11,023 

133, 756 

8 .-. ;,.-,f. 


$461 

3,927 

65, 354 

39,212 


$2.30 
.30 
.49 

.OX 


$3 

165 

2,006 


Per cent. 
0.65 
4.21 

3.07 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



15 



Exports. — Export statistics are not given, but it is known that at 
least one American firm exported lactic acid before the war, and that 
exports have increased substantially. 

Important changes in classification. — Since lactic acid appears on 
the market in many grades varying in strength, quality, or purity, 
and in price, a single specific duty, as imposed by the act of 1913, 
bears unevenly on the different grades. Distinction between the 
various grades aside from strength could not be stated in language 
simple enough for incorporation in the tariff law. Suggestion of the 
commission to divide lactic acid into three grades by percentage con- 
tent of lactic acid for tariff purposes was adopted by the Ways and 
Means Committee. 

The fact that lactic acid always contains lactic acid anhydride in 
varying amounts made necessary the provision that any lactic acid 
anhydride present shall be determined as lactic acid and included as 
such. (Reclassification Report, p. 9.) 



(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — The term " tannin " in scientific usage is a 
class name covering a large number of similar substances. As used 
in commerce and in the tariff the term applies to only one member 
of this class, namely, that known to chemists as gallotannic acid. A 
highly purified grade conforming to the specifications of the United 
States Pharmacopoeia, is known as "tannic acid, U.S. P.," and a less 
pure grade as " technical tannic acid." 

The technical grades of tannic acid and extracts of nutgalls are 
used as a mordant in the dyeing and printing of textiles, in the manu- 
facture of color lakes, in ink making, and for the manufacture of 
gallic acid. Other materials are both cheaper and better for tanning 
leather. Tannic acid, U. S. P., is used for medicinal purposes and for 
the clarification of wines and fruit juices. 

Production. — Tannic acid is made from nutgalls, obtained almost 
entirely from China, Japan, and Asia Minor. In 1914 the domestic 
production by five firms was 853,830 pounds, valued at $287,142. 
foreign statistics are not available, but before the war Germany 
was the largest producer, German exports exceeding the total Ameri- 
can production. 

Imports under the tariff act of 1909, which imposed a duty of 35 
cents per pound, were negligible, the maximum during any fiscal year 
being 8,071 pounds, valued at $3,864. The act of 1913, reducing' the 
duty to 5 cents per pound, was followed by an increase in imports in 
1915 to 49,493 pounds, valued at $17,047, or about 6 per cent of the 
American production during 1914. Imports from 1915 to 1918 
(fiscal years) were negligible, probably because of the blockade of 
Germany. Recent statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
48,256 
68,336 
28,669 
45,384 


$21,139 
31.470 
15; 489 
10, 150 


$0.44 
.46 
.54 
.22 


$2,413 
3,417 
1,433 


Per cent. 
11 41 


1919 

1920 

1921 [9 months] 


10.86 
9.25 







16 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Postwar imports have been from three to eight times the prewar 
imports. 

Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913, in paragraph 
1, provides for "tannic acid and tannin, 5 cents per pound;" while 
paragraph 30 provides for " extracts and decoctions of nutgalls 
* * * three-eighths of 1 cent per pound." There is no clear and 
sharp distinction between a solid extract of nutgalls and tannic 
acid, technical. These provisions have caused litigation. An im- 
portation of nutgall extract in solid form, which on analysis was 
found to contain 78.34 per cent tannic acid, was held without evi- 
dence of the process of manufacture to be dutiable as tannic acid. 
(East Asiatic Co. v. United States, 10 Ct. Cust. Appls., 207, of 1920.) 

The suggestion of the commission that tannic acid and tannin be 
combined with the provision for extract of nutgalls and that the 
duties be levied according to percentage content of tannic acid or 
tannin was adopted by the Committee on Ways and Means. (Re- 
classification Report, p. 10.) 

Suggested changes. — After the indorsement of manufacturers and 
importers had been secured as to the percentage limitations sug- 
gested by the Tariff Commission, and after the passage of the bill 
H. R. 7456 by the House of Representatives, a representative of one 
of the manufacturers who had previously agreed to the commis- 
sion's classification stated to the Finance Committee of the Senate 
that the limit of 80 per cent would not include U. S. P. tannic acid, 
intended to be included. His statement was based upon analyses 
made in the manufacturer's laboratory. Upon receipt of these 
analyses, the commission had additional samples of tannic acid 
analyzed, and its conclusion was that much of the U. S. P. tannic 
acid would fall below the 80 per cent limit and that higher grades 
of technical tannic acid have a tannin content approaching that of 
the U. S. P. tannic acid. It is therefore evident that it would be 
extremely difficult to distinguish the two grades for tariff purposes 
by tannic-acid content but that other tests specified in. detail in the 
United States Pharmacopoeia must be used. It is now believed that 
if the following classification be substituted for the present provision 
for tannin or tannic acid in paragraph 1 of Title I of H. R. 7456 the 
two grades will be easily distinguishable : 

tannic acid, tannin, and extracts or decoctions of nutgalls containing by weight 
of tannic acid less than 50 per cent, [rate] ; 50 per cent or more and not medici- 
nal, [rate] ; 50 per cent or more and medicinal, [rate]. 

This classification would divide the various grades of tannic acid 
above 50 per cent into medicinal and nonmedicinal, according to 
specifications of the United States Pharmacopoeia, regarded by cus- 
toms officials and the trade as authoritatively distinguishing between 
medicinal and nonmedicinal grades of chemicals. 

TARTAEIC ACID. 

(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — Tartaric acid is present in grapes and is 
obtained commercially from wine lees, argols, or crude tartar, by- 
products of the wine and grape- juice industries. It is closely allied 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



17 



in origin, manufacture, and use to cream of tartar or potassium acid 
tartrate (par. 9). It is used in the manufacture of baking powder, 
in beverages, jellies and preserves, in pharmaceutical products, in 
the dyeing and printing of textiles, and in the manufacture of various 
salts of tartaric acid used in photography, medicine, silver plating, 
and chemical laboratories. 

Ddmestic production of crude tartar materials is very small. 
Either the crude tartar materials or the refined tartaric acid and 
cream of tartar are imported to supply the demands. Production 
in 1919 (preliminary figures) of tartaric acid, chiefly from imported 
raw materials, was 5,313,000 pounds, valued at $4,262,400. 

Imports of tartaric acid have varied greatlv. Thev decreased prior 
to the war from 331,538 pounds, valued at $72,204, in 1911 to 78,942 
pounds in 1913. In 1914 and 1915 imports exceeded 800,000 pounds, 
and from 1916 to 1918, inclusive, they were between 200,000 and 
400,000 pounds annually. Recent statistics follow : 



■Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months') 


Pounds. 

316, 818 

654, 736 

1 , 367, 103 

1,615.203 


$200, 145 
447, 571 
850,369 
531.914 


$0.63 
.70 
.62 
.33 


$11,089 
22,916 
47,849 


Per cent. 
5.54 
5.12 
5.63 









Exports. — Statistics for tartaric acid or cream of tartar are not 
available, but probably were not large. However, exports of baking 
powder containing these materials have been extensive. 

ARSENIC ACID AND ARSENIOUS ACID OR WHITE ARSENIC. 



(See Survey FL~6.) 

Description and uses. — Arsenious acid or white arsenic, the most 
important and the commonest form of arsenic in commerce, is an 
acid anhydride rather than a true acid. It is also known simply as 
" arsenic " or as arsenic trioxide. Arsenious acid is a white insoluble 
powder with a slightly metallic taste and vaporizes without melting 
when heated in the open. Arsenic acid is chemically different and 
is obtained by oxidation of white arsenic. It occurs in commerce as 
a true acid, a thick sirupy liquid packed in steel drums, and in the 
form of the acid anhydride — arsenic pentoxide, which by the addi- 
tion of water forms arsenic acid. Both of these acids, as well as all 
soluble salts of arsenic, are extremely poisonous. 

Arsenious acid is used in the manufacture of insecticides, chiefly 
lead and calcium arsenates, in plate-glass manufacture, as a preserva- 
tive for green hides, and in the manufacture of arsenic acid and 
arsenic salts. Arsenic acid is used in the preparation of organic 
medicinal chemicals containing arsenic, and its salts have medicinal 
uses. 

Production. — The domestic production of white arsenic has in- 
creased from 1,497 short tons in 1910 to 6,323 short tons, valued at 
82304—22 2 



18 



SUMMAJRY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



$1,213,000, in 1918. The 1919 output was 6,029 tons. White arsenic 
is obtained chiefly in the United States as a by-product of smelting 
copper and lead ores. Arsenic acid is manufactured by oxidizing 
white arsenic by means of either nitric acid or chlorine. 

Imports of arsenic and arsenious acids from 1908 to 1918 have 
averaged 2,725,575 pounds, valued at $126,828, and have come chiefly 
from Germany, Canada, England, and Belgium. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 
3,694,084 
8,778,218 
7,479,485 
2,705,625 


$441,212 
624,494 
532.635 
216; 276 


$0.12 
.07 
.07 
.08 




1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification, — The act of 1913 provides for 
arsenious acid in paragraph 387 and for arsenic in paragraph 403. 
Information furnished the commission by the collector of customs at 
New York indicates that importations of " white arsenic," which is 
the same as " arsenious acid," were included in the statistics for 
" arsenic and sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment " under paragraph 403. 

As both of these chemicals were then on the free list, the confusion 
of the one product with the other had little tariff significance. By 
including the term " white arsenic " with " arsenious acid " the possi- 
bility of this confusion under H. E. 7456 is obviated. 



FORMIC ACID. 



(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — Concentrated formic acid is a corrosive, 
fuming, colorless liquid with a characteristic and irritating odor. It 
nlixes with water in all proportions and appears in commerce in 
strength varying from 50 per cent to almost 100 per cent. It is 
serviceable in tne dyeing and tanning industries, but other competing 
acids have, as a rule, been cheaper, and its use has therefore been re- 
stricted to a few cases for which it has peculiar advantages. Formic 
acid forms esters with various alcohols which are used in perfumes 
and as solvents. Recent technical advances in its domestic manufac- 
ture and commercial development indicate that under normal condi- 
tions it may be put on the market at a lower price. These new dis- 
coveries will probably have indirectly a marked influence on the 
manufacture of oxalic acid. 

Production. — Formic acid is made by two processes, one of which — 
developed in Germany and controlled before the war by German pat- 
ents, but since developed in the United States — depends on heating 
caustic soda with carbon monoxide under pressure, yielding sodium 
formate, from which either formic acid or oxalic acid may be made 
by subsequent treatment. This process has attained commercial pro- 
duction. By the other process, an American invention developed dur- 
ing the war, the first stage is to make cyanide of soda from soda, coke, 
and air. The cyanide of soda is then decomposed by steam, yielding 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



19 



ammonia and sodium formate. This latter process lias not been a 
commercial success up to the present time (December, 1921). 

Imports. — The largest were in 1914 when 1,119,745 pounds of 
formic acid and 1,843,245 pounds of sodium formate were imported, 
almost entirely from Germany. Later statistics of formic acid 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


191S 


Pounds. 








Per cerd. 


1919 


132, 333 
173, 019 
415, 617 


$29, 604 
41, 426 
51, 212 


$0.22 
.24 
.12 


$1,985 
2,595 


6. 70 


1920 


6.26 


1921 (9 months) 










Exports. — Statistics not ai 


T ailable. 

GALLIC ACID 











(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — Gallic acid is found in many plants and 
commercially is made directly from nutgalls by boiling tannic-acid 
solutions with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, the yield being only 
about two-thirds of the tannic acid used. This acid, appearing in 
commerce in two grades — refined, conforming to the specifications of 
the United States Pharmacopoeia, and less pure or technical — is an 
intermediate for making several dyes, including Gallocyanine Blue, 
formerly much used for dyeing wool for Xavy uniforms; also in 
making ink, and in medicine, and as a raw material for the manu- 
facture of pyrogallic acid. The output increased greatly during the 
war. principally on account of the enlarged demand for dye making. 
It is made by four firms in the United States. 

I??iports before the war (chiefly from Germany) averaged about 
50,000 pounds per year. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity, j 

L 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2,242 . 
22 1 


$2, 748 
26 


$1.22 
1.18 


$135 
1 


Per cent. 
^.90 


1919 


5 OS 


1920 






1921 (9 months) 


20 


9 


.45 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 



OLEIC ACID OR RED OIL. 



Description and uses. — Oleic acid, commercially known as "red 
oil," is a clear, dark-red, fatty acid. It is obtained from fats and 
oils in the manufacture of soap. There are three grades of oleic acid, 
one a medicinal grade, conforming to specifications of the UnitoG 



20 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192V 

Mates Pharmacopoeia, and the other two, commercial grades, known 
as " saponified " and " distilled " red oil. The principal consumption 
of oleic acid is in the manufacture of textile soaps, which are usually 
made at the textile mills by neutralizing the oleic acid with soda ash. 
Other important uses include the manufacture of oil-soluble colors. 
certain kinds of patent leather, polishing preparations, and lubri- 
cating and screw-cutting compounds. 

Production of the larger part of oleic acid or "red oil " is at soap 
and candle factories, although numerous small factories make this 
product only. The domestic output of 1912 was 27,494,000 pounds, 
but from 1914 to 1920, inclusive, it ranged between 38,000,000 and 
43.000.000 pounds annually. Production for the first nine months 
of 1921 (preliminary figures) was about 22,000,000 pounds. 

Import figures are available for the fiscal year 1914 only, and 
were 367,070 pounds, valued at $24,662. This is approximately 1 per 
cent of the domestic production. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Xew specific provision. 

OXALIC ACID. 
(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — Oxalic acid is a white crystalline solid 
which occurs naturally in many plants, especially Oxalis acetosella 
(wood sorrel), but commercial supplies are obtained by chemical 
processes rather than by extraction from natural sources. Oxalic acid 
has a great variety of uses, the largest probably in commercial laun- 
dries for rinsing out the last traces of alkali or soap and for remov- 
ing iron stains. It is also employed in textile dyeing and printing, for 
bleaching leather, cork, wood, straw, and shellac, and as an ingredi- 
ent in metal polishes. It serves as a reagent in chemical laboratories. 
Some of its salts are used in medicine and in photography. 

Production: — Before the war there was only one producer in the 
United States who used a process dependent on heating sawdust with 
caustic potash, followed by elaborate chemical treatment. This firm 
had severe competition from German producers, who have developed 
a newer and apparently cheaper process by heating caustic soda with 
carbon monoxide under pressure, forming sodium formate, which on 
further heating yields sodium oxalate, and this in turn is converted 
into oxalic acid. During the war several firms in the United States 
undertook its manufacture by the new method, but they are still in 
the infant-industry stage of development. In 1919 (preliminary fig- 
ures) the output of oxalic acid was 2,103,500 pounds, valued at 
$545,600. 

Import* — Prewar imports of oxalic acid, chiefly from Germany, 
but partly from Norway and Great Britain, varied from about seven 
to eight million pounds per year, despite a duty of 2 cents per pound. 
It is estimated that the imports were several times greater than Amer- 
ican production. Imports declined during the war, averaging less 
than 1,000,000 pounds per year. Later statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



21 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad- 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

576,000 

651,690 

1,789,452 

1,016,471 


5218,336 
183,968 
604, 922 
151,497 


SO. 38 
.28 
.34 
.15 


$8,640 

9,775 

26,842 


Per cent . 
3.96 


X919 


5.31 


1920 


4.44 













Exports. — Statistics are not available. 



PHOSPHORIC ACID. 



(See Survey FL-1.) 



Description and uses. — The pure acid is a white solid, which absorbs 
moisture rapidly. It is usually sold as a sirupy liquid containing 
85 per cent or less of the acid, produced technically by treating cal- 
cium phosphate with sulphuric acid. The pure acid is made by 
treating pure phosphorus with nitric acid or by burning phosphorus 
to phosphoric anhydride, followed by treatment with water. The 
principal uses of phosphoric acid are in medicine, dental cements, 
and beverages. 

Production of phosphoric acid in 1914 was 12,420,191 pounds, 
valued at $680,239, and in 1919 (preliminary figures) increased 
slightly to 13,379,500 pounds, valued at $1,711,100. 

Imports have been quite small and decreased from 528,826 pounds 
in 1914 to 17,711 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year). Of the 1914 import, 
65 per cent was from England. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


I 
Value. 

1 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

4, 501 

10, 925 

308, 974 

50, 338 


$4,101 
4,068 
89,280 
18,487 


$0.91 


1919 


.37 


1920 


.29 


1921 (9 months) . . . - 


.37 









The maximum postwar import (1920) was less than 3 per cent of 
the 1919 domestic production. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Phosphoric acid is exempt 
from duty under paragraph 387 of the act of 1913. 



PYROGALLIC ACID. 



(See Survey A-l.) 



Description and uses. — Pyrogallic acid, or pyrogallol, is a white 
crystalline solid made b}^ heating gallic acid. It is the oldest photo- 
graphic developer and is probably used more than any other. Pyro- 
gallic acid and several products made therefrom are employed in 
medicine. Another use is in the dyeing of fur and hair; also in the 
manufacture of some dyes. It is an important reagent in the chemi- 
cal laboratory as an absorbent for oxygen gas in gas analysis. 



22 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — It is made by three firms in the United States, whose 
output has shown a substantial increase during the war. 

Imports have been larger in proportion to American production 
than have the closely allied substances, tannic acid and gallic acid. 
Prewar imports with the exception of 1913 ranged between 22,000 
and 37,000 pounds. During and since the war imports have been 
negligible. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


i Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

• 888 

22 


$2, 069 
45 


$2.33 
2.05 


$107 


Per cent. 
5.15 









Note.— No imports during the calendar years 1918 and 1919. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

STEARIC ACID. 

Description and uses. — Stearic acid, a hard white waxlike sub- 
stance, is a fatty acid obtained from the same sources as oleic acid 
(see supra) . The latter may be converted into stearic acid by treat- 
ment with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyzer. Com- 
mercial stearic acid is usually slightly yellow or gray in color and 
the grades include the medicinal (U. S. P.) and technical; the latter 
is further divided into single, double, and triple pressed. 

Stearic acid is sometimes erroneously confused with " stearin " in 
commerce, whereas, correctly, stearin applies to certain solid fats 
which have not been split into their constituent fatty acids and 
glycerin. The chief use of stearic acid is for making candles, with 
or without the addition of paraffin. Considerable amounts are used 
in the manufacture of wax matches and in the production of metallic 
stearates, which serve as paint driers, waterproofing compounds and, 
in the case of zinc stearate, in the manufacture of cosmetics. 

Production, — Stearic acid is obtained simultaneously with oleic 
acid or " red oil " from various oils and fats. The domestic produc- 
tion has not been so constant as that of oleic acid, but has ranged from 
3,773,000 pounds in 1912 to 18,571,000 pounds in 1918. The output 
increased to 24,372,395 pounds in 1920, but during the first nine 
months of 1921 amounted to only about 12,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of stearic acid increased from 36,610 pounds, valued at 
$3,451, in 1911, to 119,519 pounds, valued at $12,160, in 1913. Only 
538 pounds were imported in 1917. Statistics for later years follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 








Per cent. 


1919 


3,737 

2,350 

27, 678 


$799 

466 

2, 452 


$0.21 
.20 
.89 


$120 


1920 


70 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



23 



ALL OTHER ACIDS AND ACID ANHYDRIDES. 

Description. — Other acids and acid anhydrides mentioned else- 
where, and therefore not dutiable under this provision, include: 
Glycerophosphoric acid, dutiable under paragraph 24; acids of coal- 
tar origin, dutiable under paragraph 25 or 26; and chromic acid, 
hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric or muriatic acid, nitric acid, sul- 
phuric acid or oil of vitriol, and mixtures of nitric and sulphuric 
acids, valerianic acid, and all anhydrides of the foregoing, exempt 
from duty under paragraph 1501. 

Imports under this provision prior to the Avar ranged between 
$50,000 and $90,000. They decreased to $36,430 in 1916, and then in- 
creased to $500,091 in 1918 (fiscal year). Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


! 

Unit value. | Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


191S 


Pounds. 


$110,755 
31, 759 
16, 202 
41,099 


! $16 613 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


45, 324 
63. 822 
147,355 


80.70 ! 4*764 
,25 2,430 
.28 6,165 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 


15 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The more important acids 
dutiable under this provision in the act of 1913 (par. 1) have been 
mentioned specifically in H. E. 7456. These include chloroacetic 
acid, oleic acid or red oil, and stearic acid. Prussic (hydrocyanic) 
acid and silicic acid are exempt from duty under paragraph 387, act 
of 1913 ; specific mention of these acids is omitted from H. E. 7456, 
and they therefore come within the provision in this paragraph for 
" all other acids and acid anhydrides " n. s. p. f . 



PARAGRAPH 2. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 2. Ace*taldehyde, aldol or acetal- 
tlol, aldehyde ammonia, butyraldehyde, 
crotonaldehyde, paracetaldehyde, ethy- 
lene chlorohydrin, ethylene dichloride, 
ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, glycol 
monoacetate, propylene chlorohydrin, 
propylene dichloride, and propylene 
glycol, 6 cents per pound and 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OE 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
* * * not specially provided for in 
this section, twenty-five per centum ad 
ad valorem ; * * *. 



Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 



24 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACETALDEHYDE, ALDOL OR ACETALDOL, ALDEHYDE AMMONIA, BUTYRALDE- 
HYDE, CROTONALDEHYDE, PARACETALDEHYDE. 

Description and uses. — Acetaldehyde is a colorless liquid boiling at 
about 21° C. Its largest use is as an intermediate product in manu- 
facturing acetic acid (par. 1). On account of the low boiling point 
of acetaldehyde. it is usually polymerized to form paracetaldehyde, 
which has promising use in the manufacture of synthetic resins, and 
when combined with amines (a group of coal-tar products), as an 
accelerator in vulcanizing rubber. Aldehyde ammonia is acetalde- 
hyde combined with ammonia; it has been employed chiefly as a 
rubber accelerator. Aldol or acetaldol, formed by condensing 2 
molecules of acetaldehyde, has promising future uses in the notation 
process of ore concentration, particularly of copper ores. 

Production. — The manufacture of these various compounds de- 
pends upon acetaldehyde, which prior to the war, was obtained by 
oxidizing ethyl alcohol or by fractional distillation from the first 
runnings of alcohol stills. During the war a process was developed 
for the production of acetaldehyde from acetylene gas, which is pro- 
duced from calcium carbide. In America this process was developed 
commercially at Shawinigan Falls, Canada, where a plant at as erected 
with a capacity of 25 tons of acetaldehyde daily — the larger portion 
of this output is converted to acetic acid. 

Import statistics are not available, with the exception of those 
for paraldehye in 1914, 10,339 pounds, valued at $3,003, all from Ger- 
many. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — None of these chemical com- 
pounds was specially provided for in the act of 1909 or 1913. 

ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN, ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE, ETHYLENE GLYCOL, 
ETHYLENE OXIDE, GLYCOL MONOACETATE, PROPYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN, 
PROPYLENE DICHLORIDE, AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL. 

Description and uses. — The products listed above are derived 
from ethylene or propylene gas. Until very lately they were not 
used commercially to any extent, and were of scientific interest only. 
Recent development of these products has been due to the commer- 
cial availability of the gases — ethylene and propylene— either from 
the waste gases given off in certain petroleum cracking processes or 
from other hydrocarbon gases, or in the case of ethylene, from alco- 
hol. Of these products, probably ethylene dichloride will be the 
first to assume commercial importance. This is a colorless liquid, 
with a chloroform-like odor, boiling at 83.5° C. It dissolves oils, 
fats, and greases, and has the advantage over similar volatile sol- 
vents in that it does not hydrolyze with water to form hydrochloric 
acid. Ethylene chlorohydrin may be used as a soivent, and its great 
chemical activity makes it valuable in the synthesis of other or- 
ganic chemicals. Ethylene glycol can be used to replace glycerine 
for many purposes. 

Production of these commodities is being developed on the seini- 
commercial scale at the present time (December, 1921) by at least 
two firms in tins country. Ethylene dichloride is produced 1 by corn- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 25 

billing ethylene and chlorine gj&s. Ethylene ehlorohydrin is formed 
by treating ethylene with hypoehlorous acid, and in turn is converted 
into ethylene glycol by treatment with a mild alkali. Ethylene 
oxide is made by treating a solution of ethylene ehlorohydrin with 
strong caustic alkali. 

Imports are not recorded except for dichlorohydrin in 1914 — 
782 pounds, valued at $500. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification.. — None of these chemical com- 
pounds was specially provided for in the act of 1909 or 1913. 



PARAGRAPH 3. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 3. Acetone, acetone oil, and ethyl 
methyl ketone, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds. Par. 3. Acetone, 1 cent per pound. 

* * * not specially provided for in 
this section, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem ; * * ::: . 

ACETONE. ACETONE OIL, AND ETHYL METHYL KETONE. 

(See Survey A-2.) 

Description and uses. — Acetone (dimethyl ketone) is a clear, color- 
less, and highly inflammable liquid. It is used primarily as a solvent 
for fats, resins, rubber, and other gums, nitrocellulose (cordite, gun- 
cotton, pyroxylin plastics) , tannins, and acetylene, and in the manu- 
facture of chloroform, but for the last-named purpose has a strong 
competitor in carbon tetrachloride. 

Acetone oil (crude ethyl methyl ketone) is a residue obtained in the 
purification of acetone produced from acetate of lime. It possesses the 
same solvent properties as acetone and on account of its higher boiling 
point is preferred in some cases. It is also purified by distillation to 
obtain ethyl methyl ketone, which is sold also as ketone. 

Methyl acetone is the first portion of the distillate in refining crude 
wood alcohol. It is a mixture of acetone, wood alcohol, and methyl 
acetate. 

Production of acetone by eight firms in 191-1 was 10,425,817 pounds, 
valued at $1,099,585, but decreased in 1919 (preliminary figures) to 
6,045,900 pounds, valued at $767,000. Prior to the war acetone was 
made exclusively from acetate of lime, a product of the hardwood 
distillation industry. During the war the large demand for the 
manufacture of the British explosive, cordite, led to the development 
of several new processes, one of which is by the fermentation of vari- 
ous substances — corn, molasses, and kelp. Plants employing these 
fermentation processes, except the fermentation of corn, have closed 



26 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



since the signing of the armistice. The plant at Terre Haute, Inch, 
built b}^ the United States and British Governments to produce 
acetone by fermentation of corn, was purchased by the Commercial 
Solvents Corporation and reopened in March, 1920. The productive 
capacity by this process in the latter part of 1920 was about 300,000 
pounds per month. 

Another process, developed solely by the Canadian Electro Prod- 
ucts Co., at Shawinigan Falls, Canada, produced acetone from 
calcium carbide. This process was abandoned for acetone, but for 
the manufacture of acetic acid it is still used. A third method in 
process of development during the war produced acetone from a by- 
product of the Burton method of cracking petroleum oils. This 
process, still largely in experimental stages, has promising commer- 
cial features. 

The domestic production of ethyl methyl ketone in 1919 (prelimi- 
nary figures) was 1,158,000 pounds, valued at $167,700. 

Imports of acetone have been sporadic and negligible when com- 
pared with domestic production. In 1918 the former were 148,082 
pounds. In 1914 the imports of acetone oil were 155,210 pounds, 
valued at $14,609, chiefly from Canada. Later statistics showing the 
importation of acetone follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

351, 366 

240,223 

6,600 

54 


$66,460 

41,442 

303 

8 


$0.19 
.17 
.17 

.15 


$3, 514 

2,402 

66 


Per cent. 
5.29 


1919 


5.80 


1920 


21.78 


1921 (9 months).. 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Acetone oil, obtained in the 
purification of acetone, was declared dutiable under the eo nomine 
provision for acetone in paragraph 3. (McEnany v. United States, 
8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 329, of 1918.) Ethyl methyl ketone is the chief 
chemical compound contained in acetone oil and is obtained from 
acetone oil by fractional distillation. Like acetone oil, it is used for 
solvent purposes. Because of its commercial importance it has been 
mentioned specifically. Close chemical relation between acetone oil 
and ethyl methyl ketone and administrative difficulties in distinguish- 
ing them, render advisable a single rate of duty. (Reclassification 
Report, pp. 11, 12.) 

PARAGRAPH 4. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 4. Alcohol : Amyl, butyl, iso- 
ppopylj and fusel oil, 6 cents per pound ; 
methyl or wood (or methanol), 15 
cents per gallon ; and ethyl for nonbev- 
erage purposes only, 15 cents per proof 
gallon. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



27 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 36. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, 
one-fourth of oue cent per pound. 

Par. 300. * * * spirits manufac- 
tured or distilled from grain or other 
materials, and not specially provided 
for in this section, two dollars and 
sixty cents per proof gallon. 

Par. 480. * * * articles manufac- 
tured, in whole or in part, not provided 
for in tins section, * ■ * * twenty 
per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 33. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, 
i cent per pound. 

Par. 237. * * * spirits manufac- 
tured or distilled from grain or other 
materials, not specially provided for 
in this section, $2.60 per proof gallon. 

Par. 393. Alcohol, methyl or wood 
[Free]. 



AMTL ALCOHOL AND FUSEL, OIL. 



(See Survey A-9.) 



Description and uses. — Commercial fusel oil consists chiefly of two 
different forms of amyl alcohol, and varying amounts of other alco- 
hols, traces of acids, and considerable water. There is a crude grade 
which is light amber to straw colored, having a persistent, disagreeable 
odor, and a refined grade which is nearly colorless and free from 
water, made by redistilling crude fusel oil. The chief use of fusel oil 
is in the manufacture of amyl acetate, largely used as a solvent in the 
nitrocellulose industry. Pure amyl alcohol is obtained by refining and 
purifying fusel oil. It is converted into amyl esters, which are used 
as flavors and perfume materials, and as a solvent in the arts. 

Production. — Fusel oil is obtained as a by-product of fermentation 
processes, chiefly from distilled liquors and industrial alcohol or 
cologne spirits. The output as a by-product of distilleries in 1918, 
about 830,000 pounds, supplied but an inconsiderable portion of the 
domestic requirements for this oil. The production decreased to about 
500,000 pounds in 1919 and 1920 (fiscal years). 

Imports from 1910 to 1914, inclusive, averaged about 5,300,000 
pounds per year, 75 per cent coming from Russia, the United King- 
dom, and Germany in about equal proportions. Imports declined to 
about 1,600,000 pounds in 1917, accounted for in part by the cessation 
of those from Russia. In 1918, Canada, which furnished only a small 
quantity in the past, supplied over 50 per cent of the total. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
2, 155, 923 
3,481,965 
3,887,303 
713, 210 


$609,974 
820,260 
879,206 
159,931 


$0.28 

4.24 

.23 

. 22 


$5, 390 
8,705 
9,718 


Per cent. 
0.88 


1919 


1.06 


1920 • 


1.11 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Amyl rather than amylic is 
the term now generally used. 



28 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

BUTYL ALCOHOL. 

(See Survey A-9.) 

Description and uses. — Butyl alcohol (C 4 H 10 O) occurs in four 
isomeric forms. Of these only normal butyl alcohol is of any great 
commercial importance. The principal use of butyl alcohol is as a 
solvent in the manufacture of pyroxylin plastics, such as celluloid. It 
is also used to prevent " blushing ,? and precipitation of pyroxylin in 
photographic films and pyroxylin varnishes and lacquers. It may 
also be employed for other solvent purposes, such as in the manu- 
facture of paint and varnish removers, imitation leather, and as 
solvent for gum resins, fats, oils, and waxes. Butyl alcohol is com- 
petitive with fusel oil or amyl alcohol, which has been largely im- 
ported, chiefly from Russia (see Fusel oil, p. 27). 

Production. — Prior to the war butyl alcohol was of scientific in- 
interest only and had no commercial use. The large war demand for 
acetone led to the development of a process of fermenting corn which 
produced both acetone and butyl alcohol in the ratio of two parts 
butyl alcohol to one part acetone. A large plant was erected at 
Terre Haute, Ind., by the United States and British Governments, 
and following the war it was purchased by the Commercial Solvents 
Corporation and reopened in March, 1920. The ability of this process 
to operate in peace time was due to the development of the use of 
butyl alcohol in pyroxylin plastics. The process is patented and 
controlled by the Commercial Solvents Corporation. The output 
of butyl alcohol during the latter part of 1920 approximated 600,000 
pounds per month. 

Imports since 1919 are reported in combination with those for fusel 
oil or amyl alcohol. In 1914, the only year for which figures are 
available, imports of butyl alcohol were only 482 pounds, valued 
at $287, all of which came from Germany. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Butyl alcohol is mentioned 
specifically for the first time because of its commercial importance. 

ISOPROPTL ALCOHOL. 

Description and uses. — Isopropyl alcohol occurs in fusel oil, the 
latter being a by-product of alcoholic fermentation. Isopropyl alco- 
hol is made from propylene by absorption in sulphuric acid and 
subsequent hydrolysis with water. This method is of recent devel- 
opment and is now operated on a semicommercial scale. It is a 
colorless liquid used as a solvent and in the preparation of organic 
compounds. Its properties resemble those of ethyl alcohol, but it 
is nonpot&ble, and its use for denaturing alcohol has recently been 
legalized, for which purpose it is extremely valuable, owing to its 
lack of odor and possibility of industrial use where wood alcohol and 
pyridine can not be employed as denaturants. 

Production figures are not available, but it i> known that at least 
two firms are making it. 

Import* and exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention of 
isopropyl alcohol. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 29 

Suggested changes. — There are two forms of propyl alcohol, one 
discussed above — isopropyl alcohol — and the other normal propyl 
alcohol. The latter is separated from fusel oil by distillation and 
is used as a solvent and for the preparation of esters and other 
organic compounds. It is suggested that the term " propyl alcohol " 
be substituted for " isopropyl alcohol," as it includes both forms. 

FUSEL OIL. 

(See Amyl alcohol, p. 27.) 

METHYL OR WOOD ALCOHOL (METHANOL). 

(See Survey A-2.) 

Description and uses. — Methyl, or wood alcohol, or methanol, is one 
of the primary products of the hardwood-distillation industry. The 
commercial grades vary from 82 per cent to pure methyl alcohol, 
acetone being the chief impurity. The largest uses of wood alcohol 
are in the manufacture of formaldehyde and of dimethylaniline, an 
important intermediate for coal-tar dyes, both uses requiring pure 
methanol. Next in importance is its use as a solvent in manufac- 
turing pyroxylin plastics. It has many other uses as a solvent and 
is used for denaturing grain alcohol. 

Production. — The distillation of wood produces a raw liquor con- 
taining acetic acid and alcohol ; the acid is neutralized with lime and 
the alcohol distilled from the solution, and then purified by redistilla- 
tion. The output of crude wood alcohol in 1909 and 1914 was slightly 
in excess of 9,000,000 gallons with a marketed output in 1914 of 
7,197,000 gallons valued at $1,605,900. The marketed production of 
refined wood alcohol in 1914 was 6,235.113 gallons, valued at 
$2,709,369. Production increased during the war because of the de- 
mands by the dye industry and a larger production of formaldehyde. 
Preliminary figures for 1919 indicate a marketed output practically 
equal to that of 1914; the value in 1919 however was about 3^ times 
that in 1914. Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York have been the 
principal producers of wood-distillation products. During the war 
large plants were erected in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. 

Imports in 1914 and since the war have been less than 1 per cent 
of domestic production. 

Exports of wood alcohol in 1909 were 11.8 per cent of domestic 
production and 16.6 per cent in 1914. Prior to the war, exports were 
about 1,500.000 gallons, chiefly to Germany, the United Kingdom, 
and the Netherlands. Between 1914 and 1918 they decreased some- 
what, due to the blockade of Germany. Later statistics for calendar 
vears follow : 



1918 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (gallons) 2, 624, 312 

Value $2, 035, 950 



718, 427 
$750, 167 



703, 064 
SI, 244, 197 



308, 287 
S368, 670 



30 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



In postwar years exports were chiefly to England, Switzerland, 
Japan, and the Netherlands. 

Important changes in classification. — Methyl or wood alcohol is 
now exempt from duty under paragraph 393, act of 1913. 



ETHYL ALCOHOL FOR NONBEVERAGE PURPOSES. 

Description and uses. — Industrial alcohol includes the various 
grades of ethyl alcohol, both pure and denatured, used in the arts 
and industries. The commercial grades of ethyl alcohol include: 
" Absolute alcohol," which is free from water ; " cologne spirit," a 
high-purity ethyl alcohol ; " grain alcohol," which contains about 95 
per cent alcohol by volume. Completely denatured and specially 
denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol which has been rendered unfit for 
beverage purposes under formulae allowed by the Commissioner of 
Internal Eevenue. Both of these varieties when of domestic origin 
are exempt from internal revenue taxes, but the " specially dena- 
tured " can be used only under heavy bond. Pure alcohol for non- 
beverage purposes (not denatured) is subject to an internal revenue 
tax of $2.20 per proof gallon (a proof gallon contains 50 per cent 
alcohol by volume). 

The largest use of industrial alcohol is as a solvent, as in lacquers, 
shellac, essences, tinctures, etc., while other important applications 
are in " solid alcohol " for domestic purposes, pharmaceutical prepa- 
rations, the manufacture of certain dyes, chemicals, and other prod- 
ucts. It has limited use as a fuel in internal combustion engines and 
for illuminating. 

Production.— Alcohol is prepared by fermentation from materials 
containing sugar or starch. In the case of starchy materials the 
starch is first converted to sugars by malt or acid before fermenta- 
tion. The alcohol is separated after fermentation and concentrated 
by distillation. The chief raw materials are molasses and corn 
(usually frozen or injured). In Europe potatoes, rice, corn, and 
molasses are used. 

The United States produces more industrial alcohol than any other 
country. This development Avas primarily due to the law allowing 
tax-free denatured alcohol for industrial purposes. War needs were 
the chief factor in the recent expansion of the industry to its present 
size. The following table shows production since 1917 : 



Calendar year. 


Total ethyl 
alcohol for 
nonbeverage 
purposes (in- 
cluding de- 
naturing). 


Completely 
denatured. - 


Specially 
denatured. 


1918 


Wine gallons. 
75,181,931.0 
49,077,946.0 
49, 2S3, 326. 


Wine gallons. 
10, 328. 454. 6 


Wine gallons. 
39. 834. 561. 4 


1919 


9,976,720.6 i 28,294,219.0 


1920 


13,528,403.0 15,307,947.1 



Imports. — The tariff on industrial alcohol has practically pro- 
hibited imports. A maximum of 44,654 proof gallons was imported 
in 1913, and since 1916 the imports have varied from nothing to 312 
proof gallons. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



31 



Exports of u alcohol " increased from 25,440 proof gallons in 1912 
to a maximum of 51,941,634 proof gallons in 1917, or 25 per cent of 
the total output. This was due to the war needs for smokeless gun- 
powder. The exports since 1917 are shown in the following table : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Proof gallons. 

8, 557, 165 

20, 311, 166 

25, 213, 539 


$4,704,743 
8 966 819 


1919 


1920 


10 860 328 







Important changes in classification. — Ethyl alcohol has been men- 
tioned specifically; it is dutiable under paragraph 237 of the act of 
1913 at $2.60 per proof gallon. 



PARAGRAPH 5. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 5. All chemical elements and all 
chemical and medicinal compounds, 
preparations, mixtures and salts, and 
combinations thereof, all the foregoing 
obtained naturally or artificially and 
not specially provided for, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



.CT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pae. 3. Alkalies, alkaloids, * * * 
and all combinations of the foregoing, 
and all chemical compounds, mixtures 
and salts, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Pae. 28. Iodoform, seventy-five cents 
per pound. 

Pae. 62. * * * iodate of potash, 
twenty-five cents per pound. 

Pae. 65. * * * all other medicinal 
preparations not specially provided for 
in this section, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem : * * *. 

Pae. 70. * * * alkalies containing 
fifty per centum or more of bicar- 
bonate of soda, five-eighths of one cent 
per pound. 

Pae. 76. * * * alkaline silicate, 
three-eighths of one cent per pound. 

Pae. 248. * * * sugar of milk, five 
cents per pound. 

Pae. 639. Oils: * * * ichthyol, 
* * * [Free]. 



Par. 5. Alkalies, alkaloids, and all 
chemical and medicinal compounds, 
preparations, mixtures and salts, and 
combinations thereof not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par.- 17. Chemical and medicinal, 
compounds, combinations and all simi- 
lar articles dutiable under this section, 
except soap, whether specially pro- 
vided for or not, put up in individual 
packages of two and one-half pounds 
or less gross weight (except samples 
without commercial value) shall be 
dutiable at a rate not less than 20 per 
centum ad valorem : * * *. 

Pae. 38. Iodoform, * * * 15 cents 
per pound. 

Pae. 67. * * * alkalies containing 
50 per centum or more of bicarbonate 
of soda ; * * * £ cent per pound ; 

Pae. 449. Chromium, hydroxide of, 
crude [Free]. 

Pae. 547. * * * sugar of milk 
[Free]. 

Pae. 561. Oils: * * * ichthyol, 
* * * [Free]. 



Imports^ reached a maximum of $4,804,036 in 1913 and yielded a 

the war the imports decreased to a 



revenue of $1,201,009. During 



32 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



minimum of $637,261 in 1916 and increased to $1,235,112 in 1918, 
yielding a revenue of $185,267. This large decrease during the war 
may be accounted for by the shutting off of imports from Germany, 
a country especially successful in producing the rarer chemicals. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$1, 130, 733 

1,088,415 

1, 828, 992 

934, 925 


$6.23" 

.17 
.11 


$169, 610 
163, 363 
274, 349 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


4, 673, 131 

10, 710, 840 
8, 458, 520 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The words "alkalies" and 
''alkaloids" have been omitted. Alkalies and alkaloids that are not 
specifically provided for are coA T ered by the provision for chemical 
and medicinal compounds and preparations in paragraph 5. A spe- 
cific provision for chemical elements was inserted in this paragraph 
in order to include such chemical substances as chlorine, oxygen, 
argon, and similar chemical elements which do not come within the 
provision for chemical compounds. 

The words " all the foregoing obtained naturally or artificially," 
were added so as to make provision for all chemical elements, chemi- 
cal compounds and salts, and medicinal preparations and mixtures 
thereof, whether derived from natural sources or manufactured. 
(Reclassification Report, p. 13.) 

Suggested changes. — " Chemical " should modify " compounds " 
and " salts ", and " medicinal " should modify " preparations." Para- 
graph 5 might accordingly be changed to read as follows: 

All chemical elements, all chemical salts and compounds, all medicinal prepa- 
r-ations, and all combinations and mixtures of any of the foregoing, all the fore- 
going obtained naturally or artificially and not specially provided for [rate]. 



PARAGRAPH 6, 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 6. Aluminum hydroxide or re- 
fined bauxite, one-half of 1 cent per 
pound ; potassium aluminum sulphate 
or potash alum and ammonium alumi- 
num sulphate or ammonia alum, 1 
cent per pound ; aluminum sulphate, 
alum cake or aluminous cake, contain- 
ing not more than 15 per centum of 
alumina and more iron than the 
equivalent of one-tenth of 1 per centum 
of ferric oxide, three-tenths of 1 cent 
per pound; containing more than 15 
per centum of alumina or not more iron 
than the equivalent of one tenth of 1 
per centum of ferric oxide, three- 
eighths of 1 cent per pound; all other 
aluminum compounds not specially pro 
vlded for. 25 per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



33 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 6. Alumina, hydrate of, or re- 
fined bauxite ; alum, alum cake, patent 
alum, sulphate of alumina, and alu- 
minous cake, and all other manufac- 
tured compounds of alumina, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 4. Alumina, hydrate of, or re- 
fined bauxite, containing not more 
than sixty-four per centum of alu- 
mina, four-tenths of one cent per 
pound; containing more than sixty- 
four per centum of alumina,, six- 
tenths of one cent per pound. Alum, 
alum cake, patent alum, sulphate of 
alumina, and aluminous cake, contain- 
ing not more than fifteen per centum 
of alumina and more than three- 
tenths of one per centum of iron oxide, 
one-fourth of one cent per pound ; 
alum, alum cake, patent alum, sul- 
phate of alumina, and aluminous 
cake, containing more than fifteen per 
centum of alumina, or not more than 
three-tenths of one per centum of iron 
oxide, three-eighths of one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical com- 
pounds, mixtures and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. 

ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS. 

(See Survey A-3.) 

ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE OR REFINED BAUXITE. 

Description and uses. — Hydrate of alumina, or refined bauxite, is 
the oxide of the metal aluminum chemically combined with water. 
It is used principally in the preparation of metallic aluminum and 
other aluminum compounds; also for waterproofing fabrics and to 
some extent in medicine. It forms a constituent of many color lakes. 

Production, — The raw material for the manufacture of alumina 
hydrate is bauxite (dutiable at $1 per ton, par. 207, H. E. 7456). 

Most of the hydrate of alumina used in this country is of domestic 
manufacture from domestic bauxite. This substance is made on a 
large scale as an intermediate product in the manufacture of metallic 
aluminum, and aluminum compounds from bauxite. 

Imports during the five years immediately preceding the war 
ranged from about 1,500,000 pounds to 2,000,000 pounds annually, 
but since 1914 have greatly decreased, amounting to only 202,968 
pounds in 1915 and 418 pounds in 1916. No imports are recorded for 
1917. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Q lamity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1 919 


Pounds. 
672 


$1, 884 


$2.80 


$283 


Per cent. 
15 


1920 


2, 549 


964 


.38 


145 


15 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 
82304—22 3 



34 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



ALUMS, ALUM CAKE, AND ALUMINUM SULPHATE. 

Description and uses. — These names refer to various similar articles 
all of which contain aluminum sulphate as their essential ingredient. 
The different varieties or grades differ in the other ingredients pres- 
ent and may be classified as follows: 

(1) Alums or crystal alums contain less than 15 per cent of oxide 
of aluminum (usually 10 to 12 per cent) , and in addition either potas- 
sium sulphate or ammonium sulphate and water of crystallization 
(about 45 per cent) , and not more than a few hundredths of 1 per cent of 
ferric oxide (iron oxide) . They are usually made by dissolving refined 
hydrate of alumina in sulphuric acid, filtering, adding the potassium 
or ammonium sulphate and crystallizing the alum. The most im- 
portant crystal alums are potash alum (potassium aluminum sul- 
phate) and ammonia alum (potassium ammonia sulphate). 

(2) Burnt alums, made from crystal alum by the elimination of 
most of the water. They contain more than 15 per cent of alumina. 

(3) Iron-free aluminium sulphate, containing from 16 to 22 per cent 
of oxide of alumina and not more than a few hundreths of 1 per cent 
of ferric oxide. This grade is usually made from refined hydrate of 
alumina, but also directly from bauxite by a secret process for the 
elimination of the iron always present in the crude mineral. 

(4) Aluminum sulphate, containing from 16 to 22 per cent of oxide 
of alumina and from about 0.2 per cent up to 0.75 per cent of 
ferric oxide. This grade is made directly from the crude mineral 
bauxite by solution in dilute sulphuric acid, followed by filtration 
from insoluble matter and evaporation. If the content of alumina is 
over 21 per cent, it is called " concentrated alum." 

(5) Alum cake, or aluminous cake, contains less than 15 per cent of 
alumina, but rarely less than 14 per cent, and from about 0.2 per cent 
up to 0.75 per cent of ferric oxide, together with insoluble or earthy 
matter up to 10 per cent. It is made by the treatment of crude 
bauxite, or even clay, with strong sulphuric acid without any evap- 
oration or attempt to eliminate insoluble matter. It is the lowest 
quality of all. 

Alums are used largely in the preparation of sizing material in 
paper manufacture, as a mordant in dyeing, for the purification of 
water and sewage on a large scale, for tanning skins, for deodorizing 
mineral oils, and for hardening plaster casts. They are also used in 
the manufacture of color lakes, in medicine, and as an ingredient of 
some baking powders. 

Production. — In the United States these substances are produced on 
a large scale from bauxite. Most of that consumed is of domestic 
manufacture. As many municipal and industrial waterworks pro- 
duce sulphate for their own consumption a large part of the output 
does not enter the market. The production of aluminum sulphate 
nnd alums in the United States has been as follows: 



Year. 


Alums. 


Aluminum sulpha te. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1915 


Short tons. 
24,915 
27,257 

19,714 
20,286 
17.019 
16, 824 


£699,256 
1,177. ssi 
1,017,083 
1,051,449 
879,198 
999, 259 


Short tons. 
169>153 
153,860 
178,738, 
209, 079 
200, 034 
234,003 


S3, 224, 495 
4,410,741 
5.746,427 
6,473,086 
6.763,06 
8,228,713 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



35 



Imports have not been large and there has been a decrease since 
1915. In 1914, 152,808 pounds of lump alum were imported, 92 per 
cent of which came from England. Imports of sulphate of alumina 
have averaged less than 1 per cent of the domestic production. 

Imports of alums, aluminum sulphate, and other manufactured 
compounds of aluminum since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Pounds. 

465,996 

686, 579 

2,678,846 

1,280,329 


.114,751 
21,877 
68,035 
33,285 


$0. 03 
.03 

.02 
.03 


$2,213 
3,282 | 
10,205 1 

1 





Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



Per cent. 
15 
15 
15 
15 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The two important true 
alums — potassium aluminum sulphate or potash alum, and ammo- 
nium aluminum sulphate or ammonia alum — have been mentioned 
specifically because of their commercial importance and because they 
sell for nearly twice as much as aluminum sulphate (with which they 
are classified in previous acts) even when the latter was free. 

The term " aluminum sulphate " has been substituted for " sulphate 
of alumina," and "patent alum" (paragraph 6, act of 1913), now 
obsolete, has been omitted. The word " alum " has also been omitted 
because the principal true alums have been mentioned specifically. 

The act of 1913 (par. 6) made no distinction between the various 
grades of aluminum sulphate ; the act of 1909 divided them into two 
classes according to their content of iron oxide and alumina. A 
classification similar to that of 1909 was adopted in H. K. 7456, 
except that the limiting iron oxide content was reduced from 
three-tenths of 1 per cent to one-tenth of 1 per cent to accord with 
commercial grades. The phraseology " oxide of iron " was changed 
to "ferric oxide" to give a more precise chemical meaning. (Re- 
classification Report, p. 14.) 

OTHER ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS. 

Description and uses. — Other aluminum compounds of commercial 
importance are the acetate, known as " red liquor," used as a mordant 
in calico dyeing and printing and in waterproofing and fireproofing 
fabrics: and aluminum chloride, used for refining mineral oils, for 
carbonizing wool, and in the manufacture of certain organic com- 
pounds. 

Production. — In 1914 three plants were reported to be manufac- 
turing aluminum chloride with a total output for the year of 4,702 
short tons, valued at $311,900, in 1919 an output of 4,80G short tons 
valued at $371,850, and in 1920, 3,571 tons valued at $297,550. 

Imports included under alums, etc.. supra. 

Exports. — Xone recorded. 

Suggested changes. — It is suggested that the phrase " all other 
aluminum compounds" in paragraph 6 be changed to "all other 
aluminum salts and compounds," since the tariff acts have long dis- 
tinguished " salts " and " compounds." 



36 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 7. 



H. E, 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 7. Ammonium carbonate, li 
cents per pound; ammonium chloride, 
11 cents per pound ; ammonium nitrate, 
ammonium perchlorate, and ammonium 
phosphate, 25 per' centum ad valorem ; 
ammonium sulphate, three-fifths of 1 
cent per pound; liquid anhydrous am- 
monia, 2$ cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 5. Ammonia, carbonate of, one 
and one-half cents per pound ; muriate 
of, or sal ammoniac, three-fourths of 
one cent per pound ; liquid anhydrous, 
five cents per pound. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical * * * 
salts, * * * twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 490. Ammonia, sulphate of 
[Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 7. Ammonia, carbonate of, and 
muriate of, I of 1 cent per pound; 
phosphate of, 1 cent per pound ; liquid 
anhydrous, 2\ cents per pound ; * * *. 

Par. 395. Ammonia, sulphate of, per- 
chlorate of, and nitrate of [Free]. 



AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS. 
(See Survey A-3.) 



GENERAL. 



The largest use of ammonia in normal times is in the form of am- 
monium sulphate for fertilizer purposes. Liquid anhydrous ammonia 
is extensively used for refrigeration, ammonium nitrate and ammo- 
nium picrate as explosives, aqua ammonia for household cleaning, 
and other ammonium compounds chiefly for chemical purposes. 

During the war ammonia was used in large amounts m (jermany 
for the manufacture of nitric acid, which, in turn, was used for mak- 
ing explosives. A beginning was made in the development ot this in- 
dustry in the United States during the war, but only a small fraction 
of the nitric acid consumed in the United States was made in this way. 
Commercial supplies of ammonia came from three sources: (a) 
From coal as a by-product in the manufacture of coke and coal gas ; 
(b) from calcium cyanamide (made by heating calcium carbide m an 
electric furnace in the presence of atmospheric nitrogen) which is 
converted into ammonia under the action of steam ; (c) by direct com- 
bination of nitrogen and hydrogen (Haber process). 

Before the war commercial supplies of ammonia in the United 
States were obtained entirely from coal, but during the war plants to 
operate both the cyanamid process and the direct synthetic process 
were built by the Government near Muscle Shoals, Ala. Ihe cyana- 
mid plant (designed to produce 41,500 tons of fixed nitrogen annu- 
ally) was in successful operation, in part, at the signing of the 
armistice, but the synthetic plant (built to produce 8,500 tons of fixed 
nitrogen) had not been completed and put in to successful operation 
when the war came to an end. These plants have been idle since the 
signing of the armistice, but have not been scrapped or sold by the 
Government'. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



37 



The Haber process, which has been very successful, was developed 
to a large extent in Germany. One of the two plants in Germany, 
located at Oppau, was destroyed by an explosion during 1921. 

The first production of fixed nitrogen by a commercial firm was 
announced in August, 1921, by the Atmospheric Nitrogen Corpora- 
tion (a subsidiary of the Allied Dve and Chemical Corporation), at 
Solvay, N. Y. the output of the first unit of this plant is 20,000 
pounds of ammonia per day, or about 2,500 tons of fixed nitrogen 
annually. 

AMMONIUM CARBONATE. 

Description and uses. — Commercial ammonium carbonate, a mix- 
ture of ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate containing 
about 31 per cent of ammonia (NH 3 ) , is a white crystalline salt smell- 
ing strongly of ammonia, volatile when heated, and sometimes known 
as sal volatile. It is used in wool scouring, in some baking powders, 
smelling salts, and certain domestic cleaning powders. 

Production. — It is made by heating a mixture of ammonium sul- 
phate and chalk (calcium carbonate). The vapors of ammonia, 
carbon dioxide, and water, on cooling, condense to form the solid mix- 
ture of ammonium carbonate and ammonium carbamate. The crude 
product is usually purified by sublimation. The domestic output is 
unknown. 

Imports prior to 1915 averaged about -370,000 pounds per annum, 
doubling in 1915. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 


1918 


Pounds. 

6, 802 

147,952 

298, 126 

327, 792 


$6, 802 
17, 264 
35, 467 
20, 549 


$1.00 
.12 
.12 

.06 


$51 
1,110 
2,236 




Per cent. 
75 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


6.43 
6.30 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification: — Ammonium sulphate is ex- 
empt from duty under paragraph 395 of the act of 1913. 



AMMONIUM CHLORIDE. 



Description and uses. — Ammonium chloride or muriate of am- 
monia is a combination of ammonia and hydrochloric acid. It is also 
called sal ammoniac. The crude material is usually more or less 
dark in color, owing to tarry impurities. Ammonium chloride 
comes in cakes (sal ammoniac), white and translucent, or in crystals 
(muriate of ammonia). It is used in pharmacy, in soldering, gal- 
vanizing iron, tinning, dyeing of textiles, and in electric dry bat- 
teries. 

Production in 1914 was 11,511,934 pounds, valued at $641,040, sup- 
plying less than 60 per cent of domestic consumption. The output 
in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 12,120,000 pounds Valued at 
$1,426,100. Ammonium chloride can be made by treating aqua am- 
monia with hydrochloric acid, by distilling ammoniacal liquor and 



38 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



absorbing the ammonia gas in hydrochloric acid or by crystalliza- 
tion from a saturated solution of sulphate of ammonia and ordinary 
salt (sodium chloride). 

Imports from 1910 until 1915 were between 9,000,000 and 14,000,000 
pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Unit value. 


| Equiva- 

Duty. i lent ad 

j valorem 


1918 


Pounds. 

218,404 
2, 011, 028 
6, 699, 359 
3, 444, 146 


$19, 618 
245, 738 
698, 320 
237,936 


$0.09 
.12 
.10 
.07 


| 

j Per cent. 

$1 638 I 8 -35 


1919 


15,083 
50, 245 


6.14 


1920 


7.20 


1921 (9 months) 











Imports in postwar years have been chiefly from England and 
Germany. 

Exports.— Statistics are not available. 



AMMONIUM NITRATE. 



Description and uses. — Ammonium nitrate is a white crystalline 
salt. When heated it decomposes into water and nitrous oxide 
(" laughing gas ") , widely used as an anaesthetic during the war. Its 
largest application is in explosive mixtures, 90 per cent of which 
may be ammonium nitrate. 

Production greatly increased during the war to supply the demand 
for explosives. 

Imports in 1915 were 3,666,880 pounds, valued at $193,907. Later 
statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


i 

1 Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


191S 




Pounds. 
1 77, 101 


$4,813 

34, 630 

2,141,580 

1, 987, 490 


$0. 06 


1919 




509, 208 


.07 


1920 




28, 476, 593 


.07 


1921 (9 months) 




30, 724, 090 


.06 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Ammonium nitrate is exempt 
from duty under paragraph 395 of the act of 1913. 



AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE. 



Uses. — Ammonium perchlorate has been used technically as an 
oxidizing agent and in the manufacture of explosive mixtures. 

Imports in 1914 and 1915 were about 70,000 pounds, valued at 
about $6,300. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 * 


Pounds. 
625 

US, 316 

3, i:^J>li 
3,58Q,714 


$155 

16,236 

349, 934 

325, 678 


SO. 25 


1919 


. 14 


1920 


. 10 


1921 (9 months) 


.09 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



a 9 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Ammonium perchlorate is 
exempt from duty under paragraph 395 of the act of 1913. 



AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE. 



Description and uses. — There are two important ammonium phos- 
phates, the monammonium phosphate and the diammonium phos- 
phate. These are of little commercial importance compared with 
the other ammonium compounds, but are used in the manufacture 
of fireproof cloth and paper and for medicinal purposes. The so- 
dium salt of acid ammonium phosphate has important analytical 
uses. There is a fertilizer known as Ammo-Phos sold in two grades ; 
one grade contains 13 per cent ammonia and 47 per cent " available 
phosphoric acid," the other contains 20 per cent ammonia and 20 
per cent " available phosphoric acid." This article is undoubtedly 
crude ammonium phosphates. 

Production in this country is from calcium acid phosphate and 
ammonia, but the output is not known. 

Imports decreased from a maximum of 68,039 pounds in 1911 to 
about 7,000 pounds in 1913, increasing sharply to 205,742 pounds in 
1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


■ 

19201 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 
12, 917 
1,976 


$1,509 
418 


$0.12 
.21 


$129 


Per cent. 
8.56 






1 No imports in calendar years 1918 and 1919. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



AMMONIUM SULPHATE. 



Description and uses. — Ammonium sulphate or ammonia gas com- 
bined with sulphuric acid forms the larger part of the world's trade 
in ammonia. Commercial transactions are based on a standard con- 
tent of 25 per cent of ammonia (NH 3 ). The largest use in normal 
times is in the manufacture of fertilizers. Such application was 
greatly curtailed during the war on account of the need to convert 
ammonia into ammonium nitrate for explosive purposes. It is also 
used in the preparation of other ammonium salts. 

Production of ammonia (expressed as sulphate of ammonia) in- 
creased from 191,000 short tons in 1913 to 378,000 tons in 1918. Pre- 
liminary figures for 1920 indicate an output approaching 500,000 
tons. About 90 per cent of the output in this country is obtained as 
a by-product in the manufacture of coke. In England the principal 
source is from illuminating gas works using the coal-gas process. 
Other countries obtained supplies from both sources in fairly equal 
quantities. Germanv, since 1910, has been the largest producer; 
from 1910 to 1913 her exports were from 40,000 to 70,000 tons in ex- 



40 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



cess of imports. England, prior to the war, ranked second, and ex- 
ported about three-fourths of her output, thus leading as an exporter. 
The United States, prior to the war, ranked third in production, 
with France fourth, but the increase in the United States during and 
since the war gives this country an output nearly equal to that ob- 
tained in Germany from by-product sources. Germany, however, 
has developed large synthetic ammonia plants with a capacity of 
about double the by-product output. 

Imports reached a maximum of 103,251 short tons in 1911, then 
decreased steadily to 3,983 tons in the fiscal year of 1918. Later sta- 
tistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Tom. 
2,993 
2,354 
1,993 
3,089 


$425, 881 
313,873 
247, 495 


$142. 29 


1919 


133. 34 


1920 


124. 18 


1921 (9 months) 


180, 965 58. 58 









Exports are not shown prior to 1920, in which year (calendar) 
they were 66,714 short tons, valued at $7,433,350, and for nine months 
of 1921, 67,422 tons, valued at $4,119,858. They have been chiefly 
to Dutch East Indies, Cuba, and Spain. The 1920 export was about 
13 per cent of the domestic output. 

LIQUID ANHYDROUS AMMONIA. 

Description and uses. — The term ammonia refers to a colorless gas 
composed of one part of nitrogen and three parts of hydrogen by 
volume. It is a weak alkali and has a strong, pungent, penetrating 
odor. Under pressure it becomes a liquid, which is then stored and 
shipped in steel cylinders, commonly containing about 100 pounds 
of ammonia. Liquid ammonia expands and vaporizes when the 
pressure is removed, and absorbs a large amount of heat, which gives 
anhydrous ammonia its wide use for refrigeration and ice making. 

Production in 1914 was 16,659,789 pounds, valued at $3,140,848, 
and increased greatly, to 54,700,000 pounds, valued at $10,861,600, 
in 1919 (preliminary figures). 

Imports are negligible, the largest being 26,506 pounds, valued at 
$10,404 in 1920 (calendar year). 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 8. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 8. Antimony : Oxide, 2 cents per 
pound; tnrtnr-emetic or potassium-an- 
timony tartrate, 5 cents per pound; 
sulphides and other antimony com- 
pounds, not specially provided for, 25 
per centum ad valorem. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



41 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pae. 173. * * * antimony, oxide 
of, one and one-half cents per pound 
and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
* * * and salts, * * * twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 144. * * * antimony oxide, 
salts, and compounds of, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 2 

Par. 5. * * * chemcal * * * 
compounds, * * * 15 per centum 
ad valorem. [G. A. 7899, T. D. 36364 
of 1916; United States v. Inms, 7 Ct. 
Oust. Appls. 3, of 1916.] 



ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS. 

(See Survey G-17.) 

Description and uses. — Antimony oxide is composed of metallic 
antimony and oxygen. The most important commercial oxide is 
antimony trioxide. Because of the scarcity and high price of tin 
oxide during the war antimony tetraoxide was used as a substitute 
pigment in the manufacture of ceramic enamels. It is not so satis- 
factory as tin oxide for pure white enamels, as it tends to produce 
a yellow or cream color. Antimony trioxide serves in the manu- 
facture of tartar emetic and as a coloring agent in glass manufac- 
ture. Potassium antimony tartrate (tartar emetic) is used as a 
mordant in d}^eing vegetable fibers and is the only official antimony 
compound in the United States Pharmacopoeia. Antimony sulphide, 
a chemical combination of antimony and sulphur, occurs naturally 
as the mineral stibnite, which is the most important source of anti- 
mony. Natural sulphide obtained by the liquation of the mineral is 
not suitable for pigment purposes, and therefore artificial antimony 
sulphide is usually prepared. It is used chiefly as a pigment in the 
manufacture of red-rubber goods and to a lesser extent in the manu- 
facture of matches, percussion caps, and in pyrotechnics. As it pro- 
duces a dense white smoke, it was utilized during the war in " range- 
finding " shells. 

Production. — Antimony compounds are manufactured from me- 
tallic antimony obtained from the ore (free under par. 1509), 
which is imported chiefly from China. Antimony oxide is prepared 
by burning metallic antimony in air or oxidizing it by means of 
nitric acid ; antimony trisulphide by precipitating a solution of anti- 
mony chloride with hydrogen sulphide; antimony pentasulphide 
from the trisulphide by boiling with an alkali in sulphur ; and tartar 
emetic by treating antimony trioxide with cream of tartar (potas- 
sium acid tartrate). The output of antimony salts in 1919 (prelimi- 
nary figures) was 4,045,600 pounds, valued at $1,190,000. 

Imports in 1914 were : Antimony oxide, 386,558 pounds, valued at 
$20,476; antimony sulphide, 321,379 pounds, valued at $54,191; and 
tartar emetic, 55,744 pounds, valued at $6,336. Imports of " anti- 
mony oxide, salts, and compounds of," decreased steadily to about 
37.000 pounds in 1918. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Pounds. 

36,910 

252,785 

595, 474 

301, 190 


$11,904 
9,501 
25, 260 
14, 134 


$0.32 
.01 
.04 
.05 


$2,976 
2,375 
6,315 







Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Per cent. 
25 
25 
25 
25 



a Salts and compounds of antimony oxide are not articles of commerce. 



42 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Tartar emetic, chemically 
potassium-antimony tartrate, is an important compound used chiefly 
for its antimony content as a mordant in dyeing fibers. The Tariff 
Commission suggested that it be mentioned specifically, and also that 
the provision for antimony compounds in paragraph 144 of the act 
of 1913 be transferred from Schedule C to Schedule 1 and assigned 
a separate paragraph. 

The provision for " antimony oxide, salts, and compounds of " the 
Court of Customs Appeals has held (United States v. Innis, 7 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 3, of 1916) is not to be read as if there were a " comma " 
after the word " antimony " and antimony sulphide was declared 
not classable as a salt or compound of antimony oxide under this 
paragraph, but dutiable as a chemical compound or salt under para- 
graph 5. The legislative history shows that when the tariff bill of 
1913 was passed by the House of Representatives there was a 
comma after the word " antimony " and none after the word " ox- 
ide " ; that the comma after the word " antimony " was stricken out 
in the Senate ; and that a comma was inserted by the conference com- 
mittee after the word " oxide," thereby making the law read " anti- 
mony oxide, salts, and compounds of." (G. A. 7688, T. D. 35142, of 
1915.) Antimony oxide has also been held not within this para- 
graph. (G. A. 7899, T. D. 36364, of 1916.) To remedy this situa- 
tion it was suggested that antimony oxide and antimony sulphide be 
mentioned specifically with all other antimony compounds and be 
included in this paragraph by a general provision. (See Reclassi- 
fication Report, pp. 15-17.) 

Suggested changes. — It is suggested that the phrase " antimony 
compounds " be changed to read " antimony salts and compounds," 
as salts and compounds have long been distinguished in tariff acts. 
The hyphen between "tartar" and "emetic" should be omitted. 



PARAGRAPH 9. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 9. Argols, tartar, and wine lees, 
crude or partly refined, containing not 
more than 90 per centum of potassium 
bitartrate, 5 per centum ad valorem ; 
containing more than 90 per centum of 
potassium bitartrate, cream of tartar, 
Rochelle salts or potassium-sodium 
tartrate, 5 cents per pound; calcium 
tartrate, crude, 5 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 6. Argols or crude tartar or Par. 8. Argols or crude tartar or 
wine lees crude, five per centum ad wine lees crude or partly refined, con- 
valorem ; tartars and lees crystals, or taining not more than 90 per centum 
partly refined argols, containing not of potassium bitartrate, 5 per centum 
more than ninety per centum of bi- ad valorem; containing more than 90 
tartrate of potash, and tartrate of per centum of potassium bitartrate, 
soda or potassa, or Rochelle salts, cream of tartar, and Rochelle salts or 



43 

three cents per pound; containing tartrate of soda and potassa, 24 cents 
more than ninety per centum of bi- per pound; calcium tartrate crude, 5 
tartrate of potash, four cents per per centum ad valorem, 
pound ; cream of tartar and patent 
tartar, five cents per pound. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
* * * and salts, * * * twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 



(See Survey A-l; also tartaric acid, p. 16.) 

Description and uses. — Argols or crude tartar is a crystalline de- 
posit which forms on the sides of wine casks during fermentation 
and contain about 50 to 85 per cent of acid potassium tartrate and 
6 to 12 per cent of calcium tartrate. Wine lees are a similar deposit 
on the bottom of the casks and contain from 20 to 35 per cent of 
potassium acid tartrate and up to 20 per cent of calcium tartrate. 
Argols and wine lees (together with crude calcium tartrate referred 
to below) are the raw materials from which tartaric acid and all 
salts of tartaric acid, including cream of tartar, Eochelle salts, and 
tartar emetic, are prepared. 

Cream of tartar is refined potassium bitartrate. The better grades 
contain more than 99.5 per cent of potassium bitartrate and less than 
five parts per million of lead or other heavy metals. It is used prin- 
cipally as an ingredient in one variety of baking powder; in the 
dyeing and printing of textiles; in medicines and in food products, 
especially jellies, preserves, and beverages; in photographic develop- 
ing and printing; in the deposition of silver on glass for mirrors 
and ornaments ; and as a laboratory reagent. 

Rochelle salts or potassium-sodium tartrate is made from cream of 
tartar and soda ash, and is used in medicine, photography, and in 
chemical laboratories. 

Crude calcium tartrate is also a by-product of the wine industry 
and a raw material for the manufacture of tartaric acid. 

Production. — Small quantities have been produced in the past by 
the wine industry and relatively insignificant amounts are now 
obtained from unfermented grape juice. Domestic production has 
probably never exceeded 1 per cent of the world's supply, and prob- 
ably will be still further reduced as a result of the constitutional 
amendment prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating 
beverages. Although no reliable statistics of production are avail- 
able, Italy and France are undoubtedly the chief sources of the raw 
materials of the tartar industry and together produce more than 
three-fifths of the world's supply. Spain, Portugal, and French 
Africa are also important producers. Austria-Hungary and Ger- 
many are minor sources of supply. In recent years Argentina has 
produced argols. 

Imports of argols and wine lees containing not more than 90 per 
cent of potassium bitartrate for the fiscal years 1910-1918, inclusive, 
have averaged 28,670,615 pounds, valued at $3,416,326, and yielded 
an average revenue of $170,815; while those containing more than 



44 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



90 per cent of potassium bitartrate were negligible. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value.; Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



CONTAINING NOT MORE THAN 90 PER CENT POTASSIUM BITARTRATE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 
28, 041, 454 
25, 758, 868 
35,347,074 
11,388,890 



$4,777,789 

4, 296, 837 

4,414,470 

898, 864 


$0.17 
.17 
.12 
.08 


$238, 889 
214, 842 
220,724 







Per cent. 



CONTAINING MORE THAN 90 PER CENT POTASSIUM BITARTRATE. 



1918 


39, 236 
50,462 
105,381 
33, 458 


$4, 478 

14, 773 

37,958 

5,595 


$0.11 

.29 
.36 

.17 


$981 
1,262 
2,635 


21.90 


1919 


8.54 


1920 


6.94 


1921 (9 months) 











Imports of crude calcium tartrate for 1914-1918 (fiscal years), 
inclusive, have averaged 693,150 pounds, valued at $75,435; and 
have yielded an average revenue of $3,771. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
78,383 


$14, 584 


$0.19 


$729 


Per cent. 
5 


1919 




1920 


267,270 
168, 189 


28, 048 
8,509 


.10 
.05 


1,402 


5 


1921 (9 months) 


5 









Imports of cream of tartar during 1913 were 66,718 pounds, valued 
at $11,798, and yielded a revenue of $3,335. From October 4, 1913, 
to June 30, 1914, they were 812,421 pounds, valued at $156,886, and 
yielded a revenue of $20,310. Imports since 1914 have declined to 
68~,586 pounds in 1918, valued at $16,067. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Va'ue. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 

Duty. i lent ad 

valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

13, 597 

23, 652 

218, 887 

830, 950 


$3, 355 

10,879 

S3, 903 

207, 862 


$0.25 
.46 

.38 
.25 


Per cent. 
$340 10. 13 


1919 


591 5.44 


1920 


5,472 1 6.52 


1921 (9 months)... 









Imports of Rochelle salts have been variable, reaching a maximum 
in 1915 of 253,609 pounds, valued at $19,244, yielding a revenue of 
$6,340. In 1916 imports declined to 187 pounds. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

15, 480 

29, 142 

117,377 

279, 205 


$4,948 

9, 537 

29, 013 

47,097 


$0.32 
.33 
.25 

.17 


$387 

729 

2,934 


Per cent. 
7.82 


1919 


7.64 


1920 


10.11 


1921 (9 months).. 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



45 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Bochelle salts are chemically 
potassium sodium tartrate. " Potassa," used in the act of 1913 is 
obsolete both for commercial and scientific use. (Eeclassification 
Report, p. 17.) 

Suggested changes. — Page 4, line 16, of H. K. 7456: Insert the 
words " 5 cents per pound " followed by a semicolon before the 
words " cream of tartar " and after the comma following " bitar- 
trate." 



PARAGRAPH 10. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 10. Balsams :Copaiba, fir or 
Canada, Peru, tolu, styrax, and all 
other balsams, all the foregoing which 
are natural and uncompounded, 10 per 
centum ad valorem : Provided, That no 
article containing alcohol shall be 
classified for duty under this para- 
graph. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 20. Drugs, such as * * * 
balsams, * * * which are natural 
and uncompounded drugs and not 
edible, and not specially provided for 
in this section, but which are ad- 
vanced in value or condition by any 
process or treatment whatever beyond 
that essential to the proper packing 
of the drugs and the prevention of de- 
cay or deterioration pending manu- 
facture, one-fourth of one cent per 
pound, and in addition thereto ten 
per centum ad valorem : Provided, 
That no article containing alcohol, or 
in the preparation of which alcohol is 
used, shall be classified for duty under 
this paragraph. 

Par. 684. Storax, or styrax [Free]. 

Par. 559. Drugs, such as * * * 
balsams, * * * any of the foregoing 
which are natural and uncompounded 
drugs and not edible and not specially 
provided for in this section, and are in 
a crude state, not advanced in value 
or condition by any process or treat- 
ment whatever beyond that essential 
to the proper packing of the drugs 
and the prevention of decay or de- 
terioration pending manufacture : Pro- 
vided, That no article containing alco- 
hol, or in the preparation of which 
alcohol is used, shall be admitted free 
of duty under this paragraph [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 9. Balsams: Copaiba, fir or 
Canada, Peru, tolu, and all other bal- 
sams, which are natural and uncom- 
pounded and not suitable for the 
manufacture of perfumery and cos- 
metics, if in a crude state, not ad- 
vanced in value or condition by any 
process or treatment whatever beyond 
that essential to the proper packing of 
the balsams and the prevention of de- 
cay or deterioration pending manu- 
facture, all the foregoing not specially 
provided for in this section, 10 per 
centum ad valorem ; if advanced in 
value or condition by any process or 
treatment whatever beyond that es- 
sential to the proper packing of the 
balsams and the prevention of decay or 
deterioration pending manufacture, all 
the foregoing not specially provided 
for in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol shall be classified 
for duty under this paragraph. 



BALSAMS. 
(See Survey A-3.) 



General. — The term "balsam" as used in commerce has no exact 
chemical significance, although chemical authorities have endeavored 
to limit it to resins and oleoresins containing free or combined cin- 



46 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



namic or benzoic acids. Eesins and oleoresins, including those com- 
mercially and technically classed as balsams, are exudations of plants, 
sometimes occurring naturally in cavities in the plant, or obtained 
by wounding the plant. The balsams are used for medicinal pur- 
poses, in perfumery and cosmetics, and occasionally for technical 
purposes, such as the manufacture of varnishes. 



COPAIBA BALSAM. 



Description and uses. — Copaiba balsam is a liquid oleoresin and 
not a true balsam, chemically speaking. Its principal uses are in 
medicine and in the manufacture of varnish, lacs, and tracing paper. 

Production. — Brazil and to a less extent Venezuela, Colombia, and 
Guiana, produce copaiba balsam in commercial quantities. It is 
obtained by the natives from wild trees. 

Imports are given for both crude and advanced copaiba balsam 
but for the latter are quite insignificant. Imports of crude copaiba 
balsam averaged 199,919 pounds, valued at $62,724, in 1909-1913. 
In 1914-1918 (fiscal years), the annual average was 281,084 pounds, 
valued at $105,819, the average revenue since 1913 being $10,170. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months).. 


Pounds. 
348, 680 
342, 185 
434, 515 
160, 602 


$183, 937 
126, 796 
160, 628 
28.766 


$0.53 
.37 
.37 
.13 


$18,394 
12,680 
16,063 


Per cent. 
10 
10 
10 
10 









Imports of all balsams are chiefly from Brazil, Colombia, Vene- 
zuela, and England. 

Exvorts. — Statistics not available. 



FIR OR CANADA BALSAM. 

Description and uses. — This is also an oleoresin rather than a true 
balsam. It is chiefly used in microscopy and to some extent in 
medicinal preparations such as plasters. 

Production. — The tree yielding Canada balsam occurs through 
Canada and northeastern United States along the Appalachian 
Range, and is chiefly valued as a source of cheap lumber and paper 
pulp. The balsam is principally collected for commerce by the In- 
dians of Quebec and is not sufficiently remunerative to attract higher 
classes of labor, although some is collected by Indians in Maine. 
Production in the United States is much less than in Canada. Xo 
statistics are available. 

Imports are small and variable, consisting chiefly of crude balsams. 
For 1909-1918 average annual imports of 9,200 pounds, valued at 
$5,788, are reported, the revenue for 1914—1918 averaging $726. 
Later statistics follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



47 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Ad 
Duty. J valorem 
rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 
2,902 
2,602 
1.693 
1,084 


$2, 475 
3,235 
2,914 
1,337 


$0.85 
1.24 
1.72 
1.23 


S248 
324 
291 


Per cent. 
10 
10 
10 
10 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PERU BALSAM. 



Description and uses. — This is a true balsam used in medicines and 
perfumery and to some extent as a cheap substitute for vanilla. 

Production. — Peru balsam comes wholly from the Republic of Sal- 
vador. The United States is said to take normally about half of the 
annual production, the other half going chiefly to German}^ where an 
artificial " Peru balsam " is also produced. 

Imports for the fiscal years 1909-1914 averaged 39,332 pounds of 
crude balsam, valued at $46,065. Imports for 1915-1918 averaged 
42,794 pounds, valued at $108,849. For the years 1915-1918 Peru 
balsam yielded an annual revenue of $10,885. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit va'.ue. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
64,742 
51,812 
53, 642 
43, 582 


$167,711 
131,494 
174,276 
59, 676 


$2.59 
2.54 
3.25 
1.35 


$16,-771 

13, 149 
17,428 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


10 









Exports. — Statistics are not available. 



TOLTJ BALSAM. 



DescHption and uses. — Tolu is a true balsam, used in medicine, 
pharmacy, perfumery, cosmetics, and chewing gum. It comes from 
a forest tree of South America, and is collected chiefly in Colombia 
and to a less extent in Venezuela and Peru. 

' Imports for 1909-1913 averaged 39,333 pounds, valued at $10,581, 
chiefly from Colombia. For 1915-1918 the average was 54,004 
pounds, valued at $18,369, the revenue averaging $1,469. Later sta- 
tistics follow : 















Ad 




Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


valorem 
rate. 






Pounds. 








Per cent. 


1918... 





61,011 


$42, 620 


$0.70 


$4, 262 


10 


1919... 




69, 920 


69, 688 


1.00 


6. 9fi9 


10 


1920. . . 




54, 051 


57, 537 


1.06 


5, 754 


1(1 


1921 (9 


months) 


33, 531 


22, 082 


.66 




10 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 



48 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



STYRAX AND OTHER BALSAMS. 

Description and uses. — Styrax is a true balsam. Its principal use 
is for flavoring tobacco. It is also used in medicine, perfumery, and 
cosmetics. Other balsams are included under this paragraph with- 
out specific mention, but appear to be without individual impor- 
tance. 

Production. — Styrax is obtained from Asia Minor ; it is valued in 
oriental medicines, and chiefly consumed in India and China. A 
product resembling styrax and yielded by the sweet gum tree occurs 
in the United States, but does not give a profitable yield. Tropical 
America produces larger amounts of balsam, which have appeared 
on the American market. 

Imports of styrax for 1909-1916 averaged 18,634 pounds, valued at 
$2,932. In 1917-18 they averaged 12,840 pounds, valued at $24,583. 
In 1914^1918 the average revenue was $1,132. Importations of other 
balsams averaged 44,085 pounds, valued at $17,041, in 1909-1918 
(fiscal years). Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


STYRAX BALSAM. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2,526 
8,494 
5,661 


$10, 110 
7,493 
3. 702 


$4.00 
.88 
.65 


$1,011 
■ 749 


Per cent. 
10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


10 










ALL OTHER BALSAMS. 


1918 


61, 391 
12, 706 
37, 148 
5,210 


$95, 429 

8, 364 

31,854 

6,181 


$1.55 
.66' 
.86 
1.19 


$9,543 

836 

3,185 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


10 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Styrax is the most important 
balsam included in the act of 1913 within the provision for " all 
other balsams." As imports since 1909 have averaged about 15,000 
pounds, this balsam is mentioned specifically in H. E. 7456. 

The phrase "not suitable for the manufacture of perfumery and 
cosmetics," as applied to balsams (par. 9, act of 1913), was omitted, 
since any balsam of salable quality can be used for making per- 
fumes and cosmetics. 

As practically all balsams are imported in a crude state, the pro- 
vision in the act of 1913 which reads, " if advanced in value or con- 
dition by any process," etc., isi practically inoperative. All balsams 
are crude articles within the meaning of paragraph 9 of the act of 
1913, as when advanced beyond this condition they lose their iden- 
tity as balsams. 

The Tariff Commission suggested in its Eeclassification Report, 
pages 17-18, that both of these phrases be omitted. 



49 

PARAGRAPH 11. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 11. Barium carbonate, precipi- 
tated, 1 cent per pound ; barium chlo- 
ride, li cents per pound ; barium diox- 
ide, 4 cents per pound ; and barium ni- 
trate, 2 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, Par, 10. Barium, chloride of, i cent 
* * * and salts, * * * twenty- per pound; dioxide of, 1$ cents per 
five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. pound ; carbonate of, precipitated, 15 

per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * and salts, 
* * * 15 per centum ad valorem. 

BARIUM COMPOUNDS. 

(See Survey A-4.) 

General. — The barium chemicals mentioned and others not men- 
tioned are made chiefly from barytes dutiable under paragraph 64. 
Witherite, on the free list, is imported and can be used as the raw 
material for barium chemicals. Until 1915 about 35 per cent of 
the domestic consumption of crude barytes was imported for the 
manufacture of lithopone and as the raw material for a very limited 
quantity of barium chemicals. The domestic production, chiefly 
from Missouri, supplied the market for ground and floated barytes. 

During the war the production of barytes more than quadrupled, 
owing to lack of imports from Germany, the consequent establish- 
ment of a barium chemical industry in the United States, and the 
increase in the demand for barytes in the lithopone and rubber in- 
dustries. The greatest State output shifted from Missouri to Georgia 
in 1916. 

Germany and England are large producers of barytes and barium 
chemicals and will be the chief competitors of the domestic industry. 

BARIUM CARBONATE, PRECIPITATED. 

Description and uses. — Barium carbonate exists in nature as the 
mineral witherite. (See par. 1681, p. 1467.) Precipitated barium car- 
bonate is a white powder practically insoluble in water. It is used 
chiefly, in the ceramic industry in making face brick to prevent a white 
efflorescence, for optical glass and some kinds of enameled ironware, 
in the preparation of other barium chemicals, in flat wall paints, and 
as a rat poison. 

Production. — Practically the entire supply was imported from 
Germany before the war. With the establishment here of a barium 
chemicals industry the production increased from 2,746 short tons 
in 1915 to 8,238 tons in 1917 ; it then decreased slightly to 7,135 tons 
in 1919 and 7,484 tons in 1920. 

Barium carbonate is produced by passing carbon dioxide over 
heated barium sulphide or by treating a solution of barium sul- 
phide or barium chloride with soda ash. The precipitated barium 
carbonate is then filtered, washed, and dried. 
82304—22 4 



50 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



An investigation by the Tariff Commission 3 showed that to the 
three firms from which data were obtained the average cost in 1919 
of making barium carbonate was $0.0316 per pound. 

Imports, first shown in 1912, were 950,000 pounds, increasing to 
nearly 5,000,000 pounds in 1914, but fell to 106,288 pounds in 1918. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value.) 

1 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 




! 

i 


Per cent. 


1919 


8,549 

951, 501 

1,973,352 


$2,666 
37,462 
38,083 


$0.31 ; 

.04 1 

.02 I 

1 


$400 
5,619 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



BARIUM CHLORIDE. 



Description and uses. — Barium chloride is a white crystalline sub- 
stance, containing about 15 per cent of water of crystallization. It is 
used principally for preparing other barium chemicals, chiefly pre- 
cipitated barium sulphate, and as a mordant in manufacturing color 
lakes. It is also employed in the purification of salt, as a water 
softener, as an analytical reagent in sulphur determinations, and to 
some extent in the ceramics industry. 

Production. — Barium chloride is prepared by treating barium car- 
bonate (witherite) with hydrochloric acid or by heating barium sul- 
phide with calcium chloride. Prior to the war barium chloride was 
practically all imported from Germany, but after a domestic industry 
was established, the production increased from 2,106 short tons in 
1915 to 4,870 short tons in 1917. About 4,500 short tons were made 
in 1918 and in 1919, but in 1920 the output declined to 3,084 tons. 

The cost of production of barium chloride in the United States in 
1919, as determined by the Tariff Commission, was $0.0539 per pound 
(average of four firms). 

Imports prior to 1914 were practically constant at about 2,800,000 
pounds per year, increasing sharply to about 6,000,000 pounds in 
1914. There were about 5,000,000 pounds in 1915. There were no 
imports in 1918. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 

Duty. lent ad 

| valorem. 


1919 


Pounds. 
1,099,686 
3,190,255 
2,798,700 


$19,846 
151,778 
147,930 


$0.02 
.05 
.05 

- 


$2, 749 
7,976 


Per cent. 
13.85 


1920. 


5.25 


1921 (9 months) 






I 


Exports. — Statistics not available. 



3 For further detail 
pp. 75-79. 



see " Barytes, barium chemicals, and lithopone " (Survey A-4). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



51 



BARIUM DIOXIDE. 



Description and uses. — Barium dioxide, barium peroxide, or barium 
binoxide is a compound of barium and oxygen. When pure it is a 
white powder insoluble in water. The crude product is usually green 
in color. It is used chiefly in the production of hydrogen peroxide, 
but also as a bleaching agent and as a source of oxygen. It was used 
during the war in tracer bullets. 

Production. — Barium dioxide is made by heating barium nitrate or 
barium carbonate, first in a closed vessel and then in a current of air. 
Prior to the war Germany supplied our barium dioxide, but when 
imports from that country ceased, a domestic barium chemicals 
industry was established, the production of which reached a maxi- 
mum of 2,555 short tons in 1917 and then declined to 858 tons in 
1919. 

The cost of production of barium dioxide in 1919, as determined 
by investigation of the Tariff Commission, was $0,197 per pound 
(average of 3 firms). 

Imports prior to the war were about 3,700,000 pounds per year, in- 
creasing in 1914 to about 6,000,000 pounds. Imports ceased by 
1917-18. Later statistics follow : - 



Calendar year. 


! 

Quantity. Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 

Duty. lent ad 

1 valorem. 

| - 


19201 


Pounds. 

501,673 j $34,447 


$0.13 


i Per cent. 
$7,525 i 11.68 


1921 (9 months) 


904 713 91,192 






1 




1 



No imports in 1918 and 1919. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



BABITJM NITRATE. 

Description and, uses. — Barium nitrate is made by treating barium 
chloride with sodium nitrate or Chile saltpeter. It is an important 
barium chemical used in explosive mixtures and for making other 
barium products, fireworks, detonators, and railroad signals. 

Production was 971 short tons in 1915, followed by a steady decline 
to 137 tons in 1918. The 1919 production increased sharply to 784 
tons. 

Imports of barium nitrate in 1914 (only year for which statistics 
are available) were 1,040,772 pounds, valued at $38,728, chiefly from 
Germany. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Barium nitrate, an impor- 
tant compound, imported in large quantities before the war. and 
now being made in the United States, is specifically provided for. 
(Reclassification Report, p. 18.) 



52 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



PARAGRAPH 12. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 12. Blackings, powders, and 
creams for cleaning or polishing, not 
specially provided for, 25 per centum ad 
valorem : Provided, That no prepara- 
tions containing alcohol shall be classi- 
fied for duty under this paragraph. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 7. Blacking of all kinds, twenty - 
five per centum ad valorem ; all creams 
and preparations for cleaning or pol- 
ishing boots and shoes, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 11. Blacking of all kinds, pol- 
ishing powders, and all creams and 
preparations for cleaning or polishing, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 15 per centum ad valorem : Pro- 
vided, That no preparations contain- 
ing alcohol shall be classified for duty 
under this paragraph. 



CLEANING AND POLISHING PREPARATIONS. 



(See Survey A-5.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph covers all articles used as 
blacking, polishes, and cleaning preparations, such as shoe blacking, 
leather polishes, stove polishes, floor polishes, furniture polishes, 
auto body polishes, metal polishes, and scouring compounds used for 
cleaning, and wall-paper cleaners. 

Production in 1914 of blacking, stains, and dressings was valued 
at $10,259,617 ; of polishing preparations, $5,228,178 ; and of cleaning 
preparations, $5,565,846. In 1919 the output of blacking, stains, and 
dressings was (preliminary figures) $25,279,000, and of cleansing 
and polishing preparations $26,215,000. 

" Imports from 1911 to 1913, inclusive, of bianco polish were valued 
between $15,000 and $35,000 per annum; in 1917 at $53,458, and in 
1918 at $24,821. All other blacking, polishing, and cleaning prepa- 
rations from 1910 to 1914 ran from $35,000 to $45,000 per year and 
decreased to $26,724 in 1918. The imports of blacking in 1914 came 
chiefly from England and w 7 ere valued at $32,424. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




BLANCO POLISH. 








1918 




?21,S93 
22, 089 
33.7J2 
17, 127 


$3,284 
3.313 
5,061 


Per cent. 
15 


1919.... 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months)... 


15 









ALL OTHER. 


1918 




$28, 186 
39,025 
31,361 
13,943 


$4, 228 
5,854 
5,154 


15 


1919 


15 


1920 ... 


15 


1921 (9 months) . 














SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



53 



Exports of blacking, including shoe pastes and polishes, prior to 
1917 were fairly constant between $500,000 and $780,000, and then 
increased steadily to $2,933,448 in the calendar year 1920; for 9 
months in 1921 "they were only $965,320. Exports in 1920 were 
chiefly to Mexico, Argentina, and Cuba. 



PARAGRAPH 13. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 13. Bleaching powder or chLori 
nated lime, three-fifths of 1 cent per 
pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 8. Bleaching powder, or chloride Par. 12. Bleaching powder, or chlo- 
of lime, one fifth of one cent per ride of lime, tjj cent per pound, 
pound. 

BLEACHING POWDER. 
(See Survey A-5.) 

Description and uses. — Bleaching powder or chlorinated lime, in- 
correctly called chloride of lime, is a white powder which, when 
treated with an acid, evolves chlorine. It is sold on the basis of the 
" available chlorine " content. It is primarily a bleaching agent used 
for bleaching pulp and paper stock, and cotton and linen in textile 
mills and laundries. Liquid chlorine, however, is fast replacing it 
for the purification of public water supplies. 

Production in 1914 was 310,380,000 pounds, valued at $2,916,225, 
nearly twice that in 1909. Production in 1919 (preliminary figures) 
had decreased to 177,140,000 pounds, valued at $3,418,500, or about 
one-half the 1914 output. This decrease may be attributed to com- 
petition from liquid chlorine. The commercial manufacture of chlo- 
rinated lime was promoted by a duty of one-fifth cent per pound in 
the act of 1897, and the industry subsequently developed rapidly, 
supplying the greater part of domestic consumption. 

Bleaching powder is produced from lime and chlorine gas. The 
chlorine, which is a joint product in the manufacture of electrolytic 
caustic soda, is largely made at Niagara Falls, N. Y. It is also 
manufactured by two firms in Michigan and by one firm in Cali- 
fornia. Large consumers are installing electrolytic chlorine plants 
in order to produce their own bleach in liquid form. 

Imports previous to 1914 were between 40,000 and 50,000 short 
tons a year; the United Kingdom supplied from 70 to 80 per cent, 
most of the remainder coming from Germany. Later statistics fol- 
low : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


E quiva- 
lent ad 
valorem 


1918 


Pounds. 

540, 131 

341, 812 

2,474,617 

6,154,912 


$11,446 

6,787 

86, 873 

131,368 


SO. 02 
.02 

.03 
.02 


$540 

342 

2,475 


Per cent. 
4 72 


1919 


5 04 


1920 


2 85 


1921 (9 months). .• 











54 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 13,060,401 pounds, valued at 
$558,066, shipped chiefly to Argentina, Canada J Brazil, Chile, and 
Spain, in the order given. South America consumed about 50 per 
cent of the total. These markets formerly were supplied by Germany 
and England. Later statistics (for calendar years) follow : 



1918 



Quantity (pounds) I 9, 450, 793 

Value $ J10, 268 



1919 



21,019,736 

§517, 317 



1920 



1921 

(9 months). 



4S, 826, 348 12, 045, 336 
SI, 480, 142 i $343, 074 

i 



In postwar years exports were chiefly to Canada, British India. 
Sweden, and China. 

Important changes in classification, — " Chloride of lime " as used 
in the act of 1913 (par. 12) is an incorrect designation for bleaching 
powder and confuses it with calcium chloride. " Chlorinated lime '' 
is a term used in the trade and in the United States Pharmacopoeia. 
(Reclassification Report, p. 19.) 



PARAGRAPH 14. 



H. B, 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 14. Caffeine, $1.50 per pound ; 
compounds of caffeine, 25 per centum ad 
valorem ; impure tea, tea waste, tea 
sittings and sweepings, for manufactur- 
ing purposes in bond, pursuant to the 
provisions of the Act of May 16, 1908, 
entitled "An Act to amend an Act to 
prevent the importation of impure and 
unwholesome tea, approved March 2, 
1897," and the Act of May 31, 1920, en- 
titled "An Act making appropriations 
for the Department of Agriculture for 
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921," 
1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 65. * * * all other medicinal 
preparations not specially provided for 
in this section, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem : * * *. 

Par. 559. Drugs, * * * not ad- 
vanced * * * [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. ■ 

Par. 13. Caffein, $1 per pound ; com- 
pounds of caffein, 25 per centum ad 
valorem ; impure tea, tea waste, tea 
sittings or sweepings, for manufactur- 
ing purposes in bond, pursuant to the 
provisions of the Act of May sixteenth, 
nineteen hundred and eight, 1 cent per 
pound. 



CAFFEINE AND TEA WASTE. 

(See Survey A-5.) 

Description and loses. — Caffeine is an alkaloid obtained princi- 
pally from the leaves of tea, and also occurring in coffee, kola nut, 
guarana, and in several other plants and plant products. Caffeine 
forms white, odorless, flexible crystals of a bitter taste. It is chiefly 
used in the preparation of soft drinks of the Coca-Cola type and also 
in medicine as a cerebral stimulant. In medical practice it is being 
displaced to a considerable extent by the related alkaloids, theobro- 
mine, and theophylline. The first named occurs in cocoa and the sec- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



55 



ond in tea, but both, especially theophylline, are manufactured syn- 
thetically. 

The principal compounds of caffeine are citrate, effervescent citrate, 
sodium benzoate, and sodium salicylate. These find application in 
medicine. 

Tea siftings, sweepings, waste, etc., are the inferior qualities of tea 
leaves unfit for beverage purposes. The average content of caffeine 
in imported tea waste is about 2 per cent. For the most part they are 
waste products swept up from warehouses, docks, and vessels. Iti 
addition, low grades of tea, not salable for beverage uses, are de- 
natured nvith lime or other substances and sold for caffeine manu- 
facture. 

Production. — Caffeine is manufactured in the principal European 
countries, especially Germany, and also in Japan. In the United 
States it is made chiefly from tea waste and to a lesser extent from 
the refuse of coffee-roasting establishments. After a preliminary 
treatment with lime, the caffeine is extracted with such a solvent as 
benzol, and the product purified by recrystallization. About 50 
pounds of tea waste are required for 1 pound of caffeine. No statis- 
tics of domestic manufacture are available, but imports of tea waste 
suffice for the manufacture of about 150,000 pounds annually. Caf- 
feine has been made in Germany as a by-product of the synthesis ot 
theophylline and theobromine from uric acid, derived from South 
American guano deposits. 

Imports. — Prior to 1914 caffeine and its compounds were dutiable 
at 25 per cent ad valorem. For 1909-1914 an average annual import 
of caffeine of 49,278 pounds, valued at $143,105, was reported. The 
rate of $1 per pound imposed by the act of 1913 was equivalent to 
practically 30 per cent ad valorem during 1914H5. For 1916-1918 
the highest ad valorem rate was 10.03 per cent. Importations have 
decreased markedly during the war, owing to the shutting off of 
imports from Germany, which supplied about 98 per cent of the im- 
ports in 1914. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Va'ue. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
7,226 
1,720 
2, 332 
7,235 


$72, 201 
13.718 
li;445 
34, 048 


89. 99 
7.98 
4.91 
4.71 


$7, 226 
1,720 
2,332 


Per cent. 
10.01 
12.54 
20. 37 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 













Imports of caffeine compounds have not been shown since 1916. 

Imports of tea waste and siftings in 1913 had reached 7,168,410 
pounds, valued at $215,938, and during the war ranged between 
5,000,000 and 10,000,000 pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


- Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

9. 857. 029 

8. 572. 030 
11,915,732 

6, 957, 606 


$759, 734 
537, 893 
787, 508 
378, 943 


SO. 08 
.06 

07 


$98, 570 
85,720 
119 157 


Per cmt. 
12.97 
15.94 
15. 13 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 


.05 






i 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 



56 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 
PARAGRAPH 15. 



H. R. 7456. 

Pah. 15. Calcium carbide, 1 cent per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 3. * ' * * chemical compounds, 
* * * and salts, * * * not 
specially provided for in this section, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 440. * * * calcium carbide 
* * [Free]. 



CALCIUM CARBIDE. 

(See Survey FL-8.) 

Description and uses. — Calcium carbide is a compound of calcium 
and carbon. It is a solid, usually gray, which is energetically decom- 
posed by water, evolving acetylene gas. The commercial carbide 
yields from 4.5 to 4.7 cubic feet of acetylene for each pound of car- 
bide. It is made in the electric furnace and has the property of 
absorbing nitrogen at a red heat to form calcium cj^anamide, used as 
a fertilizer. The raw materials are lime and carbon, usually coke or 
anthracite coal. The principal use is in making acetylene for artifi- 
cial lighting and for welding and cutting of metals ; also in manu- 
facturing acetic acid from acetylene by the aid of catalysis. Large 
quantities of the carbide are consumed in making calcium cyanamide. 

Production of calcium carbide for sale in this country is, in the 
main, by one company, that going into calcium cyanamide being 
largely consumed where made and not entering the market. Domes- 
tic production is sufficient to supply the home demand. 

Import statistics are shown in combination with those for other 
articles. Official Canadian export statistics show that for the 
fiscal years (ended March 31) 1916- to 1921 between 90,000,000 and 
130,000,000 pounds of Canadian carbide were exported annually to 
this country, except in 1920, when only 63,000,000 pounds were 
shipped out. 

Exports, chiefly to Cuba, South America, Mexico, and Canada, 
average a little over 30,000,000 pounds and have varied little from 
1912 to 1917. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantitj r (pounds) 


18,146,239 
SI, 347, 458 


23,900,239 
81, 404, 870 


23, 369, 534 
SI, 111, 587 


9, 674, 905 




S479, 801 











Important changes in classification. — Transferred from the free 
list of the act of 1913. (Par. 440.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 57 

PARAGRAPH 16. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 16. Calomel, corrosive subli- 
mate, and other mercurial prepara- 
tions, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Pak. 65. * * * calomel, corrosive Par. 14. Calomel, corrosive subli- 

sublimate, and other mercurial medici- mate, and other mercurial prepara- 

nal preparations, thirty-five per centum tions, 15 per centum ad valorem. 
ad valorem ; * * *. 

CALOMEL AND CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. 

( See Survey A-5. ) 

Description and uses. — These compounds, the most important mer- 
curials, are composed of mercury and chlorine. Corrosive sublimate 
or mercury bichloride contains about 74 per cent of mercury and 
about 26 per cent of chlorine. It is either a white transparent mass 
or forms lustrous crystals, which are soluble in water and extremely 
poisonous. It is used in medicine and has valuable antiseptic proper- 
ties. It is also used in calico printing, for the preservation of wood 
and of anatomical specimens, for embalming, disinfecting, and as a 
fixing agent in photography. 

Calomel or mercury monochloride is a chemical compound composed 
of about 85 per cent of mercury and 15 per cent of chlorine. It is an 
impalpable powder, usually yellowish white, and insoluble in water. 
Its chief use is medicinal. Its technical uses are small and unim- 
portant. 

Production. — Both calomel and corrosive sublimate are prepared 
from metallic mercury or quicksilver, the latter metal being subject 
to a duty of 35 cents per pound (par. 383, H. R. 7456). Mercury is 
first converted into the sulphate by heating with sulphuric acid. The 
sulphate of mercury is then sublimed with salt (sodium chloride) and 
a little manganese dioxide, thereby producing corrosive sublimate. 
Calomel is usually prepared from corrosive sublimate by heating with 
metallic mercury. The product is then purified by washing with 
dilute nitric acid and water. 

The production of mercurial salts in 1914 was 605,701 pounds, 
valued at $518,023, and in 1919, according to preliminary figures, 
increased to 1,143,800 pounds, valued at $1,775,000. This quantity 
supplies a large part of the domestic consumption, as imports are 
small. 

Imports of calomel and corrosive sublimate prior to the 1918 calen- 
dar year have been combined with other mercurial preparations (see 
pp. 58 and 59). Statistics from July 1, 1918, are as follows: 



58 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit 
value. 



Duty. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 



CALOMEL. 



19181 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 

500 

325 

3,301 

120 



$852 


$1.70 


$128 


538 


1.65 


81 


3,607 


1.09 


541 


138 


1.15 









Per cent. 
15 
15 
15 
15 



CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. 



19202. 



3,971 



2,941 



15 



1 Six months only, July 1 to Dec. 30. 

2 Included in "Other mercurial preparations " in 1918 and 1919. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



OTHER MERCURIAL PREPARATIONS. 



(See Survey A-5.) 



The other important mercurials, which are, however, of lesser im- 
portance than calomel and corrosive sublimate, are mercuric sulphate, 
blue mass (U. 8. P.), red precipitate, white precipitate, and mercury 
iodide. 

Mercuric sulphate is a white crystalline powder used chiefly for 
the preparation of calomel and corrosive sublimate. It is also used 
with potassium bisulphate for filling galvanic batteries. 

Blue mass (U. S. P.) is a mercurial medicinal. The United States 
Pharmacopoeia specifies that it shall contain not less than 32 per cent 
nor more than 34 per cent of mercury. 

Red precipitate or mercuric oxide is a compound of mercury and 
oxygen, usually prepared by heating mercuric nitrate. An oxide hav- 
ing the same chemical composition, but a yellow color, is obtained by 
adding an alkali to a cold solution of a mercury salt. It is sometimes 
preferred, as it is usually a finer powder. Red precipitate is used for 
medicinal purposes, for preparing other mercurials, in paint for ship 
bottoms, and for diluting pigments used on porcelain. 

White precipitate or ammoniated mercury chloride is obtained by 
treating a solution of mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) with 
an excess of ammonia, and is marketed as a white amorphous powder 
or as pulverulent pieces. It is insoluble in water and is used as an 
ointment for sores and skin diseases. This white precipitate should 
not be confused with the French "white precipitate*' (precipite 
blanc), which is calomel containing not less than 75 nor more than 80 
per cent of mercury. 

Mercury iodide in commerce has two forms, known as yellow (or 
green) and red. The yellow product is mercurous iodide, while the 
red is mercuric iodide. They are used both internally and externally 
for medicinal purposes. 

In/ports of calomel, corrosive sublimate, and other mercurial prep- 
arations prior to 1915 were valued between $30,000 and $42,000. The 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



59 



imports decreased to $2,124 in 1918. Later statistics of " other mer 
curial preparations " follow : 















Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Ad va 
1 ore m - 
rate. 


1918 l > J 


Pounds. 

16 

10 

9,887 

1,902 


$30 

33 

11, 240 

1,420 


$1.87 

3.30 

1.14 

.75 


$5 

5 

1,686 


Per cent. 
1.") 


1919 i 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









1 Includes corrosive sublimate. 

2 Six months only, July 1 to Dec. 30. 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 17. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 17. Carbon tetrachloride, 2\ 
cents per pound; chloroform, 8 cents 
per pound ; tetrachloroethane and 
trichloroethylene, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par, 14. Chloroform, ten cents per 
pound. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical com- 
pounds, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 19. Chloroform, 2 cents per 
pound; carbon tetrachloride, 1 cent 
per pound. 

Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in thhis section, 15 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. 



(See Survey A-6.) 

Description and uses. — Carbon tetrachloride or tetrachloromethane 
is a liquid the vapors of which are very effective in extinguishing fire. 
It is used in fire extinguishers known as Pyrene, J. M., and Fyr-Fyter, 
and also for dry cleaning of fabrics and gloves. It is a valuable 
solvent, an important raw material for making chloroform, and was 
largely used during the war in producing smoke screens. 

Production. — Increased use as a solvent and cleanser, great demand 
for fire extinguishers since 1909, large war needs, and cessation of 
imports during the war have greatly developed the industry. In 
1919 the output (preliminary figures) reached 9,811,800 pounds, 
valued at $803,600. 

The raw materials necessary in its production are coke (carbon) , 
sulphur, and chlorine gas, all available in this country. Sulphur 
chloride is a by-product and may be used for the production of more 
carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride is manufactured at Mid- 
land, Mich.; Charleston, W. Ya. ; Niagara Falls, N. Y. ; and Pitts- 
burg, Calif. 



60 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports in 1914 were 572,910 pounds; in 1915, 342,854 pounds; 
valued, respectively, at $28,300 and $18,139, and were almost entirely 
from Germany. After 1915 imports ceased, until in 1921 (9 months) 
when 12,196 pounds, valued at $387, entered. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

CHLOROFORM. 

( See Survey A-6. ) 

Description and uses. — Chloroform is a colorless liquid with a char- 
acteristic ethereal odor, its vapors, when inhaled, producing ansesthe- 
sia, a property giving it its largest use. It is employed also as a 
solvent and as an antiseptic, about 1 per cent of grain alcohol being 
added to prevent decomposition. 

Production in 1914 was 1,333,954 pounds, valued at $295,317, a de- 
crease of more than 500,000 pounds compared with 1909, probably due 
to the increased use of ether in anaesthesia. The 1919 output (pre- 
liminary figures) was 1,677,600 pounds, valued at $516,600. Chloro- 
form is one of many articles which requires chlorine in its manufac- 
ture. It is made from three different raw materials — carbon tetra- 
chloride, acetone, or grain alcohol — all of which are produced in the 
United States in sufficient quantities. The war demand for acetone 
greatly stimulated the production of chloroform from carbon tetra- 
chloride. 

Imports in 1914 were 2,444 pounds, valued at $990. Since the war 
they have been less than 100 pounds annually. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

TETRACHLOROETHANE AND TRICHLOROETHYEENE. 

Description and uses. — These two products are organic solvents 
derived from acetylene by treatment with chlorine in the presence 
of" a catalyst. Tetrachloroethane is formed first by the direct chlori- 
nation of acetylene, and may then be converted into trichloroethyl- 
ene by digesting with an alkali at an elevated temperature. 

Tetrachloroethane is used primarily as a solvent in the manufac- 
ture of artificial silk, airplane " dopes," and noninflammable films. 
Trichloroethylene is used chiefly as a solvent for the extraction of 
various medicinal alkaloids, such as caffeine, and in the preparation 
of deraffeinized coffee. These two solvents are preferred to carbon 
tetrachloride and chloroform, as in the presence of water they do not 
hydrolyze and give off hydrochloric acid as readily as these latter 
products. 

Production in the United States is a result of war conditions; 
domestic requirements were supplied by imports prior to the war. 
They are manufactured by those firms which make chlorine. 

Imports in 1914 (only year statistics are available) were 93,581 
pounds of tetrachloroethane. valued at $5,636 (68 per cent of which 
was from England), and 18,316 pounds of trichloroethylene, valued 
at $4,393 (85 per cent from England). Prices of imported products 
in April, 1921, were about 16^ cents per pound for tetrachloroethane 
and about 20 cents ner pound for trichloroethylene. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



61 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Tetrachloroethane and tri- 
chloroethylene — important chlorine products used for solvent pur- 
poses similar to carbon tetrachloride and chloroform — are specially 
provided for. 



PARAGRAPH 18. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pab. 18. Chalk or whiting or Paris 
white : Dry, ground, bolted, or precipi- 
tated, 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
ground in oil (putty), or put up in the 
form of cubes, blocks, sticks, or disks. 
or otherwise, including tailors', bil- 
liard, red, and manufactures of chalk 
not specially provided for, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 13. Chalk, when ground, bolted, 
precipitated naturally or artificially, 
or otherwise prepared, whether in the 
form of cubes, blocks, sticks or disks, 
or otherwise, including tailors', bil- 
liard, red, * * * one cent per 
pound; manufactures of chalk not 
specially provided for in this section, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 54. Whiting and Paris white, 
dry, one-fourth of one cent per pound ; 
ground in oil, or putty, one-half of one 
cent per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 15. Chalk, precipitated, suitable 
for medicinal or toilet purposes ; chalk 
put up in the form of cubes, blocks, 
sticks, or disks, or otherwise, includ- 
ing tailors', billiard, red, and other 
manufactures of chalk not specially 
provided for in this section, 25 per 
centum ad ..valorem. 

Par. 60. Whiting and Paris white, 
dry, and chalk, ground or bolted, tV 
cent • per pound ; whiting and Paris 
white, ground in oil, or putty, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 



CHALK, WHITING, OR PARIS WHITE. 



(See Survey A-5.) 

Description and uses. — Chalk is a soft earthy form of calcium car- 
bonate composed mainly of small marine organisms and shells. It 
is generally yellowish or grayish, but is sometimes snow white. It 
occurs abundantly along the southern coast of England and in the 
north of France. 

Ground chalk, whiting, and Paris white are merely different 
grades of the same material — natural chalk, ground, washed, and 
bolted. The quality and price are quite variable and dependent on 
the purity, color, fineness, and freedom from grit. 

Precipitated chalk is artificially prepared by chemical means from 
calcium chloride and soda ash. It can be secured free from grit 
and in finely divided condition more easily and perfectly than the 
natural chalk, and it is therefore preferred for toilet and medicinal 
purposes. 

Chalk has a great variety of uses. The crude chalk is sometimes 
used as a fertilizer for clayey or acid soils, and in England in the 
manufacture of sodium carbonate and for producing carbon dioxide 
in quantity. It is an ingredient of whiting and Paris white, which 



62 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



enter into rubber goods, linoleum, paints, calcimine, and putty. The 
finer grades are used in the preparation of metal polishes, in tooth 
powders and pastes, and to a certain extent in medicine as an antacid. 
Chalk is also used in the manufacture of crayons, artists' pastel 
colors, and paints. 

Production, — There are no known deposits of chalk in the United 
States which are equal to those of England and France, though 
some pure forms of limestone are ground for whiting and Paris 
white. England and France produce nearly all the crude chalk 
used in this country. Considerable quantities of crude chalk im- 
ported from these countries are purified in the United States. 

Whiting and Paris white reach the American market from three 
sources: (1) Imports, constituting 1 to 2 per cent; (2) manufactures 
from domestic crude material (limestone), 10 to 15 per cent; and (3) 
manufactures from imported crude chalk, about 85 per cent of the 
total. 

Imports in 1914 from England amounted to 84,361 tons of crude 
chalk and from France 43,203 tons. By 1916 the imports from 
France practically ceased, while those from England increased to 
127,536 tons in 1917. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit, 
value. 


1918 




Long tons. 

83,933 

97,969 

159, 146 

38, 597 


$113,985 
140, 614 
267, 138 
85, 361 


$1.36 


1919 




• 


1.44 


1920 


1.68 


1921 (9 months).... 





2.21 



Imports of whiting and Paris white, dry, in 1913 were 3,536,747 
pounds, valued at $14,000. The maximum import during the war 
was over 5,000,000 pounds in 1915. Imports since 1917 have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2,446,180 

1,529,668 

17,749,441 

11,350,266 


$16,949 
12,098 

175,743 
70,761 


$0.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


$2,446 

1,530 

17,749 


Per cent. 
14.43 


1919 


12.64 


1920 


10.10 


1921 (9 months) 









Imports of chalk, ground or bolted, and precipitated chalk suit- 
able for medicinal or toilet purposes have been comparatively small. 
Since the war those of ground or bolted chalk have not exceeded 
2.500,000 pounds, valued at $63,000, in 1920; and the precipitated 
chalk in 1919 reached a maximum of 1,350,000 pounds, valued at 
$38,610. Imports of putty have been sporadic and negligible, the 
maximum since the war being 467,220 pounds, valued at $10,859, 
during the first nine months of 1921. Imports of manufactures of 
chalk have been practically negligible. 

Exports in 1910 were valued at $110,647: in 1914, at $40,154; in 
1918, manufactures of chalk were valued at $186,711. They have 
increased since the war to $458,868 in 1920 (calendar year). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



63 



Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 has sepa- 
rate provisions for ground chalk and whiting or Paris white and 
for precipitated chalk suitable for medicinal or toilet purposes at 
different rates of duty. Although it is possible to form a judg- 
ment of quality, and therefore price, based upon the fineness, color, 
and purity, there is no method to determine with certainty the 
process of manufacture. The Tariff Commission therefore suggested 
to the Committee on Ways and Means that all varieties of chalk, 
whiting, or Paris white, whether ground, bolted, or precipitated, be 
placed together in the same paragraph at the same rate of duty. 
As there is a wide variation in price between the poorest and highest 
grades, an acl valorem rate has advantages over a specific rate of 
duty. (Reclassification Report, p. 21.) 



PARAGRAPH 19. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 19. Chemical compounds, mix- 
tures, and salts, of which gold, plati- 
num, rhodium, or silver constitutes the 
element of chief value, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
mixtures and salts. * * * not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 
* * * 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 65. Salts and all other com- 
pounds and mixtures of which * * * 
gold, platinum, rhodium, silver, * * * 
constitute the element of chief value, 
10 per centum ad valorem. 



CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF GOLD, PLATINUM, RHODIUM, AND SILVER. 

(See Survey A-17.) 

Description and loses. — The metals named in this paragraph occur 
in nature in relatively small amounts and their salts and compounds 
are among the most expensive chemicals of mineral origin which 
find technical or medicinal use. The evident purpose of this para- 
graph is to impose a lower rate of duty on the relatively expensive 
substances than would be imposed under the general provision for 
salts, compounds, and mixtures not otherwise more specifically pro- 
vided for (par. 5). Gold, platinum, and silver salts are used chiefly 
in photography. Technical or medicinal uses for salts of rhodium 
are not recorded. 

Production. — Separate figures for the production of salts of rho- 
dium are not available, but in 1914 and 1919 the production of the 
other salts included in this paragraph was as follows : 







1914. 


1919. 




1 
Quantity. Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Gold salts 

Platinum salts 


ounces.. 

do.... 

do.... 


-28,817 ! $291,658 

365 1 6,998 

2, .563, 238 j 846,059 

! 


14,844 


$143,07 i 


Silver salts 




2,441,7 







64 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports (including bismuth and tin salts mentioned in the act of 
1913) have not been large and have shown a decided decrease since 
the beginning of the war. The total imports in 1915 were valued 
at $24,685. Imports of silver salts amounted in 1914 to about 306 
pounds, mostly from England. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 






$7, 695 

3,745 

22,944 

13, 534 


$770 

375 

2,294 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) !..... 


10 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 20. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 20. Chemical compounds, salts, 
and preparations, of bismuth, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pae. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
mixtures and salts, * * * not 
specially provided for in this section, 
twenty -five per centum ad valorem; 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pae. 65. Salts and all other com- 
pounds and mixtures of which bis- 
muth, * * * constitute the element 
of chief value, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 



CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATIONS OF BISMUTH. 



(See Survey A-17.) 

Description and uses. — The chief use of bismuth salts is in medi- 
cine and cosmetics. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States lists 
various bismuth salts. Bismuth chromate and bismuth oxychloride 
are used to a limited extent as pigments. Other salts and compounds 
have less important uses. 

The above compounds are made from bismuth chloride or bismuth 
nitrate, which are obtained by the action of hydrochloric and nitric 
acids, respectively, on metallic bismuth. 

Production. — Separate figures for the production of salts of bis- 
muth are not available prior to 1919, when the output of bismuth 
salts was 502,300 pounds, valued at $1,235,500 (preliminary figures). 

Imports of bismuth salts during 1914 amounted to 588 pounds, 
most of which came from Germany. Later statistics are included 
with those of gold, silver, platinum, and rhodium salts. (Par. 19.) 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Separated from gold, silver, 
platinum, and rhodium salts, etc., because not a precious or rare 
metal. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



65 



Suggested changes. — The substitution of the word " mixtures " for 
"preparations" would make this paragraph agree with paragraph 
19 of H. R. 7456 and with paragraph 65 of the act of 1913. 



PARAGRAPH 21, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pab. 21. Chemicals, drugs, medicinal 
and similar substances, whether duti- 
able or free, when imported in cap- 
sules, pills, tablets, lozenges, troches, 
ampoules, jubes, or similar forms, shall 
be dutiable at not less than 25 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 65. * * * all other medicinal 
preparations not specially provided for 
in this section, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem : Provided, That chemicals, 
drugs, medicinal and similar sub- 
stances, whether dutiable or free, im- 
ported in capsules, pills, tablets, lozen- 
ges, troches, or similar forms, and in- 
tended for medicinal purposes, shall be 
dutiable at not less than the rate im- 
posed by this section on medicinal 
preparations. 



Par. 17. * * * Provided, That 
chemicals, drugs, medicinal and simi- 
lar substances, whether dutiable or 
free, imported in capsules, pills, tab- 
lets, lozenges, troches, ampoules, jubes, 
or similar forms, shall be dutiable at 
not less than 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



CHEMICALS, DRUGS, ETC., WHEN IMPORTED TN CAPSULES, ETC. 

Imports (under paragraph 17 of the act of 1913) in packages of 2^ 
pounds or less from 1914, when first shown, to 1918, inclusive, have 
been valued between $455,491 and $711,016 per year, and have yielded 
a yearly revenue varying from $91,357 to $142,203. Imports in the 
form of capsules, etc., amounted to $800,000 in both 1914 and 1915, 
and yielded a yearly revenue of about $200,000. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



CHEMICAL AND MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS, ETC., IN PACKAGES OF 2h POUNDS OR LESS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



$383, 925 
491, 591 
741, 360 
318, 668 



$76, 785 
98, 318 
148, 272 



Per cent. 
20 
20 
20 



CHEMICAL AND MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS, ETC., IN CAPSULES, PILLS, TABLETS, ETC. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$355,598 $89,150 
483,787 120,947 
684,286 171,072 
491,334 ' 



82304—22- 



66 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 11>21. 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The first portion of the cor- 
responding 1913 paragraph, relating to articles in 2-J-pound pack- 
ages or less, has been omitted from H. R. 7456, owing to the liti- 
gation which has arisen in its administration. (Reclassification Re- 
port, pp. 24, 25.) 

Suggested changes. — Page 6, paragraph 21, line 13 : Insert " in- 
cluding powders put up in medicinal doses " after " forms." 



PARAGRAPH 22. 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 22. Chemical elements, and 
chemical and medicinal compounds, 
preparations, mixtures, and salts, dis- 
tilled and essential oils, expressed and 
extracted oils, animal oils and greases, 
ethers and esters, flavoring and other 
extracts, and natural or synthetic fruit 
flavors, fruit esters, oils and essences, 
all the foregoing and their combina- 
tions when containing alcohol, and all 
articles consisting of vegetable or min- 
eral objects immersed or placed in, or 
saturated with, alcohol, except perfum- 
ery and spirit varnishes, and all alco- 
holic compounds not specially provided 
for, if containing 20 per centum of alco- 
hol or less, 20 cents per pound and 25 
per centum ad valorem ; containing 
more than 20 per centum and not more 
than 50 per centum of alcohol, 40 cents 
per pound and 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; containing more than 50 per 
centum of alcohol, 80 cents per pound 
and 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pak. 2. Alcoholic compounds, includ- 
ing all articles consisting of vegetable, 
animal or mineral objects immersed or 
placed in, or saturated with, alcohol, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, sixty cents per pound and twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
mixtures and salts containing alcohol 
or in the preparation of which alcohol 
is used, and not specially provided for 
in this section, fifty-five cents per 
pound, but in no case shall any of the 
foregoing pay less than twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 65. Medicinal preparations con- 
taining alcohol or in the preparation 
of which alcohol is used, not specially 
provided for in this section, fifty-five 
centa per pound, but in no case shall 
the same pay less than twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem; * * *. 



Par. 16. Chemical and medicinal 
compounds and preparations, including 
mixtures and salts, distilled oils, es- 
sential oils, expressed oils, rendered 
oils, greases, ethers, flavoring and 
other extracts and fruit essences, all 
the foregoing and their combinations 
when containing alcohol, and all ar- 
ticles consisting of vegetable or min- 
eral objects immersed or placed in, or 
saturated with, alcohol, except per- 
fumery and spirit varnishes, and all 
alcoholic compounds not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, if containing 
20 per centum of alcohol or less, 10 
cents per pound and 20 per centum ad 
valorem; containing more than 20 per 
centum and not more than 50 per 
centum of alcohol, 20 cents per pound 
and 20 per centum ad valorem ; con- 
taining more than 50 per centum of 
alcohol, 40 cents per pound and 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SUALMABY OF TARIFF LNFOKMATIOn;, 1021. 



67 



CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES AND SALTS, ALCOHOLIC. 

Imports of chemical compounds have been chiefly in the class con- 
taining 20 per cent of alcohol or less and in 1918 (fiscal- year) were 
valued at $30,387 and yielded a revenue of $6,893. In 1918 imports 
of the class containing between 20 and 50 per cent of alcohol were 
valued at $15,382 and yielded a revenue of $7,859: those containing 
more than 50 per cent of alcohol, at $850, with a revenue of $709. 

Imports of medicinal compounds have also been chiefly in the class 
containing 20 per cent of alcohol or less, and in 1918 were valued at 
$63,579 and yielded a revenue of $18,422. In 1918 (fiscal year) im- 
ports of the class containing between 20 and 50 per cent alcohol were 
valued at $26,002 and yielded a revenue of $18,400; those compounds 
containing more than 50 per cent of alcohol were valued at $10,789, 
with a revenue of $13,284. 

Imports of vegetable or mineral objects immersed in alcohol are 
practically negligible. 

Statistics of alcoholic compounds have not been separately reported 
since 1914. Before then imports decreased from 1.272 pounds, valued 
at $1,585 in 1910, to 643 pounds, valued at $749 in 1913. 

Imports of chemical compounds, mixtures, and salts since 1917 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 



Value. 



Unit value. Duty 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 





CONTAINING 20 PER CENT OR LESS OF ALCOHOL. 







Pounds. 








Per cent. 


1918 




5,023 


$25,055 


$4.99 


S5, 513 


22. 00 


1919 




1.187 • 


2,662 


2.24 


651 


24.46 


1920 




2,573 


3,469 


1.35 


951 


27.42 


1921 (9 months) 




2,607 


4,720 


1.81 















CONTAINING MORE THAN 20 PER CENT AND NOT MORE THAN 50 PER CENT ALCOHOL 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (.9 months). 




$9,763 


$0.38 i 


950 


5.50 :■ 


1,501 


1.46 


2,195 


1.55 ! 



$7, 137 i 73. 10 
224 ; 23.60 
506 I 33.74 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



CONTAINING MORE THAN 50 PER CENT OF ALCOHOL 
2,469 i 



591 
4,204 I 

16,601 ! 



$l,18c 



18,111 
13, 698 



$0.48 

.52 

4.31 

.82 



$1,225 I 103.34 

298 ! 96.75 

5,304 | 29.28 



Imports of medicinal compounds since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 




Unil value. Dnt v 



CONTAINING 20 PER CENT OR LESS OF ALCOHOL. 



Fq biva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



Pounds. 

1918 ■. 49.940 $56,"773 

1919 581236 i 113,836 

1920 56,292 : 77,023 

1921 (9 months) 50,653 54,610 



Per cent. 
SI. L4 $16,349 28.8 

1.95 28,591 25.12 

1.37 21,034 27.31 

.91 





68 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 



Value. 



Fnit value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



CONTAINING 



MORE THAN 20 PER CENT AND NOT MORE THAN 50 PER CENT OF 
ALCOHOL. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 
144,861 ! 
112,978 ! 
102,343 ! 
302,973 ! 



$120, 986 
42, 535 
53, 647 
123,913 



$0.84 $53,129 

.38 i 31,103 

. 52 ! 31, 198 

1.41 i 



Per cent. 
43.91 
73.12 
58.16 



CONTAINING MORE THAN 50 PER CENT OF ALCOHOL. 



1*18 


28, 592 
108, 276 
231, 734 
493,696 


$11,446 . 

31,454 ! 

134,550 i 

276,672 1 

I 


$0. 43 . 
.30 
.5S 
.56 


$12, 926 
48, 801 
119,604 


112. 93 


191* 


155: 15 


1920 


88.90 


1921 (9 months) . ... 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The phraseology of this para- 
graph has been slightly modified to agree with changes made in other 
paragraphs for these articles when not containing alcohol. (Reclas- 
sification Report, p. 23). 

Suggested changes. — Page 6, lines 16, 17 : "And," between " dis- 
tilled" and "essential" oils and between "expressed" and "ex- 
tracted" oils should be changed to "or" to avoid a possible con- 
struction requiring that the oils shall be both distilled and essential 
or both expressed and extracted. 



PARAGRAPH 23. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 23. Chicle, crude, 15 cents per 
pound ; refined or advanced in value 
by drying, straining, or any other 
process or treatment whatever beyond 
that essential to the proper packing. 
20 cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 



Par. 30. Chicle, ten cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 36. Gums: * * * chicle, 
crude, 15 cents per pound; refined or 
advanced in value by drying, strain- 
ing, or any other process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing, 20 cents per pound : 



CHICLE. 

(See Survey A-9.) 



Description and uses. — Gum chicle is a dried milky juice derived 
from Arenas sapota, a tree whose habitat extends from Mexico to 
Guiana, the principal source of supply being Yucatan. The milky 
juice derived from incisions in the bark is boiled and allowed to 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



69 



harden in molds. First-class chicle is nearly white when well cooked, 
fresh and clean, but turns reddish when overcooked. Certain trees 
also yield a primarily reddish gum. Crude chicle as it leaves Mexico 
contains about 50 per cent water, some of which is lost in transporta- 
tion, and as imported, contains about 40 per cent wateiS Its chief 
use is in the manufacture of chewing gum, for which it is refined by 
grinding, straining, and drying. 

Imports. — Prior to the act or 1913 all chicle was dutiable at a uni- 
form rate. In 1913 the import was 6,920,415 pounds, valued at 
$3,059,116, and yielded a revenue of $692,041. From July 1 to Oc- 
tober 3, 1913, 7,998,186 pounds, but for the remainder of the fiscal 
year 1914 only about 1,500,000 pounds of both crude and refined 
chicle were imported. Since 1914 the imports of crude chicle have 
increased from 2,465,400 pounds in 1915 to 4,580,501 pounds, valued 
at $2,076,143, and yielding a revenue of $687,075 in 1918. The im- 
port of refined chicle increased from 1,934,760 pounds in 1915 to 
3,935,093 pounds, valued at $2,371,834, and vielded a revenue of 
$787,018 in 1917. In 1918 (fiscal year) the import of refined de- 
creased to 2.028.367 pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value.| Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


CRUDE CHICLE. 




1918 


Pounds. 

5,674,724 
7,515,265 
7,035,915 
3,936,145 


$2,649,440 
4,769,601 
4,868,368 
2,464,968 


$0.47 $851,209 
.63 |l,127,290 
.69 11,055,387 
.63 j.. 


Per cent. 
32.13 


1919 


23.63 


1920 


21.68 


1921 (9 months). . 






! 




REFINED CHICLE. 


1918 


! 
1,262,670 $1,005,138 
566,039 i 698,598 
237,665 i 298,883 
102, 799 


$0. 80 $252, 534 i 25. 12 
1.23 1 113,208 ! 16.20 


1919 


1920 


1.26 : 47,533 15.90 

i.i4 : -.- 


1921 (9 months) 








1 





Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Suggested changes. — Attention is called to the classification of 
various gums used as substitutes in part or as adulterants for chicle 
in the manufacture of chewing gum. These gums would be exempt 
from duty under paragraph 1577, in H. R. 7456, whereas chicle is 
dutiable under this paragraph. Such treatment of these gums, re- 
lated to chicle, in paragraph 1577, would tend to encourage the 
importation of these inferior gums. 



PARAGRAPH 24. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pah. 24. Chloral hydrate, terpin hy- 
drate, thymol, urea, and glycerophos- 
phoric acid, and salts and compounds 
of glycerophosphoric acid, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 1. * * * all other acids not 
specially provided for in this section, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- 
pounds. ::: ::: ::: and sails, :;: 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad valo- 
rem : chemical compounds. * * * 
and salts containing alcohol or in the 
preparation of which ajcoli©] is used, 
and not specially provided for in this 
section, fifty-five cents pei' pound, hut 
in no case shall any of the forejroinjr 
pay less than twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

EAR, Go. Medicinal preparations 
* * * in the preparation of which 
alcohol is used, not specially provided 
for in this section, fifty-five cents per 
pound, hut in no case shall the same 
pay less than twenty-five per centum 
a<l valorem : * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 18. Chloral hydrate, * * * 
urea, terpin hydrate, * * * giycero- 
phosphorie acid and salts and com- 
pounds thereof. * * * thymol. 25 
per centum ad valorem. 



CHLORAL HYDRATE. 



(See Survey A-6.) 



Description and uses. — Chloral hydrate is a white crystalline solid 
of sharp taste used chiefly as a sleep -producing drug. Chloral is con- 
verted into chloral hydrate by the addition of water, and is also 
combined with other substances to form various drugs used for 
neuralgia and as sleep producers. 

Production. — Chloral hydrate is manufactured by treating ethyl 
alcohol (grain alcohol) with chlorine gas and subsequently with sul- 
phuric acid and water. The use of denatured alcohol is lawful for 
this purpose. 

Prior to the war its manufacture was attempted here from tax- 
paid alcohol but discontinued because of the reduction in price of 
the German product. After the war its manufacture was resumed at 
St. Louis, Mo., and at Midland, Mich., upon a scale sufficient to sup- 
ply domestic needs. 

Imports in 1914 were 644 pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Ad 
Duty. ; valorem 
rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1,032 
1,905 


8746 
1. 75S 


$0.72 
.92 


187 




Per cent. 
25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

TERPIN HYDRATE. 

(See Survey A-6.) 

Description and uses. — Terpin hydrate is prepared by the action 
of nitric acid and alcohol on turpentine oil. It crystallizes in color- 
less, rhombic prisms, has a slightly aromatic odor and a bitter taste, 
and is used chiefly as a medicinal. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 71 

Production. — Terpin hydrate is manufactured in the United States 
by several firms, but data on production are lacking. 

Imports. — The largest imports during any one year (1914) were 
6,929 pounds, valued at $1,020, yielding a revenue of $255. Over 92 
per cent of these imports came from Germany. A few small ship- 
ments only have been imported in 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

THYMOL. 

(See Survey A-6.) 

Description and uses. — Thymol is a chemical derived from ajowan 
seed, native to India, Egypt, Persia, and Afghanistan. It is used in 
the treatment of disease, as an antiseptic wash, in some brands of 
tooth pastes, in preparations to destroy molds and certain parasites, 
as the hookworm, and as an embalming fluid for corpses and ana- 
tomical specimens. 

Production. — Thymol has been produced domestically from im- 
ported ajowan seed, although before the war it was chiefly imported 
from Germany, which had a virtual monopoly in its manufacture. 
Because of the scarcity of ajowan during the war, experiments have 
been undertaken on several American plants with the view to obtain- 
ing a domestic supply. Present production is not known. Thymol 
is manufactured to some extent in England and India. 

Imports for 1914—1918 show an average of 12,199 pounds, valued at 
$33,336; revenue. $8,334. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. . 

. T 


i 

Value. | Unit 

j 


value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

33, 743 

10, 747 

9, 557 

7, 078 


! 

$105. .S29 

82,470 ! 
66,353 ; 
34.799 i 


$3.14 
7.67 
6.94 
4.92 


$26, 457 
20,61S 
16, 588 


Per cent. 
25 
25 
25 
25 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

UREA. 

(See Survey A-6.) 

Description mid uses. — Urea is the commercial name for the sub- 
stance which is found naturally in the urine as well as in the blood, 
milk, and other animal fluids. It crystallizes in transparent, color- 
less, four-sided prisms. Urea forms salts such as the nitrate, oxalate, 
acetate, citrate, and hydrochloride, used chiefly as medicinals. 

Its largest use is as a stabilizer in pyroxylin plastics. 

Production. — Urea has been manufactured in the United States 
only since the latter part of 1916. It is made by treating calcium 
cyanamide with water in the presence of a mineral acid. It may also 
be prepared from phosgene gas and ammonia. 

Calcium cyanamide, the raw material of urea, is manufactured by 
an American firm with a plant located in Canada. Successful manu- 
facture requires cheap electric power. 



72 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Domestic manufacture of urea resulted from the failure of German 
supplies. The annual production is not known, but is estimated not 
to exceed 200,000 pounds. 

Urea is made in Germany from ammonium cyanate — a by-product 
of the cyanide industry — by treating with boiling water. 

Imports. — The largest quantity of urea imported since 1914 was 
79,192 pounds, valued at $32,498, with a revenue of $8,125 in 1916. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 


Pounds. 

9, 929 

' 14,290 

23, 693 


$8, 149 
9,741 

14, 085 
2,399 




$0.82 
.68 
.59 
.27 


$2, 037 
2, 435 
3,521 


Per cent. 
25 
25 
25 


1921 (9 months) 


8 800 


25 


'. 








Exports.— None recorded. 



GLYCEROPHOSPHORIO ACID, AND SALTS AND COMPOUNDS THEREOF. 

(See Survey A-6.) 

Description and uses. — Glycerophosphoric acid is the substance 
formed when glycerol (glycerin) and phosphoric acid are heated to- 
gether. It is a clear, colorless liquid when made, but decomposes 
rapidly and changes color. It is rarely obtained pure and is of 
little importance commercially, but its salts — sodium, calcium, and 
potassium glycerophosphates — are used as medicinals. Glycerophos- 
phoric acid is also used in medicine when combined with iron, man- 
ganese, quinine, and strychnine. 

Production. — The production of glycerophosphoric acid and its 
salts is carried out by several manufacturers of a general line of 
pharmaceuticals, there being two companies in New York State, two 
in St. Louis, and one in Philadelphia. 

Imports show a decrease in quantity since 1914, but an increase in 
value. In 1917, 5,853 pounds of the acid and its salts were imported 
as compared with 24,789 pounds in 1914, 15,933 pounds in 1915, and 
7,668 pounds in 1916. The revenue obtained during the maximum 
year, 1914, was $5,767. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Yalne. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1919 


Pounds. 
209 
3,840 
7,521 

(V, 595 


$849 
10,274 
10,958 
8,169 


$4.06 
2.68 
1.46 
1.24 


$212 
2,569 
2,740 


Per cent. 
25 
25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months)... 


25 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Items omitted from this para- 
graph but contained in paragraph 18, act of 1913, have been trans- 
ferred to the coal-tar paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



73 



PARAGRAPH 25. 



H. It. 7456. 



ACT OF 1916. 



Pae. 25. Coal-tar products : Acetani- 
lide not suitable for medicinal use, 
alpha-naphthol, aminobenzoic acid, 
aminonaphthol, aminophenetole, amino- 
phenol, aminosalicylic acid, aminoan- 
thraquinone, aniline oil, aniline salt, 
anthraquinone, arsanilic acid, benzal- 
dehyde not suitable for medicinal use, 
benzal chloride, benzanthrone, benzi- 
dine, benzidine sulfate, benzoic acid not 
suitable for medicinal use, benzoqui- 
none, benzoyl chloride, benzyl chloride, 
benzylethylaniline, beta-naphthol not 
suitable for medicinal use, bromoben- 
zene, chlorobenzene, chlorophthalicacid, 
cinnamic acid,cumidine, dehydrothioto- 
luidene, diaminostilbene, dianisidine, di- 
chlorophthalic acid, dimethylaniline,di- 
methylaminophenol, dimethylphenyl- 
benzylammonium hydroxide, dimethyl- 
phenylenediamine, dinitrobenzene, di- 
nitrochlorobenzene, dinitronaphtha- 
lene, dinitrophenol, dinitrotoluene, di- 
hydroxynaphthalene, diphenylamine, 
hydroxyphenylarsinic acid, metanilic 
acid, methylanthraquinone, naphthyl- 
amine, naphthylenediamine, nitroani- 
line, nitroanthraquinone, nitrobenzal- 
dehyde, nitrobenzene, nitronaphtha- 
lene, nitrophenol, nitrophenylenedi- 
amine, nitrosodimethylaniline, nitro- 
toluene, nitrotoluylenediamine, phenol, 
phenylenediamine, phenylhydrazine, 
phenylnaphthylamine, phenylglycine, 
phenylglycineortho-carboxylic acid, 
phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, 
phthalimide, quinaldine, quinoline, re 
sorcinol not suitable for medicinal use, 
salicylic acid and its salts not suitable 
for medicinal use, sulfanilic acid, thio- 
carbanilide, thiosalicylic acid, tetra- 
chlorophthalic acid, tetramethyldiami- 
nobenzophenone, tetramethyldiamino- 
diphenylmethane, toluene sulfochloride, 
toluene sulfonaimide, tribromophenol, 
toluidine, tolidine, toluylenediamine, 
xylidine, anthracene having a purity of 
30 per centum or more, carbazole hav- 
ing a purity of 65 per centum or more, 
metacresol having a purity of 90 per 
centum or more, naphthalene which 
after the removal of all water present 
has a solidifying point of seventy -nine 
degrees centigrade or above, orthocre- 
sol having a purity of 90 per centum or 
more, para-cresol having a purity of 90 
per centum or more; all the foregoing 
products in this paragraph whether 
obtained, derived, or manufactured 
from coal tar or other source ; all dis- 
tillates of coal tar, blast-furnace tar. 
oil-gas tar, and water-gas tar which 



Title V. — Dyestuffs. 

Sec. 500. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, ex- 
cept as otherwise specially provided for 
in this title, there shall be levied, col- 
lected, and paid upon the articles 
named in this section when imported 
from any foreign country into the 
United States or into any of its pos- 
sessions, except the Philippine Islands 
and the islands of Guam and Tutuila, 
the rates of duties which are pre- 
scribed in this title, namely : 

Group I. * * * quinolin * ■ * * 
[Free]. 

Group II. Amidonaphthol, amido- 
pheuol, amidosalicylic acid, anilin oil, 
anilin salts, anthracene having a 
purity of twenty-five per centum or 
more, anthraquinone, benzoic acid, 
benzal dehyde, benzylchloride, benzi- 
din, binitrobenzol, binitrochlorobenzol, 
binitronaphthalene, binitrotoluol, car- 
bazol having a purity of twenty-five 
per centum or more, chlorophthalic 
acid, cumidin, dimethylanilin, diani- 
sidin, dioxynaphthalene, diphenylai- 
min, metacresol having a purity of 
ninety per centum or more, methylan- 
thraquinone, metanilic acid, naphtha- 
lene having a solidifying point of 
seventy-nine degrees centigrade or 
above, naphthylamin, naphthol, naph- 
thvlenediamin, nitrobenzol, nitrotoluol, 
nitronaphthalene, nitranilin, nitro- 
pheny lenediamin, nitrotoluy lenediamin , 
orthocresol having a purity of ninety 
per centum or more, paracresol hav- 
ing a purity of ninety per centum or 
more, phenol, phthalic acid, phthalic 
anhydride, phenylenediamin, phenyl- 
naphthylamin, resorcin, salicylic acid, 
sulphanilic acid, toluidin, tolidin, toluy- 
lenediamin, xylidin, or any sulphoacid 
or sulphoacid salt of any of the fore- 
going, all similar products obtained, 
derived, or manufactured in whole or 
in part from the products provided for 
in Group I, and all distillates which 
on being subjected to distillation yield 
in the portion distilling below two 
hundred degrees centrigrade a quantity 
of tar acids equal to or more than five 
per centum of the original distillate, 
all the foregoing not colors, dyes, or 
stains, photographic chemicals, medi- 
cinals, flavors, or explosives, and not 
otherwise provided for in this title, 
and provided for in the paragraphs 
of the Act of October third, nineteen 
hundred and thirteen, which are here- 



74 



StJMMARl 7 01- TAfclFF IXFORMATIOX, 1921. 



on being subjected to distillation yield 
in the portion distilling below one 
hundred and ninety degrees centigrade 
a quantity of tar acids equal to or 
more than 5 per centum of the original 
distillate; all similar products by 
whatever name known, which are ob- 
tained, derived, or manufactured in 
whole or in part from any of the prod- 
ucts provided for in this paragraph, or 
from any of the products provided for 
in paragraph 1546; all mixtures, in- 
cluding solutions, consisting in whole 
or in part of any of the foregoing 
products provided for in this para- 
graph, except sheep dip and medicinal 
soaps; all the foregoing products pro- 
vided for in this paragraph, not colors, 
dyes, or stains, color acids, color bases, 
color lakes, leuco-compounds. indoxyl, 
indoxyl compounds, ink powders, photo- 
graphic chemicals, medicinals, syn- 
thetic aromatic or odoriferous chemi- 
cals, synthetic resinlike products, syn- 
thetic tanning materials, or explosives, 
and not specially provided for in para- 
graph 26 or 1546, 30 per centum ad 
valorem and 7 cents per pound. 



mailer specifically repealed by section 
five hundred and two, fifteen per 
centum ad valorem. 

Sec. 501. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act. in 
addition to the duties provided in see- 
i ion live hundred, there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid upon all articles 
contained in Group II a special duty 
of 2^ cents per pound/ * * *. 

During the period of live years be- 
ginning live years after the passage 
of this Act such special duties shall 
be annually reduced by twenty per 
centum of the rate imposed by this 
section, so That at the end of such 
period such special duties shall no 
longer be nssessvd. ievieii. or collected; 
but if. at the expiration of five years 
from the date of the passage- of this 
Act, tlie President finds that there is 
net being manufactured or produced 
within the United States as much as 
sixty per centum in value of the do- 
mestic consumption of the articles 
mentioned in Group II * * * of sec- 
tion five hundred, he shall by proclama- 
tion so declare, whereupon the special 
duties imposed by this section on such 
articles shall no longer be assessed, 
levied, or collected. 

Sec. 502. That paragraphs * * * 
twenty-one, twenty-two, and twenty- 
three and the words " salicylic acid " 
in paragraph one of Schedule A of sec- 
tion one of an Act entitled "An act to 
reduce tariff duties and to provide 
revenue for the Government, and for 
other purposes;" approved October 
third, nineteen hundred and thirteen, 
and paragraphs * * * four hundred 
and fifty-two, * * * and the words 
" carbolic " and " phthalic," in para- 
graph three hundred and eighty-seven 
of the " free list " of section one of said 
Act, and so much of said Act or any 
existing law or parts of law as may be 
inconsistent with this title, are hereby 
repealed. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 1. * * * salicylic acid, five 
cents per pound ; * * * . 

Par. 15. * * * all other products 
or preparations of coal tar, not colors 
or dyes and not medicinal, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 

Par; 482. Acids: * * * benzoic, 
carbolic, * * * phthalic, * * * 
I Free]. 

Par. 49.1. Aniline salts [Free]. 

Par, 498. Arseniateof aniline [Free]. 

I 'au. 536. ::; * products of coal 

tar known as * * * naphthalin, 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 1. * * * salicylic acid, 2* 
cents per pound ; * * * . 

Par. 18. * * * acetanilid, * * * 
25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 21. All other products or prepa- 
rations of coal tar, not colors or dyes, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par, 22. Coal-tar distillates, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section; 
* * * naphtol, resorcin, * * * all 
the foregoing not medicinal and not 
colors or dyes, 5 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



*■ The Treasury Department hold on Feb. 9, 1922, that the reduction of specific duties 
begins on Sept. 9, 1922. (T. D. 39007.) 



SUMMARY OF TARTFT INFORMATION, 1931, 



75 



* * * phenol, cresol, toluidine, 
xylidin, eomidin, binitroioluol, bini- 
( robenzol, benzidin, tolidin, dianisidin. 
naphtol. naphtylamin, diphenylamin, 
benzaldehyde. benzyl chloride, resor- 
cin, nitro-benzol. and nitrotoluol, iiapb- 
tylaininsulfoacids and their sodium or 
potassium salts, naphtolsulfoacids and 
their sodium or potassium salts, ami- 
donapntolsnlfoacids and their sodium 
or potassium salts, ainidosalicylic acid, 
binitrochlorbenzol, diamidostilbendi- 
sulfoaeid, metanilic acid, paranitra- 
ni'in. dimethylanilin : all the foregoing 
not medicinal and not colors or dyes 
[Free]. 

Fak. 689. Oils: * * * aniline. 

* .: * [Free]. 



Fak. l'3. Coal-tar products known as 
anilin oil and salts, toluidine, xylidin. 
cumidin, binitrotoluol. binitrobenzol, 
benzidin. tolidin. dianisidin, naphty- 
lamin. diphenylamin, benzaldehyde, 
benzyl chloride, niiro-bcnzoFand nitro- 
toluol, naphtylaminsulfoacids and 
their sodium or potassium salts, naph- 
tolsulfoacfids and their sodium or po- 
tassium salts, amidonaphtolsulfoacids 
and their sodium or potassium salts, 
ainidosalicylic acid, binitrochlorbenzol. 
diamidostilbendisulfoacid. metanilic 
acid, paranitranilin, dimethylanilin; 
all the foregoing not medicinal and 
not colors or dyes. 10 per centum ad 
va lorem. 

F .■■•!!. 387. Acids: * :;: * carbolic, 
* * * phthalie. * * * [Free]. 

Far. 452. * * * products of coal 
tar known as anthracene * * * 
i apbtbalin. phenol, and cresol [Freel. 



COAL-TAR 1 NTERM EDI ATES. 



(See Reports T. I. S.— 0, 11. 15, 22, and 23.) 

Description and uses. — Paragraph 25 includes a class of coal-tar 
chemicals commonly known as " intermediates." They do not occur 
as such in coal tar, but are prepared from the " crudes " by chemi- 
cal treatment, such as that with sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies 
or chlorine, and other chemicals. The " crudes " are compounds, 
such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, separated by simple methods 
from coal tar, and are exempt from duty under paragraph 1546. 

Intermediates are the raw materials which, by complex chemical 
processes are converted into dyes, drugs, perfumes, flavors, photo- 
graphic chemicals, synthetic resins, and tanning materials. They 
are also used to accelerate the vulcanization of rubber, as camphor 
substitutes, in the direct production of dyes on the fiber, and for in- 
creasing fastness of dyed colors in which case they are known as 
" developers." On purification many intermediates are used directly 
as drugs, perfumes, and flavors. 

Production. — Previous to the war the small requirements of the 
domestic dye industry were supplied by importation. Production 
of a single intermediate, aniline, was organized in 1910 and reached 
in 1914 an output of 18,000,000 pounds. Production of all interme- 
diates since 1916 is given in the following table. The large reduc- 
tion in 1919 was due to the decreased output of intermediates required 
in the manufacture of military explosives and poisonous gases. In 
1920 there were 119 firms making 236 intermediates: 



1917 


19J8 


1919 


1920 


Quantity (pound s) .f 322, 745 858 


357, (MS, 251 

512-1,3*2,892 


177 3&j 426 ■ 2.V7 726 911 


Value .1 $106, 966', 7o0 


$63 210 079 S9-t 991 fiSf; 









76 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports. — The prewar supply of intermediates was imported from 
Germany, a relatively small amount coming from England. In the 
calendar year 1913 Germany exported to the United States 9,328,000 
pounds of intermediates. Imports since 1917 are shown in the fol- 
lowing table : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 


1918 


1 

Pounds. i 

358,034 

178,667 ! 

4,810,505 j 

l,329,37tj ! 


$99. 830 

84; 815 

751,448 

325, 587 


SO. 28 
.47 i 
.16 
.24 ; 


$23,925 

17i 089 

232, 980 


Per cevt. 
23.97 


1919 


20.15 


1920 


21 00 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification, — On December 12, 1918, the 
Tariff Commission transmitted to the Committee on Ways and Means 
a report entitled " Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals." This re- 
port recommended amendments to Title V of the act of September 8, 
1916, repealing provisions of the tariff act of 1913 relative to coal- 
tar products. These recommendations have been incorporated in 
H. R. 7456. (See also Reclassification Report, p. 32.) 

Phenol, anthracene, cresol, and naphthalin were exempt from duty 
under paragraph 452, and phthalic and carbolic acids were admitted 
free under paragraph 387 of the act of 1913. Cresol is free under the 
act of 1916. Quinolin, exempt from duty under the act of 1916, is 
also transferred to the dutiable schedule of H. R. 7456. The pro- 
vision " after the removal of all water present ''' has been added 
relative to the solidifying point of naphthalene. 

Suggested changes. — Page 8, lines 12. et seq., of H. R. 7456: Ar- 
range alphabetically. 

Page 8, line 16. of H. R. 7456, " toluylenediamine " should be 
spelled " tolylenediamine," without the letter " u." 

Page 9, line 1, of H. R. 7456 : Insert a comma after " water-gas tar. r 



PARAGRAPH 26. 



H. E, 7456. 



Pak. 26. Coal tar products: All 
colors, dyes, or stains, whether soluble 
or not in water, color acids, color bases, 
color lakes, leuco-compounds, whether 
colorless or not. indoxyl and indoxyl 
compounds ; ink powders : photographic 
chemicals ; acetanilide suitable for me- 
dicinal use, acetphenetidine. acetylsal- 
icylic acid, antipyrine, benzaldehyde 
suitable for medicinal use. benzoic 
acid suitable for medicinal use, beta- 
naphthol suitable for medicinal use, 
guaiacol and its derivatives, phenol- 
phthalein. resorcinol suitable for me- 
dicinal use, salicylic acid and its salts 
suitable for medicinal use. salol, and 
other medicinals; sodium benzoate ; 
saccharin; artificial musk, benzyl ace- 



ACT OF 1916. 



Title V. — Dyesttjffs: 1 

Sec. 500. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, ex- 
cept as otherwise specially provided 
for in this title, there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid upon the articles 
named in this seel ion when imported 
from any foreign country into the 
United States or into any of its pos- 
sessions, except the Philippine Islands 
and the islands of Guam and Tutuila, 
the rates of duties which are pre- 
scribed in this title, namely : 

Group II. * * * benzoic acid, 
* * * salicylic acid * * * 15 per 
centum ad valorem and 2$ cents per 
pound. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



77 



tate, ben/yi berizoate, coumarin, di- 
pfrenyloxide, methyl anthranilate, 
methyl salicylate, phenylacetaldehyde, 
phenylethyl alcohol, and other synthetic 
odoriferous or aromatic chemicals, in- 
cluding flavors, all of these products 
not marketable as perfumery, cos- 
metics, or toilet preparations, and not 
mixed and not compounded, and not 
containing alcohol; synthetic phenolic 
resin and all resin like products pre- 
pared from phenol, cresol, phthalic an- 
hydride, coumarone, indene, or from 
any other article or material provided 
for in paragraph 25 or 1546, all of these 
products whether in a solid, semisolid, 
or liquid condition ; synthetic tanning- 
materials ; picric acid, trinitrotoluene, 
and other explosives except smokeless 
powders ; all of the foregoing products 
provided for in this paragraph, when 
obtained, derived, or manufactured in 
whole or in part from any of the prod- 
ucts provided for in paragraph 25 or 
1546; natural alizarin and natural in- 
digo, and colors, dyes, stains, color 
acids, color bases, color lakes, leuco- 
compounds, indoxyl, and indoxyl com- 
pounds, obtained, derived, or manu- 
factured in whole or in part from nat- 
ural alizarin or natural indigo ; natural 
methyl salicylate or oil of wintergreen 
or oil of sweet birch: natural cou- 
marin; natural gauiacol and its deriva- 
tives ; and all mixtures, including solu- 
tions, consisting in whole or in part of 
any of the articles or materials pro- 
vided for in this paragraph, excepting 
mixtures of synthetic odoriferous or 
aromatic chemicals, 35 per centum ad 
valorem and 7 cents per pound : Pro- 
vided, That the specific duty of 7 cents 
per pound herein provided for on 
colors, dyes, or stains, whether soluble 
or not in water, color acids, color bases, 
color, lakes, leuco-compounds. indoxyl, 
and indoxyl compounds, shall be based 
on standards of strength which shall 
be established by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, and that upon all importa- 
tions of such articles which exceed such 
standards of strength the specific duty 
of 7 cents per pound shall be computed 
on the weight which the article would 
have if it were diluted to the standard 
strength, but in no case shall any 
such articles of whatever strength pay 
a specific duty of less than 7 cents per 
pound : Provided further, That be- 
ginning six months after the date of 
passage of this Act no package con- 
mining any such color, dye, stain, color 
acid, color base, color lake, leuco-com- 
poimd. indoxyl. or indoxyl compound 
shall be admitted to entry into the 
United States unless such package and 

5 The Treasury Department held on Feb. 
begins on Sept. 9. 1922 (T. D. 39007). 



Grrotrp III. All colors, dyes, or stains, 
whether soluble or not in water, color 
acids, color bases, color lakes, photo- 
graphic chemicals, medicinals, flavors, 
synthetic phenolic resin, or explosives, 
not otherwise specially provided for in 
this title, when obtained, derived, or 
manufactured in whole or in part from 
any of the products provided for in 
Groups I and II. natural alizarin and 
indigo, and colors, dyes, or color lakes 
obtained, derived, or manufactured 
therefrom, thirty per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Skc. 501. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, in 
addition to the duties provided in sec- 
tion five hundred, there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid * * * upon all 
articles contained in Group III (ex- 
cept natural and synthetic alizarin, and 
dyes obtained from alizarin, anthracene, 
and carbazol ; natural and synthetic in- 
digo and all indigoids, whether or not 
obtained from indigo ; and medicinals 
and flavors), a special duty of 5 cents 
per pound. 5 

During the period- of five years be- 
ginning five years after the passage of 
this Act such special duties shall be 
annually reduced by twenty per centum 
of the rate imposed by this section, so 
that at the end of such period such 
special duties shall no longer be as- 
sessed, levied, or collected ; but if, at 
the expiration of five years from the 
date of the passage of this Act, the 
President finds that there is not being 
manufactured or produced within the 
United States as much as sixty per 
centum in value of the domestic con- 
sumption of the articles mentioned in 
Groups * * * III of section five hun- 
dred, he shall by proclamation so de- 
clare, whereupon the special duties 
imposed by this section on such articles 
shall no longer be assessed, levied, or 
collected. 

Sec. 502. That paragraphs twenty, 
twenty-one, * * * and the words 
" salicylic acid " in paragraph one of 
Schedule A of section one of an Act 
entitled "An Act to reduce tariff duties 
and to provide revenue for the Govern- 
ment, and for other purposes," ap- 
proved October third, nineteen hundred 
and thirteen, and paragraphs three 
hundred and ninety-four, * * * 
and five hundred and fourteen, * * * 
of the " free list " of section one of 
said Act, and so much of said Act or 
any existing law or parts of law as 
may be inconsistent with this title, are 
hereby repealed. 



9, 1922. that the reduction of specific duties 



78 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, l ( J24. 



the invoice shall bear a plain, con- 
spicuous, and truly descriptive state- 
ment of the identity and percentage, 
exclusive of diluents, of such color, dye, 
stain, color acid, color base, coior lake, 
leueo-eompound, indoxyi, or indoxyl 
compound contained therein ; Provided 
further, That on and after the passage 
of this Act no package containing' any 
such article shall be admitted to entry 
into the United States if it or the in- 
voice bears any statement, design, or 
device regarding such article or the 
ingredients or substances contained 
therein which is false, fraudulent, or 
misleading in any particular ; in the 
enforcement of the foregoing provisos 
the Secretary of the Treasury shall 
adopt a standard of strength for each 
dye or other article which shall con- 
form as nearly as practicable to the 
commercial strength hi ordinary use in 
the United States prior to July 1, 1914 : 
Provided further, That any article or 
product which may come within the 
terms of other paragraphs of this Act, 
as well as within the terms of para- 
graph 25. 26. or 1546, shall be assessed 
for duty or exempted from duty as the 
case may be. under paragraph 25, 26, 
or 1546." 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 15. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
thirty per centum ad valorem; all 
other products or preparations of coal 
tar, not colors or dyes and not medic- 
inal, not specially provided for in this 
section, twenty per centum ad valorem. 
. Par. 3. * * * essential oils, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad valo- 
rem ; * * *. 

Par. 18. Coloring for brandy, wine, 
beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 25. Indigo extracts or pastes, 
three-fourths of one cent per pound ; 
indigo, carmined, ten cents per pound. 

Par. 26. * * * ink powders, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 65. * * * medicinal prepara- 
tions * * * not specially provided 
for in this section, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem : * * *. 

Par. 218. Saccharine, sixty-five cents 
per pound. 

Par. 435. * * * all explosive sub- 
stances used for mining, blasting, ar- 
tillery, or sporting purposes, when 
valued at twenty cents or loss per 
pound, two cents per pound ; valued 
above twenty cents per pound. 4 cents 
per pound. 



Par. 20. Coal-tar dyes or colors, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 1. * * * salicylic acid, 2£ 
cents per pound ; * * *. 

Par. 5. * * * all * * * medi- 
cinal compounds, * * * 15 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 

Par. 18. * * * salol, phenolphtha- 
lein, * * * acetanilid, acetphene- 
tidin, antipyrine, * * * acetylsali- 
cylic acid, aspirin, guiacol carbonate, 
* * * 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 21. All other products or prep- 
arations of coal tar, not colors or dyes, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par, 26. Coloring for brandy, wine. 
beer, or other liquors, 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 37. * * * ink powders. 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 46. * * * essential and dis- 
tilled oils * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 20 per centum 
ad valorem : * * *. 

Par. 49. * * * all natural or syn- 
thetic odoriferous or aromatic sub 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



79 



Par. 482. Acids: * * * nitropic- 
ric ::: ::: :;: [Free]. 

Par. 487. Alizarin, natural or artifi- 
cial, and dyes derived from alizarin or 
from anthracin [Free]. 

Par. 536. * * * resorcin * * * 
[Free]. 



Par. 592. Indigo [Free]. 



Par. 617. Madder and munjeet, or 
Indian madder, ground or prepared, 
and ;ill extracts of [Free]. 



stances, preparations, and mixtures 
used in the manufacture of, but not g 
marketable as, perfumes or cosmetics; 
all the foregoing not containing alco- 
hol and not specially provided for in 
this section. 20 per centum' ad valorem. 

Par. 67. Soda : Benzoate of, 5 cents 
per pound ; * * *. 

Par. 179. Saccharin, 65 cents per 
pound. 

Par. 394. Alizarin, natural or syn- 
thetic, and dyes obtained from aliza- 
rin, anthracene, and carbazol [Free]. 

Par. 501. :;: * * all explosive sub- 
stances, not specially provided for in 
this section, used for mining, blasting, 
and artillery purposes [Free]. 

Par. 514. Indigo, natural or syn- 
thetic, dry or suspended in water, and 
dyes obtained from indigo [Free]. 

Tar. 538. Madder and munjeet. or 
Indian madder, ground or prepared, 
and all extracts of [Free]. 



COAL-TAR FINISHED PRODUCTS. 
(See Reports T. I. S.— 6, 11, 15, 22, and 23.) 

DYES AND COT.ORS. 

All colors, dyes, or stains, whether or not soluble in water, color acids, color 
bases, color lakes, leuco-compounds, whether colorless or not, indoxyl, and 
indoxyl compounds, ink powders. 

Description and uses. — Under paragraph 26 is included a variety 
of products made by chemical processes from the coal-tar interme- 
diates enumerated in paragraph 25. They are used in dyeing, color- 
ing, or staining of vegetable and animal fibers, paper, leather, Avood, 
feathers, varnishes, soaps, fats, foods, and other products ; and in the 
preparation of inks and color lakes, a class of paint pigments. The 
color bases, leuco-compounds, and indoxyl are either nearly finished 
dyes or products which are closely related and readily converted into 
dyes by simple treatment. 

Production. — Previous to the war the domestic S3mthetic dye in- 
dustry was restricted to assembling a limited quantit} 7 of dyes from 
intermediates imported from Germany. In 1914, 6,619,729 pounds of 
" coal-tar dyes," valued at $2,470,096, were made from imported inter- 
mediates (aniline in part excepted). 

During the war the failure of the foreign supply and the great 
needs of the domestic consumer, combined with great initiative on the 
part of the dye makers, gave rise to the rapid development of dye 
manufacturing. In 1917, 45,977,246 pounds were produced, increas- 
ing to 88,263,776 pounds in 1920. 

Production since 1914 has been as follows : 





1914 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


Quantity (pounds) 


6,619.729 
$2,470,096 


45,977,246 
$57,796,228 


58,464,446 
$62,026,390 


63,402,194 
$67,598,855 


88,263,776 


Value. 


$95,613,749 





80 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports of dyes were 45,950,895 pounds in the fiscal year 1914, at 
which time the United States depended largely on Germany for a 
supply of dyes. During the war, when the supply from Europe was 
shut off, the domestic production rapidly increased. Imports have 
shown a permanent decrease since 1914. The following table gives 
the imports of coal-tar dyes and colors since 1917 : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 

$1. 01 
1.27 
1.46 
1.33 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 
2,542,039 
2, 625, 948 
3,743,318 
2,790,095 


82, 578, 976 
3, 339, 722 
5, 458, 593 
3,708,336 


$865,122 


1919 .... 


1, 104, 173 


1920 


1,795,909 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — The rapid increase in dye production, during a period 
when Germany was shut off from the foreign export markets, led to 
the establishment of an export trade in coal-tar dyes. In 1918 the 
value of exports of y aniline dyes " was $8,629,611, and of " all other 
dyes" (not including logwood extract), $6,636,099. In 1920, the 
maximum export year, the exports of " aniline dyes " reached 
$22,450,480, and of "all other" $7,373,111. 

For the first nine months of 1921 exports decreased to $4,089,897 for 
" aniline dyes " and $956,074 for " all other." This great reduction 
in exports, while attributable in part to the general business depres- 
sion, was largely due to the appearance of German dyes in the large 
foreign markets, such as China, India, and Japan. Exports for the 
calendar years 1918-1921 are given in the following table : 



Dyes. 1918 

1 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Aniline dyes : 


$8,629,611 
.6,636,909 


$10,724,071 
5,004,428 


$22,450,480 
7,373,111 


$4,089,897 


All other cly es and dyestufis l 


956,074 







1 The domestic exports of dyes, as shown by the Commerce Department, are divided into 3 groups — 
(1) aniline dyes, (2) logwood extract, and (3) all other dyes and dyestufls. 

The third classification may include both natural dyes (other than logwood extracts, shown separately), 
as well as coal-tar dyes. Since logwood extract, however, is the most important natural dye exported 
from the United States, it is reasonable to assume that a considerable portion of "all other dyes and dye- 
stuffs" represents coal-tar dyes. 



AXJZAKIN AND INDIGO. 

Important changes in classification.— Natural or synthetic alizarin 
and dyes obtained from alizarin, anthracene, and carbazol (par. 394) , 
and natural or synthetic indigo, dry or suspended in water, and dyes 
obtained from indigo (par. 514) are on the free list of the act of 
1913. They are dutiable under Group III of the act of 1916. Madder 
and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all ex- 
tracts of, are free of duty under paragraph 538, act of 1913. See 
also paragraph 25, page 76. 

PHOTOGEAPHIC CHEMICALS. 

Description and uses. — These important coal-tar chemicals are 
strong reducing agents and are used as " developers " in photography. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Production is given in the following table : 



81 





1917 


1918 


1919 

335, 509 
$1,059,340 


1920 




263, 068 
$602, 281 


316, 749 
$823, 915 


440, 759 


Value 


$1, 015, 848 



Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiv- 
alent ad- 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 
14,550 
12, 059 
21,808 
27, 585 


$108, 537 
77, 876 
67,640 
64,617 


$7.46 
6.46 
3.10 
2.34 


$33, 289 
23,966 
21, 382 


Per cent. 
30. 67 
30.77 
31. 61 







Exports. — Not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. - 



-See paragraph 25, page 76. 



MEDICINALS. 

Description and uses. — From the viewpoint of national welfare 
the production of a variety of synthetic coal-tar drugs is of great 
importance. These products have a diversified application in the 
treatment and diagnosis of disease. The majority of them are of re- 
cent introduction in medicine. The most important from the medi- 
cal standpoint is arsphenamine (salvarsan). 

Production is shown in the following table : 



1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


Quantity (pounds) 


2, 418, 274 


3,623,352 
$7, 792, 984 


6, 777, 988 
$7, 883, 071 


5, 184, 989 


Value 


| $5,639,867 


$5,726,776 



Imports since 1917 are given in the following table : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 

• 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$301, 074 
168, 466 
165, 055 
215, 998 


$90, 322 
50,540 
49, 517 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 




30 


1920 




30 


1921 (9 months) ...*... 















Exports are not separately shown. 

Important changes in classification. — See paragraph 25, page 76. 
Suggested changes. — Page 11, line 3, of H. R. 7456 : " Gauiacol " 
should be " guaiacol." 



FLAVORS AND PERFUME MATERIALS. 



Description and uses. — Coal-tar flavors and perfumes are not 
sharply differentiated, as many are used interchangeably. These 
classes of coal-tar chemicals constitute a natural and essential branch 



82304—22- 



82 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



of a well-rounded dye industry. They are used as a flavoring mate- 
rial in foods, pharmaceuticals, and tobacco. In addition, many of 
them are valuable perfumes, serving as satisfactory substitutes for 
the more costly natural products. 

Production is given in the following table : 



Calendar year. 


Flavors. 


Perfumes. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
458, 256 
610, 825 


$4, 925, 627 
1.318.654 


Pounds. 
116, 263 
41, 419 
99,740 


O O CO 


1919 


1920 


166, 884 527. 493 









Imports of perfume materials are not shown separately, and im- 
ports of flavors have been negligible since 1918. 
Exports. — Statistics are not available. 
Important changes in classification, — See paragraph 25, page 76. 



SYNTHETIC TANNING MATERIALS. 

Description and uses. — Synthetic tanning materials constitute a 
new branch of the coal-tar industry, which has been developed since 
1918. They are made by the condensation of certain coal-tar de- 
rivatives with formaldehyde in the presence of an acid. These prod- 
ucts are usually applied in tanning in conjunction with the natural 
tanning agents. 

Production figures are not available prior to 1920, when 3,142,861 
pounds, valued at $233,674 were reported. 

Imports are not separately shown. 

Exports figures are not available. 

Important changes in classification. — See paragraph 25, page 76. 

SYNTHETIC RESINS. 

Description and uses. — These products are prepared by condensing 
phenol or cresol or para-coumarone with formaldehyde and am- 
monia or with hexamethylenetetramine. They are used as an amber 
substitute in mouth pieces for pipes, for cigarette holders, and simi- 
lar articles. They are of especial importance as electrical insulating 
materials and in the manufacture of varnishes and lacquers. 

Production has increased from 3,094,534 pounds, valued at $2,- 
311,358 in 1919 to 4,659,680 pounds, valued at $3,410,119 in 1920. 

Imports since 1918 are shown below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1919 


Pounds. 
1,114 
2,479 
658 


$2,860 

2, 681 

966 


$2.57 
1.08 

1.47 


$914 
928 


Per cent. 
31.95 


1920 


34.63 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF. INFORMATION, 1921. 83 

Exports are not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See paragraph 25, page 76. 

COAL-TAR EXPLOSIVES. 

Description and uses. — Explosives made from coal-tar derivatives 
are used as high-explosive shell fillers in military shells, torpedoes, 
and grenades. 

Picric acid is a trinitro derivative of phenol. It is a pale yellow 
solid substance which melts to a liquid at 122° C. It is one of the 
most powerful explosive shell fillers. The raw materials from which 
picric acid is made are phenol (carbolic acid) or monochlorbenzol 
and nitric and sulphuric acids. Ammonium picrate is also largely 
used for the same purposes as picric acid. 

Trinitrotoluene, also known as trotyl and T. N. T., is a high ex- 
plosive used principally in shells. It is preferable to picric acid for 
most purposes. It is made by the nitration of toluene. 

Tetranitroaniline, or tetryl. is a more powerful explosive than 
picric acid, and is also somewhat more sensitive. It is a solid crystal- 
line substance made by the nitration of dimethylaniline. It has much 
the same use as picric acid and T. N. T. 

Production figures are not available; during the war large quan- 
tities of picric acid and T. N. T. were produced, and also considerable 
amounts of the new explosive tetryl. 

Imports of picric acid in 1918 were 3.240,500 pounds, valued at 
$254,385. 

Exports of picric acid are shown for calendar years in the following 
table : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


39, 584, 858 
$23, 231^892 


2,474 

$2,684 


9,480 
$4,022 


1,366 


Value 


S705 







Important changes in classification. — Explosive substances used 
for mining, blasting, and artillery purposes are exempt from duty 
under paragraph 501 of the act of 1913. (See par. 25, p. 76.) 

Suggested changes. — Page 12, lines 15-19 of H. R. 7456: The pro- 
vision " That any article or product which may come within the 
terms of other paragraphs of this Act, as well as within the terms of 
paragraph 25. 26, or 1546. shall be assessed for duty or exempted from 
duty, as the case may be, under paragraph 25, 26, or 1546 " is too 
broad. It is therefore suggested that the following phrasing, in 
which conflicting paragraphs are referred to by number, be adopted : 

That any article or product which may come within the terms of paragraph 
1, 5. 35, 37, 56. 63, 79, or 1578 of this act, as well as within the terms of para- 
graph 25, 26, or 1546. shall be assessed for duty or exempted from duty, as the 
case may be. under paragraph 25, 26, or 1546. 



84 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021 



PARAGRAPH 27. 



H. B,. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 27. Cobalt : Oxide, 20 cents per 
pound; sulphate, linoleate, and all 
other cobalt compounds, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 16. Cobalt, oxide of, twenty- 
five cents per pound. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 

* * * and salts, * * * not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; 

* * * 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 24. Cobalt, oxide of, 10 cents 
per pound. 

Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * and salts, * * * 
15 per centum ad valorem. 



COBALT OXIDE. 



(See Survey A-6.) 



Description and uses: — Two grades of cobalt oxide are found on 
the market, the black and the gray. 

The oxide is usually produced directly from the ore, but if the pure 
substance is wanted the metal is first obtained and then changed to 
the oxide. Zaffer (par. 1690, free list) is an impure cobalt oxide. 

Cobalt oxide is used in the preparation of cobalt salts, in the manu- 
facture of smalt and of enameled ironware, for producing blue 
enamels and glazes on porcelain, and as a drier for paints and var- 
nishes. 

Production.. — Since Canada began producing cobalt in quantity 
the production of the oxide in the United States has been very small. 
Canada furnishes nearly all of the world's supply. The output in 
1919 (preliminary figures) of cobalt salts was valued at $104,970. 

Imports are almost entirel}^ from Canada. They increased from 
28~,729 pounds in 1913 to 109,-484 pounds in 1914 and to 238,934 
pounds in 1916. The import during 1918 was 220,863 pounds. 

The large increase in imports of cobalt oxide has been accompanied 
by a marked decrease in imports of cobalt ore, which was free of duty 
under the acts of 1909 and 1913. With cobalt oxide dutiable at 25 cents 
per pound, considerable ore was imported and converted into the 
oxide in the United States. Since the passage of the act of 1913 
plants have been built in Canada ; these treat the ore and ship oxide 
and metal into this country. Imports of cobalt oxide since 1917 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1 
Equiva- 
Duty. I lent ad 
1 valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

208, 596 

131,424 

202,724 

85, 441 


$291,699 
184,751 
399,605 
188,721 


$1.40 
1.41 
1.97 
2.21 


1 Per cent. 
$20,860 [ 7.15 


1919 


13,142 ! 7.11 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


20,272 , 5.07 




i 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 85 

COBALT SULPHATE. 

Description and uses. — Cobalt sulphate is a red powder derived by 
the action of sulphuric acid on cobalt oxide. Its chief use is in 
ceramics. 

Production. — Statistics not available. 

////ports of cobalt sulphate in 1914 (only year available) were 
54,389 pounds, valued at $15,960. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 

COBALT LINOLEATE AXD OTHER COBALT COMPOUNDS. 

Description and uses. — Cobalt linoleate is one of the most impor- 
tant driers used in the paint, varnish, and printing ink industries, 
owing to the accelerated drying effect which it produces. It is sold 
largely admixed with linseed or soya-bean oil, in paste or liquid form r 
ready for direct mixing with paints. 

Production. — Statistics are not available. Considerable quantities, 
however, are made in this country. It is produced b}^ heating to- 
gether solutions of cobalt sulphate and sodium linoleate. 

Imports. — Statistics are available for 1914 only, when 18,933 
pounds, valued at $4,677, were imported, almost entirely from Ger- 
many. It is known that several shipments have come from England 
during 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics are not available. 

Important changes in classification.- — New specific provision. The 
provision for " other cobalt compounds " is also new. 

Suggested changes. — It is suggested that the words " cobalt salts 
and compounds " be substituted for the term " cobalt compounds," 
since tariff acts have long distinguished salts from compounds. 



PARAGRAPH 28. 

H. R. 7466. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pak. 28. Cellulose esters, collodion 
and other liquid solutions of pyroxylin, 
of other cellulose esters or ethers, or 
of cellulose, 35 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Pak. 17. rollodiou * * * forty Par. 25. Collodion and all other 

cents per pound ; * * *. liquid solutions of pyroxylin, or of 

other cellulose esters, or of cellulose, 
15 per centum ad valorem ; * :;: *. 

CELLULOSE ESTERS AND SOLUTIONS OF PYROXYLIN. 

(See Survey A-6.) 

Description and uses. — Pyroxylin is a name applied to the soluble 
nitrates of cellulose. Collodion is a solution of pyroxylin in alcohol 
and ether. It is used in surgery and to some extent in photography. 

Of the other cellulose esters the acetates are the most important. 
They are made by treating cellulose with acetic anhydride and sul- 
phuric acid. Cellulose acetate is used for making one variety of 
artificial silk and replaces nitrocellulose where noninflammability 
is important, as in " dope " or varnish for airplane wings and for 
moving picture films, when for use in the home or small theaters. 



86 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



Production, — The materials used in the manufacture of pyroxylin 
are cellulose in some form, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid!! These 
liquid solutions of pyroxylin are made by a group of manufacturers 
other than those making compounds of pyroxylin (par. 29). 

Imports of collodion and other liquid solutions of pyroxylin since 
1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Ya}ue. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$51 

344 

1.580 

2.180 




$8 

52 

237 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


226 

996 

2,350 


$1.52 

1.59 

.93 


15 


1920..... 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Imports of cellulose esters are not listed separately. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Impo7'tant changes in classification, — Cellulose esters have been 
specifically mentioned in this paragraph, and the liquid solutions 
of cellulose esters have been distinguished from compounds of 
pyroxylin. (See p. 88 and Reclassification Report, p. 37.) 



PARAGRAPH 29. 



H. R. 7456. 

Pae. 29. Compounds of pyroxlin, of 
other cellulose esters or ethers, or of 
cellulose, by whatever name known, in 
blocks, sheets, rods, tubes, or other 
forms, and not made into finished or 
partly finished articles, 40 cents per 
pound ; made into finished or partly 
finished articles, of which any of the 
foregoing is the component material of 
chief value, 65 cents per pound and 25 
per centum ad valorem : Provided, That 
all such articles, whether or not more 
specifically provided for elsewhere, 
shall be dutiable under this paragraph. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 17. * * * all compounds of 
pyroxylin or of other cellulose esters, 
whether known as celluloid or by any 
other name, forty cents per pound; if 
in blocks, sheets, rods, tubes, or other 
forms, not polished, wholly or partly, 
and not made up into finished or partly 
finished articles, forty-five cents per 
pound ; if polished, wholly or partly, 
or if in finished or partly finished 
articles, except moving-picture films, 
of which collodion or any compound 
of pyroxylin or of other cellulose 
festers, by whatever name known, is 
I ho component material of chief value. 
sixty-five cents per pound and thirty 
per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pae. 25. * * * compounds of 
pyroxylin or of other cellulose esters, 
whether known as celluloid or by any 
other name, if in blocks, sheets, rods, 
tubes, or other forms not polished, 
wholly or partly, and not made into 
finished or partly finished articles, 25 
per centum ad valorem ; if polished, 
wholly or partly, or if finished or 
partly finished articles, of which col- 
lodion or any compound of pyroxylin 
or other cellulose esters, by whatever 
name known, is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



87 



PYROXYLIN PLASTICS. 



(See Survey A--6.) 



Description and uses. — Pyroxylin is a name applied to the soluble 
nitrates of cellulose. 

Pyroxylin plastics are substances composed of pyroxylin, camphor, 
and a solvent, and are sold under trade names such as " celluloid," 
" fiberoid," " viscoloid," " pyralin," and " nixonoid." They are used 
for making combs, mirror and brush backs, knife-handles, buttons, 
toys, rims for eyeglasses, and many other articles. Pyroxylin is used 
also in the manufacture of artificial leather and silk. 

Production. — The materials used in the manufacture of pyroxylin 
are cellulose in some form, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid. A sta- 
bilizer, usually urea, is added ; also pigments and dyes for opaque or 
colored products. 

The domestic production of pyroxylin plastics has increased 
greatly, its value being in 1899, $1,526^572; in 1909, $5,682,379; in 
1914, $8,876,509; and in 1919 (preliminary figures), $30,169,000. 

Germany was formerly the largest producer of pyroxylin and our 
strongest competitor. England and France were extensive manufac- 
turers of pyroxylin plastics before the war. When the factories 
were largely given over to the making of explosives the production 
of plastics in those countries greatly diminished, with a consequent 
increase in exports from the United States. Japan will probably 
become the leading competitor under normal conditions, since she 
controls the world's supply of camphor and is growing in experience 
in manufacture. 

Synthetic camphor was manufactured in this country during the 
war, but its manufacture was discontinued because of the low prices 
of natural camphor. It is now reported (December, 1921) that manu- 
facture is to be resumed at an early date. 

Imports of pyroxylin plastics not made into finished or partly 
finished articles have not averaged more than 1 per cent of the do- 
mestic production, even though a marked increase followed the act 
of 1913. Imports of the partly or wholly finished manufactured 
articles in 1914 were about 10 per cent of the domestic production. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


] 


•JOT FINISHED. 








1918 


Pounds. 

4,977 

5,234 

7,615 

29, 445 


$4,489 
6,217 
14, 210 

35,311 


$0.90 
1.19 
1.87 
1.20 


$1, 122 
1,554 
3,553 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 








POLI 


?HED OR FINISHED. 








1918 




$44, 846 
51,340 

110, 843 
71, 332 




$17,938 
20,536 
44, 337 


40 


1919 


26, 482 


SI. 94 


40 


1920 


40 


1921 (9 months) 






40 














88 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports of celluloid and manufactures in 1910 were valued at 
$1,189,080; in 1914, at $1,387,541 ; in 1918, at $3,744,745. In postwar 
years exports increased to $9,046,302 in 1920 (calendar year) and then 
declined to $1,771,299 during the first nine months of 1921. They 
have gone chiefly to France, England, Canada, and Italy. 

Important changes in classification. — The words " or ethers, or of 
cellulose," have been added, as compounds are made of cellulose or of 
cellulose ethers similar to those of pyroxylin. 

Compounds of pyroxylin are now dutiable (par. 25, act of 1913) at 
different rates, depending upon whether or not they are polished, 
those polished carrying the same rate of duty as manufactured or 
finished articles composed in chief value of pyroxylin. As this divi- 
sion has caused some litigation, arising from the facts that the polish- 
ing constitutes a comparatively slight advance in the value of py- 
roxylin, and that the surfaces are given finishes other than polishing, 
this distinction was omitted in H. R. 7456. (Reclassification Report, 

P-37.) ; 

PARAGRAPH 30. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 30. Compounds of casein, known 
as galalith, or by any other name, in 
blocks, sheets, rods, tubes, or other 
forms, not made into finished or partly 
finished articles, 25 cents per pound ; 
made into finished or partly finished 
articles of which any of the foregoing 
is the component material of chief 
value not specially provided ,for, 40 
cents per pound and 25 per cent ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[Xo corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 

CASEIN COMPOUNDS. 

Description and uses. — Galalith, a product of casein, is a hornlike 
material made largely into fine-toothed combs and other toilet ar- 
ticles. It competes to a certain extent with celluloid articles, but is 
not so strong and is subject to warping. It is fire resistant, however. 
The process of manufacture consists in hardening casein with for- 
maldehyde. 

Production. — The domestic industry manufacturing galalith arti- 
cles from casein is small. The industry is confined mainly to France, 
and, to a lesser extent, to Germany. A few manufacturers in this 
country make finished articles from sheets, rods, tubes, etc. In 1914 
the German production amounted to 10 metric tons daily, with the 
year's output valued at 10,000,000 marks. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Lmp&rts since 1917 are as follows: 



89 



Calendar year. 


\ alue. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$67,671 
96,284 
114, 515 

70,578 


$10, 151 
14,443 
17, 177 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


; - 


15 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Important changes in classification. 
able according to the kind of article. 



New provision. Now dnti- 



PARAGRAPH 31. 



H. It. 7456. 



Pab. 31. Drugs, such as barks, beans, 
berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- 
crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, 
dried insects, grains, herbs, leaves, 
lichens, mosses, roots, steins, vegeta- 
bles, seeds (aromatic, not garden 
seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds, 
and all other drugs of vegetable or 
animal origin ; any of the foregoing 
which are natural and uncompounded 
drugs and not edible, and not specially 
provided for, but which are advanced 
in value or condition by shredding, 
grinding, chipping, crushing, or any 
other process or treatment whatever 
beyond that essential to the proper 
packing of the drugs and the preven- 
tion of decay or deterioration pending 
manufacture, 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem : Provided, That the term 
" drug ** wherever used in this Act 
shall include only those substances 
having therapeutic or medicinal prop- 
erties and chiefly used for medicinal 
purposes : And provided further. That 
no article containing alcohol shall be 
classified for duty under this para- 
graph. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pab. 20. Drugs, such as barks, beans, 
berries, * * * -buds, bulbs, bulbous 
roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, 
dried fibers, dried insects, grains, 
* * * herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, 
nuts, nutgalls, roots, stems, spices, veg- 
etables, seeds (aromatic, not garden 
speeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds, 
and woods used expressly for dyeing 
or tanning; any of the foregoing which 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pab. 27. Drugs, such as barks, beans, 
berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- 
crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, 
dried insects, grains, * * * herbs, 
leaves, lichens, mosses, roots, stems, 
vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not gar- 
den seeds), seeds of morbid growth, 
and weeds ; any of the foregoing which 
are natural and uncompounded drugs 
and not edible, and not specially pro- 



90 



SUMMARY Or TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



are natural and uncompounded drugs 
and not edible, and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, but which are 
advanced in value or condition by any 
process or treatment whatever beyond 
that essential to the proper packing of 
the drugs and the prevention of decay 
or deterioration pending manufacture, 
one-fourth of one cent per pound, and 
in addition thereto ten per centum ad 
valorem : Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol, or in the prepara- 
tion of which alcohol is used, shall be 
classified for duty under this para- 
graph. 

Par. 504. Balm of Gilead [Free]. 

Par. 666. Salep, or salop [Free]. 



vided for in this section, but which are 
advanced in value or condition by 
shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, 
or any other process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to the 
proper packing of the drugs and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture, 10 per centum 
ad valorem : Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol shall be classified 
for duty under this paragraph. 

Par. 592. Salep, or salop [Free]. 

Par. 109. Balm of Gilead [Free]. 



BOTANICAL DRUGS. 



(See Survey A-7.) 



Production. — The drugs listed under this paragraph and under 
paragraph 1562 of the free list are extremely numerous and for the 
most part are of strictly foreign production. Most of those pro- 
duced domestically are not grown elsewhere. During the war a 
number of medicinal staples formerly imported were successfully 
cultivated in this country. American producers, however, use valu- 
able agricultural land and a high type of labor; foreign materials 
are collected from plants growing wild, by the cheapest classes of 
labor. The quality of American drugs excels that of imported prod- 
ucts, because of scientific research and methods of cultivation. 
Among such domestic drugs are belladonna, digitalis, cannabis, hen- 
bane, valerian, insect flowers, and Levant wormseed. Important 
products not commercially cultivated here are senna, rhubarb, quas- 
sia, orris root, scammony, squills, and colocynth. 

Imports were 1,776,386 pounds, valued at $113,165 in 1914. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 


Pounds. 
332,319 
731,506 


$98,652 
218,789 
346,335 
125, 286 


$0.30 
.30 


$9,865 
21,879 
34,634 


Per cent. 
10 
10 
10 


1921 (9 months).. 




10 











Imports of such drugs not advanced in value were valued at 
$726,675 in 1914, and reached a maximum of $1,710,566 in 1918 (fiscal 
year). 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$870,829 

1,256,307 

1,505,662 

402, 843 




1919 ... 


5,512,940 
13.102,419 
4,627,735 


$0.23 


1920 ... 


.01 


1921 (9 months) 


.09 



STMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION; 1921. 



91 



Exports of ginseng amounted to $1,832,686 in 1914. Statistics for 
the calendar years 1918-1021 follow : 



1918 



1910 



1920 



Quantity (pounds). 



226. 731 



' $1,372,586 j $3,338,531 



307,585 I 160,050 
$1,875,348 



1921 
(9 months). 



105,570 
$879,666 



Exports of ginseng have been chiefly to Hongkong, Canada, and 
China. 

Exports of all other roots, herbs, and barks were valued at $476,837 
in 1910 and at $513,071 in 1914. A maximum of $1,632,281 was 
reached in 1919 (calendar year). Exports then decreased to $401,282 
during the first nine months of 1921. These exports have been chiefly 
to England, Canada, and Japan. 

Important changes in classification. — As the term " drugs " has 
imder past acts been interpreted in different ways, it has been defined 
as applying only to articles having chief use in medicine. Gums 
were omitted, as they are seldom used medicinally. The provision for 
all other drugs was expanded to include those of animal origin. 
(Reclassification Report, p. 39.) 

Balm of Gilead and salep or salop. not mentioned in H. R. 74.56, 
are on the free list of the act of 1913 (pars. 409 and 592). 



PARAGRAPH 32. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 32. Aconite, aloes, asafetida, 
cocculus indicus, ipecac, jalap, manna, 
marshmallow or althea root, leaves and 
flowers, mate\ and pyrethrum or insect 
flowers, all the foregoing which are 
natural and uncornpounded, but which 
are advanced in value or condition by 
shredding, grinding, chipping, crush- 
ing, or any other process or treatment 
whatever beyond that essential to 
proper packing and the prevention of 
decay or deterioration pending manu- 
facture, 10 per centum ad valorem : 
Provided, That no article containing al- 
cohol shall be classified for duty under 
this paragraph. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 483. Aconite [Free]. 

Par. 503. Asafetida [Free]. 

Par. 538. Cocculus indicus [Free]. 

Par. 594. Ipecac [Free]. 

Par. 597. Jalap [Free]. 

Par, 620. Manna [Free]. 

Par. 480. * * * articles manufac- 
tured, in whole or in part, not pro- 
vided for in this section, * * * 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 20. Drugs, * * * advanced 
* * * one-fourth of one cent per 
pound, and in addition thereto, ten per 
centum ad valorem : * * *. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 388. Aconite [Free]. 

Par. 405. Asafetida [Free]. 

Par. 454. Cocculus indicus [Free]. 

Par. 516. Ipecac [Free]. 

Par. 519. Jalap [Free]. 

Par. 541. Manna [Free]. 

Par. 385. * * * articles manu- 
factured, in whole or in part, not pro- 
vided for in this section, * * * 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 27. Drugs. * * * advanced 
* * * 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem : * * *. 



92 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACONITE. 



(See Survey FL-2.) 



'Description and uses. — Aconite is a crude drug. Both the roots 
and the leaves of the plant are used; the former, however, are more 
important. Although the chief use of aconite is as a sedative, it is 
also an important therapeutic. The alkaloid aconitine is also pre- 
pared from aconite. 

Production. — The chief producing countries are Germany, Austria- 
Hungary, England, Spain, and Japan. As a rule aconite is collected 
from wild plants chiefly, although it is occasionally cultivated. It 
has not been commercially produced in the United States because of 
the small demand and low price. 

Imports of aconite are small and variable in amount. From 1911 
to 1917 they averaged 13,769 pounds, valued at $1,992. Later sta- 
tistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Unit value. 


1919 


Pounds. 

28,712 : 

32,476 ! 

5,168 ! 


J6. 283 $0. 22 


1920 - 


8.811 .27 


1921 (9 months 


884 : .17 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes m classification. — Aconite advanced, is trans- 
ferred from paragraph 388 of the free list of the act of 1913 and 
made dutiable like other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. 

ALOES. 

(See Survey A-7.) 

Description and uses. — Aloes, the dried juice of a tropical plant, is 
commonly classed as a gum. It comes in several varieties from 
Curacao, Dutch West Indies, and from Africa. It is a cathartic and 
an ingredient of many proprietary pills. 

Production. — There is no domestic production. 

Imports of crude aloes from 1909 to 1919 averaged, per annum, 
1,059,300 pounds, valued at $85,351. Statistics for the years 1918-1921 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 
1.750.0S0 
1, 686, 800 
1,144,009 

628,49." 


SI 46, 660 
176,168 
99,215 
44,290 


$0.08 


1919 


.10 


1920 


.09 


1921 9 months) 


.07 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention of 
aloes. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



93 



ASAFETIDA. 

( See Survey FL-2. ) 

Description and uses. — Asafetida, a crude drug, is a gum resin ob- 
tained from the root of Ferula fcetida. It is an ancient medicinal, 
not now highly valued, but still used in nervous affections. 

Production. — Asafetida is collected from a wild plant native to the 
deserts of Persia and Afghanistan. No attempts have been made to 
cultivate it. The product comes chiefly by way of India. 

Imports of asafetida for 1909-1917 averaged 100,734 pounds, valued 
at $40,808. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 
41, 346 


$30, 581 
179, 485 
133, 759 
241, 072 


$0 74 


1919 




91, 553 


1.96 


1920 




68, 694 


1.95 


1921 (9 months) 




145 956 


1.65 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Asafetida advanced, is trans- 
ferred from paragraph 405 of the free list of the act of 1913, 
and made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in para- 
graph 31. 

COCCULUS INDICUS. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — Cocculus indicus is a berry used in India 
as a fish poison and in the United States and Europe chiefly in the 
preparation of ointments for destruction of skin parasites and other 
purposes. Picrotoxin, used in medicine, is a derivative. 

Production. — It is derived from a wild plant occurring in India 
and Ceylon. It is also found in the Philippines. 

Imports recorded are very small. From 1909 to 1917 they are 
reported only four times, the total amounting to 24,788 pounds, 
valued at $3,445. There is reason to believe, however, that larger 
imports, invoiced as u fish berries." are not tabulated here. Later 
statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1919 


Pounds. 
4,097 
1,908 
21, 952 


$580 

213 

1,383 


$0.14 
.11 
.06 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 





Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Cocculus indicus advanced 
is transferred from paragraph 454 of the free list of the act of 
1913, and made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in para- 
graph 31. 



94 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



IPEOAO. 
(See Survey FD-2.) 

Description and uses. — Ipecac is a crude root drug. It is used in 
medicine as an emetic and expectorant; also in the manufacture of 
its alkaloids, of which emetine is the most important. 

Production. — Ipecac grows wild in South American forests and 
is collected by Indians. Attempts have been made to cultivate this 
important and high-priced drug in other tropical regions, but only 
in India and the Straits Settlements has commercial success on a 
small scale been attained. American supplies are derived from Co- 
lombia and Brazil. 

Imports of ipecac for 1909-1918 (fiscal years) averaged 76,131 
pounds, valued at $135,248. In recent years its commercial value 
has increased largely, owing to the demand for emetine. Later sta- 
tistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
137,150 
118,873 
93, 515 
50, 799 


$267,049 

292.046 

230, 548 

85. 005 


$1.95 


1919 


2.46 


1920: 


2.47 


1921 (9 months) 


1.67 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Ipecac advanced is trans- 
ferred from paragraph 516 of the free list of the act of 1913 and 
made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. 



JALAP. 



(See Survey FL-2.) 



Description and uses. — Jalap, the tuberous root of Exogonium 
purga, is a crude drug. It is used in medicine as a cathartic. 

Production. — Jalap (from Jalapa, a city in Vera Cruz) is native 
to Mexico, where it grows wild, and is also cultivated by the Indians. 
Cultivation on a small scale exists in India, but only the Mexican 
product reaches America. 

Imports of jalap for 1909-1917 averaged 183,126 pounds, valued at 
$28,574. Quantitatively jalap is one of the chief drug roots im- 
ported. Prices in the New York market increased more than five- 
fold from 1915 to 1919. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


- 


Pounds. 

111,873 

107,838 

175,038 

18,766 


$44, 833 

56,678 

85, 261 

3, 1ST 


SO. 40 


1919 


.53 


1920. .., - 


.49 


1921 (9 months).... 




.17 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Jalap advanced is trans- 
ferred from paragraph 519 of the free list of the act of 1913 and 
made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



95 



MANNA. 

(See Survey FL~2.) 

Description and uses. — Manna, the concrete saccharine exudation 
of the European flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus) , is a crude drug. 
It is employed in medicine as a laxative and is a source of mannite, 
which may also be derived from tagua-nut waste. 

Production. — Manna is the product of a variety of ash cultivated 
in Sicily, at present the only commercial source of the drug. It is 
largely exported to Central and South America. Porto Rico takes 
considerable quantities ; it is little used in the United States. 

Imports of manna for 1909-1918 averaged 65,415 pounds, valued 
at $30,182, Statistics for the years 1918-1921 follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 
44, 100 
82, 712 
76, 778 
20,583 


$23, 386 
47, 678 
32,397 
10, 626 


$0.53 


1919 


.58 


1920 


.42 


1921 (9 months) 


.52 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Manna advanced, is trans- 
ferred from paragraph 541 of the free list of the act of 1913, and 
made dutiable at the rate on other advanced drugs in paragraph 31. 

MARSHMALLOW OR ALTHEA. 
(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — Marshmallow (or althea) root, leaves, and 
flowers, crude drugs with mucilaginous properties, used chiefly in 
pharmacy, are not related to the confectionery marshmallows. 

Production. — These drugs under normal conditions are imported 
chiefly from Germany, but during the war came from Italy, Spain, 
and France. The plant is cultivated in Europe and, though intro- 
duced here, low prices have deterred growth for drug purposes. 

Imports of althea root prior to 1917 averaged less than 8,000 
pounds. In 1917 the imports were 23,120 pounds, valued at $5,846. 
Imports of leaves in 1917 were 21,713 pounds. Later statistics 
follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


ROOT. 


1918 




Pounds. 
10, 153 
32, 921 
52. 904 
15, 218 


$2, 839 
9,579 

15,613 
2,199 




$0.28 
.29 
.29 


1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 










LEAVES AND FLOWERS. 


1918 


14, 287 
17,823 
34, 475 
11,287 


SI, 659 
3,908 

7,788 
744 


$0.12 
.22 
.23 
.07 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 





96 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention of 
marshmallow or althea roots, leaves, or flowers advanced. 

Suggested changes. — Page 14, line 10 of H. E. 7456: Change the 
comma after the word " manna " to a semicolon, and in line 11, the 
comma after the word " flowers " to a semicolon. This change is 
necessary to make it clear that the words a marshmallow or althea " 
modify "leaves and flowers" as well as" "root." 

PYRETHRUM OR INSECT FLOWEK. 

(See Survey A-7.) 

Description and uses. — Pyrethrum is a perennial plant growing 
wild in northern Africa, the Levant, and the Mediterranean coast 
of Europe, is also cultivated. The root is collected and dried as the 
valuable portion. It is a powerful irritant and local stimulant. 

Production. — Gathering of pyrethrum is confined to the localities 
mentioned above. 

Imports in 1914 were 503,189 pounds, valued at $90,435, princi- 
pally from Austria-Hungary and Germany. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
2,438,939 
6,183,977 
5,055,187 
1,911,951 


$415,484 

1,717,006 

2,482,207 

710,375 


$0.17 


1919 


.28 


1920 


.49 


1921 (9 months).. . . 


.37 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 

MATE. 

Description and, uses. — Mate is a shrub native to Paraguay, an 
infusion of the prepared leaves of which also called mate is exten- 
sively consumed as a beverage in the interior of South America. 
It contains among other substances a peculiar tannin and the 
alkaloid caffeine. 

Production. — The leaves of the shrub are gathered at intervals 
of two or three years by the natives in South America, and large 
quantities are annually snipped to the countries of that continent. 

Import and export statistics not available. 

Importcunt changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



PARAGRAPH 33. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 33. Bucliu leaves, 10 cents per 
pound ; coca leaves, 10 cents per pound ; 
gentian, one-fourth of 1 cent per 
pound ; licorice root, one-half of 1 cent 
per pound; sarsaparilla root, 1 cent 
per pound; belladonna, digitalis, hen- 
bane, and stramonium. 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



97 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 41. * * * coca leaves, five 
cents per pound ; * * *. 

Par. 20. Drugs, * * * advanced 
* * * one-fourth of one cent per 
pound, and in addition thereto, ten 
per centum ad valorem : * * *. 

Pab. 559. Drugs, * * * not ad- 
vanced * * * [Free]. 

Pab. 611. Licorice root, unground 
[Free]. 



Par. 39. Leaves and roots: Buchu 
leaves, 10 cents per pound ; coca leaves, 
10 cents per pound ; gentian, ± cent 
per pound; licorice root, 1 cent per 
pound ; sarsaparilla root, 1 cent per 
pound. 

Par. 27. Drugs, * * * advanced 

* * * 10 per centum ad valorem : 

* * * f 

Par. 477. Drugs, * * * not ad- 
vanced * * * [FreeL 



BUCHU LEAVES. 



(See Survey A-10.) 



Description and uses. — Buchu leaves are a crude drug, used in 
medicine, especially for genito-urinary diseases, but not highly valued 
in modern therapeutics. 

Production. — British South Africa is the only commercial source 
of buchu leaves. The plant is a native shrub which grows wild; 
owing to extensive collection, it is becoming rare and cultural ex- 
periments are being made. In order to conserve the supply an ex- 
port duty has been placed on buchu by British South Africa. The 
United States consumes 50 to 80 per cent of the total output. 

Imports for 1911-1917 averaged 119,168 pounds per year, valued 
at $110,544. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 

1918 55,549 

1919 108.190 

1920 98,502 

1921 (9 months) 44, 659 



Value. 



S50,677 
133,866 
218,642 
42,805 



I'nit value. 


Duty. ; 


SO. 91 

.12 

2.22 

.96 

i 


$.3,555 - 
10,819 
9,850 | 





Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



Per cent. 
10. 96 
8.08 
4.51 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 



COCA LEAVES. 



(See Survey A-10.) 

Description and uses. — Coca leaves are a crude drug used chiefly in 
the manufacture of cocaine. The Harrison Act as recently amended, 
and also the war revenue act, provide stringent regulations of traffic 
in coca leaves. Decocainized coca leaves are used to some extent 
in the manufacture of soft drinks. This product is in no way related 
to cocoa. 

Production. — Coca leaves are commercially produced in South 
America and to a lesser extent in India and Dutch East Indies. The 
plant is native to Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, and is cultivated in 
those countries by the natives, who chew the leaves. Successful 
experimental cultivation has recently been reported in Florida. 
82304—22 7 



98 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports for 1909-1918 averaged 979.312 pounds, valued at $136,680. 
Revenue has practically doubled with an increase in duty from 5 
cents to 10 cents a pound. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 
Duty. lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,341-, 013 

795,074 

634,356 

104,129 


$210. 153 

167,957 

161,643 

15,320 


SO. 16 
.21 
.25 
.15 


| Per C( a/. 
8134,601 ! 61 42 


1919 


79,507 , 47.34 


1920 


63,436 39.24 


1921 (9 months) 


' 




1 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

GENTIAN. 
(See Survey A-10.) 



Description arid uses. — Gentian is a crude drug root used as a 
bitter tonic in proprietary medicine. It is the most important of the 
nonalkaloid bitters. 

Production. — Gentian plants grow wild in the mountainous por- 
tions of central and southern Europe, where they are collected by 
very cheap labor — women, children, and old men. France is the chief 
source of our supplies, lesser amounts coming from other European 
countries. 

Imports for 1909-1918 averaged 1,376,841 pounds, valued at 
$81,063. The average annual revenue on gentian since 1914 has been 
$2,676. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


! 

Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
275,747 


$35, 913 
66, 238 
98, 933 
19. 874 


$0. 13 

.11 
.OS 
.07 


MOOT) 
■*- CO CO 


Per cent. 
1.92 


1919 


603, 594 


2.28 


1920 

1921 (9 months). .. 


1,205,763 

267. 381 


3.05 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

LICORICE ROOT. 
(See Survey A-10.) 

Description and uses. — Licorice root is a plant product used in 
tobacco manufacture and in the preparation of licorice paste. The 
root yields about 20 per cent or more of its weight in paste. It has 
been considered indispensable in the manufacture of chewing tobacco, 
but on account of the shortage during the war, flavoring substitutes 
containing little or no licorice were developed. 

Production. — Licorice plant is grown extensively in southern 
Europe and Asia Minor, and American supplies are normally drawn 
chiefly from Asiatic Turkey. The licorice plant has also been intro- 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION; 1021. 



99 



duced into America and grows readily in localities where severe 
frosts do not occur. Occasional attempts at commercial production 
have been made, but the costs of raising and curing the product have 
been too high to enable it to compete with imports. > Imports of 
licorice from China have been noted during the war. 

Imports for 1909-1917 averaged 85.±>r>,819 pounds, valued at 
Sl.693,014. Since 1914 the average annual revenue has been about 
$138,000. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 


Pounds. 
27,068,489 
49,487,602 
56; 449, 621 
38,531,788 


$1,985,796 
3,815,989 
3,581,469 
1,724,826 


$0. 07 
.08 
.06 

.04 


$67,671 
123,719 
141,124 


Per cent. 
3.41 
3.24 
3.94 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SARSAPARILLA ROOT. 



(See Survey A-10.) 



Description and uses. — Sarsaparilla is a crude drug used chiefly 
in proprietary medicines, such as blood purifiers and tonics. It may 
be, but usually is not employed in soft drinks known as " sarsa- 
parillas." 

Production. — Sarsaparilla is chiefly derived from wild plants grow- 
ing in the forests of Mexico, Central America, and northern South 
America. Small amounts are cultivated in Jamaica and Ceylon, but 
products of these localities rarely reach the United States. 

Imports have tended to decrease in recent years, owing presumably 
to a lessened medicinal demand. The average import from 1909 to 
1918 was 328,748 pounds, valued at $41,064. Between 1913-1918 
sarsaparilla yielded an average annual revenue of $1,903. Later 
statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

256,424 

211,259 

220,358 

57, 755 


?72, 584 
62,568 
68,915 
14,290 


$0.28 
.30 
.31 


$2,564 
2.113 

2.204 


Per cent. 
3.53 
3.38 
3.20 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



BELLADONNA, DIGITALIS, HENBANE, AND STRAMONIUM. 

(See Survey A-7.) 

Description and uses. — The herbs belladonna, digitalis, henbane r 
and stramonium are natural exotic drugs which are gathered be- 
cause of the valuable medicinal properties due to the alkaloids which 
thev contain. Both the leaves and roots of belladonna are used. 



/ 

100 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 

The alkaloid atropine, which is derived from it, is of great importance 
in surgery of the eye, and is also used as a sedative and in the manu- 
facture of pain-relieving plasters. Henbane and stramonium are 
closely related to belladonna and their uses are much the same. 
Digitalis, or " foxglove," is used chiefly as a heart tonic. All of 
these products are official in the United States Pharmacopoeia. 

Production. — Experimental cultivation of these drugs has been 
carried on in the United States for a number of years, but has 
assumed commercial importance only since the commencement of the 
war. While their commercial value is small, nevertheless they are 
indispensable to the practice of modern medicine. Production of 
belladonna in 1918 was estimated at 166,000 pounds of herbs, stems, 
and leaves, and 22,000 pounds of roots. Sixty growers were engaged 
in its cultivation and utilized 274 acres. California, Michigan, 
Pennsylvania, and Indiana ranked in acreage in the order men- 
tioned. Michigan has been the chief source of henbane. Stra- 
monium grows wild in the southern Appalachians, where it has been 
collected to a limited extent. It has been cultivated in California 
and elsewhere. Digitalis is cultivated in California, Oregon, Vir- 

finia, South Carolina, and other States. It now grows wild in the 
'acific northwest, where considerable quantities were collected dur- 
ing the war. Its production in 1917 was estimated at 10,000 pounds. 

Owing to the care received in cultivation, domestic crude drugs 
are of superior quality to the imported articles, which grow wild in 
southern Europe and parts of Asia. But owing to the cheap labor 
employed in gathering the herbs, the imported drugs constitute the 
chief source of supply for domestice requirements. The domestic 
cultivation is not likely to be successful except in the hands of those 
possessing adequate equipment for proper curing and botanical 
knowledge of the characteristics of the drugs. 

Import figures are available for 1914 only, when they were : Bella- 
donna, 141,074 pounds of leaves and 65,886 pounds of roots; digitalis, 
22,371 pounds, valued at $1,874; henbane, 136,429 pounds, valued at 
$10,609; and stramonium, 171,574 pounds. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — These drugs are given spe- 
cific mention for the first time. Under the act of 1913 (par. 477) 
they are exempt from duty when not advanced. 



PARAGRAPH 34. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 34. Ergot, 10 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 562. Ergot [Free]. Par. 28. Ergot. 10 cents per pound. 

ERGOT. 

(See Survey A-7.) 

Description^ uses, and production. — Ergot is a crude botanical 

drug having important and legitimate uses, especially in obstetrics, 

but employed criminally to produce abortion. Tt is a fungous growth 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



101 



on the rye plant, occurring erratically throughout the rye-growing 
section of the United States, notably in Minnesota and the Dakotas. 
On account of its poisonous nature, removal from the rye is essential. 
As ergot grains are two or three times larger than rye grains, passing 
the rye through a screen removes all but the imperfect or broken 
ergot. Rye flour containing more than one-tenth of 1 per cent of 
ergot is held to be adulterated under the Pure Food and Drugs act. 
Ergot removed from rye by screening is mixed with other refuse, and 
since machine methods for its separation and collection are not avail- 
able, it has not proved commercially profitable in the United States. 
Ergot occurs in all rye-growing countries and is collected chiefly in 
Russia, Spain, Germany, Austria, and Sweden by cheap hand labor. 
Imports have come principally from Spain and Russia. For the 
years 1909-1918 (fiscal) an annual average of 164,642 pounds, valued 
at $99,193, is reported. The act of 1913 yielded an average annual 
revenue of $14,689. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 

Pounds. 

97, 647 
171,950 
226. 835 

31,334 


Value. Unit value. 


Duty. 

$9, 765 
17, 195 
22, 684 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


191S. 


$61,523 $0.63 

346, 707 2. 02 

7S9.895 3.48 

51.060 1.65 


Per cent. 
15. 87 


1919 

1920 


2.87 


1921 (9 mon 


hs). 





Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 35. 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 35. Ethers and esters: Diethyl 
sulphate and dimethyl sulphate, 25 per 
centum ad valorem ; ethyl acetate, 4 
cents per pound ; ethyl chloride, 15 
cents per pound ; ethyl ether, 6 cents 
per pound ; and ethers and esters of all 
kinds not specially provided for, 25 per 
centum ad valorem : Provided, That no 
article containing more than 10 per 
centum of alcohol shall be classified for 
duty under this paragraph. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 21 . Ethers : Sulphuric, eight 
cents per pound ; spirits of nitrous 
eiher. twenty cents per pound; * * * 
ethers of all kinds not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, fifty cents 
per pound; ethyl chloride, thirty per 
centum ad valorem : Provided, That no 
article of this paragraph shall pay a 
less rate of duty than twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



Par. 29. Ethers: Sulphuric, 4 cents 
per pound ; amyl nitrite, 20 per centum 
ad valorem ; amyl acetate and ethyl 
acetate or acetic ether, 5 cents per 
pound; ethyl chloride, 20 per centum 
ad valorem ; ethers and esters of all 
kinds not specially provided for in 
this section, 20 per centum ad valorem : 
Provided, That no article containing 
more than 10 per centum of alcohol 
shall be classified for duty under this 
paragraph. 



102 STMAIARY OF TAFJFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ETHERS AND ESTERS. 

(See Survey A-7.) 

GENERAL.! 

Ether when used as a name alone, without special designation, 
always signifies ethyl ether or diethyl oxide. The term also serves 
as a class name to "designate a group of organic chemical com- 
pounds which are oxides of hydrocarbon alkyl radicals. Esters are 
products of the action of acids on alcohols with the elimination of 
water. They are analogous to inorganic salts. Many compounds 
which are strictly esters are often and incorrectly called ethers. 

Of the articles mentioned in this paragraph ethyl ether is the only 
true ether. The other commodities are, strictly speaking, esters. 

DIETHYL SULPHATE AND DIMETHYL SULPHATE. 

Description and uses. — Diethyl sulphate and dimethyl sulphate are 
sulphuric esters of ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, respectively. 
Diethyl sulphate is a fragrant, colorless liquid, inflammable, and 
boils at 96° C. It is used chiefly as an ethylating agent for intro- 
ducing the ethyl group in organic compounds, especially in the man- 
ufacture of coal-tar dyes. Recent developments in its manufacture 
indicate that its use for this purpose will increase. It has advan- 
tages over other ethylating agents — such as ethyl chloride and ethyl 
bromide — due to its lower volatility and the ease with which it can 
be stored, handled, and shipped. 

Dimethyl sulphate is very similar chemically to diethyl sulphate, 
and boils at about 188° C. It is used chiefly as an agent to introduce 
the methyl group in organic compounds. In the past it has had a 
wider use as a methylating agent than has diethyl sulphate as an 
ethylating agent, due to the fact that it was cheaper. With an im- 
proved and cheaper process of manufacture, diethyl sulphate will 
probably assume an increased importance as compared with di- 
methyl sulphate. 

Production. — Both of these products are prepared by passing sul- 
phuric anhydride or sulphur trioxide into the corresponding alco- 
hol; that is, ethyl alcohol for diethyl sulphate and methyl alcohol 
for dimethyl sulphate. Within the last two or three years a new 
process has been developed for producing diethyl sulphate from 
the gas ethylene, the latter being obtained from the waste gases of 
petroleum-cracking processes, from other hydrocarbon gases, or 
from ethyl alcohol. Diethyl sulphate is produced by passing ethyl- 
ene into sulphuric acid at a temperature approximating the boil- 
ing point of diethyl sulphate. Dimethyl sulphate is produced by 
passing sulphuric trioxide into methyl alcohol below 0° C. and dis- 
tilling off the dimethyl sulphate under vacuum. Production statis- 
tics are not available. 

Import statistics are available for dimethyl sulphate only in 1914, 
when they were 9,134 pounds, valued at $2,331, chiefly from Germany. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Diethyl sulphate and di- 
methyl sulphate are mentioned specifically for the first time (Re- 
classification Report, p. 42). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



103 



ETHYL ACETATE 



Description and uses. — Ethyl acetate is the acetic ester of ethyl 
alcohol, and is a colorless liquid boiling at 77° C. It is used chiefly 
when mixed with amyl acetate as a solvent for pyroxylin plastics. 
The use of ethyl acetate for this purpose has increased greatly since 
the introduction of tax-free denatured alcohol. Pure ethyl acetate 
finds extensive use in the manufacture of artificial fruit essences or 
flavors. 

Production. — It is produced by boiling under reflux condensation 
a mixture of ethyl alcohol, fused sodium acetate, and sulphuric acid, 
and then distilling off the ethyl acetate. Statistics of production 
are not available prior to 1919, when the output was 2,251,000 
pounds, valued at $340,000 (preliminary figures). 

Imports since 1918 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


1 
Value. 1 Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
80 
400 
30 


$39 $0. 49 
493 1. 23 

8 .27 


I 

! Per cent. 
$4 ; 10.26 


1920 


20 4.06 


1921 (9 months) 


i 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important ckanges in classificatio?i.— The term " acetic ether," used 
as a synonym for ethyl acetate in the act of 1913, has been omitted, 
since ethyl acetate is an ester. (Reclassification Report, p. 42.) 



ETHYL CHLORIDE. 



Description and uses. — Ethyl chloride is the hydrochloric ester of 
ethyl alcohol and is known by many pharmaceutical names. It is a 
very low-boiling liquid and is put up in mechanically sealed glass or 
metal tubes. It is used chiefly as a local anesthetic. 

Production. — Ethyl chloride is usually prepared by treating ethyl 
alcohol with hydrochloric acid in the presence of a dehydrating agent, 
such as anhydrous zinc chloride or phosphorus pentoxide. It is 
also formed by the action of chlorine on ethane and by the action of 
hydrochloric acid on ether in sealed tubes. Production in 1919 (pre- 
liminary figures) was 248,100 pounds, valued at $166,200. 

Imports prior to the war averaged about 8,000 pounds per year. 
Imports in 1917 were about 9,000 pounds, but during the other war 
years was considerably below the average. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1 

Ad 
Duty. valorem 
rate. 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

22,495 

3,373 

4. 566 


$2,250 
3,218 
4,002 


$0.10 
.95 

.88 


Per cent. 

$450 20.00 

644 : 20.00 

20 00 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



104 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ETHYL ETHEK. 



Description and uses. — Ethyl ether, also known as sulphuric ether, 
is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Inhaled vapors produce 
anesthesia, the property which gives ether its chief use in surgery. 
It is also used to some extent as a local anesthetic. Technically ether 
is largely used in combination with alcohol as a solvent for nitrocellu- 
lose (guncotton, collodion, pyroxylin plastics) ; it also dissolves 
other substances such as resins, fats, waxes, and alkaloids; and is 
used in some formulas for denaturing alcohol. 

Production. — Ether is produced by heating ethyl or grain alcohol 
with sulphuric acid. Its production in 1914, excluding the explosives 
industry, was 2,120,082 pounds, valued at $278,816, or double the pro- 
duction of 1909. The output in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 
double that of 1914, or 4,111,800 pounds, valued at $1,103,700. Do- 
mestic production supplies the consumption, imports being sporadic 
and negligible. 

Imports in 1912 were 1,435 pounds, valued at $207, decreasing to 
less than 100 pounds a year, 1915-1918. Since 1918 imports have 
been as follows : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 
Duty. j lent ad 
j valorem. 


1918 . 




Pounds. 
8 


$7 

28, 258 

34 


$0.88 
.10 
.34 


Per cent. 
4.57 


1919 




I 282,576 


$11,303 40.00 


1920 




100 


4 11. 7i 






1 


1 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes m classificatio7i. — The term ethyl ether has 
been used in place of sulphuric ether (act of 1913), which is not an 
accurate description of the article. (Reclassification Report, p. 42.) 



ALL OTHER ETHEES AND ESTERS. 



Production. — The production of all other ethers in 1919 (pre- 
liminary figures) was valued at $225,100. 
Imports have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity, 



Pounds. 

120 

22,796 

249 

7,654 



Value. 



$210 

2,464 

757 

1,452 







Ad 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


valorem 
rate. 






Per cent. 


$1. 75 


42 


20 


.11 


493 


20 


3. 04 


151 


20 


. 19 




20 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Amyl nitrite and amyl ace- 
tate have been omitted and now fall within the provision for u ethers 
and esters of all kinds" n. s. p. f. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



105 



PARAGRAPH 36. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pae. 36. Extracts, dyeing and tan- 
ning: Chestnut, cutch. chlorophyll, 
divi-divi, fustic, hemlock, logwood, 
mangrove, myrobalan, oak, Persian 
berry, quebracho, valonia, wattle, and 
other extracts, decoctions, and prepa- 
rations of vegetable origin used for 
dyeing, coloring, staining, or tanning, 
not specially provided for, and combi- 
nations and mixtures of the foregoing 
articles in this paragraph, 11 per 
centum ad valorem : Provided, That no 
article containing alcohol shall be clas- 
sified for duty under this paragraph. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 22. Extracts and decoctions of 
logwood and other dyewoods, and ex- 
tracts of bark, such as are commonly 
used for dyeing or tanning, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
seven-eighths of one cent per pound ; 
* * * extract of Persian berries, 
twenty per centum ad valorem ; chloro- 
phyll, twenty per centum ad valorem; 
extracts of quebracho, not exceeding 
in density twenty -eight degrees Baume, 
one-half of one cent per pound ; ex- 
ceeding in density twenty-eight de- 
grees Baume, three-fourths of one 
cent per pound ; extracts of hemlock 
bark, one-half of one cent per pound ; 
extracts of sumac, and of woods other 
than dyewoods, not specially provided 
for in this section, five-eighths of one 
cent per pound ; all extracts of vege- 
table origin suitable for dyeing, col- 
oring, staining or tanning, not con- 
taining alcohol and not medicinal, and 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 

Pak. 18. Coloring for brandy, wine, 
beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 

Pat:. 605. Lac dye, * * * [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pak. 30. Extracts and decoctions of 
* * * Persian berries, sumac, log- 
wood, and other dyewoods, and all 
extracts of vegetable origin suitable 
for dyeing, coloring, or staining, not 
specially provided for in this section ; 
all the foregoing not containing alcohol 
and not medicinal, f of 1 cent per 
pound. 

Par. 26. Coloring for brandy, wine, 
beer, or other liquors, 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 31. Extract of chlorophyll, 15 
per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 526. Lac dye * * * [Free]. 

Par. 624. Tanning material: Ex- 
tracts of quebracho, and of hemlock 
bark; extracts of oak and chestnut 
and other barks and woods other than 
dyewoods such as are commonly used 
for tanning not specially provided for 
in this section ; * * * [Free]. 



EXTRACTS, DYEING AND TANNING. 



(See Survey A-8.) 

General. — Dyeing and tanning materials of vegetable origin bear 
a close relationship as to origin and process of manufacture and use. 
The extracts are prepared from barks, woods, and fruits by treat- 
ment with hot water followed by evaporation to a liquid of desired 
density or a solid. Tanning and dye extracts are frequently made 
in the same plant with the same equipment. In the tanning agents 
the active ingredient is tannin, while in the dyeing materials color- 
ing matter is sought. Most of the extracts contain both coloring 



106 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

matter and tannin and many are used for both tanning and dyeing : 
hence any tariff classification based on use involves administrative 
difficulties and results in litigation. 

All raw materials for manufacture of these extracts are free under 
the act of 1913 (par. 624). The extracts received in that act a dif- 
ferent tariff treatment, depending on their use as a dyeing or tanning 
material. " Extracts of vegetable origin suitable for dyeing, coloring, 
or staining, not specially provided for," are dutiable at three-eighths 
of one cent per pound under paragraph 30, while extracts of vege- 
table origin, " such as are commonly used for tanning " not specially 
provided for, are free of duty under paragraph 6*24. This attempt 
to classify on basis of use has resulted in litigation. 

To facilitate customs classification and to avoid litigation these 
very similar products were given uniform tariff treatment in H. R. 
7456. (Reclassification Report, p. 44.) 

CHESTNUT EXTRACT. 

(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Chestnut extract is the most important do- 
mestic tanning agent. It is made from the wood of the chestnut 
(Oastanea dentata), a tree of abundant occurrence in the Appa- 
lachians, although the blight threatens the entire stand. The liquid 
extract contains 25 per cent tannin and the solid extract about 60 per 
cent. They are used in tanning (principally on heavy leathers), and 
have a small application in dyeing. 

Production of chestnut extract is not separately shown prior to 
1919, when it was 444,735,000 pounds, valued at $17,287,700 (pre- 
liminary figures). 

Imports of chestnut bark extract (not identical with above) in 
1914 were 256,078 pounds, valued at $4,234, chiefly from France. 
Imports have been negligible since 1916. 

Exports of chestnut extract before the war were small. During 
the war extract was exported to England, amounting to approxi- 
mately 1,200 tons a month in 1918. 

Important changes in classification. — Chestnut extract is exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624). 

CUTCH EXTRACT. 

(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Cutch or catechu is an extract prepared 
from the wood of the acacia' catechu. This tree is cultivated in 
India and Burma, and also occurs in the East Indies and East Africa. 
The extract is sold in blocks or cakes of dark brown color, brittle and 
glossy when broken. Cutch is used principally in dyeing and textile 
printing for the production of the well-known " cutch brown." It 
is also used to a small extent in tanning. 

Production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 525,000 pounds, 
valued at $66,500. As this extract is not of domestic origin these 
figures undoubtedly represent imported solid extract dissolved and 
sold as liquid extract. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, li>21. 



107 



Imports in 1914 were 328,940 pounds, valued at $16,187. 
statistics are not available. 
Exports. — None recorded. 



Later 



EXTRACT OF CHLOROPHYLL. 



Description and uses. — Chlorophyll, known as leaf green, is the 
green coloring- matter of the leaves and stalks of growing plants. 
Being soluble, it may be extracted from plants by volatile solvents. 
The extracts are of minor importance and are used to color liqueurs 
and cordials, confectionery, food preserves, fats, oils, and soaps. 

Production. — Chlorophyll is made by extracting the coloring mat- 
ter of the green plant with alcohol or other solvents. The solvent is 
then usually recovered by distillation, and a small amount of an 
alkaline carbonate is added to preserve the color. 

Imports for 1910-1918 averaged 4,031 pounds annually, valued at 
$3,393, with revenue of $619. The following table sIioavs imports 
since 1917: 



Calendar war. 
<0 


Quantity. 


Va 


ue. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 

$79 

39 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1919 : 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 
371 
57 
1,570 


S525 

258 
2, 592 


$1.42 
4.53 
1.65 


Per cent. 
15 
15 
15 






Exports . — Xot recorded . 

DI 


VI-DIVI EXT 


SACT. 











(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Divi-divi (free under par. 1563) is the dried 
pod of Caesalpinia coriaria, a small tree found in the neighborhood 
of Maracaibo, South America, and also in the West Indies and Cen- 
tral America. The pods are 2 to 3 inches long, red to black brown in 
color, and after drying frequently resemble the letter " 8." They 
have a tannin content of 40 to 45 per cent, are used as a tanning agent, 
and are usually leached directly by the tanner. A liquid extract con- 
taining 25 per cent tannin is an article of commerce. 

Production of extract is not separately shown. 

Imports of the extract are not separately shown, but imports of 
divi-divi during 1909-1918 averaged 5,459,181 pounds annually, 
valued at $98,190. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
22,092,927 
28,341,366 
15,528,823 
4,051,418 


$428,421 
669, 436 
371,747 
45, 190 


$0 02 


1919 


02 


1920 


.02 


1921 (9 months) 


.01 







108 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports. — Not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Extract of divi-divi is exempt 
from duty under paragraph 624 of the act of 1913. 

FUSTIC. 

(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Fustic wood (free under par. 1563) is a 
yellow dyewood from the tree Morus or Madura tinctoria. The 
wood is imported from West Indies, Mexico, Central and South 
America. The extract is made from the heart wood. It occurs as a 
liquid extract of 51° and as a solid extract, both of which are used in 
textile and leather dyeing. On cotton it is used extensively for khaki 
shades. 

Production in 1914 of fustic extract was 4,509,943 pounds, valued 
at $222,804; and in 1919 (preliminary figures) 3.896.000 pounds, 
valued at $355,000. 

Import statistics of fustic extract are not available, but it is under- 
stood that this extract is not imported to any extent. Imports of 
fustic wood during 1909-1915 ranged from 2,466 to 7,121 tons. The 
maximum import was 17.469 tons in 1916. Fustic wood imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Tons. 

11,866 

696 

1,304 

2,378 


$280, 813 
15,091 
25,033 
33, 876 


$23.67 


1919 


21. 68 


1920 


19.20 


1921 (9 months) 


14.25 







HEMLOCK-BARK EXTRACT. 

(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses.— This extract is obtained from the bark (free 
under par. 1563) of the eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) native 
to North America. Previous to 1900 hemlock was the most impor- 
tant domestic tanning material; it now ranks second in importance 
to chestnut. It is used on sole and heavy leather; in combination 
with oak it produces " Union " tanned leather. The extract is mar- 
keted as liquid (25 per cent tannin) and as powder (50 per cent 
tannin). 

Production of extract in 1914 was 18.978,013 pounds, valued at 
$340,402, and in 1919 (preliminary figures), 19.706.000 pounds, 
valued at $879,400. 

Imports of hemlock bark, which originate in Canada, decreased 
from a maximum of 2T),311 cords in 1909 to only 270 in 1918 (fiscal 
vear) . Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Cords. 

070 
904 
3.813 
1,434 ' 


$5. 726 

10, 655 
42.912 
IS. 044 


$8.55 


1919 


11.79 


1920 


11.25 


1921 (9 months) 


12. .58 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



109 



Imports of extract in 1915 were 5.203,290 pounds, valued at $173,- 
998, chiefly from Canada; in 1920, 45 pounds, valued at $10; and in 
1921, first nine months, 306,557 pounds, valued at $11,742. 

Exports are not separately recorded. It is estimated that total 
exports of extract before the war (to England, Russia, and Canada) 
did not exceed 10,000 barrels per year. 

Important rhatKjcs in classification. — Extract of hemlock bark is 
exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624). 



LOG WOOD EXTRACT. 



(See Survey A-8l) 



Description and uses. — Logwood (free under par. 1563) is the most 
important natural dye. This tree (Hematoxylin campeehianum) is 
indigenous to Central and South America, Mexico, and West Indies. 
Extracts are prepared from the wood by hot-w r ater treatment. Ex- 
tract is sold as a thick liquid of 51° Tw. and as a solid. A chemically 
different extract is obtained from the liquid by a chemical process in 
which the coloring matter is oxidized to hematine, of which there are 
several commercial grades. These include liquid hematine extracts 
of 42° and 51° Tw., crystalline hematine paste, and solid hematine 
or hematine crystals; all of these grades are sometimes known as 
oxidized logwood extracts. The various forms are used for the dye- 
ing of blacks on wool, silk, cotton, leather, hair, straw, and wood. 
They serve also as a weighting agent in dyeing silk. 

Production in 1914 was 28,989,962 pounds, valued at $1,311,966, 
and in 1919, 32,727,000 pounds (preliminary figures), valued at 
$3,292,500. 

Imports of logwood ranged from 30,000 to 39,000 tons per year in 
the period 1910-4915. 

Imports since 1917 of logwood and of logwood and other dyewood 
extracts are given in the following table : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



LOGWOOD AND OTHER DYEWOOD EXTRACTS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 




277,748 


$45, 895 


539, 252 


62,601 


.545, 892 


50,313 


29,867 


4,992 

1 



$0.16 
.12 
.09 
.17 



$1,042 
2,022 
2.047 



Per cent. 
2.27 
3.23 

4.07 



LOGWOOD. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Tons. 
33, 168 
29, 022 
72,830 
22,655 



$776, 735 

549, 885 

2, 179, 891 

563,961 



?23. 42 
18.95 
29.93 
24.89 



Exports of logwood extracts since 1918 (calendar vears) have 
ranged from $1,355,936 in 1919 to $2,605,060 in 1920, and in nine 
months of 1921 were $436,849. 



110 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



MANGROVE. 



(See Survey A-8.) 



Description and uses. — Mangrove bark (free under par. 1563) on 
account of its abundance, wide distribution, rapid growth, and low 
cost is one of the Avorld's most important tanning materials. The 
mangrove tree occurs in the tidal swamps of tropical countries. The 
bark is brown, hard, and heavy. It has a tannin content up to 48 
per cent ; the average of commercial grades is about 35 per cent. The 
extract known as "mangrove extract" and "mangrove cutch," im- 
ported in large blocks, is of a reddish-brown color, and has a tan- 
nin content of about 55 per cent. Liquid extracts contain 25 per cent 
tannin. Extract is manufactured in East Africa, Madagascar, East 
Indies, Venezuela, and Colombia. 

Imports of mangrove extract in 1914 (only year statistics are 
available) were 1,981,266 pounds, valued at $59,899. During the 
period 1909-1913 imports of mangrove bark ranged from 12,200 to 
23,700 tons. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


1 

Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Tons. 
.1 2,363 


$96,867 

87,869 

260, 666 

118, 393 


$40.99 


1919 




1 2,523 


34.83 


1920 




6,312 


41.30 


1921 (9 months)... . 




2,192 


5'. 0] 






| 





Exports. — Not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Mangrove extract is exempt 
from duty under paragraph 624, act of 1913. 



MYROBALAX EXTRACT. 



(See Survey A-8.) 



-Description and uses. — Myrobalans (free under par. 1563) are the 
dried fruit of differeut species of Terinmalia growing in India and 
China. The most important variety is the Chebullic or black myro- 
balan. The dried fruit is hard, about 1 inch in length, and resembles 
a slightly shriveled plum. The peel surrounding the kernel contains 
most of the tannin. The extracts are used in tanning and to a lim- 
ited extent in dyeing. The liquid extracts contain 25 and 30 per 
cent tannin, and the solid extract about 50 per cent tannin. 

Production statistics are not separately given. 

Imports of myrobalans (fruit) for 1909-1918 averaged 25,302,- 
519 pounds, valued at $284,442, chiefly from India. Figures since 
1917 are given in the following table : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit valu«. 


Myrobalans (fruit): 

1918 


Pounds. 
3, 863, 382 
39, 898, 549 
47, 766, 473 
16, 944, 725 

S31,923 
2.221,201 
2, 010, 202 
1,028,960 


$90, 798 
721, 153 
728, 208 
125, 592 

19,070 
53. 221 

53, 891 
18,929 


$0.02 


1919 


.02 


1920 


.02 


1921 (9 months) 


.01 


Mvrobalaii extract and valonia extract: 

191* 


.02 


1919 


.02 


1920 


.03 


1921 (9 months). . 


.02 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Ill 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Myrobalan extract is exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624) . 



OAK EXTRACT. 



(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Oak bark (free under par. 1563) is one of 
the oldest tanning materials used for sole and heavy leathers. In the 
eastern United States oak extract is made chiefly from the bark of the 
chestnut-oak (Quercus prinus), while on the Pacific coast extract is 
prepared from the tan bark oak {Quercus densiflora) . Barks of other 
domestic oaks are used to a limited extent. The extract is marketed as 
a liquid extract, containing 25 per cent tannin, and as a solid extract. 

Production of oak extract in 1914 was 8,797,218 pounds, valued at 
$192,844. Consumption in 1918 was 3,815,056 pounds of solid oak ex- 
tract and 34,380,396 pounds of liquid oak extract. The production in 
1919 (preliminary figures) was 27,726,000 pounds, valued at $1,390,000. 

Imports of bark are not separately given. Imports of oak bark 
extract in 1914 were 143,094 pounds, valued at $6.539 ; and in 1915, 
65.293 pounds, valued at $2,628. There were no imports of oak extract 
1918-1919. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


; Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1920 




Pounds. 
50, 165 


$3, 549 
87, 101 


$0.07 


1921 (9 months) 




1.556 367 


.06 







Exports are not shown separately. 

Important changes in classification, — Oak extract is exempt from 
duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624). 



PERSIAN BERRY EXTRACT. 



( See Survey A-8. ) 



Description and uses. — Persian berries (free under par. 1563) are 
the half dried fruit of different buck-thorn (Rhmnnus) species. The 
berries are yellowish green in color, about the size of a pea and possess 
an intensely bitter taste. They are gathered in France, Spain, Italy, 
Hungary, and Asia Minor. The extract made by water treatment of 
the berries is used as a dye in cotton printing. It is also used to a small 
extent as a stain and for an artist's pigment. 

Imports during 1910-1917 averaged 70,677 pounds per year, valued 
at $8,112, yielding an average annual revenue of $1,015. Imports of ex- 
tract after 1918 are given in the following table : 



• 
Calendar year. 


j 
Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 1 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 


19191 \ 


Pounds. 
5,209 
11,357 
2,671 


$2,691 

3, 631 

426 


SO. 52 
.32 

.16 '. 


S20 
43 


Per cent. 
0.73 


1920 


1.17 


1921 (9 months) 













1 No imports of persian berry extract in 1918. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



112 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



QUEBRACHO. 



( See Survey AS. ) 



Description and uses. — Quebracho extract is prepared from a hard- 
wood tree belonging to the genus Quebrachia, found in Argentina, 
Paraguay, and Uruguay. This wood (free under par. 1563) is a 
natural monopoly of South America. The heart wood is dark red, 
dense, and is one of the hardest known woods. X cubic foot weighs 
about 78 pounds. The wood averages about 22 per cent tannin. It 
is one of the world's most important tanning assets. In 1914 que- 
bracho constituted 38 per cent of the total tanning agents consumed. 
Liquid quebracho extract contains 35 per cent and the solid extract 
about 65 per cent tannin. The extracts are sold as untreated and 
as chemically treated. The latter process increases the solubility. 

Production of extracts of quebracho averaged in the period 1914r- 
1917, 48,400,000 pounds per year, based on imports of logs. In 1919 
the output was 71,412,000 pounds (preliminary figures), valued at 
$7,123,800. As only 3,962 tons of logs were imported, this probably 
includes the imported extract, which was dissolved or chemically 
treated in this country. 

Imports of quebracho logs in the period 1908-1918 ranged from 
49,000 to 107,000 tons per year. Imports of extract in the period 
1908-1918 varied from 62,000,000 to 125,000,000 pounds per year. 
Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


QUEBRACHO LOGS. 


1918 


Tons. 
23,986 

3,962 
56,064 

6,547 


$373, 188 
, 53,679 
850, 284 
108, 119 


$15. 56 


1919 


13.55 


1920 


15.17 


1921 (9 months) > 


16.51 






QUEBRACHO EXTRACT. 


1918 


Pounds. 
131,264,979 
144,496,648 
108, 897, 440 
118,900,294 


$5,698,618 
6,902,947 
6,700,216 
5,397,612 


$0.04 


1919 


.05 


1920 


.06 


1921 (9 months) 


.04 







Exports of quebracho extract are chiefly small shipments to Canada. 
Important changes in classification. — Quebracho extract is exempt 
from duty under paragraph 624, act of 1913. 

VALONIA EXTRACT. 

(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Valonia consists of the acorn cups and 
beards (free under par. 1563) of certain species of oak. Smyrna. 
Greece, and Asia Minor export large amounts of valonia. The solid 
extract is imported and contains about 60 per cent tannin. Valonia 
and valonia extracts are used in tanning high-grade leathers of light 
color. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



113 



Imports of valonia extract are combined with myrobalan (see p. 
110). 

Imports of valonia during 1912-1915 ranged from 1,200,000 pounds 
to 6,300.000 pounds annually. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1919 i . . 


Pounds. 

1,508,849 
19,760,940 
17,495.469 


$87,098 
749, 171 
320, 303 


$0.06 


1920 


.04 


1921 (9 months). 






.02 











1 No imports of valonia in 1918. 



Exports. — Not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Valonia extract is exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 624). 



WATTLE EXTRACT. 



(See Survey A-S.) 



Description, uses, and production. — The wattle barks (free under 
par. 1563) are of abundant occurrence and are obtained from a 
variety of trees in Australia and South Africa. This- tanning agent 
is of comparatively recent development and promises to be of con- 
siderable importance. The solid extracts imported contain 60 per 
cent of tannin. 

Imports of wattle bark and extract are not separately given. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



OTHER EXTRACTS— REDWOODS. 



(See Survey A-S.) 



Description and uses. — The redwoods are divided into "soluble," 
as Brazil, Peach, Sapan, Pernambuco, and Lima wood. Brazil wood, 
the most important of this class, is imported from South America; 
the extract known as hypernic is sold as a liquid of 51° and as 
a solid. It is principally used in leather dyeing and to a small ex- 
tent in textile dyeing. 

The insoluble redwoods include sanders, cam, bar, calistur, and are 
of small importance in textile dyeing. 

Production of Brazil and other redwood extracts in 1919 (prelim- 
inary figures) was 1,553,000 pounds, valued at $246,000. 

Imports and exports. — Statistics are not available. 

OTHER EXTRACTS SUM AC. 

(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Among " other extracts " is included one of 
importance prepared from the dried leaves and leaf stems of sumac 
(free under par. 1563), a plant embracing several species of the Rhus, 
of wide distribution. Italy, United States, Greece, and Spain are 
large producers of sumac. The domestic harvest is gathered in Vir- 

82304—22 8 



114 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. 
Domestic leaf has an average tannin content of about 22 per cent. 
The imported leaf (ground and unground) comes from Sicily and 
yields a lighter colored extract. Extracts occur as liquids of 42° and 
51°, containing about 22 and 26 per cent tannin. Sumac extracts are 
used as a mordant in textile dyeing and as a tanning agent. 

Production in 1914 of sumac extract (from both domestic and 
foreign leaf) was 4,512,361 pounds, valued at $129,631 ; and in 1919 
(preliminary figures), 3,507,000 pounds, valued at $253,100. 

Imports of sumac " ground " varied from about 10,000,000 to 
20,000,000 pounds per year during the period 1909-1919. Later sta- 
tistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 





GROUND SUMAC. 






1919 


Pounds. 

9,695,500 
10,702,849 

2, 981, 500 


$385,201 

343,424 

70,643 


$0.04 ; 


Per cent. 


1920 


.03 ! 




1921 (9 months) 


.02 










UNGROUND SUMAC. 


1918 


5,727,288 
5,029,031 
2, 293, 762 


196,872 

173,276 

85,098 

28.867 


$0. 03 




1919 


.04 |.. 




1920 


.04 




1921 (9 months) . 




1, 243, 246 


.02 ' 
















SUMAC EXTRACT. 






1918 




23,706 i 2,616 

44,049 1 3,273 

1,886 203 


$0. 11 i $89 
. 07 1 165 
.11 ! 


3.40 


1920 


5.05 


1921 (9 months) 












. 



. Suggested changes. — Sumac extract is an extract of sufficient im- 
portance to be specifically mentioned, as it has been for upward of 
half a century. Its place in paragraph 36 is between ,; quebracho " 
and " valonia." 

ATX OTHER EXTRACTS. 

(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Two important natural dyes of domestic 
origin are quercitron and osage orange. Quercitron and the related 
dye — flavine — are prepared from the Dark of the black oak (Quercus 
velutina), found in the Appalachians. Osage orange extracts are 
derived from the wood of the osage orange or bowwood tree 
(Toxylon pomiferum or Machira pomiferum) occurring in Okla- 
homa, Arkansas, and Texas. These natural extracts are used chiefly 
in textile and leather dyeing. 

Production of quercitron in the period 1916 to 1919 varied from 
7.600.000 to 15,900,000 pounds (51° extract). The production of 
osage orange extract in 1919 was 4,827.701 pounds (51° extract). 
Tile output of "other natural dve extracts" in 1919 (preliminary 
figures) was 896,000 pounds, valued at $425,000, and of "other vege- 
table tanning extracts" 34,805.000 pounds, valued at $3,124,000. 



NUMMARY OF TARIFF IX FORMATION, li>21. 



115 



Imports of " extracts for tannine?;, not containing alcohol," since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 



Value. ; Unit value. .Duty. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 



ALL OTHER EXTRACTS OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN SUITABLE FOR DYEING, ETC. 
(CHLOROPHYLL, LOGWOOD, AND OTHER DYEWOODS, NUTGALLS, PERSIAN BER- 
RIES, AND SUMAC ARE SHOWN SEPARATELY). 



1918 


Pounds. 
2,889,865 . 


$234,375 
80,079 
75, 613 
27. 248 


$0.08 
.18 
.20 

• .07 


$10, 837 
1,664 
1,431 


Per cent. 
14.62 


1919 . 


443, 749 


12.08 


1920 


381, 537 


U.89 


1921 (9 months) 


390, 767 









EXTRACTS OF BARK OTHER THAN HEMLOCK. 





6,729,118 8191,584 
1,762,578 92,270 
4,497,530 2.56,037 
5,554,257 305,138 


$0. 03 




1919 

1920 


.05 

.06 




1921 (9 months) 


.05 










EXTRACTS OF WOODS OTHER THAN DYEWOODS. 



1918 


1, 668, 942 

2, 145. 120 

859, 379 

57, 508 


$67, S90 

122,204 

48,624 

2,013 


$0. 04 




1919 


.06 




1920 


.06 




1921 (9 months) ' 


.03 











OTHER EXTRACTS FOR TANNING, N. s. P. F. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months).. 


224,224 

26,354 

134,840 

8, 353, 6.54 


$7,423 

2,372 

12.830 

160,413 


$0.03 
.09 
.10 
.02 


SI, 113 

356 

1,925 


15 
15 
15 
15 









Equivalent ad valorem rate. 



Includes hemlock bark. 



Exports of "All extracts for taTininir" since 1918 ranged from 
$3,125,812 in 1918 to S5.598.131 in 1919.' During the first 9 months 
of 1921 thev were valued at $807,325. 



OTHER DYEWOODS AND ( Rl Di: TAX.\'I.\'<; MATERIALS. 

/.'// ports have heen as follows: 

Calendar year. Quantity. "\ alue. Unit value. 



DYEWOODS, OTHER THAN LOGWOOD AND FUSTIC WOOD. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Tons. 


15, 966 


922 


2.6.53 


1,258 



$401,190 
23, 286 
51,904 
29. 936 



$2.55 
2.53 
1.96 
2.38 



ALL OTHER ARTICLES IN A CRUDE STATE USED IN TANNING (HEMLOCK BARK, 
MANGROVE BATIK, MYROBOLaNS FRUIT, QUEBRACHO WOOD, AND VALONIA, 
EXCEPTED;. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months;. 



Pounds. 
?48,925 

31.748.511 737,367 .<(). 02 

48; 602, 728 ! 1,188,968 .02 

8,353.654 160,413 .02 



116 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports of barks for tanning- since 1918 have been as follows 





1918 


1919 




1921 




1920 


(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


1 i 
1 513 | 


668 
$47,741 


300 

$18, 237 


231 


Value 


$18,807; 

! 


$13,305 



Important changes in classification. — Lac dye, exempt from duty 
under the act of 1913 (par. 526), is not mentioned in H. R. 7456. If 
imported it will probably fall under paragraph 36. 



PARAGRAPH 37. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 37. Flavoring extracts and nat- 
ural or synthetic fruit flavors, fruit 
esters, oils, and essences, all the fore- 
going not containing alcohol, and not 
specially provided for, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 3. * ::; * chemical compounds, 
mixtures '■■■ ■■■ * nor -peeially pro- 
vided for in this section, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par, 21. * * * fruit ethers, oils, 
or essences, one dollar per pound: 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 



[)._■■'■ * * flavoring extracts. 
* * * 20 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * mixtures * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion. 1-3 per centum ad valorem. 
*. Par. 46. * * * fruit ethers, oils. 

and essences, * * * not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem : * * *. 

FLAVORING EXTRACTS, ETC. 

( See Survey A-14. ) 

Description and uses. — Flavoring extracts have been defined by 
the United States Department of Agriculture as alcoholic solutions 
of the flavoring and odorous principles of plants. They are ex- 
tracted from the fruits, seeds, leaves, and roots by using alcohol or 
by dissolving essential oils in strong alcohol. A second class of 
extracts consists of solutions of different synthetic aromatic chemi- 
cals which possess odors and flavors similar to the natural products. 
The Department of Agriculture requires that the latter extracts be 
labeled " imitations " or " substitutes." These synthetic chemicals 
may be coal-tar products (dutiable under par. 26), such as 
coumarin (the flavoring principle of tonka beans), or methyl sali- 
cylate (artificial oil of wintergreen) or benzaldehyde (artificial oil 
of bitter almonds), or they may be similar synthetic chemicals pre- 
pared from natural products isolated from essential oils. Other 
products, especially the so-called " fruit esters and essences," are 
made from fusel oil and other alcohols. 

The two most important flavoring extracts are vanilla and lemon, 
and it has been estimated by the Department of Agriculture that 
they represent more than 95 per rent of the domestic consumption. 
Vanilla extract alone probably constitutes between 80 and 90 per 
cent of the total. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



117 



In addition to the well-known uses of flavoring extracts in the 
home these products are extensively employed in the manufacture 
of ice creams and ices, confectionery of all kinds, fruit sirups and 
beverages, patent medicines and medicinal compounds, perfumery, 
and cosmetics, jellies and gelatin, and in many other manufactured 
food products. 

Alcoholic flavoring extracts are dutiable under paragraph 22, ac- 
cording to their alcoholic content rather than under this paragraph. 

Production. — It is not known that any natural nonalcoholic flavor- 
ing extracts are manufactured in this country. Large amounts, 
however, are manufactured from the so-called fruit esters, and the 
United States is one of the largest, if not the largest, producer of 
flavoring extracts. The production of all flavoring extracts was 
valued at $11,380,423 in 1914. Census figures for 1919 are not as yet 
available. Domestic production of coal-tar flavors during 1917- 
1919 has averaged about 600,000 pounds annually, valued at about 
$2,000,000. 

Imports of all alcoholic flavoring extracts totaled only about $4,000 
for the six-year period 191^1919, or less than 1 per cent of the 
exports. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. | Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


NONALCOHOLIC FLAVOI 


UKC, EXTR. 


>iCTS 








Pounds. 

1918 : 2,353 

1919 '_ ! 4.364 

1920 i 10^35 

1921 (9 months) 42, 116 


$6,889 
10,002 
18. 704 
24,210 




$2. 93 

2.29 

1.83 

. 57 


$1,378 
2,000 
3,741 


Per cent. 
20 
20 
20 
20 








NONALCOHOLIC FRUIT OILS 


0B. ESSENC1 


SS, K 


S. P. F 






1918 122 

1919 j 207 

1920 4,423 

1921 (9months) 1,928 


$347 
6,049 
8,347 
3,429 




$2. 84 

29.22 

1.89 

1.78 


1,210 
1,669 


20 
20 
20 
20 




.... 





/imports of both alcoholic and nonalcoholic flavoring extracts, 
chiefly to Canada, England, and Cuba, were valued at $967,421, $1,341,- 
666, $1,428,262, and $705,852 in 1918, 1919, 1920 (calendar years), 
and the first nine months of 1921, respectively. 

Important changes in classification. — Flavoring extracts not con- 
taining alcohol have been transferred from paragraph 49 (act of 
1913) and given a new provision in this paragraph along with " fruit 
ethers, oils, and essences" (par. 46, act of 1913). The term "fruit 
ethers " has been changed to " fruit esters," which is a more proper 
designation of these compounds. It is impossible commercially to 
prepare flavoring extracts from certain common fruits, and it is 
necessary to reproduce these flavors by artificial means. Therefore, a 
provision has been inserted in this paragraph for " natural or syn- 
thetic fruit flavors." (Reclassification Report.- p. 74.) 



118 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 38. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 38. Formaldehyde solution or 
formalin, solid formaldehyde or para- 
formaldehyde, and liexamethylenetetra- 
mine. 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 65. * * * medicinal prepara- 
tions not specially provided for in this 
section, twenty -five per centum ad va- 
lorem : * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 32. Formaldehyde solution con- 
taining not more than 40 per centum 
of formaldehyde, or formaline. 1 cent 
per pound. 

Par. 5. * * * medicinal f * * 
preparations. * * * not specially 
provided for in this section. 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 



FORMALDEHYDE. 



(See Survey A-2.) 

Description and uses.—^ Formaldehyde at ordinary temperatures 
and pressures is a gas, but enters commerce (1) as formalin, a water 
solution containing about 40 per cent formaldehyde, and (2) as para- 
formaldehyde, a solid form containing about 95 per cent. It is used 
as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and preservative; as a reducing agent 
in the silvering of mirrors; and. with hexamethylenetetr amine (made 
from formaldehyde), industrially in the manufacture of synthetic 
resinlike products (Bakelite, Condensite, Redmanol). 

Production of formaldehyde by three firms in 1914 was 8,426,247 
pounds, valued at $655,174. Production was stimulated during the 
war, and in 1919 had increased to 19,663,800 pounds, valued at 
$3,938,300 (preliminary figures). Formaldehyde is made by passing 
a mixture of air and wood alcohol over a heated copper gauze, a very 
pure grade of wood alcohol being used, an adequate supply of which 
is available in the United States from the wood distillation industry. 
The principal manufacturers of formaldehyde are at Niagara Falls, 
N. Y., and in New Jersey. 

Imports prior to and during the war were sporadic and negligible, 
less than 1 per cent of domestic production. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

148,798 

502 

428,444 

85, 769 


125, 548 

113 

210,191 

16,547 


SO. 17 
.23 
.49 
.19 


$1,488 

5 

4,284 




Per cent. 
5.82 


1919.... 


4.44 


1920 


2.04 


1921 (9 months). 









The maximum import since the war (1920) is equivalent to slightly 
more than 2 per cent of the domestic output. 

Exports in 1918 were valued at $866,038. about 50 per cent going to 
France and the remainder largely to the United Kingdom, Italy, and 
Japan. They increased to $2,640,225 in 1920 (calendar year), about 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 119 

50 per cent going to England. The first nine months of 1921 show a 
decrease to $275,901. The 1919 exports were one-third the value of 
the domestic output for the same year. 

Important changes in classification. — There is no apparent necessity 
for the restricting clause ; * containing not more than 40 per cent of 
formaldehyde " in connection with formaldehyde solution (par. 32, 
act of 1913). For technical reasons it is not feasible to make a solu- 
tion of formaldehyde containing more than 40 per cent by weight of 
formaldehyde. Hence the phrase was omitted. The proper trade 
name " formalin " was substituted for " formaline." 

Paraformaldehyde, or solid formaldehyde, is another important 
commercial form of formaldehyde. Because of the additional cost of 
manufacturing the solid formaldehyde from formaldehyde solution, 
the value of the solid formaldehyde is three or four times that of 
the solution. That commodity was specially provided for. (Re- 
classification Report, p. 46.) 

HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE. 

Description and uses. — Hexamethylenetetramine is an organic com- 
pound obtained by treating formaldehyde (see p. 118) with ammonia. 
When first introduced it was used under various trade names as an 
important medicinal chemical. In recent years it has assumed com- 
mercial importance for accelerating the vulcanization of rubber and 
as a raw material in the manufacture of the synthetic resin " Red- 
manol." 

Production. — Hexamethylenetetramine is obtained as a white crys- 
talline product by evaporating a solution of formaldehyde which has 
been saturated with ammonia. Statistics of output are not available, 
but it is known that production has increased greatly in recent years. 

Imports are available for 1914 only, when they were 11,470 pounds, 
valued at $21,136 — 49 per cent from Germany and 42 per cent from 
Switzerland. 

jEaj^orfo.— ^statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Hexamethylenetetramine, be- 
cause of its industrial importance, is mentioned specifically. 



PARAGRAPH 39. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 39. Gelatin, glue, and glue size, 
20 per centum ad valorem and 1£ cents 
per pound ; manufactures, wholly or in 
chief value of gelatin ; casein glue ; 
isinglass, and other fish sounds, 
cleaned, split, or otherwise prepared, 
and agar-agar. 25 per centum ad A'a- 
lorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 23. Gelatin, glue, isinglass or Par. 34. Gelatin, glue, and glue size, 

fish glue, including agar-agar or Jap- valued not above 10 cents per pound, 1 

anese isinglass, and all fish bladders cent per pound ; valued above 10 cents 

and fish sounds other than crude or per pound and riot above 2.1 cents per 



120 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

dried or salted for preservation only, pound, 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
valued at not above ten cents per valued above 25 cents per pound, 25 
pound, two and one-half cents per per centum ad valorem ; manufactures 
pound ; valued at above ten cents per of gelatin or manufactures of which 
pound and not above thirty-five cents gelatin is the component material of 
per pound, twenty-five per centum ad chief value, 25 per centum ad valorem ; 
valorem; valued above thirty-five cents isinglass and prepared fish sounds, 25 
per pound, fifteen cents per pound and per centum ad valorem ; agar-agar, 20 
twenty per centum ad valorem ; gelatin per centum ad valorem, 
in sheets, emulsions, and ail manufac- 
tures of gelatin, or of which gelatin is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, thirty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem ; glue size, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

GELATIN, GLUE, ISINGLASS, AND AGAK-AGAK. 
(See Survey A-9.) 

Description and uses. — Glue and gelatin are extracted from prop- 
erly prepared animal tissues, such as hide cuttings and bones of 
animals, and the skins and heads of fish. Glue and gelatin resemble 
each other closely in chemical nature, the distinction between them 
being chiefly a matter of quality. Broadly speaking, glue is impure 
gelatin, or gelatin is high-grade glue. 

Commercial supplies may be classified as follows: 

(a) Fish glues, made from fish skins, bones, and heads, usually 
sold in liquid form. 

(#) Bone glues, made from bones of cattle, usualty sold in solid 
form. 

(<?) Hide glue, made from untanned trimmings of skins and hides, 
ears, tails, etc. Hide glues have greater adhesive power than the 
other grades. The better grades of hide glue can hardly be dis- 
tinguished from technical gelatin. 

- (d) Technical gelatin, a high-grade product, usually made from 
hide. 

(e) Edible gelatin, made usually from hide, and conforming to 
the specifications of the Bureau of Chemistry promulgated under the 
Pure Food and Drugs Act, which require that the gelatin shall be 
clean and free from odor, that only traces of heavy metals, such as 
arsenic, copper, and zinc shall be present, and that the manufacture 
shall be carried out in a sanitary manner. 

(/) Photographic or emulsion gelatin, suitable for use in the 
manufacture of photographic plates and films. The requirements 
for photographic gelatin are more exacting than for any other use, 
requiring greater care in manufacture, so that the cost of manufac- 
ture and selling price of photographic gelatin exceeds even that of 
food gelatin. 

Glues are used primarily as an adhesive in the manufacture of 
furniture, toys, and many other articles, plywoods and veneers, 
leather belts, for the sizing of paper, for bookbinding, for fastening 
emery, sand, or other abrasives in the manufacture of abrasive paper 
and cloths. Glue is also an essential ingredient in the composition of 
match heads. Gelatin is used for stiffening straw hats and cloths, in 
the manufacture of ice cream and other food preparations, in the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 121 

manufacture of capsules for the administration of medicine, and in 
court-plasters, inks, and photographic plates, and for manj^ other 
purposes. 

Other preparations with adhesive properties like glue are loosely 
called glues — for example, marine glue, which is a resinous prepara- 
tion; starch and dextrin glues; and casein glues. The casein glues 
are the strongest competitor of gelatin glues. 

(Jlue size is made by dissolving solid glue in water, or it may be 
the water solution of glue obtained by treating the animal matter 
with water. It is used chiefly for sizing paper. 

Isinglass is a preparation of the " sound " or swimming bladder of 
the sturgeon and other fish. The principal ingredient of isinglass 
is converted into gelatin on boiling with water. Russian isinglass 
is the most valued land. It has been used chiefly for clarif 3 r ing wine, 
beer, and other liquids. 

Agar-agar, commonly called Bengal or Japanese isinglass, is a 
dried seaweed obtained largely from Singapore. It is soluble in hot 
water, and on cooling the solution forms a thick gelatinous jelly. It 
is used chiefly as a culture media for bacteria. Agar-agar differs 
from other products in paragraph 39 in that it is a vegetable, not 
an animal product. 

Casein glue is prepared from casein (par. 1598). It is of recent 
introduction, being used largely during the war on airplanes be- 
cause of its water-resisting properties. The strength of casein glue 
is equal to that of medium grade animal glues. 

Production. — The material used in the manufacture of glue may 
be divided into three classes — hide, bone, and fish stock. The glue 
made from fish stock is always sold in liquid form, and is obtained 
from these prepared materials by extraction with hot water. The 
glue solution is clarified, concentrated if necessary, and allowed to 
cake or "jell" in rectangular tanks. These cakes are then cut into 
the desired sizes and dried in an oven. The dried glue is cut, broken, 
or pulverized as desired. 

The capital of 57 establishments engaged primarily in the manu- 
facture of glue in 1914 was $17,162,000 ; output was valued at $13,- 
733,000. Of this value 80 per cent was produced in Illinois, Massa- 
chusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. Glue to the value of $5,992,- 
879 was produced hy firms engaged in other manufactures, making a 
total of $19,725,879 in 1914. The present output is estimated at 10,- 
000,000 pounds annually. Of the output of glue in 1914, slaughter- 
ing and meat-packing concerns produced 15.7 per cent and fertilizer 
manufactures 5.75 per cent. The production supplies at least 85 
per cent of the domestic consumption. In 1919, according to pre- 
liminary figures, the output of 61 establishments was valued at 
$32,084,000, or about double the 1914 production. 

Imports of glue for 1910 to 1913, inclusive, have been between 
6,000,000 and 8,000,000 pounds, increasing sharply to over 22,000,000 
in 1914. The imports decreased to about 2,000,000 pounds in 1918 
(fiscal year) . The import of gelatin prior to 1914 averaged a little 
over 1,000,000 pounds per year. In 1914 and 1915 over 2,000,000 
pounds were imported. The combined import of glue and gelatin 
in 1914 was in value 13 per cent of the domestic production. 

Imports of glue during the calendar year 1920 were largely in the 
classes " valued at not above 10 cents per pound " and " valued above 



122 



sn\L ALARY 7 OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



25 cents per pound," the imports in each class being about 1,000,000 
pounds. Imports of gelatin since 1918 have been almost wholly in 
the class valued above 25 cents per pound. In recent years imports 
of glue were chiefly from Belgium, Chile, and India, and imports 
of gelatin from the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. 

Imports of glue size since 1918 have been negligible. 

Imports of isinglass and other fish sounds between 1914 and 1918 
ranged from 11,906 pounds in 1915 to 85,896 pounds in 1914. Those 
of agar-agar from 1915 to 1918 averaged per year about 330,000 
pounds, valued at a little more than $100,000. 

Imports of manufactures of which gelatin is the component ma- 
terial of chief value reached a maximum of $492,493 in 1913. Dur- 
ing the war they were valued at less than $100,000. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



GLUE. 



1918 


Pounds. 

741, 778 

900, 047 

2, 463, 976 

2,518,666 


$173, 498 
211, 789 
590, 252 
486, 229 


$0.57 

.68 
.66 
.62 


$37, 778 
44,370 
130, 748 


Per cent. 


1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 











GELATIN. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



80, 075 

447, 565 

2, 148, 805 

1,333,611 



$31, 768 

240, 446 

1, 144, 798 

650, 420 



$0.62 
.71 
.78 
.70 



$7, 940 

60, 043 

285,640 



ISINGLASS AND OTHER FISH SOUNDS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



14, 477 

26, 118 

38, 021 

6,730 



$5, 965 

25, 885 

31, 465 

6,285 



$0.41 
.99 
.83 



$1, 491 
6,471 
7,866 



AGAR-AGAR. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



261, 594 
483, 397 
271, 440 
276, 447 



$109, 457 
264, 923 
148, 539 
107, 577 



$0.42 
.55 
.55 



$21, 891 
52, 985 
29, 708 



MANUFACTURES OF WHICH GELATIN IS THE COMPONENT MATERIAL OF CHIEF 

VALUE. 



1918 




$11,341 
19, 372 
77, 490 
23, 095 




1 
$2, 835 1 
4,843 1 
19,373 ' 


25 


1919 






25 


1920 






25 


1921 (9 months) 






25 













Exports. — The export of glue from 1910 to 1915, inclusive, aver- 
aged about 2,600,000 pounds per vear, and during 1916-1918 were 
between 4.000,000 and 5,000.000 pounds. It was iu value L.8 per cent 



SUMMARY OF TARfFF INFORMATION, 1921. 123 

of the domestic production of glue and gelatin in 1914. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow : 



1918 1919 1920 



Quantity (pounds) | 5,809,605 ! 8, 486, 167 

Value | $1,110,837 ' 81,480,777 



1921 
months) 



13,565,481 1,526,081 

$2,414,657 $300,075 



| . 

"Exports in recent years have been chiefly to Canada, England, 
and Germany. 

Important changes in classification. — Casein glue has been men- 
tioned specifically for the first time. 

In the act of 1913 (par. 34) the duty on glue and gelatin is based 
on the value of the imported product. During the times of fluctuat- 
ing prices this specification causes a change in the tariff treatment 
of the various grades and is a temptation to undervalue imports. 
It is impracticable to write a definition suitable for incorporation in 
the tariff law which would distinguish glue and gelatin. It was 
therefore suggested by the Tariff Commission that no attempt be 
made to distinguish giue from gelatin and that a compound rate of 
duty be applied to these products. This suggestion was incorpo- 
rated in H. R. 7456. 

The phrase " prepared fish sounds " in paragraph 34, act of 1913, 
was changed to ;i fish sounds, cleaned, split, or otherwise prepared " 
in order to include fish sounds so treated, which had been held 
exempt from duty under paragraph 419, act of 1913 (United States 
v. Brown, 10 Ct Cust. Appls., 47, of 1920). (Reclassification Re- 
port, p. 48.) 



PARAGRAPH 40. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 40. Glycerin, crude, 1 cent per 
pound ; refined, 3 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 24. Glycerin, crude, not puri- Par. 35. Glycerin, crude, not puri- 
fied, one cent per pound ; refined, tied, 1 cent per pound ; refined, 2 cents 
three cents per pound. per pound. 

GLYCERIN. 

(See Survey A-9.) 

Description and uses. — Glycerin is a heavy, sweet, sirupy liquid. 
The tariff classification recognizes two grades — crude and refined. 
There are, however, several divisions of these grades in commerce. 
The most important grades of the crude are " soap-lye crude glyc- 
erin," containing about 80 per cent of glycerin, and " crude saponi- 
fication glycerin," containing about 85 to 90 per cent. The two 
important grades of the refined are " dynamite glycerin " and 



124 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



" chemically pure glycerin." The dynamite grade has a slightly 
yellowish color and is obtained from crude glycerin by one purifica- 
tion or distillation. The chemically pure grade is water white and 
has been purified by repeated distillation. The largest use of glyc- 
erin is in the manufacture of nitroglycerin for making dynamite. 
It is used as a solvent, preservative, medicinal, sweetening agent, in 
nonfreezing liquids, and in the arts. 

Production. — Glycerin is obtained exclusively as a by-product of 
the soap, candle, and stearic-acid industries. The raw material for 
these industries (fats and fatty oils) contain gtycerin in chemical 
combination with fatty acids. 

The domestic production of refined glycerin in 1914 was 60,941,799 
pounds, of which 59,810,405 pounds were sold at $10,779,204. The 
domestic production of crude glycerin is less than one-half the out- 
put of the refined. The marketed crude glycerin in 1914 was 16,568, 
920 pounds, valued at $2,278,976. This does not include the quantity 
refined in the plants where produced. The marketed production in 
1919 (preliminary figures) was: Refined glycerin, 64,342,800 pounds, 
valued at $20,724,000, and crude glycerin, 21,304,300 pounds, valued 
at $2,961,600. 

Imports. — The normal imports of crude glycerin have been be- 
tween 30,000,000 and 40,000,000 pounds annually, 50 per cent coming 
from England and France. Since the war the imports of crude 
glycerin have decreased to 1,875,531 pounds in 1918. From 1910 to 
1918 the imports of refined gtycerin were very small, amounting to 
less than 500,000 pounds per vear. This indicates *that with the 
existing differential in the duties on the two grades it is cheaper 
to import crude glycerin and do the refining in this country than to 
import the refined. The imports of crude glycerin are supple- 
mentary to, rather than competitive with, the domestic product, as 
the demand is much larger than the domestic output. Later statis- 
tics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




I Equiva- 
lent value.! Duty, j lent ad 
valorem. 



CRUDE. 



1918 


Pounds. 
1,087,163 
3,564,237 

22,272,236 
2,575,315 


$467,418 

417,774 

2,912,430 

375,345 


$0.43 
.12 
.13 
.15 


-$10,872 

35,642 

222,722 


Per cent. 
2.33 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


S.53 
7.65 













REFINED 










1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months).. 





137,826 

39,059 

5,381,737 

510,171 


$78,467 

4,471 

1,170,030 

95, 104 


$0.57 
.11 
.22 
.19 


$2,757 

781 

107,635 


3.51 

17.47 
9.20 



Kj'portH in 1918. the first recorded, were 21,045,991 pounds, valued 
at $10,5R7.n: ) >l. 00 per cent going to Italy. This was chiefly a war 
condition, as shown in the following table which a'ives statistics for 
calendar years. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



125 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity 

N'alue 


pounds.. 


21.734,728 
$11,766,636 


3,963,392 
$1,190,984 


1,742,708 
$129,116 


1,136,146 
198,417 



In postwar years exports were chiefly to Japan. Canada, Chin; 
and Cuba. 



PARAGRAPH 41. 



H. R. 7456. 

Pak. -.11. Ink. and ink powders not 
specially provided for. 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 26. Ink and ink powders, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 37. Ink and ink powders, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 



INK AND INK POWDERS. 



(See Survey A-9.) 



Description ftnd uses. — The most important ink is black printing 
ink used in newspaper and book printing. It is composed of finely 
divided lampblack ground in a varnish composed of linseed oil, rosin 
oil, a drier, a thinner, and other materials such as soap. In colored 
inks for printing and lithographing the lampblack is replaced by a 
color lake, a pigment derived from a coal-tar dye, or in the case of 
some blues, by a mineral pigment such as Prussian blue. Black 
writing inks are usually composed of tannate of iron and a gum dis- 
solved in water. Blue writing inks or fluids are usually composed of 
a mineral pigment such as Prussian blue (which has been chemically 
treated to make it wafer soluble) dissolved in water and oxalic acid. 
Writing inks, other than blacks and most blues, are composed of a 
coal-tar dye and a gum dissolved in water In inks used for fountain 
pens the gum is usually omitted. Ink powders or tablets are soluble 
coal-tar dyes, and upon the addition of water form a writing fluid. 
These powders may also be used in other products where a soluble 
color is required. 

Production of writing inks in 1914 amounted to over $2,500,000, 
and printing inks valued at approximately $14,000,000 were also pro- 
duced by American manufacturers. In 1919, according to prelimi- 
narv figures, the output of writing inks was $6,434,000 and of print- 
ing ink $26,238,000. 

Imports. — The average annual import of writing inks for 1910- 
1918 was valued at $21,983 (revenue of $4,402) and of printer's ink, 
for the same period, at $11,155 (revenue $1,899). The import of 



^ 



126 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



writing and printing inks in 1914 was less than one-tenth of 1 per 
cent of domestic production. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Value. 1 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



WRITING AND COPYING INKS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$13, 363 
15, 116 
15, 505 
3.096 



Per 



$2,004 
2,267 
2.326 



cent. 
16 
15 
15 
15 






PRINTERS' INK. 



191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



n, 154 

199 

15, 228 
4,595 



S623 

30 

2,284 



ALL OTHER INKS AND INK POWDER. 



1918 


$6, 342 
8,143 

10,657 
9,176 


$951 
1,221 
1,599 


15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Quantity is not given. 



Exports of printing ink for 1910-1918 have average?! $525,106, and 
the average export of all other inks for the same period was valued 
at $242,418. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Printing inks. 


All other inks 
an dink powder. 


1918 




$1,040,882 
i;712;926 
1.892,752 
'775,127 


$448, 181 
856, 217 


1919 




1920 


936,719 
355 214 


192-1 (9 months) 







Exports of printing inks are chiefly to China, Argentina, and 
Brazil, and of all other inks chiefly to Cuba, the Philippines, and 
Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — Ink powders have been lim 
ited to those not specialty provided for; those of coal-tar origin are 
provided for in paragraph 26. 



PARAGRAPH 42. 



H. R. 7456. 

Pae. 42. Iodine, resublimed. 20 rents 
per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 27. Iodine, resublimed, twenty 
cents per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pah. 515. Iodine 
inied [Free]. 



resub- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



127 



IODINE. 



(See Survey A-9.) 



Description and uses. — Iodine, a nonmetallic element, is a grayish 
or purplish-black solid which volatilizes easily, giving off a violet- 
colored vapor. It does not occur free in nature, but its salts are 
widely distributed in small amounts and are always present in sea 
water and in some mineral springs. The principal source of iodine 
is found in sodium nitrate beds of Chile. Iodine is used directly and 
in the form of iodine compounds in medicine. The compounds are 
also emplo}^ed in photography. About 80 per cent of the domestic 
consumption is probably made into sodium and potassium iodides. 
Crude iodine is provided for in paragraph 1588, page 1335. 

Production of iodine is not commercially important in the United 
States, although small amounts have been produced from kelp on the 
Pacific coast. Exports of iodine from Chile prior to the war were 
about 1,000,000 pounds, increasing to a maximum of 3,000,000 pounds 
in 1916 and then decreasing to 2,000,000 pounds in 1918. Chile's 
potential production as a by-product of nitrate refining is three to 
four times these amounts. Output in Japan tripled from 1913 to 
484,138 pounds in 1917. 

Imports of crude iodine are chiefly from Chile. These increased 
from 195,030 pounds in 1914 to 1,726,723 pounds in 1917, but dropped 
to 200,448 pounds in 1918. Imports from Japan were 1,500 pounds 
in 1915, but increased to 53,092 pounds in 1918. Recent statistics of 
imports of crude iodine follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 




Pounds. 
391,783 

1,251,086 
291, 171 
639, 186 . 


$793,719 

2,385,226 

547,679 

1,411,533 


$2.03 


1919 




1.91 


1920 


1.88 


1921 (9 months) 


2.21 









Imports of resublimed iodine have been negligible; the maximum 
was 15,550 pounds in 1918 (calendar year), valued at $49,583. 
Etifforts. — Statistics not available. 

1 m portent cJutru/es in clarification. — Resublimed iodine is exempt 
trom duty under the art of 1913 (par. 515). 



PARAGRAPH 43. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 43. Bromine and all bromine 
compounds not specially provided for, 
10 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



I'ak. 3. * ::: chemical com- I'ak. 483. Kromin [Free J. 

pounds. * * * and salts. ::: * * Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * 

not specially provided for in this sec- compounds, * not specially 

tion. twenty-five per centum ad valo- provided for in this section, 15 per 

rem : * * *. centum ad valorem. 



128 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

BROMINE AND HROMIXF COMPOUNDS. 

(See Survey FL-8.) 

Description and uses. — Bromine is one of the chemical elements. 
It is a dark reddish-brown, highly corrosive liquid, giving off heavy, 
irritating vapors. It is produced here almost entirely from natural 
brine in connection with the salt industry. Bromine is used in the 
manufacture of certain coal-tar dyes and bromine compounds; the 
latter are employed principally in photography and medicine. Dur- 
ing the World War bromine and some of its compounds were used in 
gas warfare. 

Owing to the corrosive nature of bromine and consequent dangers 
attending transportation, it enters commerce largely in the form 
of its salts — sodium bromide, potassium bromide, and ammonium 
bromide. 

Production of bromine in the United States in 1913 was 572,000 
pounds, increased to a maximum of 1,854,971 pounds, valued at 
$1,234,969, in 1919, and then decreased to 1,160,584 pounds, valued at 
$745,381, in 1920. Germany is the only other important producer 
and prior to the war ranked first, with an output in 1912 of 1,909,184 
pounds. Domestic figures include bromine content of various 
bromine compounds, such as sodium and potassium bromide. Pro- 
duction in the United States is as a by-product of the salt industry. 
and in Germany a by-product of refining potash salts at Stassfurt. 

The output of sodium bromide from 1918 to 1920 has been around 
500 short tons, valued at $500,000. It is produced by absorbing free 
bromine in a solution of sodium carbonate. The production of 
potassium bromide in 1918 was 666,119 pounds, of which 616,232 
pounds, valued at $551,079, were sold. 

Import statistics of bromine and its compounds are not available 
except for 1914, when only 361 pounds of potassium bromide, valued 
at $200, were imported. 

Exports. — Large quantities of bromine were exported to Great 
Britain, France, and Italy in 1918 during the war, at which time 
these countries were largely dependent on the United States. 

Important changes in classification. — Bromine is provided for 
specifically in the free list of the act of 1913 as " bromin" (par. 433) . 
Because of its corrosive nature, bromine is usually shipped in the 
form of its various compounds. The provision for bromine was 
broadened by amendment on the floor of the House of representa- 
tives so as to include the various compounds of bromine. 



PARAGRAPH 44. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 44. Lead: Acetate, white. Si 
cents per pound ; acetate, brown, gray, 
or yellow, 2£ cents per pound ; nitrate, 
2$ cents per pound ; arsenate, resinate. 
and all other lead compounds not spe- 
cially provided for, 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 129 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 58. Lead : Acetate of, white, Par. 57. Lead, acetate of, white, and 
three cents per pound ; brown, gray, nitrate of, 1£ cents per pound ; acetate 
or yellow, two cents per pound ; nitrate of, brown, gray, or yellow, 1 cent per 
of, two and one-fourth cents per pound; all other lead compounds not 
pound ; * * *. specially provided for in this section, 

Par. 3. * * * chemical com- 20 per centum ad valorem, 
pounds, * * * and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem : * * *. 

LEAD COMPOUNDS. 

( See Survey A-15. ) 

lead acetate. 

Description and uses. — Lead acetate, often called sugar of lead, 
is the most soluble of the common lead salts. It is on the market as 
(1) " white " or pure acetate of lead and (2) " brown " (also " gray " 
or "yellow") acetate of lead, an impure grade of the lead salt. 
White acetate of lead is also known and sold as " crystals," while the 
brown grade is called a granular." Other qualities of both the white 
and brown acetate of lead are sold as " broken " or " broken cakes." 
Lead acetate is one of the most important of lead salts. It is used 
in the manufacture of pigments and in the preparation of alum 
mordants for dyeing cloth and some fibers; in medicine, in the 
preparation of insecticides, and in chemical laboratories as a reagent. 
The basic lead acetate is used to some extent for weighting silk. 

Production. — Lead acetate is usually made by the action of acetic 
acid upon litharge. In the production of "brown" sugar of lead, 
pyroligneous acid (crude acetic acid or wood vinegar) is used. The 
brown color is due to the dissolved impurities in pyroligneous acid. 
Lead acetate may also be made directly from metallic lead or white 
lead. Basic lead acetate is prepared by dissolving litharge in acetic 
acid. The output in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 4,183,600 
pounds, valued at $552,400. 

Imports of lead acetate prior to the war were sporadic and negli- 
gible compared with domestic production. They reached a maxi- 
mum of 128,433 pounds in 1914. During the war and through the 
first nine months of 1921 there were practically no imports of lead 
acetate. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

LEAD NITRATE. 

Description and uses. — Lead nitrate is the compound formed by 
the action of nitric acid on litharge, and usually costs more than lead 
acetate, due to the higher cost of nitric acid. It is used in dyeing 
and calico printing, for the production of mordants, in insecticides, 
in the manufacture of matches and lead chromate pigments. 

Production. — Lead nitrate is made by dissolving some form of 
lead, usually litharge, in dilute nitric acid and crystallizing the lead 
nitrate from the solution. Statistics are combined with " all other 
lead compounds," page 130. 

82304—22 9 



130 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports of lead nitrate prior to the war were less than 200,000 
pounds, and during the war years practically ceased. Since the war, 
the maximum import has been about 4,000 pounds during the first 
nine months of 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

LEAD ARSENATE. 

Description and uses. — Lead arsenate is a white, crystalline com- 
pound, which is extremely poisonous, and hence is used chiefly in the 
manufacture of insecticides. 

Production. — It is made by the action of a soluble lead salt on a 
solution of sodium arsenate, with subsequent concentration and crys- 
tallization. Domestic production in 1914 amounted to 8,641,900 
pounds, valued at $511,700. In 1919 (preliminary figures) the out- 
put was 11,465,800 pounds, valued at $2,090,300. 

Imports and exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Mentioned specifically for 
the first time. 

LEAD EESINATE. 

Description and uses. — Lead resinate is one of the most important 
of the paint and varnish driers. It is a yellowish white, poisonous 
paste, and is used also as a drier in printing inks. Contrasted with 
manganese and cobalt driers, lead resinate gives toughness of film 
with no darkening effect, rather than speed in drying. There are 
two grades, precipitated and fused. 

Production. — The precipitated grade is made by heating a solu- 
tion of lead acetate and rosin oil. The fused grade is made by heat- 
ing litharge and rosin. Since the war domestic manufacturers have 
been able to fill all demands. 

Imports in 1914 were 61,107 pounds of precipitated lead resinate, 
valued at $1,099, and 56,560 pounds of the fused resinate, valued at 
$4,799. Imports for recent years are not available, but the quantity 
has not been large. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 

ALL OTHER LEAD COMPOUNDS. 

Forty-six different lead compounds were imported during 1914, 
but only 13 of these in amounts greater than $100 in value. There 
are a few salts of lead not specially provided for in the act of 1913 
which are commercially important. Lead salts are used as reagents 
in chemical laboratories, in paint driers, and for the manufacture of 
rubber, but the quantities required are usually small. 

Production in the United States of lead acetate, lead nitrate, and 
other lead compounds for the calendar year 1914 was 7,290,936 
pounds, valued at $474,430. In 1919 (preliminary figures) the out- 
put of lead salts (exclusive of arsenate and acetate) was valued at 
$335,500. Germany, Great Britain, Belgium, and France manufac- 
ture lead salts and other lead components in considerable quantities. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



131 



Imports of all other lead compounds in 1914 were 102,899 pounds, 
valued at $9,348. Imports decreased greatly during the war, and 
since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity, j 

I 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

4,510 1 
6,970 | 
14,053 1 

275 


$242 

1,039 

2,307 

61 


$0.05 
.14 
.16 

.22 


$48 
208 
461 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 ... 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 













Exports. — Statistics not available. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 45. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pae. 45. Licorice, extracts of, in* 
pastes, rolls, or other forms, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pae. 29. Licorice, extracts of, in Pae. 40. Licorice, extracts of, in 
paste, rolls, or other forms, two and pastes, rolls, or other forms, 1 cent 
one-half cents per pound. per pound. 

LICORICE EXTRACT. 



(See Survey A-10.) 

Description and uses. — Licorice extract is a dried decoction of 
licorice root. It is sold as a " paste " in cases of 250 to 400 pounds 
and as stick or roll licorice in small cylinders 6 to 9 inches long and 
one-half to 1 inch in thickness. The paste is used almost entirely in 
chewing tobacco, and the roll and stick forms in pharmacy and con- 
fectionery. 

Production. — Licorice extract is extensively produced in Italy. 
Lesser amounts are manufactured in Russia, Spain, Turkey, and other 
European countries. It is also extensively manufactured in America 
from the imported root, and it is prepared chiefly by tobacco manu- 
facturers for their own use. American production is characterized 
by a higher type of mechanical process than that used abroad, which 
is chiefly dependent upon cheap hand labor. The root yields about 
one-fifth of its weight in extract. The production of extract in the 
United States may be estimated from the root imported to be about 
17,000,000 pounds annually. Imports of licorice extract are usually 
of a high grade, and are used mainly in pharmacy. 

Imports come chiefly from Spain. They have continued to increase 
under the successively decreasing rates of recent acts. Trade in this 
product has also grown at the expense of that of licorice root, owing 
to the greater bulk of the latter and the shipping restrictions imposed 



132 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



under war conditions. During the year 1909, when it was dutiable at 
4^ cents a pound, 520,446 pounds of licorice extract entered. For the 
years 1910-1913, at 2J cents a pound, the average annual amount was 
820,205 pounds. During the years 1915-1918, when it was dutiable at 
1 cent per pound, the average annual imports increased to 1,162,437 
pounds. Revenues have decreased with the diminution in rate. For 
1909-1913 they averaged $22,244 annually; for 1915-1918, $11,624. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918. 


Pounds. 
399, 146 

871, 178 

1,796,358 

802, 468 


8159,698 
581, 909 
730, 793 
225, 078 


$0.40 
.67 
.41 

.28 


. $3, 991 
8,712 
17,964 


Per rent. 
2.50 


1919 


1.50 


1920 


2.46 


1921 (9 months) 










Exports. — Statistics not a 1 


mailable. 











PARAGRAPH 46. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 46. Lime, citrate of, 7 cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 613. Lime, citrate of [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 41. Lime, citrate of, 1 cent per 
pound. 



CITRATE OF LIME. 



(See Survey A-l.) 



Description and uses. — Citrate of lime is an intermediate substance 
obtained in the manufacture of citric acid from the juice of lemons 
or other citrus fruits. It is used only for the manufacture of citric 
acid. 

Domestic production. — Citrate of lime is produced in California 
from cull lemons, but in amounts much below imports. (See par. 1, 
p. 13.) 

Imports for the fiscal year 1913 amounted to 5,526,954 pounds, 
valued at $756,309. Imports increased in 1916 to 8,127,364 pounds, 
valued at $1,763,652, and yielding a revenue of $81,273. Imported 
citrate of lime comes almost entirely from Sicily. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
2,961,395 
3,864,330 

12,490,196 
754,966 


$773,812 

1,583,261 

3,027,823 

116,157 


$0.26 
.41 
.24 
.15 


$29,614 
38,643 
124,902 


Per cent. 
3.83 


1919 


2.44 


1920 


4.13 


1921 (9 months) . 


i 




1 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



133 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Suggested changes. — The rates of duty between citrate of lime (7 
cents per pound) and citric acid in paragraph 1 (12 cents per pound) 
are maladjusted. Citrate of lime is a raw material used for the 
manufacture of citric acid, 2 pounds of citrate of lime being required 
to produce 1 pound of citric acid : hence a duty of 7 cents per pound 
on citrate of lime is equivalent to 14 cents per pound on the citric-acid 
content, which is 2 cents greater than the duty provided for citric 
acid. Therefore manufacturers engaged in converting citrate of lime 
into citric acid are placed at a disadvantage of 2 cents per pound in 
purchasing their raw material, as compared with imported citric acid. 



PARAGRAPH 47. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 47. Magnesium : Carbonate, pre- 
cipitated. 2i cents per pound ; chloride, 
three-fourths of 1 cent per pound : sul- 
phate or Epsom salts, one-half of 1 
cent per pound ; oxide, medicinal, 7 
cents per pound ; calcined magnes'a 
not suitable for medicinal use and cal- 
cined magnesite, including dead burned 
and grain, three-fourths of 1 cent per 
pound ; and magnesite, crude or 
ground, one-half of 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 31. Magnesia and carbonate of. 
medicinal, three cents per pound ; cal- 
cined, medicinal, seven cents per 
pound ; sulphate of, or Epsom salts, 
one-fifth of one cent per pound. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical com- 
pounds, * * * and salts, * * * 
not specially provided-for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem : * * *. 

Par. 618. Magnesite, crude or cal- 
cined, not purified [Free]. 



Par. 42. Magnesia : Calcined, 3£ 
cents per pound ; carbonate of, pre- 
cipitated, T$ cents per pound ; sulphate 
of, or Epsom salts, iV cent per pound. 

Par. 5. * * * chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * and salts, 
* * * not specially provided for in 
this secfon, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 539. Magnesite, crude or cal- 
cined, not purified [Free]. 



MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS. 
(See Survey A-10.) 

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, PRECIPITATED. 



Description and uses. — Magnesium carbonate is a white insoluble 
substance. The pure product is used in medicine, in tooth and face 
powders, metal and glass polishes, and in some paints. Crude car- 
bonate is used extensively as an insulating covering for furnaces and 
steam pipes. 

Production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 2,064,700 pounds, 
valued at $85,700. 



134 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1901. 



Imports in 1914 were 58,683 pounds, chiefly from England. They 
decreased during the war, and since then have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. Value. 

1 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 






Per cent. 


1919 


5,094 i $1,101 
14,930 1,512 
15,172 1,701 


$0.22 
.10 
.11 


$76 
224 


6.94 
14.81 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, 



Description and uses. — Magnesium chloride — an important mag- 
nesium compound— is used as a raw material for the manufacture 
of metallic magnesium, which is fast becoming of great industrial 
importance. It is also used along with calcined magnesia in making 
oxychloride cement, which serves for floors, artificial marble, and 
stucco work. 

Production. — It was not produced in this country prior to the war. 
Our needs were supplied by imports from Germany, where it is 
obtained as a by-product in the purification of potash salts at Stass- 
furt. A large production was developed in the United States dur- 
ing the war, chiefly as a by-product of the salt industry, particularly 
from the salt brines in Michigan. Statistics of production are not 
available. 

Imports for 1914 were as follows : Commercial crystals, 2,515,752 
pounds, valued at $11,233, 75 per cent from Germany; chemically 
pure crystals, 3,030,936 pounds, valued at $34,180, and chemically 
pure anhydrous, 35,438 pounds, valued at $1,513, all from Germany. 
Imports since 1918 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

13,076 

11, 200 

454, 334 

4,263,941 


$1,619 
537 

7,098 
48, 518 


$0.12 
.05 
.01 
.01 


243 

81 

1,065 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months)... 


15 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Because of its importance 
for industrial uses and the fact that it was imported in large quan- 
tities prior to the war, magnesium chloride was specially provided 
for. 



MAGNESIUM SULPHATE (EPSOM SALTS). 



Description and uses. — Magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts) is a 
white, crystalline salt which is readily soluble in water. It is used 
extensively for sizing cotton goods and for weighting silks, paper, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



135 



and leather. The purified magnesium sulphate is used in the manu- 
facture of laxative mineral water and for medicinal uses. 

Production in 1914 was 29,265,115 pounds, valued at $297,000. 
The 1919 production was double that of 1914, or 58,696,000 pounds, 
valued at $1,497,000 (preliminary figures). Some natural deposits 
of Epsom salts, which before the war could not compete with the 
imported product, are now being worked. Germany produces enor- 
mous quantities as a by-product from the Stassfurt potash deposits. 

Imports in 1914 were 13,549,599 pounds, chiefly from Germany. 
Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds 

2,045 

17, 647 

1, 803, 769 

8, 282, 870 


$196 

1,473 

66,944 

69, 221 


$0.10 
.08 
.04 
.01 


$2 

18 

1,804 


Per cent. 
1.05 


1919 


1.20 


1920 


2.69 


1921 (9 months) . 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND CALCINED MAGNESIA. 

Description and uses. — The term magnesia refers to magnesium 
oxide. The term calcined magnesia is sometimes confused with cal- 
cined magnesite because of similar chemical composition. Strictly 
speaking, calcined magnesia is restricted to those grades of mag- 
nesium oxide obtained from other magnesium salts, or by chemical 
processing of dolomite rather than to the more impure product ob- 
tained by calcination of magnesite (see calcined magnesite, p. 136). 
Magnesium oxide, medicinal, is prepared by calcination of precipi- 
tated magnesium carbonate and must conform to specifications of 
the United States Pharmacopoeia. Technical calcined magnesia is 
used largely as an insulating material. 

Production of magnesium oxide, calcined, in 1919 (preliminary 
figures) was 9,031,600 pounds, valued at $1,176,860. It is likely that 
this production was chiefly from magnesite. 

Imports of calcined magnesia before the war ranged between 
60,000 and 110,000 pounds per year. They decreased greatly during 
the war to about 12,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year). Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. \ 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equi- 
valent ad- 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

423 ; 
22,637 i 
26,859 ; 
18,992 j 


$312 
11,358 
9,093 
5,042 


$0.74 
.50 
.34 
.26 


$15 
792 
940 


Per cent. 
4.74 


1919 -. 


6.98 


1920 


10.34 


1921 (9 months) . 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Calcined magnesia (par. 42, 
act of 1913) was changed to "magnesium oxide, medicinal," because 
of the difficulty in distinguishing the technical grades of calcined 
magnesia from calcined magnesite, which is free of duty under para- 



136 



SUM MAE Y OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



graph 539, act of 1913. Under the act of 1909, calcined magnesia was 
restricted to the medicinal grade. Because of their similar chemical 
composition, calcined magnesia and calcined magnesite have been 
giAen the same tariff treatment. (Reclassification Report, pp. 52, 53.) 

Suggested changes. — Page 16, paragraph 47, line 21 : Insert " or 
calcined magnesia " after " oxide," so as to provide specifically for 
both the medicinal and the nonmeclicinal forms. 

Page 16, paragraph 47, line 22 : Insert " oxide or " before " cal- 
cined magnesia not suitable." 

MAGNESITE, CRUDE, GROUND, AND CALCINED. 

( See Survey FL-24. ) 

Description and uses. — Magnesite is a natural carbonate of mag- 
nesium. When pure it contains 52.4 per cent carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) 
and 47.6 per cent magnesia (MgO). It is harder and heavier than 
limestone, which it most nearly resembles. Calcined magnesite is a 
highly refractory material which has no thoroughly satisfactory sub- 
stitute in the open-hearth process for making steel. Caustic mag- 
nesite is the calcined product which still contains 3 to 8 per cent of 
carbon dioxide. It is used chiefly with magnesium chloride (see 
supra) in oxychloride cement for floors, artificial marble, and stucco 
work. Dead-burned magnesite has had all traces of carbon dioxide 
removed. It comes in the form of brick and grains and is used as 
lining for furnaces. We consume the largest amount, having used 
50 per cent of the world output in 1913. 

Production. — Before the war fully 90 per cent of the domestic 
supply of crude magnesite was imported. In 1917 the domestic con- 
sumption was over 355,000 tons, valued at more than $3,700,000. 
Eighty-nine per cent was of domestic origin, valued at $2,899,818 at 
the mines. A new industry was developed in Washington, while 
that of California was greatly expanded. Production in 1919 de- 
creased to 162,000 tons, due to competition from Canada, and a more 
general use of substitutes, notably burnt dolomite, in metallurgical 
plants and even in the paper-pulp trade. In 1920 there was an 
increase to 275,000 tons. 

Imports of crude magnesite are from Canada, Austria-Hungary, 
Greece, Mexico, and Venezuela. Prior to the war they were fairiy 
constant at about 16,000 tons annual ly, but in 1917 they reached a 
maximum of 89,646 tons, valued at $748,951. Imports of calcined 
magnesite prior to the war reached a maximum of 172,661 tons, 
valued at $1,731,443. They decreased to only 4,724 tons in 1917. 
Statistics since 1917 are as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Crude magnesite: 

1918 


Tons. 

•4,319 

5, 697 

29, 955 

37, 789 

17, 539 
8, 456 

13, 196 
4,697 


$71, 871 
103,311 
406, 204 
412,930 

855, 384 
270, 721 
373, 165 
179,561 


$16. 64 


1919 


18.13 


1920.; 


13.56 


1921 (9 months) 


10.93 


Calcined magnesite: 

1918 


48.77 


1919 . . 


32.02 


1920 


28.28 


1921 (9 months) 


38.23 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 137 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — (See magnesium oxide and 
calcined magnesia, p. 13.5.) 

Suggested changes. — Magnesite in any form is an earthy or min- 
eral product and not a chemical, as are the other products in this 
paragraph. Provision for " calcined magnesite, including dead- 
burned and grain | rate] ; and magnesite, crude or ground [rate]," 
might therefore be transferred to Schedule 2 and given a separate 
paragraph to follow paragraph 204. 

MANGANESE COMPOUNDS. 

Suggested changes. — Manganese resinate, of which 351,809 pounds, 
valued at $8,593, were imported during 1914, is a paint drier of con- 
siderably more importance than lead resinate (par. 44), and is not 
mentioned in H. R. 7456. It is manufactured by a large number of 
domestic concerns. Manganese sulphate, crude, was imported in 1914 
to the extent of 37,981 pounds, valued at $1,448, and is not mentioned 
in the proposed tariff. Manganese borate, of which 176,384 pounds, 
valued at $15,733, were imported in 1914, is also not mentioned in 
H. R. 7456. 

It is suggested that the following paragraph covering manganese 
salts be inserted to follow paragraph 47, covering magnesium com- 
pounds : 

Maiigahese borate. Irate]: manganese resinate. [rate]; manganese sulphate, 
Lrate] : and other manganese compounds and salts, not specially provided 
for, [rate]. 



PARAGRAPH 48. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 48. Menthol. 25 per centum ad 
valorem; camphor, crude, natural, 1 
cent per pound ; camphor, refined or 
synthetic, G cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Pak. 65. * * * medicinal prepa- Par. 43. Menthol, 50 cents per 

rations * * * twenty-five per cen- pound. 
turn ad valorem : * * *. 

Par. 12. Camphor, refined, and syn- Par. 3(5. Gums: * * * camphor, 

thetc camphor, six cents per pound. crude, natural, 1 cent per pound; 

Pak. 527. Camphor, crude, natural camphor, refined and synthetic, 5 cents 

[Free]. per pound; * * * 

MENTHOL. 

(See Survey A-10.) 

Description and uses. — Menthol, or. peppermint crystals, is a me- 
dicinal obtained from peppermint oil. The pure product is sold as 
colorless crystals; these have the odor and taste of peppermint. 
Menthol is employed chiefly in solution, including its use in various 
throat and nasal sprays, as a salve (when mixed with petrolatum or 
other greases), and in cough drops. 



138 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — Most of the menthol used in the United States is im- 
ported from Japan, notwithstanding the fact that the United States 
produces over half of the world's supply of peppermint oil. Japa- 
nese peppermint oil contains a larger proportion of methol than the 
American and European oils and is, therefore, used for menthol pro- 
duction rather than for flavoring purposes. Japanese production of 
menthol has increased rapidly from 149,135 pounds, valued at 
$275,540, in 1910, to a maximum of 497,318 pounds, valued at $958,259, 
in 1915, and since then (through 1918) has exceeded 400,000 pounds 
annually. The total exports of menthol from Japan for 1910-1917 
averaged 304,764 pounds a year. The United States has been the 
largest consumer. 

Imports. — Before 1913 menthol was not specifically provided for in 
the. tariff, but was dutiable at 25 per cent under one of the general 
clauses. In the act of 1913 a specific duty of 50 cents per pound was 
imposed. This duty was equivalent to an ad valorem rate of only 
16.66 per cent in 1914, and this reduction in rates was followed by a 
striking increase in the imports. From 1910 to 1913 the imports 
had averaged only 43,801 pounds per year and had yielded an aver- 
age revenue of $40,987. For 1914-1918 imports averaged 145,873 
pounds, and the average annual revenue for the same period was 
$74,804. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918. 


Pounds. 
150, 879 
296, 179 
205, 911 
119,686 


$412, 448 

1, 583, 430 

1, 564, 982 

661, 488 


$2.73 
1 5.34 | 
7.60 i 
4.99 


$75,440 
148, 090 
102, 956 


Per cent. 

18.29 


1919 


9.35 


1920 


6.58 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 



CAMPHOR. 



(See Survey A-9.) 

Description and uses. — Camphor is a chemical compound derived 
either from the distilled wood or other parts of the camphor tree, or 
by synthetic processes from turpentine. The act of 1913 recognizes 
the classes described as follows : 

Crude camphor is obtained by the first distillation of camphor 
wood; it contains camphor oil and other impurities and is redis- 
tilled or sublimed to produce refined camphor and camphor oil. 
Synthetic camphor is usually produced from pinene, the chief con- 
stituent of turpentine oil. 

Camphor is used chiefly in the manufacture of pyroxylin plastics 
and allied products, such as photograph films ; it is also employed in 
pharmacy and medicine, and achieved an extraordinary consump- 
tion during the influenza epidemic. 

Production. — Commercial camphor is chiefly produced by the Jap- 
anese in Formosa through a Government monopoly which practically 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



139 



controls the world trade. Formerly much exported in a crude 
condition, it is now usually refined in Formosa or Japan. Annual 
exports of Japanese camphor in recent years are estimated at be- 
tween 5,000,000 and 7,000,000 pounds, of which about five-sixths is 
from Formosa. Camphor is also commercially produced in China, 
but wasteful methods have diminished its supply. The camphor 
tree has been introduced into India, Java, southern Europe, and 
also into Florida, but without important commercial results in 
camphor production. Refining is carried on in this country chiefly by 
the manufacturers of pyroxylin plastics, the principal consumers. 
Camphor oil, a by-product of refining, is important in perfume 
manufacture. Synthetic camphor has been rather extensively manu- 
factured in Germany, and about 1907 was also produced here ; but the 
fall of camphor prices eliminated the American industry and prob- 
ably damaged that abroad. Production of synthetic camphor in this 
country was established again during the war, but was discontinued 
following the signing of the armistice, due to low prices of natural 
camphor. It is now reported (December, 1921) that production will 
be resumed again. 

Imports of crude camphor, 1909-1913, averaged 2.875,396 pounds, 
valued at $861,029. During 1915-1918 an average of 4,658,483 
pounds, valued at $1,427,311, is reported. Imports of refined 
camphor, 1909-1913, averaged 425,403 pounds, valued at $148,112; 
and for 1915-1918, 2,281,035 pounds, valued at $996,145. Insignifi- 
cant amounts of synthetic camphor were imported in 1915 and 1917. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


CRUDE CAMPHOR. 


1918 


Pounds. 

3, 474, 282 

2, 679, 320 

3, 716, 937 

961, 543 


$1, 547, 180 

2, 468, 884 

5, 012, 782 

718, 713 


$0.44 

.92 

1.34 

.75 


J34, 743 
26, 793 
37,169 


Per cent. 
2.25 


1919 


1.09 


1920 . . . 


.74 


3921 (9 months) 










REFINED CAMPHOR. 


1918 

1919 


1, 082, 184 

1, 809, 684 

941, 103 

553, 224 


$863, 381 

3, 079, 986 

1, 913, 282 

672, 403 


$0.79 
1.70 
2.03 
1.22* 


$54, 109 
90, 484 
47, 055 


6.27 
2.94 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


2.46 








SYNTHETIC CAMPHOR. 


1920 ! 


120, 320 
120, 496 


8234, 690 
17,608 


$1.95 
.15 


$6,016 


2.56 


1921 (9 months) 













No imports of synthetic camphor in 1918 and 1919. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



140 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 19^1. 



PARAGRAPH 49. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 49. O'ls, animal: Sod, herring, 
and menhaden, 8 cents per gallon ; 
whale, seal, and sperm, 10 cents per 
gallon; cod and cod-liver, 12£ cents 
per gallon ; and all fish oils, not spe- 
cially provided for, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; wool grease, crude, in- 
cluding that known commercially as 
degras or brown wool grease, one-half 
of 1 cent per pound ; wool grease, not 
crude, including adeps lanse, hydrous 
and anhydrous, 1 cent per pound ; all 
other animal oils and greases, not spe- 
cially provided for, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par, 40. Seal, herring, whale, and 
other fish oil including sod oil, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
eight cents per gallon. 

Pah. 290. * * * wool grease, in- 
cluding that known commercially as 
degras or brown wool grease, crude 
;;nd not refined, or improved in value 
or condition, one-fourth of one cent 
per pound ; refined, or improved in 
value or condition, and not specially 
provided for in this section, one-half 
of one cent per pound. 

Par. 3. * * * rendered oils * * * 
and all greases, not specially provided 
for in this section, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 34. Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents 
per gallon. 

- Par. 5S0. Grease, * * * am i ji s 
(excepting fish oils), such as are com- 
monly used in soap making or in wire 
drawing, or for stuffing or dressing 
leather, and which are fit only for 
such uses, and not specially provided 
for in this section [Free]. 



Par. 44. Oils, rendered : Sod, seal, 
herring, and other fish oil, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 3 
cents per gallon; whale oil, 5 cents 
per gallon ; sperm oil, 8 cents per gal- 
lon ; wool grease, including that known 
commercially as degras or brown 
wool grease, crude and not refined .or 
improved in value or condition, i cent 
per pound ; refined or improved in 
value or condition, and not specially 
provided for in this section, £ cent 
per pound: lanolin. 1 cent per pound; 
all other animal oils, rendered oils and 
greases, and all combinations of the 
same, not specially provided for in this 
section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. .101. Oils : * * * cod, cod 
liver, * * * | Free]. 

Par. 498. Grease, * * * and oils 
(excepting fish oils), not chemically 
compounded, such us are commonly 
used in soap making or in wire draw- 
ing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, 
not specially provided for in tins sec- 
tion [Free]. 



OILS AND FATS. 



( See Survev A-11.) 



The '"rendered oils" (animal) in paragraph 49 resemble in chem- 
ical composition and use the "expressed oils" (vegetable) in para- 
graph 50. Therefore a general discussion of these two paragraphs and 
of paragraph 1626 of the free list is desirable. 

There is no essential difference between a vegetable oil and a fat. 
Both are mixtures of chemical compounds known as glycerides, which 
are a combination of glycerin with various fatty acids, such as 
stearic, oleic, palmitic, and others. Those combinations which are 
Liquid at ordinary temperatures are known as oils, while those which 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 141 

are solid at ordinary temperatures are known as fats. Although 
most of the so-called oils are obtained either from the fruit or the 
seed of plants (for example, olive, peanut, and linseed oils), not all 
vegetable glycerides are oils; some are solid fats or butters, as cacao 
and nutmeg butter and palm-kernel and coconut oil, which, although 
liquid in tropical countries, whence they come, are fairly solid in the 
Temperate Zones. On the other hand, animals as a rule produce 
fats which are hard at ordinary temperatures (for example, lard, 
suet, and wool grease). There are, however, exceptions to this 
generalization, as fish and whale oils are liquid. The differences 
between the various fats and fatty oils are due primarily to the 
variation in the relative proportions of the fatty acids present. 
These fats and fatty oils have the following general properties and 
uses : 

(1) If of a good quality, most of them are edible, and, in fact, are 
an essential part of the diet of man and the food of animals. 

(2) Soap and glycerin are formed by the action of caustic soda or 
caustic potash on fats and fatty oils. 

(3) Some of the fatty oils when spread out in a thin layer absorb 
oxygen from the air, thereby being converted into a hard, elastic, 
waterproof film. This property accounts for the large use of oils in 
the manufacture of paint and varnish, oilcloth, linoleum, patent 
leather, and various waterproofing coatings. 

(4) The liquid oils when treated with hydrogen under suitable con- 
ditions coriibine chemically with the hydrogen and are thereby con- 
verted into solid fats, which are more suitable than the original oils 
for soap making and for food purposes, as lard substitutes, or in the 
manufacture of butter substitutes. (The manufacture of such "hy- 
drogenated " or hardened oils has developed on a large scale in the 
past decade, both vegetable and fish oils being used.) 

(5) Other minor uses include the softening of leather, lubrication, 
burning for illumination, tempering steel, manufacture of "vul- 
canized oils " used by the rubber industry, the manufacture of textiles, 
and in medicine. 

The relation between the duty on the raw material (seeds) and the 
duty on the finished product (oils) should be given attention when 
considering duties on these products. 

All fish oils of American fisheries are admitted free of duty under 
that portion of paragraph 1624 which reads : " * * * Spermaceti, 
whale, and other fish oils of American fisheries, and all fish and other 
products of such fisheries." 



Description and uses. — Chamois and similar leathers are satu- 
rated with whale or fish oil during manufacture, allowed to ferment, 
and part of the oil pressed out. The oil remaining in the leather is re- 
moved with alkali and then liberated with an acid. This recovered 
oil is known as sod oil, and in Europe as degras. It is in great de- 
mand for treating leather. 

Production. — Statistics not available. 

Imports and exports.— Combined with " other fish oils," pages 145 
and 146. 



142 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



HERRING OIL. 



Description and uses. — Herring oil is obtained from several 
species of herring,- found principally in the North Sea, near Japan, 
and to some extent in American waters. Its uses are somewhat like 
those of menhaden oil, such as a substitute for linseed oil in the manu- 
facture and stuffing of leather and similar products. 

Production of herring oil since 1912 has been as follows : 






Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


1912 


1,888,000 
1, 512, 000 
1,476,000 
1,637,000 


245, 200 
196, 370 
191, 690 
212,600 


1918 


774, 000 
1, 431, 230 
2,852,840 
1,512,073 


100,520 
185, 874 


1914 


1919 


1916 


1920 


370,500 


1917 


1921 (9 months) 2 


196,373 









1 Converted at 7.7 pounds per gallon. 

2 Preliminary figures subject to revision. 

Imports and exports are combined. with "other fish oils," pages 
145 and 146. 

MENHADEN OIL. 

Description and uses. — Menhaden oil is the principal fish oil pro- 
duced in this country along the Atlantic coast. The fish is cooked 
with water or steam and then pressed to separate the oil. The re- 
sidual press cake is sold as fertilizer. Menhaden oil is used in tem- 
pering steel and as a substitute for linseed oil in the manufacture 
of paints, patent leather, and similar products. 

Production of menhaden oil since 1912 has been as follows: 



Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


1912 


33, 009, 000 
16, 265, 000 
20, 598, 000 
18,640,000 


4, 287, 000 
2, 112, 000 
2,675,000 
2, 421, 000 


1918 


12, 370, 000 
12, 827, 541 
27, 573, 401 
21/111, 135 


1, 606, 500 


1914 


1919 


1.666,000 


1916 


1920 


3,581,000 


1917 


1921 (9 months) 2 


2, 742, 000 









1 Converted at 7.7 pounds per gallon. 

2 Preliminary figures subject to revision. 

Import and export figures are combined with " other fish oils,'' 
pages 145 and 146. 

WHALE OIL. 

Description and uses. — Whale oil is used for illumination, mak- 
ing leather dressing, and when hydrogenated produces edible and 
soap fats. In Norway hydrogenated whale oil is of great importance 
and is used in the manufacture of olemargarine. In pressing whale 
oil a by-product of stearin is obtained, which is used principally in 
the manufacture of soap and as a lubricant. 

Production of whale oil in the United States since 1912 has been 
as follows: 



Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


1912 


931,000 

632,000 

1,691,000 

1, 193, 000 


120,910 

82, 080 

219, 620 

154,910 


1918 


431,000 

8, 712, 308 

23,051,811 

1, 018, 820 


55,975 


1914 


1919 


1,132,000 




1 1920 


2, 994, 000 




1 1921 (9 months)* 


132, 315 











Converted at 7.7 pounds per gallon. 



2 Preliminary figures subject to revision. 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 11/21. 



143 



Imports in 1914 were 373,500 gallons (including some sperm oil), 
nearly 75 per cent coming from Canada. Imports increased to 
1,134,021 gallons in 1918. Imports of whale oil alone since 1918 
have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Gallons. 

318, 609 

521, 035 

86, 788 

366, 277 


$285, 347 

572, 747 

75, 176 

135, 212 


$0.89 
1.09 
.86 
.37 


$15,930 
26, 052 
4,339 


Per cent. 
5 58 


1919 


4 55 


1920 


5 77 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are combined with " other fish oils," page 146. 



SEAL OIL. 



Description and uses. — Seal oil is obtained from the blubber of 
various species of seal. It is used as a lubricant, as illuminating oil 
in lighthouses, and as an adulterant of cod-liver oil. Poorer qualities 
are used in the manufacture of soft soaps and in the leather industry. 

Production is small in the United States. There are legal restric- 
tions on the killing of seals. 

Imports have been somewhat irregular. In 1914 the import, chiefly 
from Newfoundland, was 179,734 gallons ; for 1915-1917 the average 
was about 500,000 gallons. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 

Duty. lent ad 

1 valorem. 


1918 


Gallons. 

625,839 

23, 121 

13,085 

399,010 


$647, 785 

21,598 

11,761 

109, 357 


$1.03 
.93 
.90 

.27 


$18, 775 
694 
393 


Per cent. 
2.90 
3.21 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 






I 



Exports. — Statistics combined with " other fish oils," page 146. 



SPERM OIL. 



Description and uses. — Sperm oil is obtained from the blubber and 
head cavity of the sperm whale. The head oil is considered more 
valuable than the body oil, but the two are frequently mixed. On 
standing, a solid portion separates, which is pressed out and sold as 
spermaceti. 

Arctic sperm oil is obtained from the bottlenose whale. This oil 

fums more easily than sperm oil, and therefore does not command so 
igh a price. . Sperm oil, because of its great viscosity, is valuable as 
a lubricant for light, rapid-running machinery; it is also used for 
illumination, for leather dressing, and for tempering steel. 



144 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1.921. 



Production of sperm oil in the United States since 1912 has been 
as follows: 





Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. i 


1912 


4,083,000 ; 
2,495,000 ! 
4,560,000 1 
3,567,000 

i 


559, 320 


1914 


341,790 


1916... 


624, 660 


1917 


488, 632 







Year. 



Pounds. Gallons. 1 



1918 ! 743,000' 101,782 

1919 1 649,701 ' 89,000 

1920 3, 125, 525 ! 428, 153 

1921 (9 months) 2 | 52, 421 I 7, 181 



1 Converted at 7.3 pounds per gallon. 
1 Preliminary figures subject to revision. 

1 7?i ports during 1914 were 157,142 gallons, not including that listed 
as whale oil under the old law. Imports decreased to 48,178 gallons 
in 1917 and 60,288 gallons in 1918. Imports since 1918 have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Gallons. 

60, 238 

124, 747 

99, 783 

1,739 


$70, 223 

124, 511 

98, 033 

637 


I 

SI. 16 J 
.99 i 

.98 1 
.37 


$4, 819 
9,980 
7,983 


Per ceni. 
6.66 


1919 


8.02 


1920 


8.14 


1921 (9 months). 











Exports. — Combined with u other fish oils," page 140. 



COD AND COD-LIVER OILS. 



Description and uses. — Genuine cod and cod-liver oils are derived 
from the liver of the cod, a fish found chiefly along the coasts of 
Norway, Scotland, North America, Japan, and Siberia. The best 
grades of oil are medicinal, and known as cod-liver oil; inferior 
grades, known simply as cod oil, are used in currying leather and for 
other purposes. 

Production. — To recover the medicinal oil the livers are treated 
with live steam in tin-lined vessels, causing the oil to exude. The 
large demand for oil of unobjectionable taste induced this modern 
method. These oils are by-products of the food-fish industry. The 
production of cod and cod-liver oil since 1912 has been as follows: 



Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons. 1 


1912... 




372, 000 
394, 000 
367,000 
439,000 


1 
48,320 I 
51,170 
47,663 i 
57,013 


1918 

1919 


712,000 

968, 339 

1, 470, 812 

235, 207 


92, 468 


1914 


125,758 
191,015 


1916 


1920 

1921 2 (9 months) 


1917... 


30, 546 











1 Converted at 7.7 pounds per gallon. 
1 Preliminary figures subject to revision. 



Imports of cod and cod-liver oils in 1914 were 14.198,000 pounds; 
in 1916, 10,973,000 pounds; in 1917, 16,618,000 pounds. Imports of 
cod oil in 1913 were 466,494 gallons, valued at $135,969, with a reve- 
nue of $37,319. This increased in 1918 to 1,747,791 gallons, valued 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



145 



at $1,526,332. Imports of cod-liver oil in 1913 were 262.516 gallons, 
valued at $137,872, with a revenue of $39,377. Imports are chiefly 
from Newfoundland, Labrador, and Canada. Later statistics fol- 
low : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


COD OIL. 


1918 


Gallons. 
1,007,508 
1,152,252 
1,044,624 
952,059 


$1,172,397 

1,107,221 

979,891 

361,348 


$1.16 


1919 


.96 


1920 


.94 


1921 (9 months) 


.38 








COD-LIVER OIL. 








1918 


184, 390 
235,805 
445, 167 
214,472 


$459, 840 
665, 080 
892, 965 
174,527 


$2.49 


1919 


2.82 


1920 


2.01 


1921 (9 months) 


.81 







Exports. — Included in statistics of " other fish oils," page 146. 
Important changes in classification. — Cod and cod-liver oils are 
exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 561). . 



OTHER FISH OILS. 



Description and uses. — Other fish oils include chiefly sardine and 
salmon oils, which are obtained principally as by-products of the 
fish-canning industry. The various fish oils are used extensively in 
the leather industry, some for adulterating linseed oil and others are 
hydrogenated to produce a solid fat, which may be used in the 
manufacture of soap. 

Production of " all other fish oils " since 1912 has been as follows : 



Year. 


Pounds. ! 

i 


Gallons.i 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Gallons.' 


1912 


1,001,000 
1,333,000 
1,931,000 ! 
3,078,000 j 


130, 000 
173, 120 
250,780 
399,740 


1918 


954, 000 
8, 332, 412 
7, 952, 464 
3,076,3S8 


123,900 
1,082,132 
1,032,788 

399, 530 


1914 


1919 


1916 

1917 


1920 

1921 (9months)2 









1 Converted at 7.7 pounds per gallon. 
1 Preliminary figures, subject to revision. 



Imports of herring and other fish oils, including sod oil, in 1914 
were 386,743 gallons, chiefly from Great Britain and Canada. Im- 
ports increased to 2,280,013 gallons in 1917, and decreased to 1,532,512 
gallons in 1918. Imports since 1918 have been as follows : 



1 

Calendar year. I Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Gallons. 

1,763,045 

542,112 

575,842 

149,308 


$1,197,239 

437, 836 

402, 335 

45,534 


$0.68 
.81 
.70 
.30 


$52, 891 
16,263 
17,275 


Per cent. 
4.42 
3.71 
4.29 


1919 


1920 '. 


1921 (9 months) 









82304—22- 



-10 



146 

Exports. — Exports of all fish oils since 1917, principally to Scot- 
land, Canada, and Cuba, have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (gallons) 


566,763 
$638,757 


1,085,551 
$976, 831 


428,292 
$406,966 


47,972 
$46,706 


Value 





WOOL GREASE (DEGRAS) AND ADEPS LANAE. 

Description and uses. — Wool grease is the fatty substance which is 
present in raw wool. It may be recovered either by extraction with 
naphtha or from the wool scouring by means of either centrifugal or 
acid treatment. In this country the centrifugal process is the one 
used in most plants. In the United States crude, brown wool grease 
is also known as degras. 

Lanolin, a highly purified wool grease, is a yellowish white mass 
which takes up water readily. It is used principally in pharmacy as 
a basis for salves, ointments, emulsions, and cosmetics. Crude wool 
grease is used principally for dressing leather ; sometimes as a lubri- 
cating grease; also, to some extent, in making printing ink and in 
the varnish industry. 

Production. — Complete figures for the production of wool grease 
in the United States are not available, but partial figures indicate the 
annual production to be about 10,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of crude wool grease in 1914 were 12,284,248 pounds. 
Imports of partly refined wool grease have decreased frOm 2,691,591 

Eounds in 1914 to 31,268 pounds in 1918. Imports of lanolin have 
een quite variable. In 1914 they were 91,477 pounds; in 1916, 
13,342 pounds. 

Practically all of the lanolin and most of the wool grease imported 
in 1914 came from Germany, while England sent more crude wool 
grease than any other country. In the European wool-scouring mills 
purification of the effluent is required by law ; wool grease is one of 
the products of this process. 

Imports since 1918 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



WOOL GREASE, CRUDE. 



1918 


Pounds. 
1,051,118 
249,320 
4,067,303 
1,953,578 


$135,507 

27, 562 

214, 588 

69,955 


$0.13 
.11 
.05 
.04 


$2,628 

623 

10, 168 


Per cent. 
1.94 


1919 


2.26 


1920 


4.74 


1921 (9 months) 










WOOL GREASE, REFI 


NED OR IMPROVED 11 


* CONDITION. 




1918 


50 
44,685 
20,402 
57, 874 


$3 
1,702 
1,332 
3,370 


$0.06 
.03 
.06 
.06 




8.33 


1919 


$223 

102 


13.13 


1920 


7.66 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
LANOLIN. 



147 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent a<] 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,310 

18 

2,891 

1,544 


$316 

7 

604 

244 


$0.24 
.39 
.21 
.16 


" $13.00 

.18 

29.00 


Per cent. 
4.15 


1919 


2.57 


1920 


4.79 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913, in addition 
to a provision for " wool grease, crude," contains two other pro- 
visions for " refined or improved in value or condition " and " lano- 
lin." The provision for the intermediate grade between crude wool 
grease and lanolin has been omitted, as it is of small commercial im- 
portance. The term " adeps lanae, hydrous and anhydrous," has 
been substituted for " lanolin," which was found to be too restricted 
in its application to include all the highly purified forms of wool 
grease used in the pharmaceutical trade. (Reclassification Report, 
pp. 55, 56.) 



OTHER ANIMAL OILS AND GREASES. 



Imports since 1918 have been as follows : 




OTHER RENDERED OILS AND COMBINATIONS. 



1918... 


Gallons. 

20, 518 

11,350 

3,447 

816 


$20, 107 
8, 452 
2,081 
1,688 


$0.98 

.74 

.60 

2.07 


$3,016 

1,268 

312 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









OTHER GREASES, n. s. P. p. 



1918 

1919... 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



2,700 

9,076 

27.511 



843, 262 

620 

1.708 

2,146 



S6,489 

$0.23 ' 93 

. 20 256 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for all combi- 
nations of animal oils (par. 44, act of 1913) has been omitted from 
this paragraph and given separate treatment in paragraph 53, H. R. 
745G. Grease and oils such as are commonly used in soap making and 
wire drawing or for .stuffing or dressing leather, exempt from duty 
under the act of 1913 (par. 498), will probably fall under the pro- 
vision in this paragraph for " other animal oils and greases." 

Suggested changes. — Add " fats " to the last provision, making it 
read u all other animal oils, greases, and fats." 



148 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 50. 



H. B. 7456. 

Par. 50. Oils, expressed or extracted : 
Castor oil, 4$ cents per pound ; cotton- 
seed' oil, coconut oil, and soya-bean oil, 
2 cents per pound; heinpseed oil, 1£ 
cents per pound; linseed or flaxseed 
oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, 2£ cents 
per pound ; olive oil, weighing with the 
immediate container less than forty- 
four pounds, 7^ cents per pound on 
contents and container; olive oil, not 
specially provided for, 6* cents per 
pound ; peanut oil, 2| cents per pound ; 
poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized. 
2 cents per pound ; rapeseed oil, 1| 
cents per pound; all other expressed 
and extracted oils, not specially pro- 
vided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 33. Castor oil, thirty-five cents 
per gallon. 

Par. 35. Flaxseed, linseed, and poppy- 
seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, 
fifteen cents per gallon of seven and 
one-half pounds weight. 

Par. 37. Hempseed oil, ten cents per 
gallon ; rapeseed oil, ten cents per gal- 
lon. 

Par. 38. Olive oil, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, forty cents 
per gallon; in bottles, jars, kegs, tins, 
or other packages, containing less than 
five gallons each, fifty cents per gallon. 

Par. 293. * * * refined deodor- 
ized cocoanut oil, * * * three and 
one-half cents per pound. 

Par. 639. Oils: * * * cocoanut 
(not refined and deodorized), cotton- 
seed, * * * nut oil or oil of nuts, 
soya-bean, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 3. * * * expressed oils, 
* * * and all combinations of the 
foregoing, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 580. * * * oils (excepting 
fish oils), such as are commonly used 
in soap making or in wire drawing, or 
for stuffing or dressing leather, and 
which are fit only for such uses, and 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 45. Oils, expressed : * * * 
castor oil, 12 cents per gallon ; flax- 
seed and linseed oil, raw, boiled, or 
oxidized, 10 cents per gallon of 7£ 
pounds ; poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled, or 
oxidized, rapeseed oil. and peanut oil, 8 
6 cents per gallon ; hempseed oil, 3 
cents per gallon ; * * . * olive oil, 7 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 20 cents per gallon ; olive oil, 7 in 
bottles, jars, kegs, tins, or other pack- 
ages having a capacity of less than 
five standard gallons each, 30 cents per 
gallon ; all other expressed oils and 
all combinations of the same, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 232. * * * refined deodor- 
ized coconut oil, * * * 3* cents 
per pound. 

Par. 561. Oils : * * * coconut, 8 
* * * cottonseed, s * * * soya- 
bean, 8 * * * [Free]. 

Par. 498. * * * oils (excepting 
fish oils), not chemically compounded, 
such as are commonly used in soap 
making or in wire drawing, or for 
stuffing or dressing leather, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section 
[Free]. 



6 Emergency tariff act of 1921, par. 11 : 26 cents per gallon. 

7 Emergency tariff act of 1921, par. 11 : 40 cents per gallon 
gallon in containers of loss than 5 gallons. 

8 Emergency tariff act of 1921, par. 11 : 20 cents per gallon. 



in bulk. ."i0 cent* nor 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



149 



EXPRESSED OR EXTRACTED OILS. 

(See Survey A-ll.) 
(For a general discussion of Oils and Fats see p. 140.) 

CASTOR OIL. 

Description and uses. — Castor oil is obtained from castor beans, 
which are assessed a duty of one-half cent per pound (par. 760) . On 
large-scale crushing about 45 per cent of the weight of the seed is 
obtained as castor oil. 

The principal use of castor oil prior to the war was in the manu- 
facture of alizarin assistants. It is also used as a purgative in medi- 
cine, in the manufacture of transparent soaps, and as a leather dress- 
ing. In India the oil is largely employed as a lubricant for locomo- 
tive bearings. It is also used lor lubricating marine engines, for the 
manufacture of blended lubricating oils, and during the war it was in 
great demand for use as a lubricant for high-speed airplane motors. 

In the preparation of the medicinal oil the outer shell of the bean 
is removed, and the kernels which remain are cold pressed. The cake 
from this expression is pressed a second and third time, and the oil 
obtained is used for technical purposes. The cake or meal, known as 
castor pomace, contains a poisonous substance, preventing its use for 
cattle feed, but it is a good fertilizer. 

Domestic production from 1912 has been as follows: 





Year. 


Pounds. 


Year. 


Pounds. 


1912 




23,359,000 

..... 20,423,000 

1 22,766,000 

i 22,902,000 


1918 


14,184,000 


1914... 


1919 


24,637,203 


1916 


1920 


24,187,085 


1917 


19211 (9 months) 


13,966,449 









1 Preliminary, subject to revision. 

Im.ports were less than 10,000 gallons prior to 1914, but increased 
in that year to about 190,000 gallons, valued at about $88,000, yield- 
ing a revenue of about $23,000. ijSince 1915 the imports have in- 
creased gradually until in 1918 (fiscal year) they reached 1,175,064 
gallons, valued at $1,366,573, and yielded a revenue of $141,008. 
The imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 
Duty. lent ad 
valorem . 


1918 


Gallons. 

1,097,544 

375,033 

171,482 

16,183 


$1,518,042 
504,969 
209,384 
24,128 


$1.38 
1.34 
L22 
1.49 


Per cent. 
$131,705 8.68 


1919 


45,004 : 8.91 
20 578 9 83 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



150 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



COTTONSEED OIL. 



Description and uses. — Cottonseed oil is the most widely used vege- 
table oil, due to its suitability for both table and cooking purposes 
and to the fact that it forms the bulk of lard substitutes and is used 
in large quantities in oleomargarine, in soap, and for other tech- 
nical purposes. In 1917 the lard-substitutes industry consumed 
1,069,214,000 pounds; the soap industry, 126,390,000 pounds; and the 
oleomargarine industry, 68,652,000 pounds of cottonseed oil. Its use 
for lard substitutes represented about 80 per cent of the total output 
in 1917. 

Production of cottonseed oil depends on the cotton crop and not 
on the demand for the oil. To secure the oil the seed is first screened 
and sieved to remove foreign material and passed through delinters 
to remove short cotton hairs. These linters are sold to mattress 
makers, paper makers, or guncotton manufacturers. The seeds are 
then hulled to separate the outer shell, thus liberating the soft oil- 
containing meats, which are heated and pressed in either hydraulic 
or expeller presses. The residual cake is a valuable cattle feed and 
fertilizer. Production since 1912 has been as follows : 



Year. 


Pounds. 


Year. 


Pounds. 


1912 


1, 435, 401, 000 
1, 789, 777, 000 
1,492,430,000 
1,343,849,000 


1918. 


1,283,823,000 
1, 430, 002, 962 


1914 


1919 


1916 


1920 


1,141,389,742 
779, 049, 528 


1917. 


1921 (9 months) i 









* Preliminary, subject to revision. 



Imports of cottonseed oil in 1914 were 17,293,201 pounds, valued 
at $1,044,834, about 54 per cent fr,om China. Imports since 1917, 
chiefly from China, Japan, Hongkong, and Canada, have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value 


1918 


Pounds. 

18,967,857 

27,805,784 

9,457,924 

668, 386 


$2,282,441 

3,672,984 

1, 305, 154 

58, 166 


$0.12 


1919 . 


.13 


1920 . 


.14 


1921 (9 months) 


.09 







Exports have been from seven to ten times the imports. Exports 
in 1912 were 28 per cent and in 1918 about 8 per cent of domestic 
production. Normal prewar exports reached over 300,000,000 pounds 
in 1913; they were 192,963,079 pounds in 1914; 318,366,525 pounds, 
valued at $21,872,948 in 1915. Forty per cent of the 1918 exports 
went to Canada ; normally, the bulk goes chiefly to Europe. Exports 
since 1917, for calendar years, have been as follows: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



119,067,376 
$23, 184, 329 



1919 



193, 133, 201 
$40, 890, 268 



1920 



184,753,824 
$34,874,790 



1921 
(9 months). 



220,275,089 
$21,503,175 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



151 



Important changes in classification. — Cottonseed oil was on the 
free list of the act of 1913 (par. 561) ; it is now dutiable under the 
emergency tariff act of 1921 (par. 11). 



COCONUT OIL. 



Description and uses. — Coconut oil, extracted from the kernel of 
the coconut, at ordinary temperature is a solid fat, but melts to an 
oil with a slight increase of temperature. The dried kernel is known 
as copra. This is shipped in large quantities and the oil then ex- 
tracted. The coconut palm flourishes in most tropical countries. 
Coconut oil goes mainly into soap, and .is also used as a food in cer- 
tain butter substitutes and cooking fats. It is also used in pharmacy 
as a substitute for cod-liver oil and as a base for ointments. The pulp 
from which the oil has been expressed is a cattle feed. 

Production. — Large quantities of oil are extracted from imported 
copra, which comes chiefly from the Dutch East Indies, the Straits 
Settlements, and the Philippines. The output since 1912 has been 
as follows : 



Year. 


II 
Pounds. Year. 


Pounds. 


1912 ' 




1 
31 729 000 1918 ' 


341,235,000 


1914 


38 272 000 '' 1919 . . 


215,542,157 
131,218,048 
77,400,782 


1916 


104 727 000 il 1920 '. 


1917 


188,488,000'] 1921 2 (9 months) 



i figures from 1912 to 1918 are for edible and inedible oil. 
* Preliminary, subject to revision. 



Those for later years are for crude coconut oil. 



Imports of coconut oil have increased greatly since 1914. Pre- 
ceding 1914 the imports averaged about 50,000,000 pounds annually. 
In 1914 they were 74,386,213 pounds. 

Imports since 1917, chiefly from the Philippine Islands, Dutch 
East Indies, and Cuba, have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
359,196,590 
281, 063, 213 
214,014,521 

77, 636, 349 


44, 562, 715 

35, 380, 099 

32, 812, 428 

7,596,708 


$0.12 


1919 


.16 


1920 ..'. 


.15 


1921 (9 months.) 


.10 







Exports. — The exports of coconut oil since 1918 have been mainly 
to Canada, Netherlands, and Belgium, and were as follows: 



Quantity (pounds) 
Value 



1919 



118,611,743 
$24,601,143 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



25,694,794 5,761,005 
$4,908,443 $541,461 



Last six months, not previously shown. 



Important changes in classification. — Coconut oil was exempt from 
duty under the act of 1913 (par. 5G1) ; it is dutiable under the emer- 
gency tariff act of 1921 (par. 11). 



152 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SOYA-BEAN OIL. 



Description and uses. — This oil is expressed from the seeds of a 

flant indigenous to China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Formosa, and 
ndo-China. There are many varieties of these beans with varying 
oil content, but the average is about 18 per cent, the oil extracted 
ranging from 10 to 13 per cent. Previous to 1908 this oil was not 
much used here or in Europe. It is a semi-drying oil used in paint 
either as a substitute for or mixed with linseed oil. Its greatest use 
is in soap making, for which it has largely replaced cottonseed oil, but 
the purified oil is edible. After the oil is expressed the cake becomes 
a feed for dairy cattle or a fertilizer. 

Production of soya beans has increased greatly, but only a small 
portion of the crop is used for oil. In 1915 approximately 100,000 
bushels of American-grown beans were pressed for oil. The domestic 
output of oil (inedible and edible) increased from 2,761,000 pounds 
in 1914 to 42,074,000 pounds in 1917 and 79,861,000 pounds in 1918. 
Eeports of the Bureau of the Census show that no crude soya-bean oil 
has been produced either from domestic or imported beans in this 
country from 1919 to September 30, 1921, inclusive. The oil is 
imported in the crude state and refined in this country. 

Imports have increased from 16,360,452 pounds in 1914 to 336,- 
824,646 pounds in 1918, the great bulk coming from China and Japan. 
Imports since 1917, almost wholly from Kwangtung, China proper, 
and Japan, have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
343, 358, 948 
195,808,421 
112, 549, 075 

16,342,321 


839, 309, 261 

24, 019, 226 

13, 767, 917 

677, 328 


*0.11 


1919 


.12 


1920 


.12 


1921 (9 months) 


.04 







Exports. — Exports since 1918, chiefly to Italy, France, and Aus- 
tria, have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 



1919 (last 6 months) 
1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 
27,714,764 
43, 511, 862 
1,933,746 



Value. 



$6,097,692 

9, 412, 431 

176, 296 



Important chamges in classification. — Soya-bean oil was exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 561) ; it is dutiable under the 
emergency tariff act of 1921 (par. 11). 



HEMPSEED OIL. 



Description and, uses. — This oil is obtained from the seeds of the 
hemp plant, cultivated in France, Belgium, Germany, northern Italy, 
Turkey, Algeria, North America, India, Manchuria, and Japan. The 
yield is about 30 per cent. Hempseed oil is used principally in paint. 
It is a drying oil, but does not have the pronounced drying proper- 
ties of Jinseed oil. It is also used for making a soft soap of a dark- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



153 



green color. The low-grade oils are used for certain varnishes. The 
press cake contains sharp bits of shell which make it unfit for cattle 
feed. 

Production. — Figures for the domestic production of hempseed oil 
are not available. Some hemp is raised in this country, principally 
for its fiber ; probably little of the oil is expressed. 

Imports in 1910 were 471,002 gallons, valued at $151,866; they were 
insignificant for 1914-1917. Later statistics folloAv : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Gallons. 
124, 401 
183, 926 
61,010 

8 


$120,589 

173,539 

61,006 

13 


$0.97 

.94 

1.00 

1.62 


$3,732 
5, 518 
1,830 


Per cent. 
3.09 


1919 


3.18 


1 920 


3.00 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 



LINSEED OR FLAXSEED OIL. 



Description and uses.— Linseed oil belongs to the class known in 
the paint and varnish industry as drying oils. It is very satisfactory 
for the purpose, and this accounts for the fact that in the calendar 
year 1914 that industry alone consumed 24,481,623 gallons of lin- 
seed oil, costing over $12,000,000. Linseed oil is also used in the 
manufacture of soaps, lithographic inks, linoleum, oilcloth, and pat- 
ent leather. It is the best oil for making putty and enters into the 
manufacture of the so-called " vulcanized oils." Cold-pressed linseed 
oil has a pleasant taste, and considerable quantities are used for 
edible purposes in Russia, Hungary, Germany, and India. 

Boiled linseed oil is one to which certain quantities of lead or 
manganese oxides have been added and dissolved by heat. Other 
substances, such as resinates, oleates, and linoleates of various metals, 
are also used. 

High prices during the war induced the substitution of other drying 
oils for linseed oil, especially in the paint industry, where soya bean, 
menhaden, perilla, and China-wood oil have been used to an ap- 
preciable extent, the last-named most extensively as an improvement 
on linseed oil in certain varnishes. 

Production. — Flaxseed, from which linseed oil is obtained, and flax 
fiber, from which linen is made, are both from the flax plant. It 
can not, however, be grown for both fiber and seed at the same time. 
If harvested at a time to yield fiber, the seeds are immature and use- 
less for oil production. If harvesting is delayed until the seeds are 
ripe enough to yield oil, the stalks are no longer suitable for the 
recovery of the fiber. The principal countries in which the flax plant 
is grown for the seed are Argentina, India, the United States, Canada, 
and Russia. The oils expressed from the Russian and Indian seeds 
are superior to those obtained from the American and Argentine 
seeds. However, seed grown in Canada from imported Russian flax- 
seed yields an oil equal in quality to the Russian oil. 



154 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The oil is obtained by three different methods known as hot-pressed, 
cold-pressed, and extraction. All of the flaxseed oil produced in 
the United States is hot-pressed in hydraulic presses. The oil ob- 
tained by the pressing process is usually refined by treatment with 
strong sulphuric acid. The refined oil is similar to the crude oil in its 
properties, except that it is less viscous and lighter colored. The press 
cake or residue is a valuable cattle feed. 

The average yield is about 2.5 gallons of oil per bushel of seed. 
The duty on flaxseed under H. R. 7456 is 25 cents per bushel of 
56 pounds. This is equivalent to a duty of 1.33 cents per pound 
(7J pounds per gallon) on the oil content as against 2 J cents per 
pound on linseed oil. This gives a differential of 1J cents per pound 
of oil in favor of the domestic crusher. 

The domestic production of linseed oil since 1912 has been as 
follows : 



Year. 


Pounds. 


Year. 


Pounds. 


1912 


461, 656, 000 i 
507,422,000 j 
531,586,900 
482,199,000 


1918 


375, 452, 000 
452,927,798 
485,271,517 
345, 283, 876 


1914 


1919 


1916 


1920 


1917 


1921 (9 months) l 









1 Preliminary, subject to revision. 



Imports of linseed oil prior to the war decreased from 3,958,961 
gallons in 1911 to 172,522 gallons in 1913. The maximum imports 
between 1913 and 1918 were 535,601 gallons in 1915, valued at $248,- 
344, and yielding a revenue of $53,560. Imports since 1917, cniefly 



from England 
follows : 



Netherlands, Japan, and Belgium, have been as 



Calendar year. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity. 



Gallons. 

45, 620 
2, 135, 706 
4, 693, 410 
3, 116, 411 



Value. 



$51, 876 
3, 018, 725 
6, 488, 817 
1, 589, 249 



I 

Unit value. Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



$1.14 

1.41 

1.38 

.51 



Per cent. 

$4,562 ; 8.79 

213,571 i 7.07 

469,341 ; 



7.23 



Exports of linseed oil since 1914 have been about 1,200,000 gallons, 
with the exception of 1916, when the export was only about 700,000 
gallons. Previously the export was only about 200,000 gallons per 
year, except in 1913, when over 1,700,000 gallons were exported. 
The quantity of exported linseed oil made from imported flaxseed 
and on which a drawback is paid has varied greatly. In 1915 a 
drawback of $115,649 was paid on 533,023 bushels of imported flax- 
seed, from which were produced and exported 1,585,081 gallons of 
linseed oil. Exports (for calendar years) since 1917, mainly to Cuba, 
Mexico, and Canada, have been as follows : 



Quantity (gallons) . 
Value 



1918 



774, 192 
$1, 182, 054 



1919 



1, 502, 178 
$2, 606, 885 



1920 



715, 450 
$1, 239, 633 



1921 
(9 months). 



376, 651 
$334, 393 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 155 



OLIVE OIL. 



Description and uses. — Olive oil is the oil obtained from the fruit 
of the olive tree. Its chief use is as a salad oil, but large quantities 
of inferior grades and second pressings (olive-oil foots) are used for 
making castile soap. 

Production, — California produces practically the entire domestic 
supply of olive oil, and this supply — 966,000 pounds in 1912 and 
1,461,000 pounds in the record year, 1916 — is only about 2 per cent of 
the consumption. Approximately 40 per cent of the olive crop is 
crushed for oil, nearly all of the balance being subjected to the pick- 
ling process, which produces the familiar ripe olive. Special varie- 
ties are cultivated for pickling and for oil, the latter usually being 
grown without irrigation. The culls and injured stock of the pickling 
varieties are also used for oil. While the area in olives in the year 
1916 (36,800 acres) was about double that of four years before, this 
increase is almost entirely in the pickling varieties. According to 
testimony submitted by growers at hearings before the Tariff Com- 
mission (1918) the average price received for oil olives on trees was 
$42.50 per ton for the period 1915-1917, and the price received for 
pickling olives was $110 per ton. This is offset by a considerable 
difference in costs of production. Partly because of fluctuation in 
the quality of the crop, and also because the olive tree usually alter- 
nates heavy and light yields, the annual output varies considerably. 

Processes. — The fleslry part of the olive contains the oil. The fruit 
is ground, usually pits and all. and the oil expressed by hydraulic 
pressure. The residue' is again ground and pressed for an inferior 
grade of oil, and the pomace sometimes subjected to a third pressing, 
which produces " foots oil,-' used in the United States for industrial 
purposes, and provided for in the free list of the tariff act of 1913 
(par. 56i). The edible oil is then placed in tanks and cured in 
order to eliminate the tannic acid with which it is highly charged. 
While two or three years are generally allowed for the curing process 
in Europe, in California it has not been profitable to age the product 
for more than a year. This difference in the aging or curing process 
gives rise to differences in quality, the heavier foreign oils being 
usually preferred to the more bitter domestic product. Ordinarily 
the domestic oils are not shipped east of Chicago, because of freight 
charges and the competition of the foreign oils. In California the 
pickling of ripe olives and oil processing is carried on by specially 
equipped packing plants: in the Mediterranean countries olives are 
usually grown in small groves and cured or pressed on a household 
basis, the product being sold to brokers at gathering stations. 

Imports of edible olive oil have increased rapidly, in 1907 amount- 
ing to over 3,100,000 gallons (of 7.56 pounds), and in 1917 to over 
7,700,000 gallons. The duties collected ranged between $1,500,000 and 
$2,200,000 annually. In 1907 about 75 per cent of the imports were 
dutiable at the higher rate applying on shipments in containers of 
less than 5 gallons; by 1917 this proportion had dwindled to about 
40 per cent. Imports since 1917, chiefly from Spain, Italy, France, 
and Belgium, have been as follows : 



156 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 


IN BOTTLES, ETC., CONTAINING LESS THAN 


5 GALLONS. 




1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Gallons. 

125, 138 
1,061,684 
1,616,209 
2, 211, 701 


$291, 463 

. 2, 691, 722 

5,273,582 

5,229,375 


$2. 33 
2.54 
3.26 
2.36 


$37, 541 
318, 505 
484, 863 


Per cent . 
12.88 
11.83- 
9.19 








ALL 


OTHER OLIVE OIL. 






1918 

1919 

1920..' 

1921 (9 months).. 


84, 707 
7, 240, 206 
2, 454, 810 
2, 751, 545 


$214,741 
13,676,263 
6, 292, 861 
4, 858, 357 


$2.54 
1.89 
2.56 
1.77 


$16, 941 

1, 448, 041 

490, 962 


7.89' 
10. 59 
7.80 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

PEANUT OIL. 

Description and uses.-^-T\ns oil, which is also known as arachis 
oil, earthnut oil, and groundnut oil, is obtained from the peanut. 
The nuts contain from 38 to 50 per cent of oil, and yield about 30 
per cent on pressing. The United States and China probably lead 
in the production of peanuts, although large quantities are also pro- 
duced in Africa, Argentina, the East Indies, Japan, Java, Sicily, 
and Spain. 

The finest oil is cold pressed, though a much larger yield can be 
obtained by hot pressing. The cold-pressed oil needs no refining if 
made from good, clean nuts. It is used as a salad oil, as an adulter- 
ant for olive oil, as an ingredient of margarine, and for soap making. 
The cake from which the oil is expressed makes an excellent cattle 
feed; if high-grade blanched nuts are used, it can be ground and 
used with wheat flour for certain kinds of bread. 

Production. — The cultivation of peanuts and the expression of 
edible oils are increasing in the United States, especially in districts 
where ravages of the cotton boll weevil have been especially severe. 
More peanuts are crushed and more oil extracted in Marseille. 
France, than elsewhere in the world, about 15,500,000 gallons of 
edible oil and 23,000,000 gallons of inedible oil being produced in 
1912. 

The output in the United States since 1911 has been as follows: 



Year. 



Pounds. 



Year. 



1912 i. 
1914.. 
1916.. 
1917.. 



454, 000 

1,008,000 

28,534,000 

50,499,000 



19181 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 



95,934,000 
87, 6(K>, 844 
13.0S5.262 
28,291,836 



i Figures for 1912-1918 arft for edible and inedible oil. Those for later years are for "Virgin and crude" 
peanut oil. 
2 Preliminary, subject to revision. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 157 

Imports prior to 1915 far exceeded the domestic production. The 
imports for 1914 were 1,332,108 gallons, France supplying more than 
an}' other country, Germany ranking second. In 1916 imports 
amounted to 1,466,043 gallons and in 1917 to 3,018,468 gallons. 
Lately China has entered the market and is shipping large quantities 
of a rather poor grade to this country. Imports since 1917, chiefly 
from Japan, China, Hongkong, and the Philippines, have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Fnit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 


Gallons. 

9.110,901 

20 520 95S 


$8. 498, 308 

21.981,678 

16,991,731 

209, 148 


$0.93 
1.07 
1.31 
.81 


$546, 654 

1,231,257 

760, 605 


Per cent. 
6.43 
5.60 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


12, 676. 743 

259. 078 


4.48 









Exports of peanut oil, which since 1918 have gone largely to Eng- 
land. France, and Norway, have been, by calendar years, as follows: 



Quantity (pounds) . 
Value..*. 



1919' 1920 



4,341,803 
$1,043,117 



1,425,225 
$291,257 



1921 
(9 months). 



1,253,999 
$132,379 



1 Last 6 months. 

POPPY- SEED OIL. 



Description and uses. — Poppy-seed oil is obtained from the seed 
of two different varieties of the plant. The seeds are dutiable at 32 
cents per 100 pounds (par. 760, H. R. 7456). 

There are two grades of poppy-seed oil on the market. One, a 
cold-drawn oil obtained from the first pressing of the seeds, is almost 
colorless and is known in commerce as white poppy-seed oil; the 
other, which is obtained from a second pressing of the seed at a 
higher temperature, is inferior in quality and is known commer- 
cially as red poppy-seed oil. The best grade is used for edible 
purposes, chiefly as salad oil, and in the preparation of the finest 
artist's paint. The lower grade is used in the manufacture of potash 
soaps and is added to olive oil in manufacturing castile soap to make 
it "softer." Poppy-seed oil is often adulterated with sesame oil, 
and in turn is used to adulterate olive oil and bitter-almond oil. 

Production. — The poppy plant is grown to a large extent in Asia 
Minor. Persia, India. Egypt, the southern part of Russia, and in the 
north of France. The Levant seeds are preferred to the Indian 
seeds, as they yield, when pressed twice on a large scale, 39 to 40 per 
cent of oil as against 36 to 38 per cent from the Indian seeds. The 
oil is produced in a manner similar to other vegetable oils. By far 
the largest quantity of seed is crushed in France, although poppies 
i\ re cultivated in California for this purpose. 



158 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



Imports. — The maximum import of poppy-seed oil was in 1911 and 
amounted to 18,686 gallons, valued at $14,071, yielding a revenue of 
$2,802. Imports decreased to an average of about 9,000 gallons per 
year for 1912-1915. Since 1917 they have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


! 

Quantity. \ 


Value. 


1918 


Gallons. 
1,297 
259 ! 

- 716 

776 1 

1 


11, 956 
1,087 
1,897 
1,173 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 




Exports. — Statistics not available. 

RAPESEED OIL 






Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 









Per cent. 


S78 


3.98 


16 


1.43 


43 


2.26 



Description and uses. — Rapeseed or colza oil is obtained from 
the seeds of the plant Brassica ca?npestris, which is grown in almost 
all European countries, particularly in East India. The soap in- 
dustry in 1917 consumed 5,972,000 pounds of rapeseed oil. Smaller 
quantities are used for lubricating purposes and for quenching steel. 
It is used as a food in India. 

Production since 1912 from imported seed has been as follows : 





Year. 


Pounds. 


Year. 


Pounds. 


1912 


90,000 

19,000 

223,000 

232, 000 


1918 ...J 


139,000 


1914 


1919 


L, 236, 743 
408, 840 


1916 


1920 


1917 


1921 (9 months) » 


127,905 







1 Preliminary figures, subject to revision. 

The maximum production in 1919 was only about 15 per cent of the 
imports for the same year. 

Imports in 1913 were 1,564,659 gallons (about 12,000,000 pounds), 
valued at $784,750, yielding a revenue of $156,465. Imports since 
1917, chiefly from Japan, England, Hongkong, and China, have 
been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem^ 


1918 


Gallons. 
3,078,045 
1,116,696 
1,721,006 
600, 347 


$3,096,827 

1, 306, 305 

1,921,579 

533, 702 




$1.01 

1.17 

1.12 

.89 


$184, 683 
67,002 
103, 260 


Per cent. 
5.96 


1919 


5. 13 


1920 


5.37 


1921 (9 months) 











Export*. — Statistics not available. 

ALL OTIIKk KXl'UKNSKl) AND KXTK.U'TKI) OILS. 

Imports since 1917. chiefly from Japan, Kwantuiig, Brazil, and 
France, have been as follows : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



159 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$202, 246 





$30,337 

- 22,281 

15,955 


Per cent 
lo 


1919 .. 


891, 095 
552, 034 
296, 553 


148,539 


SO. 17 


IS 


1920 . 


106, 368 
44,124 


.19 
.15 


15 




15 









Exports since 1918 (calendar years), chiefly to Canada, Italy, and 
Mexico, reached $18,507,128 in 1919 and then decreased to $448,311 
during the first nine months of 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 51. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 51. Alizarin assistant, Turkey 
red oil, sulphonated castor or other sul- 
phonated animal or vegetable oils, 
soaps made in whole or in part from 
castor oil, and all soluble greases ; all 
of the foregoing in -whatever form, and 
used in the processes of softening, dye- 
ing, tanning, or finishing, not specially 
provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OE 1909. 



ACT OE 1913. 



Par. 32. Alizarin assistant, suipho- 
ricinoleic acid, and ricinoleic acid, and 
soaps containing castor oil, any of the 
foregoing in whatever form, in the 
manufacture of which fifty per centum 
or more of castor oil is used, thirty 
cents per gallon; in the manufacture 
of which less than fifty per centum of 
castor oil is used, fifteen cents per 
gallon ; all other alizarin assistants 
and all soluble greases used in proc- 
esses of softening, dyeing or finish- 
ing, not specially provided for in this 
section, thirty per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 45. Oils, expressed: Alizarin 
assistant, sulphoricinoleic acid, and 
ricinoleic acid, and soaps containing 
castor oil, any of the foregoing in 
whatever form, and all other alizarin 
assistants and all soluble greases used 
in the processes of softening, dyeing, 
or finishing, not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad 
valorem : * * *. 



ALIZARIN ASSISTANTS AND SOLUBLE GREASES. 



(See Survey A-ll.) 

Description and uses. — The wording in this paragraph describing 
alizarin assistants, soaps, and soluble greases used in the processes of 
softening, dyeing, and finishing covers a variety of products manu- 
factured from vegetable and animal oils and used by the textile in- 
dustry. In dyeing cotton with alizarin dyes the use of a fatty acid 
or alizarin assistant increases the brilliancy of the dye, in the case of 
unbleached cotton producing a more level and uniform shade. The 
most widely used alizarin assistant is turkey-red oil, which was origi- 
nally made by treating olive oil with sulphuric acid. It was soon 
found that an alizarin assistant produced from castor oil gave better 
results, and the bulk of the alizarin assistants are noAV made from 



160 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



that oil. Some are made also from olive, peanut, and cottonseed oils. 
The group of alizarin assistants made by treating oils with sulphuric 
acid is also known as sulphated or sulphonated oils. 

Other soluble greases, which are really oil soaps, are used in vari- 
ous processes in the textile industry. They are usually potash or soda 
soaps prepared from vegetable oils, although tallow soaps can be 
used for some purposes. They are used in scouring raw wool, woolen 
yarns, in the scouring and milling or fulling of woolen cloth ; in de- 
gumming silk; and in treating cotton fabrics in three operations — 
cleansing before, during, and after dyeing — and in calico printing. 
Some of the so-called soluble oils are turkey-red oil, others are soaps 
dissolved in water. 

Production. — These products are manufactured by various firms in 
this. country specializing in chemicals used in the textile industry 
and by the large textile manufacturers. The production of turkev- 
red oil in 1914 was 11,681,884 pounds (about 1,370,000 gallons), 
valued at $820,491. 

Imports of alizarin assistants have shown a gradual increase prior 
to the war from 97,097 gallons, valued at $38,600, in 1910, to 186,234 
gallons, valued at $72,430, in 1914. The imports since then have de- 
creased until in 1918 only 24 gallons were imported. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value.; 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


Alizarin assistants and turkey-red oil: 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Gallons. 

46, 915 

282 

1 229 

Paunds. 

4,330 

575 

651 


$32, 124 
204 
718 

598 
106 
67 


$0.69 
.72 
,58 

.13 

.18 
.10 ; 


$8,031 
51 


25 
25 

25 


Other soluble greases, etc.: 

1918 

1919 

1921 (9 months) 


150 
27 


25 
25 
25 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — These products differ widely 
from the expressed oils with which they are combined in paragraph 
45 (act of 1913), and therefore they have been given a separate para- 
graph in H. R. 7456. The phrase " sulphoricinoleic acid and ricin- 
oleic acid " was omitted because these terms are not used in the trade. 
" Alizarin assistant " is all inclusive, and therefore the provision for 
" all other alizarin assistants " in paragraph 45 (act of 1913) was 
omitted. (Reclassification Report, p. 60.) 

Suggested changes. — Attention is called to the adjustment of rates 
between alizarin assistant, the duty on which is 25 per cent ad va- 
lorem in this paragraph, and castor oil, the raw material, upon which 
the duty is £§. cents per pound in paragraph 50. Castor oil, No. 3, in 
barrels, was quoted at 10^ cents per pound on December 12, 1921, 
and has not been quoted at less than 8 cents, during 1921. The duty 
on castor oil is therefore equivalent to about 45 per cent ad valorem, 
as against a duty of 25 per cent ad valorem on alizarin assistant, 
which is 80 to 90 per cent castor oil. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 161 

In order to adjust these rates it is also necessary to know the rela- 
tion between the rates on castor oil and castor beans, upon which 
there is a duty of one-half cent per pound under paragraph 760. In 
crushing about 45 per cent of the weight of the bean is obtained as 
castor oil. Therefore the duty on castor beans is equivalent to 
slightly more than 1 cent per pound on the oil contained therein. 
This gives a differential between castor beans and castor oil of some- 
what less than 3§ cents per pound in favor of the oil. 



PARAGRAPH 52. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 52. Hydrogenated or hardened 
oils and fats, and other oils and fats, 
the composition and properties of 
which have been changed by vulcaniz- 
ing, oxidizing, chlorinating, nitrating, 
or any other chemical process, and not 
specially provided for, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 

CHEMICALLY TREATED OILS AND EATS. 
GENERAL. 

This paragraph covers a variety of products obtained by chemi- 
cal treatment and processing of various oils and fats, the most im- 
portant of which are the hydrogenated or hardened oils. These 
products may be distinguished from those made by compounding 
various fats and oils, by the fact that the chemical composition and 
properties of the original oil or fat have been altered by chemical 
means. 

HYDROGENATED OILS AND FATS. 

Description and uses. — Hydrogenated or hardened oils are ob- 
tained by treating chiefly vegetable oils with hydrogen in the pres- 
ence of a nickel catalyst; the hydrogen combines with the oil in- 
creasing the density and is usually carried to a point where a solid 
fat is formed. Hydrogenated oils are used chiefly in the manufac- 
ture of lard substitutes for which purpose principally cottonseed and 
coconut oils are used. It is possible by hydrogenation of fish oils 
to convert them into odorless solid fats suitable for the manufacture 
of soaps. 

Production. — The production of hydrogenated oils and fats is an 
industry of recent establishment, the hydrogenation of oils having 
been introduced in the United States in about 1907. Since 1912 the 
industry has grown rapidly to a large size. The manufacture in- 
volves the production of hydrogen on a large scale either by elec- 
trolysis of water or by passing steam over red-hot iron filings. The 
combination of hydrogen with the oil is effected by means of a nickel 
catalyst which, however, does not enter into the finished product. In 
1915 patent litigation was begun, which was of far-reaching impor- 

82304—22 11 



162 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

tance and resulted in 1920 in the declaration that the basic United 
States patents were invalid. Thus, the manufacture of hydrogenated 
oils became public property. 

Statistics of production are not available prior to 1919, when the 
output was 120,444,589 pounds and increased to more than 180,000- 
000 pounds in 1920. The output for the first 9 months of 1921 was 
159,000,000 pounds. These figures may be regarded as the minimum 
production since hydrogenated oil is confounded by some manufac- 
turers and reported as vegetable stearin to the Bureau of the Census. 

imports and exports are not shown. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. (Ee- 
classification Eeport, p. 60.) 

OTHER CHEMICALLY TREATED OILS AND FATS. 

Description and use. — Probably the next most important class of 
chemically treated oils and fats included in this paragraph is the 
vulcanized oils, which are used as rubber substitutes. These products 
are obtained by vulcanizing various vegetable oils by means of sul- 
phur monochloride. Vulcanization results in a slightly elastic rub- 
bery mass, which is used to adulterate cheap mechanical rubber goods, 
and as a filler in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. These vulcan- 
ized oils are also known as " factice," two varieties of which a white " 
and " brown or black " are produced. 

The industrial use of chlorinated oils has been only slightly devel- 
oped. They are claimed to be used in conjunction with calcium albu- 
minate in the manufacture of paints, and it is believed that a small 
quantity of chlorinated cottonseed oil is used as a rubber substitute. 

Nitrated oils are obtained by treating linseed or castor oil with a 
nitrating mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids. The most important 
use of nitrated oils is that of mixing with nitrocellulose to produce a 
product resemblng ebonite. Acetone solutions of nitrated oils have 
been used as varnishes, as a basis for paint, and for enameling 
leather. It is not known definitely that any nitrated oils are pro- 
duced in the United States. 

Production in 1914 of rubber substitutes was valued at $428,600, 
and in 1919 (preliminary figures) at $1,456,000. It is not known that 
chlorinated or nitrated oils are produced in this country. 

Imports and exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



PARAGRAPH 53. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 53. Combinations and mixtures 
of animal, vegetable, or mineral oils 
or of any of them (except combina- 
tions of essential or distilled oils or 
both), with or without other sub- 
stances, and not specially provided for. 
25 per centum ad valorem : Provided, 
That no article containing alcohol 
shall be classified for duty under this 
paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



163 



ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Pak. 3. * * * oils, and all com- Par. 44. * * * and all combina- 
binations of the foregoing, * * * tions of the same [animal oils, ren- 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem; dered oils, and greases], not specially 
* * *. provided for in this section, 15 per 

centum ad valorem. 

Par. 45. * * * all combinations 
of the same [expressed oils], not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

COMBINATIONS AND MIXTURES OF OILS, N. S. P. F. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph includes a great variety of 
oil mixtures which are compounded for special purposes, and com- 
prise lubricating greases and oils, tanning greases, stuffing greases, 
and polishing compounds. 

Production, imports, and exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new specific provi- 
sion. It replaces the provision for combinations of animal oils (par. 
44, act of 1913), and for combinations of expressed oils (par. 45, act 
of 1913), and includes combinations of these with other oils. 

Suggested changes.— V age 18, paragraph 53, line 14: Change "of" 
to " containing," after " combinations," to agree with paragraph 56, 
page 19, line 24. 

Page 18, paragraph 53, line 13 : Insert " or mixtures " after " com- 
binations " to agree with line 12. 

Page 18, paragraph 53, line 14 : Strike out " or both " after " oils." 



PARAGRAPH 54. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 54. Oils, distilled or essential: 
Lemon and orange, 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; clove, eucalyptus, peppermint 
patchouli, sandalwood, and all other 
essential and distilled oils not specially 
provided for, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem : Provided, That no article mixed 
or compounded or containing alcohol 
shall be classified for duty under this 
paragraph. 



ACT OF 1909- 

Par. 3. * * * distilled oils, essen- 
tial oils, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, twenty-five 
per Centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 39. Peppermint oil, twenty-five 
cents per pound. 

Par. 639. Oils: * * * amber, crude 
and rectified ambergris. 9 * * * 
cajeput * * * cedrat, chamomile, 

* * * civet, 9 * * * fennel. 

* * * juglandium. juniper, * * * 
lemon. * * * mace, * * * vale- 
rian; * * * [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 46. Oils, distilled and essen- 
tial : Orange and lemon, 10 per centum 
ad valorem ; peppermint, 25 cents per 
pound ; mace oil, 6 cents per pound ; 

* * * amber ; ambergris 9 ; * * * 
camomile; * * * cedrat; * * * 
civet 9 ; fennel; * * * juniper; 

* * * valerian; all the foregoing 
oils, * * * and essential and dis- 
tilled oils, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section. 20 per centum 
ad valorem : Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol shall be classified 
for duty under this paragraph. 

Par. 561. Oils: Birch tar, cajeput 

* * * juglandium, * * * [Free]. 



Oils of ambergris and civet are not articles of commerce. 



164 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

OILS, DISTILLED OR ESSENTIAL. 

(See Survey A-12.) 

GENERAL. 

Description and uses. — A scientific definition of the term " essential 
or distilled oils " is not possible, but the oils may be described as sub- 
stances of an oily nature obtained, as a rule, from vegetable sources, 
possessed usually of an agreeable odor, characteristic of or resembling 
that of the plants yielding the oils. They are generally liquid, 
although sometimes semisolid at ordinary temperatures, and volatile 
without decomposition. Essential oils are used as flavors and per- 
fumes, while a few possess medicinal properties. 

Production. — The essential oils occur in various parts of the plant ; 
in some instances distributed throughout the plant, in others re- 
stricted to a particular portion — for example, in the petal of the 
flower, as in the rose; in the bark and leaves, as in the cinnamon; 
and in the flower and rind of the fruit, as in the orange and lemon. 

The methods of producing essential oils may be divided into three 
principal classes: (1) Distillation of the plant or of an oleo-resinous 
exudation. (2) Mechanical processes. (3) Extraction by solvents. 

Distillation. — This method is used in the preparation of most of 
the essential oils. The usual procedure is to pass steam through the 
material, suitably arranged on trays, since all of the essential oils are 
readily volatile by means of steam. Many are distilled under re- 
duced pressure, which enables the distillation to be carried out at a 
much lower temperature, thus avoiding decomposition of the oils. 
The distillation of an oleo-resin is illustrated in the manufacture of 
turpentine and copaiba. 

Mechanical production. — Mechanical processes are employed in the 
preparation of lemon, orange, bergamot, grapefruit, and lime oils, 
which are obtained from the peel or rind of the fruit. The most 
primitive example of this method is employed in Sicily in the prepa- 
ration of orange and lemon oils. The peel is removed from the fruit 
and is pressed by hand against a sponge, which absorbs the oil. 
Various other mechanical processes are employed in Italy and France 
for the production of these oils, especially that of bergamot. Orange 
oil and lemon oil are produced from cull fruit in California. The 
whole fruit is shredded by a machine and the juice and oils are sepa- 
rated from this pulp by presses. The oils are then separated from 
the juice of the fruit by a centrifugal machine. 

Extraction by solvents. — This method of extraction is employed for 
the preparation of delicate floral essences, which would be decom- 
posed by distillation. This process is used in preparation of jasmine 
and tuberose. Three kinds of extraction processes are used: (1) 
Those in which a volatile solvent is used; (2) those in which a non- 
volatile oil or fat is employed; (3) those in which a current of moist 
air is used. 

Volatile solvents commonly used are alcohol, benzine, ether, chloro- 
form, light petroleum oil, carbon disulphide, acetone, and tetra- 
chlorethane. The simplest form of extraction is to allow the solvent 
to percolate either cold or hot over the crude material. On the re- 
moval of the solvent a mixture of oil, resin, and coloring matter is 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



165 



obtained from which " absolute floral essences " or " concretes " are 
prepared by extraction with alcohol. 

The extraction by nonvolatile solvents is known as the " enfleurage 
process." This is both a hot and a cold process. In the hot process 
a. pure neutral fat, such as purified lard, is melted in trays; the 
flowers are placed in the melted grease, which is kept at about 65° C. 
This mixture is then pressed, which separates the grease pomade 
containing the essential oil from the flower petals. In the cold 
process the flowers are placed on wire netting over which a grease- 
covered glass plate is suspended. The flowers and plates are placed 
in alternate layers. The first flowers after a time are removed and 
replaced by more fresh flowers until the fat has become saturated 
with the oils. The fat containing the oil is removed and sold as 
" pomades," which are employed in the manufacture of perfume. 

In the moist-air process hot air is passed through a series of wet 
sponges, then over the flower, and then into a volatile solvent. The 
solvent retains the perfume and is afterwards removed, leaving a 
perfume which contains only the oil and no coloring matter or 
resins. 

The domestic production of essential oils in 1914 was valued at 
$1,289,482. About 50 per cent of this value is represented by pepper- 
mint oil. In addition to the oils mentioned above, there were pro- 
duced other essential oils, amounting in value to $348,552, which 
includes sassafras, cedar, pennyroyal, tansy, sandalwood, camphor, 
cloves, parsley, patchouli, lemon, and orange. In 1919, according to 
preliminary figures, the output was valued at $4,411,775. 

Imports of all essential and distilled oils prior to the war had 
increased from $2,118,102 in 1910 to $4,905,157 in 1913. The im- 
ports declined until 1916, from which time they show a gradual 
increase to $3,948,059 in 1918. Of the total imports of essential oils 
in 1913, about 70 per cent is represented by seven oils — citronella, 
lemon grass, lemon, orange, bergamot, attar of roses, and lavender 
or aspic. These same oils in 1918 represented 56.5 per cent of the 
value of the total imports of essential and distilled oils. The value 
and percentage of the total imports of each of these for 1913 and 
1918 are shown in the following table : 





1913 


1918 




Value. 

$885,846 
794,215 
791,370 
310, 835 
155, 299 
482,779 


Per cent. 
18.1 
16.2 
16.1 
6.3 
3.2 
.9.8 


Value. 

$900, 853 
404,568 
89,049 
241,465 
330, 506 
373,466 


Per cent. 
22.8 




10.2 




2.2 




6.1 




8 4 




6.9 






Total of 7 oils 


3,420,344 69.7 


2,239,907 


56.6 








4, 905, 1.57 




3, 948, 059 








'."" 



LEMON AND OKAXGE OILS. 



Production. — The lemon and the orange are usually cultivated in 
the same localities. The greater part of both lemon oil and orange oil 
is produced in Sicily, chiefly in the district of Messina. These oils 
are produced in the United States, chiefly in California, from cull 
fruits. 



166 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports of lemon oil prior to the war were constant at a little over 
400,000 pounds, but the value shows an increase from about $300,000 
in 1911 to nearly $800,000 in 1913. The import decreased somewhat in 
1914, but has shown an increase to 577,600 pounds, valued at $404,568, 
yielding a revenue of $40,456, in 1918. 

Imports of orange oil have been much less than those of lemon oil, 
in 1913 being 79,797 pounds, valued at $155,299, and yielding a revenue 
of $38,824. In 1918 there was an increase to 196,846 pounds, valued 
at $330,506, arid yielding a revenue of $33,050. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


LEMON OIL. 


1918 


Pounds. 
535,868 
503,758 
662, 565 
483, 616 


$387,475 
494,223 
900, 914 
435,444 


$0.72 

.98 

1.36 

.90 


| Per cent. 

$38, 748 10 

49,422 10 

90,091 10 

10 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 






ORANGE OIL. 


1918 


172,832 
227,453 
192, 675 
160,346 


$278,974 
491,822 
914,863 
397,473 


$1.61 
2.16 
4.75 
2.48 


$27,897 10 
49,182 10 
91, 486 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) . 




10 







Imports of lemon oil since 1918 have been chiefly from Italy, 
France, England, and Turkey in Europe. 
Exports. — Statistics not available. 



CLOVE OIL. 



Description and uses. — Oil of cloves is obtained by the distillation 
of the buds of the clove tree, which grows abundantly in the East 
Indies, the West Indies, Madagascar, Zanzibar, and Pamba. Its 
chief use is in the production of eugenol, which in turn is used to 
produce artificial vanillin. 

Production. — Statistics for the United States are not available, 
although some is made in this country. 

Imports and exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes 'In classification. — New specific provision. 



EUCALYPTUS OIL. 



Description and uses. — Eucalyptus oil is the volatile oil obtained 
by steam distillation of the leaves of the eucalyptus tree, of which 
there are many varieties, divided into two general classes : (1) Those 
valued for their content of eucalyptol. (2) Those valued for their 
content of phellandrene. The first class is in great demand for 
pharmaceutical purposes, and the second for separation of metallic 
sulphides by the flotation process in Australian mines. 

Production. — Eucalyptus species were introduced into California, 
and since that time the distillation of the oil has become of con- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



167 



siderable importance in the southern part of the State, though rank- 
ing far below the peppermint and turpentine oil industries in im- 
portance. Production statistics are not available. 
Imports since 1918 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. \ 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1 162,538 j 


S57,571 
64,734 

148,871 
27, 825 




$0.35 
.43 

.47 
.44 


$11,514 
12,947 
29,774 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


152,284 I 

! 319,700 

j 63,640 \ 


20 
20 
20 









Exports. — None recorded. 
Important changes in classification.- 



-New specific provision, 



PEPPEKMINT OIL. 

Description and uses. — Oil of peppermint is a volatile oil distilled 
from the leaves and flowering tops of the peppermint herb. It is a 
popular flavoring agent and finds an extensive use in chewing gum, 
confectionery, and pharmaceutical preparations. The Japanese oil 
is used in the preparation of menthol. (See par. 48, p. 137.) 

Production. — Peppermint oil is produced chiefly in the United 
States, England, Germany, Japan, and Russia. The United States 
supplies about 50 per cent of the world's production. The domestic 
output in 1914 was 363,991 pounds, valued at $601,617. The major 
part of the crude oil is produced in Michigan and is refined in New 
York. 

Imports have been practically negligible as compared with do- 
mestic production, the largest since 1910 being 29,360 pounds, valued 
at $28,953, yielding a revenue of $7,340 in 1918. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. Unit value. Duty. 



Pounds. 

1918 1 39,687 $46,768 

1919 j 200,420 302,186 

1920 62,426 110,703 

1921 (9 months) 8,587 10,886 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 







Per cent. 


$1.18 ; 


$9,922 


21.21 


1.51 


50,105 


16.58 


1.77 : 


15,607 


14.10 


1.27 : 







Exports in 1910 amounted to 110,407 pounds, valued at $215,845 ; 
in 1914, 117,809 pounds, at $397,050 ; and in 1918, 76,247 pounds, at 
$233,899. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


' 1919 1920 


1921 

(9 months) 


Quantity (pounds) 


59,606 
$202,856 


97,880 
$654,282 


61,847 
$457,395 


64,938 
$181, 822 


Value.."./. '. 





168 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Since 1918 exports have been chiefly to England, Canada, France, 
and Germany. 

Suggested changes. — Page 18, line 19, paragraph 54, H. R. 7456: 
Insert a comma after the word peppermint. 

PATCHOULI OIL. 

Description and uses. — Patchouli oil is a brownish-yellow, viscous, 
volatile oil of fragrant, persistent odor, used for making certain 
perfumes. It is derived by distillation of the leaves of Porgostemon 
patchouly, with subsequent purification by rectification. The chief 
sources of supply are India and the Straits Settlements. 

Imports are included in " all other essential or distilled oils," infra. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Mentioned specifically for 
the first time. 

SANDALWOOD OIL. 

Description and uses. — Sandalwood oil is a thick, yellow, volatile 
oil, of spicy taste and aromatic odor, used chiefly in medicine and 
perfumery. It is derived by distillation of the wood of Santalum 
album. The chief source is French Guiana. West Indian sandal- 
wood oil, which is not a true sandalwood oil, has been substituted for 
it to a certain extent. 

Imports. — Included in "all other essential or distilled oils," infra. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 

ALL OTHEK ESSENTIAL OR DISTILLED OILS. 



Imports are tabulated as follows : 










Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$740,709 
2,043,050 
2,827,464 
1,148,065 




$148, 142 
408,610 
565,493 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


364, 916 
785, 175 
288, 350 


$5.60 
3.60 
3.98 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 











Exports, chiefly to Canada, England, Cuba, and France, in 1918 
(calendar year) amounted to $744,997, and increased to $1,571,415 
in 1920. During the first nine months of 1921 they amounted to 
$419,724. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision " that no article 
mixed or compounded * * * shall be classified for duty under 
this paragraph " has been inserted and the provision in paragraph 
46 (act of 1913) for "all combinations of" essential or distilled oils 
omitted so as to make such combinations of essential or distilled 
oils dutiable under paragraph 56, H. R. 7456, as they are intermediate 
products used in the manufacture of perfumes. (Reclassification 
Report, p. 65.) 

Birch tar, cajeput and juglandium oils (exempt from diuty in the 
act of 1913, par. 561) are not mentioned specifically in H. R. 7456 and 
therefore fall within the provision for " Other essential and distilled 
oils " in this paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



169 



PARAGRAPH 55. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 55. Opium containing not less 
than 8.5 per centum of anhydrous mor- 
phine, crude or unmanufactured and 
not adulterated, $3 per pound; pow- 
dered, or otherwise advanced beyond 
the condition of crude or unmanufac- 
tured, and containing 15 per centum or 
less of moisture, $4 per pound ; mor- 
phine, morphine sulphate, and all 
opium alkaloids and salts, esters, and 
other derivatives thereof. $3 per ounce ; 
cocaine, ecgonine, and salts, esters, and 
other derivatives thereof, $2 per 
ounce; tincture of opium, such as 
laudanum, and other liquid prepara- 
tions of opium, not specially provided 
for, 60 per centum ad valorem ; opium 
containing less than 8.5 per centum of 
anhydrous morphine, $6 per pound : 
Provided, That nothing herein con- 
tained shall be so construed as to re- 
peal or in any manner impair or affect 
the provisions of an Act entitled "An 
Act to prohibit the importation and use 
of opium for other than medicinal pur- 
poses," approved February 9, 1909, as 
amended by an Act approved Januarv 
17, 1914. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 41. Opium, crude or unmanu- 
factured, and not adulterated, contain- 
ing nine per centum and over of mor- 
phia, one dollar and fifty cents per 
pound ; opium of the same composi- 
tion , dried, powdered, or otherwise 
advanced beyond the condition of 
crude or unmanufactured, two dollars 
per pound ; morphia or morphine, 
sulphate of, and all alkaloids of 
opium, and salts and esters thereof, 
one dollar and fifty cents per ounce ; 
cocaine, ecgonine, and all salts and 
derivatives of the same, one dollar and 
fifty cents per ounce; * * * aque- 
ous extract of opium, for medicinal 
uses, and tincture of, as laudanum, and 
other liquid preparations of opium, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
forty per centum ad valorem ; opium 
containing less than nine per centum 
of morphia, six dollars per pound ; but 
preparations of opium deposited in 
bonded warehouses shall not be re- 
moved therefrom without payment of 
duties, and such duties shall not be 
refunded : Provided. That nothing 
herein contained shall be so construed 
a« to repeal or in any manner impair 
or affect the provisions of an Act en- 
titled "An Act to prohibit the importa- 
tion and use of opium for other than 
medicinal purposes," approved Febru- 
ary ninth, nineteen hundred and nine. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS.. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 47. Opium, crude or unmanufac- 
tured, and not adulterated, containing 
9 per centum and over of morphia, $3 
per pound ; opium of the same compo- 
sition, dried to contain 15 per centum 
or less of moisture, powdered, or other- 
wise advanced beyond the condition of 
crude or unmanufactured, $4 per 
pound ; morphia or morphine, sulphaje 
of, and all alkaloids of opium, and 
salts and esters thereof, $3 per ounce ; 
cocaine, ecgonine, and all salts and de- 
rivatives of the same, $2 per ounce; 
aqueous extract of opium, for medi- 
cinal uses, and tincture of, as laud- 
anum, and other liquid preparations of 
opium, not specially provided for in 
this section, 60 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; opium containing less than 9 
per centum of morphia, $6 per pound ; 
but preparations of opium deposited in 
bonded warehouses shall not be re- 
moved therefrom without payment of 
duties, and such duties shall not be 
refunded : Provided. That nothing 
herein contained shall be so construed 
as to repeal or in any manner impair 
or affect the provisions of an Act en- 
titled "An Act to prohibit the importa- 
tion and use of opium for other than 
medicinal purposes," approved Febru- 
ary ninth, nineteen hundred and nine. 10 ' 



10 Supplementary acts: .Tan. 17, 1914, ch. 9, 38 Stat., 275; Dec. 17, 1914, ch. 7, 38 
Stat., 785; Feb. 24, 1919, ch. 18, sees. 1006, 1007, 40 Stat., 1057, 1130, 1132. 



170 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



OPIUM. 



(See Survey A-13.) 



Description and uses. — Opium is a drug consisting of the air-dried 
juices of the poppy plant. It is used in medicine to induce sleep 
and insensibility to pain, and in the manufacture of alkaloids, of 
which morphine, heroin, and codeine are of chief importance. One 
pound of opium supplies about 7,000 medicinal doses. 

Production. — Commercial opium, derived mainly from Asiatic 
Turkey and Persia, has an alkaloid content which is higher than 
that from other important producing countries, rendering it unfit 
for smoking purposes. Smoking opium, which is used chiefly or 
wholly by addicts, contains less than 9 per cent morphine and was 
formerly produced in large quantities in India and China. East 
Indian cultivation of the poppy has recently been much restricted. 
It has also been prohibited in China for some years, although gov- 
ernmental disturbances in that country have aided illicit production. 
Greece, Bulgaria, and a number of other countries produce small 
amounts of opium. It has been produced experimentally in the 
United States also, but the costs of production are at present con- 
sidered prohibitive. The poppy is extensively raised for seed in 
California and elsewhere. The seed, which contains no alkaloid, is 
used for the expression of oil and for culinary purposes. Poppy 
culture in the tropical possessions of the United States has been dis- 
couraged. 

The consumption of opium in the manufacture of " druggist 
preparations and patent medicines and compounds" in 1919 (pre- 
liminary figures) was 102,761 pounds, valued at $956,354. 

Imports of opium are tabulated under three classes : 

(1) Crude opium containing 9 per cent or over of morphine. — This 
is the chief grade used in medicine and manufacture. For the years 
1909-1915 imports averaged 428,634 pounds, valued at $1,787,162. 
During three succeeding years imports decreased largely, owing to 
war conditions. In 1918 only 21,342 pounds of crude opium, valued 
at $265,283, are recorded. Since the signing of the armistice, large 
amounts of opium are understood to have been imported. Since 
1918 imports of crude opium containing 9 per cent or more of 
morphine, chiefly from Turkey in Asia, Turkey in Europe, France, 
and England, have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

15,254 
316, 713 
224, 152 

65, 231 


$240, 738 

3, 818, 725 

1, 795, 207 

262, 768 


$15. 78 
12.06 
8.01 
4.02 


$45,762 
950, 139 
672, 456 


Per cent. 
19.01 
24.88 
37.46 




1 '" 



(2) Dried or advanced opium. — This is normally negligible in 
amount as compared with the crude grade, but has increased largely 
during the war, 98,498 pounds, valued at $1,514,127, being imported 
in 1918. Imports since then have been as follows : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 171 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

137,713 


$2, 337, 278 

505,408 

5,757 

436 


$16.97 

18.24 

4.18 

2.93 


$550,852 

110, 808 

5,504 


Per cent. 
23.57 


1919 


27,702 


21.92 


1920 


1,376 


95.61 


1921 (9 months) 


149 














(3) Opium containing less than 9 per cent morphine. — This grade 
includes smoking opium. The importation of low-grade opium has 
been prohibited by act of Congress since 1909. Import revenues from 
opium and its derivatives greatly exceed those of all other drug prod- 
ucts combined. For the years' 1909-1916 crude opium yielded an 
average annual revenue of $671,969 ; that dried or advanced beyond 
the condition of crude, for 1910-1918, an average of $178,093. 

Imports under recent high tariffs have been small as compared 
with American manufacture and have consisted mainly of the rarer 
alkaloids and salts. War conditions caused demand for opium prod- 
ucts virtually regardless of price, and considerable increase in im- 
ports took place in 1917-18. That increases were not larger is doubt- 
less due to universal scarcity and export restrictions of other nations 
rather than to high prices or present tariff duties. The duty of $3 
per pound on 9 per cent opium is equivalent to a tax of $2.07 per 
ounce on the contained alkaloid, leaving a margin in favor of the 
American manufacturer of 93 cents per ounce. This, together with 
the profit gained from codeine and other by-products, and the appli- 
cation of legal restrictions beyond the purview of the tariff, consider- 
ably hampered foreign competition in the American markets. Im- 
ports of morphine fell off under the present tariff rates from an 
annual average (1910-1913) of 18,004 ounces to (1914-1917) 2,805 
ounces. In 1918 imports rose to 25,215 ounces, valued at $202,263. 
Other alkaloids have pursued a very irregular course. The maxi- 
mum (1917) is 34,179 ounces, valued at $165,028. Imports of lau- 
danum and other preparations have in recent years passed the $5,000 
mark only in 1915. Under the tariff of 1909 opium alkaloids yielded 
an average annual revenue of $5,393. The tariff of 1913 has yielded 
(1915-1918) an annual average of $49,233. 

The only imports recorded since 1918 are 951 pounds, valued at 
$4,542, in the first nine months of 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The United States Pharma- 
copoeia in the most recent revision changed the specifications for 
opium by stating the morphine content on the basis of anhydrous 
morphine rather than the crystalline morphine. This necessitated 
changing the 9 per cent limitation as to morphine content of opium 
to 8.5 per cent. 

The phrase " dried to contain 15 per cent or less of moisture " 
(act of 1913) has been changed to "containing 15 per cent or less 
of moisture" in order to obviate the difficulty which customs au- 
thorities encountered in determining whether opium had been arti- 
ficially dried. 

The provision for " aqueous extract of opium, for medicinal uses " 
in paragraph 47 (act of 1913) has been omitted because the Com- 
missioner of Internal Revenue (Int. Rev. T. D. 1982) has ruled that 



172 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

aqueous extract of opium is smoking opium, and its importation is 
therefore prohibited by the act of February 9, 1909, as amended by 
the act of January IT, 1914. 

The clause " but preparations of opium deposited in bonded ware- 
houses shall not be removed therefrom without payment of duties, 
and such duties shall not be refunded," has been omitted, because 
it is believed that it serves no purpose at the present time. (Re- 
classification Report, pp. 67, 68.) 

MORPHINE AND OTHER OPIUM ALKALOIDS. 

(See Survey A-13.) 

Description and uses. — The derivatives and preparations of opium 
are considered for tariff purposes in two categories — (1) opium 
alkaloids and their derivatives, and (2) medicinal preparations of 
opium. Morphine, codeine, and heroin, or diacetylmorphine, are 
the most important of opium alkaloids. Morphine occurs in medici- 
nal opium in amounts of 9 per cent or more ; codeine rarely exceeds 
3 per cent. Heroin is an artificial product obtained from morphine. 
These preparations are used in medicine to relieve pain and induce 
sleep. Morphine is perhaps the most important single agent in the 
Materia Medica, both as regards its legitimate use and in its capacity 
as a habit- forming drug. The uses of heroin are similar to those 
of morphine. It was introduced as a nonhabit-forming substitute, 
but was speedily found to be even more dangerous in this respect 
than morphine itself. Heroin and cocaine may probably be consid- 
ered as most subject to vicious misuse of any of the habit-forming 
drugs. Because of this fact and because heroin possesses no medici- 
nal superiority to morphine, modern therapeutic authorities have 
advocated the prohibition of its manufacture and traffic. The use 
of codeine is similar to that of morphine. It is considered less habit- 
forming than morphine and therefore better suited to repeated ad- 
ministration. The secret use of the opium alkaloids and opium 
preparations in proprietary remedies has been regulated by the Food 
and Drugs Act. These materials also come within the scope of the 
Harrison Narcotic Act. Medicinal preparations, salts, and various 
combinations of opium are of considerable importance in domestic 
pharmaceutical manufacture, but the high ad valorem rate (60 per 
cent) has virtually eliminated them from our imports. Their use 
is similar to that of opium. Among the principal preparations 
may be mentioned laudanum, paregoric, and Dover's powder. The 
consumption of opium alkaloids in 1919 (preliminary figures) in 
the manufacture of " druggists' preparations and patent medi- 
cines and compounds v was: Morphine and salts, 3,984 pounds, val- 
ued at $635,912; heroin and salts, 702 pounds, valued at $178,585; 
codeine and salts, 2.312 pounds, valued at $296,392. 

Production. — Opium alkaloids are extensively manufactured in 
England, Germany, and the Ignited States. England and Germany 
led in production prior to the war. Germany, in particular, pro- 
duced a large variety of the rarer alkaloids and salts. Morphine has 
been extensively manufactured in America for a number of years. 
No statistics of production are available, but the average annual 
opium import before the war was equivalent to about 69,000 ounces, 
or 2,500.000,000 medicinal doses of morphine. Considerable amounts 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



173 



of opium, however, are not manufactured into the alkaloid. Codeine 
was formerly produced chiefly in Germany. Under war conditions 
it has been extensively manufactured in the United States from 
Persian opium, which contains a comparatively large amount of this 
alkaloid. Heroin was until recently made only in Germany, but is 
now manufactured in this country. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows 



Calendar year. Quantity. 

• 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem 


MORPHINE OR MORPHINE SULPHATE. 


1918 


Ounces. 
30, 385 

1.3,760 

4,000 

951 


$226, 349 

86, 451 

11,445 

4,512 




$7. 45 

5.48 
2.86 
4.78 


$91, 155 
47, 280 
12,000 


Per cent. 
40.27 


1919 


54.69 


1920 


104. 85 


1921 (9 months) 










OTHER OPIUM ALKALOIDS. 










1918 

1919 

1920 

1 921 (9 months) 


59, 270 

31,909 

6, 522 

2, ISO 


$341, 771 

189,476 

30, 5 37 

6, 093 




$5. 77 
5. 94 

4.68 
2.79 


$177, 810 
95, 727 
19, 566 


52.03 
50. 52 
64.07 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 provided for 
" alkaloids of opium and salts and esters thereof." The language 
has been changed so that " thereof " refers to " alkaloids " and not to 
" opium," since there are no salts and esters of opium. (Merclc v. 
United States, 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 41, of 1915.) The term "deriva- 
tives " has been added so as to correspond to the provision for cocaine 
.and ecgonine. 

COCAINE, ECGONINE, AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF. 



(See Survey A-13.) 



Description and uses. — Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from coca 
leaves. It is used chiefly as a local anesthetic in minor surgical 
operations and dentistry, and is the most important medicinal of this 
class. It has other less important legitimate uses. Large quantities 
are used as an exhilarant by drug addicts. The cocaine habit is con- 
sidered by medical authorities to be the most vicious and difficult to 
deal with of any narcotic addiction. Ecgonine and its derivatives 
are alkaloidal substances occurring with cocaine in coca leaves, and 
from them cocaine may be derived by chemical processes. They have 
no recognized medicinal use. 

Production. — Cocaine used in the United States is practically all 
of domestic manufacture. Statistics are lacking, but the normal im- 
port of coca leaves is sufficient for the annual production of 100,000 
or more ounces. Owing to the habit-forming properties of cocaine, 
a host of synthetic local anesthetics have been developed as substi- 
tutes. These were formerly chiefly imported from Germany, but 
under the trading with the enemy act a number of German patents 
have been licensed to American manufacturers. While these products 



174 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



have attained a considerable vogue, apparently they have not de- 
creased the demand for cocaine. The manufacture of cocaine, like 
that of most alkaloids, is a specialized industry, requiring a high type 
of chemical skill, and is carried on by only a few firms. The limita- 
tions imposed by the Food and Drugs Act, the Harrison Narcotic 
Act, and various other laws, have further tended to centralize the in- 
dustry. Cocaine is also produced commercially in Germany, England, 
and other European countries. Considerable amounts of the crude 
product are produced in Peru and exported to Europe for purifi- 
cation. 

The consumption of cocaine and salts in the manufacture of 
"Druggist preparations and patent medicines and compounds" in 
1919 (preliminary figures) was 516 pounds, valued at $90,454, a 
marked decrease from about 26,000 pounds in 1914." 

Imports for the years 1910-1914 have averaged 3,239 ounces per 
year. After the imposition of the specific rate of $2 per ounce only 
insignificant amounts of cocaine entered until 1916 and 1917 when, 
on account of war conditions, imports rose to 4,275 ounces and 19,388 
ounces, respectively. American cocaine imports normally consist 
largely of rare salts, which are not manufactured in this country. 
The revenues yielded by cocaine have never been large, reaching a 
maximum of $46,933 in 1910, and since then have decreased. 

Commodities included in paragraph 55 embrace the chief narcotic 
and habit-forming drugs. The high rates of duty imposed by pre- 
vious tariffs were presumably designed to limit imports and con- 
sumption rather than to raise revenue, although in the case of opium 
and its products the revenue has been comparatively large. The 
testimony brought out in various hearings on narcotic legislation in- 
dicates that the average annual amount of opium (and its products) 
and cocaine consumed within the United States is enormously in ex- 
cess of medicinal use. Estimates of actual medicinal need of opium 
have varied from 50,000 pounds to 100,000 pounds annually. Under 
war conditions imports have been about 120,000 pounds annually, 
and. much of this has been absorbed directly or indirectly by the 
Army. Recent investigations of opiumism and cocainism indicate 
that these addictions are on the increase. Legislation has tended to 
drive illicit trade in narcotic drugs into underground channels, but 
not to extirpate it. Statistics indicate that past tariff levies have 
been insufficient to exert any marked influence on the use of or de- 
mand for narcotics. 

Imports of cocaine, ecgonine, and their salts, esters, etc., since 
1917, have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity, j 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad- 
valorem. 


1918 


Ounces. 
18,389 
12,464 ! 

8,642 1 
6,309 , 


$80, 652 
29, 035 
27, 324 
16, 978 


$4.38 
2.33 
3.16 
2.69 


$36, 778 
24, 92S 
17,284 


Per cent. 
45.60 


1919 


85.86 


1920 


63.26 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



175 



PARAGRAPH 56. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 56. Perfume materials : Ane- 
thol, citral, geraniol, heliotropin, ion- 
one, rhodinol, safrol, terpineol, va- 
nillin, and all natural or synthetic 
odoriferous or aromatic chemicals, all 
the foregoing not mixed and not com- 
pounded, and not specially provided 
for, 35 per centum ad valorem; all 
mixtures or combinations containing 
essential or distilled oils, or natural or 
synthetic odoriferous or aromatic sub- 
stances, 40 cents per pound, and 40 per 
centum ad valorem : Provided, That 
only materials not marketable as per- 
fumery, cosmetics, or toilet prepara- 
tions, and not containing more than 10 
per centum of alcohol, shall be classi- 
fied for duty under this paragraph: 
Provided further, That all of the fore- 
going materials containing more than 
10 per centum of alcohol shall be classi- 
fied for duty under paragraph 58 as 
toilet preparations. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 83. Vanillin, twenty cents per 
ounce. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical com- 
pounds, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 



Par. 70. Vanillin, 10 cents per 
ounce ; * * *. 

Par, 49. * * * all natural or syn- 
thetic odoriferous or aromatic sub- 
stances, preparations, and mixtures 
used in the manufacture of, but not 
marketable as, perfumes or cosmetics ; 
all the foregoing not containing alco- 
hol and not specially provided for in 
this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 46. * * * all combinations 
of the same [essential and distilled 
oils], not specially provided for in this 
section, 20 per centum ad valo- 
rem : * * *. 



PERFUME MATERIALS. 



(See Survey A-14.) 

Description and uses. — This provision covers various odorous sub- 
stances and preparations used in the manufacture of perfumes and 
cosmetics. The first portion of the paragraph, including the spe- 
cific mention of various chemicals and the phrase "all natural or 
synthetic odoriferous or aromatic chemicals," embraces odoriferous 
chemicals obtained directly from the essential oils (paragraphs 54 
and 1624, H. R. 7456), or which are prepared from such products 
by further chemical treatment. 

Other materials used in the manufacture of perfumery and cos- 
metics, and specially provided for elsewhere in H. R. 7456, include 
the following: Synthetic odoriferous chemicals of coal-tar origin 



176 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

(dutiable under paragraph 26) ; several animal products (free under 
paragraph 1506) ; essential oils (some free under paragraph 1625 
and others dutiable under paragraph 54) ; enfleurage greases, floral 
essences, and floral concretes (free under paragraph 1566) ; and 
balsams (dutiable under paragraph 10). 

The perfumery business is divided into two distinct branches — 
(1) manufacturers of and dealers in natural odoriferous materials 
or synthetic odoriferous chemicals; (2) firms which mix or blend 
these odoriferous materials with each other and with alcohol, or 
other material, to make finished perfumery and cosmetic articles in 
accordance with their own private formulas, and distribute the 
product to the wholesale or retail trade. 

Some foreign manufacturers of perfumery, however, do all of the 
blending or mixing abroad, except the addition of alcohol, and ship 
the mixture to agents or branch houses in the United States, who add 
the necessary alcohol to convert these into finished perfumery, and 
bottle and distribute it. Since the composition of such mixtures is 
not disclosed and is very difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain by 
chemical tests, it is practically impossible for the appraisers to 
ascertain their dutiable value. Under the existing tariff this is in 
effect an evasion of the duties intended to be collected on finished 
perfumes. These complex compounds are covered by the provision 
in this paragraph for " all mixtures or combinations containing 
essential or distilled oils, or natural or synthetic odoriferous or 
aromatic substances," which, in H. E. 7456, are assessed a duty of 
40 cents per pound and 40 per centum ad valorem, which is only 
slightly less than the duty on finished perfumes. (Par. 57.) This 
arrangement will tend to discourage the importation of such mix- 
tures instead of the pure unmixed and uncompounded perfume ma- 
terials which are more easily appraised. 

Production. — Practically none of the aromatic chemicals, includ- 
ing those made from coal tar (see par. 26, p. 79) , were manufactured 
in this country prior to the Avar. The domestic consumption was sup- 
plied largely by imports from Germany. Anethol is obtained by 
separation from anise or fennel oils. Citral is separated from lemon 
grass oil and is the raw material for ionone, which is the basis of 
synthetic violet perfume. Geraniol is obtained from palma rosa 
or Indian geranium oil. Ehodinol is a mixture of geraniol, citro- 
nellol, and other related alcohols present in oil of rose. Safrol is 
separated from camphor oil. and is converted by oxidation to helio- 
tropin. Terpineol is made from terpin hydrate (par. 24, H. E. 
7456), which is obtained from oil of turpentine. Vanillin is made 
from eugenol, which is separated from oil of cloves. Vanillin may 
be made also from coal-tar products, although this process is not 
used in the United States. The domestic output of vanillin in 1914 
amounted to 120,619 pounds, valued at $525,219. Vanillin is also 
produced in foreign countries, including Switzerland and France. 
Domestic production of vanillin in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 
134,700 pounds, valued at $1,365,900. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



177 



Imports of the articles mentioned specifically (vanillin excepted) 
are available only for the fiscal year 1914 and are as follows : 



Article. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Article. 


Quantity. 


Value. 




Pounds. 

495 

1,771 

2,727 

10,219 


$890 
3,867 
6.338 
8,715 


Ion one 

Rhodinol 


Pounds. 

189 

181 

161,194 

141,745 


11, 178 

1,493 

35,001 


Citral 




Safrol 




Terpineol 


32,962 







Imports of vanillin during 1908-1915 averaged per annum 5,408 
ounces, valued at $1,072, with a revenue of $909. No imports of 
vanillin are recorded for 1918 and 1919. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, i Value. 



Unit value, 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Ounces. 
20,303 
26,456 



$15,341 
11,525 



$0.76 
.44 



$2,030 



Per cent. 
3.23 



Imports of "all natural or synthetic odoriferous or aromatic sub- 
stances, preparations and mixtures" from 1915-1918 have averaged 
about $500,000, producing a revenue of about $100,000 annually. 
Recent statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$556, 624 

752, 093 

1, 720, 213 

579, 912 




I Per cent. 
$111,325 1 20 
150,419 20 
344, 043 


1919 


60, 870 
226, 276 
128, 401 




$12.36 
7.60 
4.52 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 




/ 2° 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Perfume materials provided 
for in paragraph 49 (act of 1913) have been separated into two nat- 
ural groups according to degree of manufacture. The more impor- 
tant aromatic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin have beeL mentioned 
specifically in paragraph 56 (H. R. 7456). The provision for "all 
combinations of" of essential and distilled oils in paragraph 46 (act 
of 1913) has been combined with this paragraph. (Reclassification 
Report, p. 72.) 

Suggested changes. — Page 20, line 1, of H. R. 7456: Strike out 
comma after " pound." Page 20, line 7, of H. R. 7456 : Change " 58 " 
to "57." 

Page 19, paragraph 56, line 24: Transpose "combinations" and 
"mixtures" to agree with paragraph 53. 



82304—22- 



-12 



178 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 57. 



H. It. 7456. 



Par. 57. Perfumery, including cologne 
and other toilet waters, articles of per- 
fumery, whether in sachets or other- 
wise, and all preparations used as ap- 
plications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or 
skin, such as cosmetics, dentifrices, 
tooth soaps, pastes, theatrical grease 
paints, pomades, powders, and other 
toilet preparations, all the foregoing, if 
containing alcohol, 40 cents per pound 
and 60 per centum ad valorem ; if not 
containing alcohol, 60 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 67. Perfumery, including co- 
logne and other toilet waters, articles 
of perfumery, whether in sachets or 
otherwise, and all preparations used 
as applications to the hair, mouth, 
teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, den- 
tifrices, including tooth soaps, pastes, 
including theatrical grease paints and 
pastes, pomades, powders, and other 
toilet articles, all the foregoing; if 
containing alcohol, or in the manufac- 
ture or preparation of which alcohol 
is used, sixty cents per pound and 
fifty per centum ad valorem; if not 
containing alcohol, or in the manufac- 
ture or preparation of which alcohol 
is not used, sixty per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * * not specially provided 
for in this section, twenty per centum 
ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 48. Perfumery, including co- 
logne and other toilet waters, articles 
of perfumery, whether in sachets or 
otherwise, and all preparations used 
as applications to the hair, mouth, 
teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, den- 
tifrices, including tooth soaps, pastes, 
including theatrical grease paints, and 
pastes, pomades, powders, and other 
toilet preparations, all the foregoing, 
if containing alcohol, 40 cents per 
pound and 60 per centum ad valorem ; 
if not containing alcohol, 60 per 
centum ad valorem ; * * *. 



PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS. 



(See Survey A-14.) 

Description and uses. — Perfumes and cosmetics include liquid per- 
fumes, such as toilet waters and cologne, and dry perfumes, such as 
sachet and talcum. They also include preparations for the care of the 
skin, such as emulsions, cremes, and nail powders ; for the care of the 
hair, such as oils, washes, tonics, and pomades; for the care of the 
mouth, such as tooth pastes and powders ; and cosmetics, such as face 
paints, powders, lip sticks, eyebrow pencils, and theatrical greases and 
paints. This paragraph covers perfumery and cosmetics in finished 
form. These products are made by mixing perfume materials (see 
par. 56) with other substances. The materials are mixed with 
alcohol in the case of liquid perfume, toilet waters, and hair tonics ; 
with talc in the case of talcum powders ; with greases and pigments 
in the case of face paints; and with many other substances. The 
manufacture and the sale of these finished articles are, as a rule, 
by firms other than those dealing in the raw T materials. 

Production. — France is probably the leading producer of perfume 
material, finished perfumes, and cosmetics. This is partly due to 
natural advantages in growing flowers which produce the perfume 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



179 



odors and" to the large use of these commodities by the French people. 
The domestic production of perfumery and cosmetics in 1914 was 
valued at $16,899,000. The State of New York produced nearly one- 
half of the total output. Illinois and Massachusetts each produced 
over $1,000,000 worth; New Jersey ranks with these two States. 

In 1919 (preliminary figures) the values of the output of perfumery 
and cosmetics was $59,592,000. 

Imports of perfumery, cosmetics, and all toilet preparations have 
shown a steady increase from $1,214,792 in 1910 to $3,806,699 in 1917. 
Between 80 and 90 per cent of the imports have been from France. 
In 1913 the import of perfumery, cosmetics, and all toilet prepara- 
tions containing alcohol was 285,553 pounds, valued at $818,942, and 
yielded a revenue of $580,803. The import of perfumery, cosmetics, 
and all toilet preparations not containing alcohol in 1913 was valued 
at $1,025,200, and yielded a revenue of $615,120. The imports in- 
creased to $1,688,256 in 1917, with a revenue of $1,012,954. Imports 
of the above articles since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value 



Duty. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 



PERFUMES, INCLUDING COLOGNE AND OTHER TOILET WATERS (ALCOHOLIC). 



1918 


Pounds. 
259,068 
356,553 
725,684 
364,698 


$960, 515 
1, 925, 225 
2, 108, 996 
1,391,810 


$3. 71 
5.40 
2.91 
3.82 


$679,936 
1,297,756 
1,555,671 


Per cent. 
70.79 


1919 


67.41 


1920 


73.76 


1921 (9 months) . . .... 











PERFUMES, INCLUDING COLOGNE AND OTHER TOILET WATERS (NONALCOHOLIC). 



1918 




$1,537,691 
1, 893, 874 
1, 175, 690 
1, 296, 052 




$922,615 

1,136,324 

705, 414 


60.00 


1919 


974, 197 

1,082,763 

980,618 


$1.94 
1.09 
1.32 


60.00 


1920 


60.00 


1921 (9 months) 


60.00 









PREPARATIONS USED AS APPLICATIONS TO HAIR, MOUTH, TEETH, E»TC. 

(ALCOHOLIC). 



19181 












1919 


19, 878 
29,931 
12, 082 


$21, 048 
84, 453 
42, 193 


$1.06 
2.82 
3.49 


$20, 580 
62, 644 


97.78 


1920 


74.18 


1921 (9 months)... 











PREPARATIONS USED AS APPLICATIONS TO HAIR, 
(NONALCOHOLIC). 


MOUTH, TEETH, ETC. 


1918 1 




i 1 


1919 


864, 529 
914, 930 
695, 259 


$369, 786 
599, 869 
542, 300 




$0.43 $221,872 
.66 359,921 

.78 .. 


60.00 


1920 


60.00 


1921 (9 months) 






! 



1 Included with perfumes, cosmetics, etc. 

Exports of perfumerv, cosmetics, and toilet preparations have 
steadily increased from $824,460 in 1910 to $3,965,465 in 1918. Eng- 
land and Canada have been the chief consumers of our exports. Aus- 
tralia, Cuba, and the Philippines have taken a considerable portion 
in recent years. Exports were valued at $7,324,422, $8,739,593, and 
$3,515,070 in 1919, 1920, and in the first nine months of 1921, 
respectively. 



180 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 58. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pab. 58. Floral or flower waters con- 
taining no alcohol, not specially pro- 
vided for, 20 per centum ad valorem ; 
bay rum or bay water, whether dis- 
tilled or compounded, 40 cents per 
pound and 60 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 0,1. * * * floral or flower wa- Pae. 48. * * * floral or flower wa- 
ters containing no alcohol, not spe- lers containing no alcohol, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, dally provided for .in this section, 20 
twenty per centum ad valorem. per centum ad valorem. 

Pae. 305. Bay rum or bay water, Par. 242. Bay rum or bay water, 

whether distilled or compounded, of whether distilled or compounded, of 

first proof, and in proportion for any first proof, and in proportion for any 

greater strength than first proof, one greater strength than first proof, $1.75 

dollar and seventy -five cents per gallon, per gallon. 

FLORAL OR FLOWER WATERS. 

(See Survey A-14.) 

Description and uses. — Floral or flower waters are obtained as a 
by-product of the steam distillation process of recovering the essen- 
tial oils of various flowers. (See par. 54.) The flowers are distilled 
with steam and the essential oil of the flower separates from the con- 
densed steam or water, but the water is left perfumed with the odor 
of the flower. An illustration of this is the well-known rose water 
which is produced in Bulgaria as a by-product of the production of 
oil of rose. 

Imports from 1910 to 1913 were valued at $31,413. In 1914 the 
value was $50,297 and yielded a revenue of $10,059. Imports de- 
creased to $22,216 in 1915. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. ' 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$33,735 


1 

$6,747 ; 
2,974 ! 
10,S77 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 




14,868 ■ 


20 


1920 




54,384 


20 


1921 (9 months) 




28. 945 : 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Floral waters are included 
with perfumery in paragraph 48 of the act of 1913. Their chief use 
is other than in perfumery (for flavoring medicines), and therefore 
the}' were given a separate paragraph. 



BAY RUM. 

(See Survey A-14.) 



Description. — Bay rum or bay water is a fragrant liquid, usually 
made by mixing the oil of bay leaves with alcohol and water; it may- 
be obtained by distilling the leaves with rum. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



181 



Imports were 483 gallons, valued at $619 in 1914 ; nearly all came 
from France and the Virgin Islands. Imports of raw materials in 
1914 were 168,165 pounds of bay leaves, valued at $5,370; and 1,631 
pounds of bay oil, valued at $2,393, chiefly from France and French 
West Indies, respectively. 
• Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


I Equiva- 
Duty. ! lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Proof gallons. 
12 


$34 

51 

8,675 

12 


$2.83 

2.83 

.93 

12.00 


j Per cent. 
$21 61. 76 


1919... 


i 18 


32 

0) 


61.76 


1920. . 


1 9,322 




1921 (9 months).. 


' 1 






1 







From the Virgin Islands, free of duty. 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Bay rum is transferred from 
paragraph 242, schedule H, act of 1913, to this schedule. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 59. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 59. Paris green and London 
purple. 15 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 57. Paris green, and London 
purple, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913, 

Pah. 569. Paris green and London 
purple [Free]. 



PARIS GREEN AND LONDON PURPLE. 



(See Survey FL-8.) 



Description and uses. — Paris green, a compound containing both 
copper and arsenic, is light green in color, insoluble in water, and 
very poisonous. It is manufactured from salts of copper and arsenic, 
and is used principally as an insecticide, but not as much as formerly, 
being replaced to a great extent by arsenate of lead (par. 44) . It is 
employed also as a pigment. London purple, a by-product of the 
arsenic-acid method for the manufacture of fuchsine, is essentially 
calcium arsenite and arsenate colored by fuchsine and is insoluble in 
water and poisonous. The arsenic-acid method for the manufacture 
of fuchsine is now little used, hence London purple is nearly obsolete. 
It formerly served as an insecticide. Calcium arsenate is so used, 
but is not called London purple. 

Imports of Paris green and London purple in 1914 were 33,373 
pounds, more than two-thirds from England, the remainder from 
Germany. Imports decreased during the war and since 1916 have 
been negligible; the maximum was 772 pounds in 1920 (calendar 
year). 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — These products are exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 569). 



182 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PARAGRAPH 60. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



' Par. 60. Phosphorus, 10 cents per 
pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 59. Phosphorus, eighteen cents Par. 575. Phosphorus [Free], 
per pound. 



PHOSPHORUS. 



(See Survey FI^-1.) 



Description and uses. — Phosphorus is one of the nonmetallic ele- 
ments. As calcium phosphate, it is an important constituent of bones, 
and its salts are necessary to all plant growth. It appears in com- 
merce as yellow and red phosphorus. The yellow variety takes fire 
readily in the air and is poisonous, while the red is not nearly so 
inflammable and is nonpoisonous. Yellow phosphorus was formerly 
much used in the manufacture of matches, a use practically discon- 
tinued because of the imposition of internal-revenue taxes which are, 
in effect and in intent, prohibitive. The importation and exportation 
of matches so manufactured are also prohibited. (Act of Apr. 9, 
1912, ch. 75, sec. 10, 37 Stat., 81, 83.) Phosphorus sesquisulphide and 
red phosphorus are both made from yellow phosphorus and are now 
used in matches in place of the latter. Phosphorus is also employed 
in the manufacture of phosphor bronze, in rat poison, and in phos- 
phorus compounds, including phosphoric anhydride and phosphorus 
trichloride. 

Production in 1914 was approximately 1,315,000 pounds. Phos- 
phorus is a product of the electric furnace, the raw materials being 
calcium phosphate, sand, and carbon. During the war production 
in this country, as well as in Europe, multiplied four or five times, 
but since the war-time demand has abated, output has declined, leav- 
ing idle a large productive capacity. 

Imports of phosphorus in 1914 were 605 pounds; in 1917, 4,010 
pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

584,081 

54,916 

291,747 

228,962 


$222, 250 
17,283 
55,077 
46,090 


$0.38 


1919 


.31 


1920 


.19 


1921 (9 months).. .. 


.20 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Importation changes m classification. — Phosphorus is exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 575). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



183 



PARAGRAPH 61. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 61. Plasters, healing or curative, 
of all kinds, and court-plaster, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pab. 66. Plasters, healing or cura- 
tive, of all kinds, and court-plaster, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pae. 50. Plasters, healing or cura- 
tive, of all kinds, and court-plaster, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 



( See Survey A-14. ) 

Description and loses. — Healing and curative plasters are intended 
for external application. They are usually pliable at the temperature 
of the body. The plastic material may be "lead plaster" (a lead 
soap made by beating together equal parts of lead oxide, olive oil, 
and lard) , a mixture containing crude rubber, or a mixture of resin- 
ous substances with fats and waxes. The substances are spread upon 
linen, muslin, paper, or leather before using. The active principle 
used in the plaster depends upon the curative action desired. 

Adhesive plasters are used in surgery to keep dressings in place, to 
cover ulcers, and to strengthen weak muscles. Court-plaster is made 
by applying to silk a coating of isinglass and tincture of benzoin. 

Imports for four years prior to the war averaged a little less than 
$5,000 in value. The value of imports was $10,929 in 1914, and 
$8,094 in 1916. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


87, 353 
6,137 

10, 048 
9,754 


SI, 103 

921 

1,507 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 




15 


1920 





15 


1921 (9 months) 





15 












Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 62. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 62. Paints, colors, and pigments 
commonly known as artists' paints or 
colors, whether in tubes, pans, cakes, 
or other forms, 25 per centum ail valo- 
rem. , 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pab. 56. * * * all paints, colors, 
and pigments, commonly known as 
artists' paints or colors, whether in 
tubes, pans, cakes or other forms, 
thirty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pae. 63. * * * all paints, colors, 
and pigments commonly known as 
artists' paints or colors, whether in 
tubes, pans, cakes, or other forms, 20 
centum ad valorem; * * *. 



184 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ARTISTS' PAINTS OR COLORS. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description, uses, and production. — The paints commonly known 
as artists' paints or colors consist of pigments, such as burnt sienna, 
burnt umber, cobalt oxide, white chromes, etc., ground in oil and 
put up in tubes for artists' use. No figures have been published for 
the domestic production of artists' colors, but it is thought that their 
manufacture does not represent a large industry. 

Imports. — The importation in 1915 was $186,728 and yielded a 
revenue of $37,345. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$85, 207 
102,987 
205, 007 
143, 571 




$17, 041 
20, 597 
41, 001 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


99,993 


$1.03 


20 


1920 . 


20 


1921 (9 months) . . . 



















Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision in paragraph 
63, act of 1913, for artists' colors has been given a separate paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 63. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pae. 63. Pigments, colors, stains, and 
paints, including enamel paints, 
whether dry, mixed, or ground in or 
mixed with water, oil, or solutions 
other than oil, not specially provided 
for, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



* * * enamel paints made 
thirty-five per centum 



Par. 51 
with varnish, 
ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 56. All paints, colors, pigments, 
stains, lakes." * * * whether crude 
or dry or mixed, or ground with water 
or oil or with solutions other than oil, 
not otherwise specially provided for in 
this section, thirty per centum ad 
valorem ; * * *. 



ACT OE 1913. 

Par. 63. Enamel paints, and all 
paints, colors, pigments, stains, * * * 
whether crude, dry, mixed, or ground 
with water or oil or with solutions 
other than oil, not specially provided 
for in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem ; * * * all color lakes," 
whether dry or in pulp, not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 



PIGMENTS, COLORS, STAINS, AND PAINTS, N. S. P. F. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — Pigments are mineral or organic substances 
which, when finely ground and mixed with the proper vehicle, will 
form paint. It is essential that the pigment be insoluble in the 

11 Lakes not of coal-tar origin are unprovided for in H. R. 7456 except as colors 
n. s. p. f. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



185 



vehicle and opaque, since these properties determine the body and 
covering power of the paint. The manufacture of pigments is the 
most important branch of the paint industry, but considerable quan- 
tities are used for other industrial purposes, such as fillers in rubber, 
paper, linoleum, and oilcloth. Other pigments, especially lampblack 
and the color lakes, are used in lithographic inks. 

The inorganic pigments may be classified according to their origin 
into three groups: (1) Natural mineral pigments, such as ocher, 
umber, sienna, hematite, siderite, and ground shale or slate; (2) 
pigments made directly from ores, e. g., zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, 
and basic sulphates of lead; and (3) chemically manufactured pig- 
ments, e. g., basic carbonate white lead, litharge, red lead, Venetian 
red, lithopone, vermilion, color lakes, and the chromium colors. 

The different pigments and related paint materials are discussed 
under their respective headings in the order and in the groups pro- 
vided for in H. K. 7456, paragraphs 63 to 74, inclusive. 

Enamel paints, consisting of oil varnishes ground with finely di- 
vided pigments and thinned with turpentine, are decorative paints. 
Statistics for the production of enamel paints are not published, but 
the industry is large. Stains, being thinner than paint, are absorbed 
by the pores of the material to which applied instead of forming a 
coating on the surface. Those used for staining shingles usually con- 
tain a creosote or pine oil which has the effect of preserving the wood. 
The stains used for interior decorating, such as floor stains, are of 
greater commercial importance. 

Production. — The products of the domestic paint industry in. 1914 
were valued at $112,408,700 and in 1919 (preliminary figures) at 
$256,714,300. 

Imports of " all other paints, colors, pigments, stains, smalts, and 
frostings" prior to 1914 averaged about $500,000 annually. They 
then decreased steadily to $43,523 in 1918 (fiscal year). The maxi- 
mum imports of " enamel paints " from 1910 to 1918 was in 1914 and 
amounted to about $17,000. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


"ALL OTHER PAINTS, 


COLORS, PIGMENTS, STAINS, SMJ 


^.LTS, ANI 


) FROSTINGS." 


1918 


Pounds. 


$51, 507 
109, 492 
282, 338 
151, 903 




$7, 726 
16, 424 
42, 351 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


548,278 


$0.20 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) . . . 
















ENAMEL PAINTS. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 




::::::::::::: 


1,841 
7,313 

60, 478 
9,453 


$525 

5,638 

26,122 

2,991 


$0.28 
.77 
.43 
.32 


$79 

846 

3,918 


15 
15 
15 











186 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. / 

Important changes in classification. — Smalts, frostings, ceramic and 
glass fluxes, enamels and colors, now classified in the paragraph with 
pigments (par. 63, act of 1913), have been transferred to schedule 2 
(par. 231), and crayons, including charcoal crayons or fusains, in the 
same paragraph, have been transferred to schedule 14 (par. 1449, 
H. R, 7456). 

The provision for color lakes (par. 63, act of 1913) has been omitted 
because all of the more important color lakes are of coal-tar origin and 
are provided for in paragraph 26 (H. E. 7456) ; others not of coal-tar 
origin would fall within the provision for colors in this paragraph. 
(Reclassification Report, p. 85.) 



PARAGRAPH 64. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 64. Barytes ore, crude or un- 
manufactured, $4 per ton ; ground or 
otherwise manufactured, $7.50 per ton ; 
precipitated barium sulphate or blanc 
fixe, 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 42. Baryta, sulphate of, or ba- Par. 51. Baryta, sulphate of, or ba- 
rytes, including barytes earth, unmanu- rytes, including barytes earth, unmanu- 
factured, one dollar and fifty cents per factured, 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
ton ; manufactured, five dollars and manufactured, 20 per centum ad valo- 
twenty-five cents per ton. rem ; blanc-fixe, or artificial sulphate 

Par. 44. Blanc-fixe, or artificial sul- of barytes, * * * 20 per centum ad 

phate of barytes, * * * one-half of valorem, 
one cent per pound. 

BARYTES ORE AND GROUND BARYTES. 

(See Survey A-4.) 
(For a general discussion of Barium Compounds, see p. 49.) 

Description and uses. — Barytes ore is also called " barite," " heavy 
spar," and " tiff." It is usually a white opaque to translucent mineral, 
but is also found stained pink when containing oxides of iron. The 
commercial grades of crude barytes contain 90 to 95 per cent of barium 
sulphate. Of the barytes ore consumed in the United States about 
one-half goes into the pigment lithopone (see par. 74, p. 209) and 
the remainder is used in manufacturing ground barytes and barium 
chemicals (see par. 11, p. 49) . 

The natural mineral ground fine or crushed is known as unbleached 
barytes or barytes " off color," and is employed in the preparation of 
dark-colored paints, and as a filler in the paper industry, chiefly in 
the manufacture of heavy and stiff materials, such as used for play- 
ing cards and bristol board. Bleached ground barytes which has 
been treated with acid to dissolve out the iron and thereby improve 
its color is known as " prime white " and " floated " barytes. It is 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1&21. 



187 



used in white paints and as a filler in paper and rubber goods where 
a white product is desired. 

Production of crude barytes in the United States since 1912 has 
been as follows : 



Year. 


Quantity v , 
(short tons).! v alue - 


Year. 


Quantity 
(short tons). 


Value. 


1912 


! 

37,478 $153,313 
45,298 ' 156,275 
52,747 ; 155,647 
108,547 381,032 
221,952 1,011,232 


1917 


206,888 


SI, 171, 184 


1913 


1918 

1919 


155,368 
209, 330 
228, 113 


1,044,905 


1914 


L 727, 822 


1915 


1920 


2, 142, 464 


1916 















Prior to the war practically all of the barytes mined in the United 
States came from Missouri, and supplied the ground-barytes trade 
of the Middle West. In 1916 the largest State production of crude 
barytes was shifted from Missouri to Georgia. This was due to the 
development of the Georgia deposits by the eastern manufacturers 
of barium chemicals and lithopone, who had previously depended 
on Germany for this raw material. Barytes is now mined chiefly 
in Georgia, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia. The min- 
ing operations in the East are on a larger scale than those of Mis- 
souri, those in the latter State being conducted primarily by indi- 
viduals on a small scale. This difference is due to the development 
of the eastern fields by large consumers. 

The output of ground barytes from 1915 to 1920 has been between 
-52,000 and 58,000 short tons, except in 1916 and in 1920 when it was 
in excess of 65,000 tons. 

Foreign production. — Up to the beginning of the war Germany, 
which has unlimited deposits of barytes of an exceedingly good 
grade, was one of the largest producers. In 1913, for example, she 
exported about four times as much as was produced in the United 
States in the same year. Since the war, however, production in this 
country has increased until the present output is greateivthan the 
exports of Germany previous to 1914. The United Kingdom also 
has large high-grade deposits. 

Imports. — Prior to 1915 from 35 to 45 per cent of our consumption 
of crude barytes was imported, chiefly from Germany. During the 
war importation was practically negligible. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1919 


Long tons. 
35 
22. 209 
6,315 


$245 
146,858 
39,495 


$7.00 
6.61 
6.40 


$37 

22,029 


Per cent. 
15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









The 1920 importation approaches the prewar figure and is about 
11 per cent of the 1920 domestic output. 

Imports of ground or manufactured barytes have always been 
:small and practically negligible. 



188 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports,— Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification.— -The term " sulphate of ba- 
ryta " is inconsistent with correct chemical nomenclature and is not 
used in commerce to designate barytes. The term " barytes " alone 
signifies barium sulphate. Barytes ore is usually known as crude 
barytes, and therefore the term " crude " was used in connection with 
the unmanufactured product. 

Manufactured barytes is crude barytes which has been ground and 
any color present removed by bleaching with sulphuric acid. This 
product is sold as " ground barytes." The term " ground " was 
therefore used in connection with manufactured barytes. (Reclassi- 
fication Report, p. 75.) 

PRECIPITATED BARIUM SULPHATE OR BLANC FIXE. 

Description and uses. — Precipitated barium sulphate or blanc fixe 
refers to barium sulphate which has been precipitated by chemical 
means from a solution of a soluble barium salt. This is the best 
grade of barium sulphate on the market and is used as an inert 
pigment and filler for paints and paper when a white product is de- 
sired. A special grade is largely used by the rubber industry. It 
is also used in the manufacture of printing inks. 

Production. — Statistics of the domestic production of blanc fixe 
are not available prior to 1915. Production increased steadily from 
1,229 short tons in 1915 to 9,522 short tons in 1918. The output de- 
clined to 5,227 tons in 1919, but was 8,046 tons in 1920. 

Blanc fixe is prepared by treating a solution of crude barium sul- 
phide (which is made from barytes by fusion with coal) with sodium 
sulphate or salt cake; and a by-product of sodium sulphide is ob- 
tained. It is also prepared by treating barium chloride with sodium 
sulphate. 

Imports. — Prior to 1914 imports of blanc fixe and satin white or 
artificial sulphate of lime were between 5,000,000 and 6,000,000 
pounds per year. Since then imports declined rapidly to less than 
500,000 pounds in 1916 and 1917 and to about 180,000 pounds in 1918. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. J Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1919 


Pounds. 
1,285 
329, 299 
1, 035, 452 


$90 
8,485 
16,652 


SO. 07 
.03 
.02 


$18 
1,697 


Per cent. 
20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Precipitated barium sul- 
phate was used to describe blanc fixe, as it is more accurate than 
artificial sulphate of barytes, the term used in paragraph 51 (act 
of 1913). Barytes refers to barium sulphate, and therefore the term 
" sulphate of barytes " is redundant. (Reclassification Report, p. 76.) 



189 

PARAGRAPH 65. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 65. Blue pigments and all blues 
•containing iron ferrocyanide or iron 
ferricyanide, in pulp, dry, or ground 
in or mixed with oil or water, 12 
cents per pound; ultramarine blue, 
(Try, in pulp, or ground in or mixed 
■with oil or water, wash and all other 
blues containing ultramarine, 3 cents 
per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Tar. 43. Blues, such as Berlin, Prus- Par. 52. Blues, such as Berlin, Prus- 
sian, Chinese, and all others, contain- sian, Chinese, and all others, contain- 
ing ferrocyanide of iron, in pulp, dry ing ferrocyanide of iron, in pulp, dry 
or ground in or mixed with oil or or ground in or mixed with oil or 
v, ater, eight cents per pound. water, 20 per centum ad valorem ; 

Par. 50. Ultramarine blue, whether ultramarine blue, whether dry, in pulp, 

dry. in pulp, or mixed with water, and or ground in or mixed with oil or 

wash blue containing ultramarine, water, and wash blue containing ultra- 

tliree cents per pound. marine, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

FERROCYANIDE AND FERRICYANIDE BLUES. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — The terms Berlin blue, Prussian blue, and 
•Chinese blue, used in the act of 1913, are commercial names given to 
blue pigments made from iron ferrocyanide or iron ferricyanide. 
Many other names are used commercially for very similar pigments. 
The name Berlin blue is practically obsolete. These articles are 
sold in pulp, dry or ground in or mixed with oil or water in vary- 
ing percentages. Ferrocyanide blues are used as pigments in pre- 
pared paints and dry colors ; printing, lithographing, and writing 
inks; japans, enamel paints, soluble laundry blues; and mixed with 
other pigments, in the manufacture of other dry colors. 

Production. — Ferrocyanide blues in general are made by mixing 
ferrocj^anide of potash or soda with a soluble iron salt, such as 
copperas, and oxidizing the insoluble white product formed with a 
suitable chemical under carefully controlled conditions. The in- 
soluble blue material formed in the process is then filtered, washed, 
and dried. Ferroc} T anide blues are made on a large scale in the United 
States, and prior to 1914 the domestic production supplied over 75 
per cent of the total needs, but about half of the sodium or potassium 
ferrocyanide used as a raw material was imported. Over 1,000,000 
pounds of Prussian blue, valued at $387,077, were manufactured in 
the United States in 1914 ; and in 1919 (preliminary figures), 944,650 
pounds, valued at $645,200. It is also manufactured in German}', 
France, and England. 



190 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports for the period 1910-1917 have averaged 263,549 pounds, 
valued at $76,840, yielding a revenue of $19,623. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2, 923 

16, 055 

465,119 

108, 093 


$3,100 

5,862 

204,845 

40, 908 


$1.06 
.36 

.44 
.38 


$620 

1,172 

40, 969 


Per cent. 
20> 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The blue pigments contain- 
ing as their essential constituent iron ferrocyanide or iron ferri- 
cyanide are sold under various trade names. Those in paragraph 52 
(act of 1913) are only a few of the names under which these blue 
pigments are sold. There was no special reason why those names 
should be continued. (Reclassification Report, p. 76.) 

The phrase " and all blues " was added after " blue pigments " in 
order to cover articles such as " bleachers' blue," containing iron 
ferrocyanide, which was held to be dutiable as a nonenumerated 
manufactured article. (De Ronde v. United States, 1 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 104 of 1910; Abstract 26014, T. D. 31744, of 1914; and 
Abstract 40916, of 1917.) 



ULTRAMARINE BLUE. 



(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — Ultramarine is the commercial name given 
to the blue pigment obtained from the mineral lapis lazuli and to the 
artificial product obtained by a chemical process; the artificial proc- 
ess has almost entirely replaced dependence upon the more expensive 
natural color. Ultramarine is sold as dry powder (which is insolu- 
ble in water), in pulp 5 or ground in or mixed with water or oil. It 
is used in large quantities in paints, inks, soaps, and paper, and for 
many other purposes, including the manufacture of laundry blues. 

Production. — Artificial ultramarine is made by heating a mixture 
of clays, soda ash or Glauber salts, coal, and sulphur in specially 
constructed furnaces, followed by grinding and lixiviating the prod- 
uct in water. Over 2,500,000 pounds of ultramarine, with a value of 
$222,769, were manufactured in the United States in 1914, and in 
1919 (preliminary figures) 2,800,000 pounds, valued at $630,000. 
It is also manufactured in the principal countries of Europe, chiefly 
in England and Germany. 

Imports of ultramarine for 1911-1917 averaged 636,907 pounds, 
valued at $59,251, yielding a revenue of $14,362. Imports before the 
war were obtained chiefly from England and Germany. Later 
statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



191 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


ULTRAMARINE. 


1918 


Pounds. 
287, 520 
310, 165 
735, 971 
605, 687 


*29, 490 
38,968 
83, 447 
59, 002 


$0.10 
.13 
.11 
.10 


$4,424 
5,845 
12, 517 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 




1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 








WASH BLUES CONTAINING ULTRAMARINE. 




1918 




$11,841 
13, 178 
29, 816 
2,246 




$1, 776 
1,977 
4,472 


15 


1919 


61,282 

165, 361 

17, 376 


$0.21 
.18 
.13 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 66. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 66. Bone black or bone char, 
blood char, and decolorizing and de- 
odorizing chars or carbons, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 10. * * * bone char, suit- 
able for use in decolorizing sugars, and 
blood char, twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 45. Black, made from bone, 
* * * by whatever name known, in- 
cluding bone black * * * dry or 
ground in oil or water, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 447. * * * blood char, bone 
char, or bone black, not suitable for 
use as a pigment [Free]. 

Par. 53. Black pigments, made from 
bone, * * * by whatever name 
known ; * * * dry or ground in or 
mixed with oil or water, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 423. Bones * * * burned, 
calcined, * * * [Free]. 



DECOLORIZING AND DEODORIZING CHARS OR CARBONS. 

(See Survey A-15) 

Description and uses. — Bone black or bone char and blood char 
are produced by heating dried blood and bones in closed retorts until 
all volatile matter is driven off. Bone char contains about 10 per 
cent carbon and 90 per cent mineral matter. Both of these sub- 
stances are sometimes called animal charcoal. Bone char to be used 
for decolorizing purposes differs from that used as a pigment only 
in that it should be in lumps or grains, while the pigment must 
be very finely ground. The principal use of these substances is 
as decolor izers in the refining of sugar, and in the purification of 
vegetable oils and paraffin. Other uses are in the purification of 
drinking water and in casehardening steel. Decolorizing and de- 



192 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



odorizing chars or carbons include other forms of carbons, largely 
of vegetable origin, which have become of commercial importance. 
They were imported prior to the war and are now being made in this 
country. 

Production. — Most of the animal charcoal used domestically is pro- 
duced here. Output of bone black (includes that used as a pigment) 
in 1914 was 44,509,000 pounds, valued at $1,532,000. In 1919 pro- 
duction figures were combined with other black pigments (see 
par. 68). 

Imports have been mostly of bone char. In 1913 imports were 
valued at $12,484; in 1914, at $77,717; in 1915, at $120,715. Imports 
since 1918 have been' valued at $36,594, $137,561, $524,172, and 
$170,2.06 in the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920, and the first nine 
months of 1921, respectively. 

Imports of blood char since 1918 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1919 


Pounds. 
10, 732 


$441 


$0.04 


1920 


84,762 1 1,182 
17, 094 555 


.01 


1921 (9 months) 


.03 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The phrase " and decoloriz- 
ing and deodorizing chars or carbons," has been added, and the 
phrase " not suitable for use as a pigment," omitted from H. R. 7456. 

" Blood char, bone char, or bone black, not suitable for use as a 
pigment," are exempt from duty (par. 447, act of 1913). 



PARAGRAPH 67. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 67. Chrome yellow, chrome 
green, and other colors containing 
chromium, in pulp, dry, or ground in 
or mixed with oil or water, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 46. Chrome yellow, chrome green, 
and all other chromium colors in the 
manufacture of which lead and bi- 
chromate of potash or soda are used, 
in pulp, dry, or ground in or mixed 
with oil or water, four and three- 
oighlhs cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 54. Chrome yellow, chrome green, 
and all other chromium colors in the 
manufacture of which lead and bi- 
chromate of potash or soda are used, 
in pulp, dry. or ground in or mixed 
with oil or water, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 



CHROMIUM PIGMENTS. 



(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — Chrome yellow is a pigment obtained by 
mixing solutions of sodium or potassium bichromate with a soluble 
lead salt (such as the acetate) , filtering the insoluble lead chromate 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



193 



formed, and washing and drying to a powder. Shades from deep 
orange to light canary yellow may be obtained by varying the chemi- 
cal conditions. 

Chrome green is a mixture of chrome yellow and Prussian blue. 

Chrome red is sometimes known as vermilion red or American ver- 
milion. It is a basic lead chromate made by digesting chrome yellow 
with caustic soda. 

Zinc yellow is a pigment containing zinc and chromium. 

The chrome colors are used in the manufacture of paints and for 
other purposes where a color pigment is desired. Chrome green is 
also used in the manufacture of lithographic inks. These colors are 
sold dry, in pulp, or ground in or mixed with oil or water. 

Production . — In 1914 the United States produced 5,747,317 pounds 
of chrome yellow, valued at $641,534. Production of orange and 
green pigments (including chrome orange and green) in the same 
year was 8,024,409 pounds, valued at $677,329. The output of chrome 
yellow, orange, and green in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 9,431,870 
pounds, valued at $2,081,400. 

Imports prior to 1915 averaged about 155,000 pounds, valued at 
approximately $25,000. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


; 

Ad 
Duty, valorem 
rate. 


191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

37 

6,791 

70, 868 

28,957 


$10 
2,733 
38, 910 
16,573 


$0.27 
.40 
.55 
.57 


Per cent. 
$2 1 20 
547 20 

7,782 20 
20 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The chrome colors dutiable 
under paragraph 54, act of 1913, are limited to those in the manu- 
facture of which lead and bichromate of potash or soda, are used. 
Although these are the principal chromium colors, there are other 
chromium pigments which do not require lead and bichromate of 
potash or soda in their manufacture. For example, oxide of 
chromium containing no lead or potassium bichromate has been de- 
clared dutiable as a color under paragraph 63 (act of 1913) rather 
than as chrome green under paragraph 54 (same act). (Abstract 
37081, of 1914.) Zinc chromate or "zinc yellow" is another im- 
portant chromium color. There being no apparent reason why all 
chromium colors should not receive the same tariff treatment, as the 
chromium content is the item of chief value, the phrase " in the 
manufacture of which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are 
used," was omitted. (Reclassification Report, p. 78.) 



82304—22- 



-13 



194 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 68. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 68. Gas black, lampblack, and 
all other black pigments, by whatever 
name known, dry or ground in or mixed 
with oil or water, and not specially pro- 
vided for, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 45. Black, made from * * * Par. 53. Black pigments, made from 

ivory, or vegetable substance, by what- * * * ivory, or vegetable substance, 

ever name known, including * * * by whatever name known ; gas black 

lampblack, dry or ground in oil or and lampblack, dry or ground in or 

water, twenty-five per centum ad va- mixed with oil or water, 15 per centum 

lorem. . ad valorem. 

GAS BLACK, LAMPBLACK, AND OTHER BLACK PIGMENTS. 

( See Survey A-15. ) 

Description and uses. — Carbon is the base of nearly all black pig- 
ments, which may be divided into five groups : 

(1) Soot blacks, which include lampblack, carbon black, gas black, 
acetylene black, benzol black, and other black pigments obtained by 
the incomplete combustion of many substances, such as natural gas, 
crude petroleum oil, dead oil (obtained from coal-tar distillation and 
from resinous woods, tar, and pitch). Carbon black, one of the most 
important of the class, is generally made by burning natural gas so 
that the flame impinges on a metal surface, where the carbon is de- 
posited and later removed by scraping. It is largely used as a filler 
in rubber, in the manufacture of printing ink, in stove polishes, and 
in paints. 

(2) The animal blacks, which form the second group, are prin- 
cipally obtained by calcining bones. Certain high grades are made 
from.ivory chips or from carefully selected bones. These are known 
as ivory black and drop black 'to distinguish them from the other 
forms of bone black (par. 66). 

(3) The charcoal blacks are obtained by charring willow, maple, 
bass, and similar soft woods. A special grade, known as vine black, 
is obtained by charring grape vines. 

(4) The mineral blacks are powdered shale or slate and appear 
in commerce under the name of mineral black, slate black, black 
chalk, etc. Powdered coal, graphite, manganese ores, and asphaltum 
are occasionally used as black pigments. 

(5) The fifth class are the black lakes, which consist of coloring 
matter precipitated on an inert base such as barytes and aluminum 
hydroxide. Logwood and nigrosine and other coal-tar dyes are 
largely used. 

J'roduction of bone, carbon, and lampblack increased from 
$1,464,000 by 27 firms in 1914 to $6,194,000 by 36 firms in 1919 (pre- 
liminary fig-ures). In 1914 the output was: Bone black. $1,532,000; 
carbon black, $918,091 : and lampblack, $503,856. The 1919 output of 
carbon black from natural gas was 52,056,940 pounds, valued at 
$3,816,000 and in 1920 was 51,321,892 pounds, valued at $4,032,286. 

Imports have been small as compared with the domestic produc- 
tion. The average value for the five years preceding the war was 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



195 



about $26,000. Since 1915 the imports have been quite small. Later 
statistics follow: 



Ca'endar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$2, 743 

2, 769 

46, 754 

16, 426 




$411 

415 

7,013 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


67,617 

609, 047 
205, 054 


SO. 04 
.08 
.08 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports of carbon, bone, and lamp black have been much larger 
than imports, reaching a value of $1,111,265 in 1918. Since 1918 
(calendar year) the exports have increased to $2,288,884 in 1920 and 
during the first nine months of 1921 were valued at $905,608. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision " Black pig- 
ments, made from bone, ivor} 7 , or vegetable substance," in paragraph 
53 (act of 1913), has been omitted and the wording "Gas black, 
lampblack, and all other black pigments " has been inserted in H. E. 
7456. Bone black, also used as a pigment, has been mentioned spe- 
cifically in paragraph 66. (Reclassification Report, p. 77.) 



PARAGRAPH 69. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 69. Lead pigments: Litharge, 
orange mineral, red lead, and white 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



lead, 2J cents per pound ; all pigments 
containing lead, dry or in pulp, or 
ground in or mixed with oil or water, 
not specially provided for, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 58. Lead : * * * litharge, 
two and one-half cents per pound. 

Par. 48. Orange mineral, three and 
one-fourth cents per pound. 

Par. 49. Red lead, two and five- 
eighths cents per pound. 

Par. 53. White lead, and white pig- 
ment containing lead, dry or in pulp, 
or ground or mixed with oil, two and 
one-half cents per pound. 

Par. 52. Vermilion reds, * * * 
when nor containing quicksilver but 
made of lead or containing lead, four 
and seven-eighths cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 56. Lead pigments: Litharge, 
orange mineral, red lead, white lead, 
and all pigments containing lead, dry 
or in pulp, and ground or mixed with 
oil or water, not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad val- 
orem. 

Par. 59. Vermilion reds, * * * 
when not containing quicksilver but 
made of lead or containing lead, 25 
per centum ad valorem. 



LEAD PIGMENTS. 
(See Survey A-15.) 



LITHARGE. 



Description and uses. — Litharge is the commercial name given to 
the yellow monoxide of lead which is formed when melted lead is 
heated to about 900° C. and oxidized in a current o* air. It is used 



196 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



in the manufacture of paints ; as, a drier for drying oils, such as lin- 
seed oil ; in glass and pottery manufacture ; in the preparation of 
numerous lead salts, such as lead acetate; and for various other 
purposes. 

Production. — Litharge is made by melting lead in rotating drums 
or reverberatory furnaces and blowing air through it. The melted 
litharge is allowed to run over iron plates, when it is chilled with 
water ; this produces the " yellow " litharge of commerce. Slow cool- 
ing favors the formation of a red flaky varietj^. The flakes are sepa- 
rated from the lumps by sifting and are sold as " flake." The solid 
material is ground wet, settled in water, and dried. It is marketed 
as " levigated " or " buff " litharge. Production in the United States 
has been Steadily increasing — 37,739 short tons, valued at $5,853,543, 
in 1916; 46,739 pounds, valued at $6,431,801, in 1919; and 62,329 
tons, valued at $12,386,185, in 1920. 

Imports. — The average annual import for 1910-1916 was 35,500 
pounds, valued at $1,787, yielding a revenue of $782. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pound*. 
100 


$12 



• 

$0. 12 


$3 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 




1920 


21,002 
100 


2,647 

7 j 


.13 

.07 


662 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 








Exports. Statistics not a 1 

03 


mailable. 

IANGE MINI 


]RAL. 









Description and uses. — Orange mineral is a tetraoxide of lead 
which has been prepared with special care and is therefore more ex- 
pensive than red lead. It is used as a pigment and for other pur- 
poses, including the manufacture of rubber. 

Production. — Orange mineral is made by heating white lead in the 
presence of air. It is usually made from the scum which collects on 
the surface of wash waters used in levigating white lead. The pro- 
duction figures of orange mineral in the United States have been in- 
cluded with the figures for red lead since 1915. Prior to 1915 the 
production of orange mineral averaged about 600 short tons. 

Imports. — The average annual import for 1910-1917 was 317,205 
pounds, valued at $20,098, yielding a revenue of $9,373. Later sta- 
tistics f oilow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1919 


Pounds. 
39,781 
52,094 
72,232 


$5,0S2 
5,352 
7,386 


$0.13 
.10 
.10 


$1,271 
1,338 


Per cent. 
25 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


25 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



197 



RED LEAD. 



Description and uses. — Keel lead, the name given to the tetraoxide 
of lead, is a heavy, orange-red pigment having good covering power. 
Red lead is used in the manufacture of flint glass and cut-glass 
tableware, in the manufacture of preservative paints, and for various 
other purposes, including the manufacture of rubber goods and stor- 
age batteries, and as a lute in pipe fittings. 

Production. — Red lead is made by heating litharge under carefully 
controlled conditions to about 375° C. Production has steadily in- 
creased in the United States, amounting to 23,035 short tons of red 
lead and orange mineral, valued at $3,933,566, in 1916, and in 1918 
and also in 1919 to an excess of 30,000 tons, valued at more than 
$5,000,000. In 1920 the output was 34,431 tons, valued at $7,523,089. 

Imports. — The average annual import for 1910-1917 was 370,351 
pounds, valued at $16,075, yielding a revenue of $9,743. Later statis- 
tics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Dutv Advalo- 

■ LMU >- rem rale. 


1918 


Pounds. 

7,199 
23,076 
6,176 


SI 

1,136 

1,789 

339 


$0.20 

- .16 

.08 

.05 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


$284 25 


1920 , 

1921 (9 months) 


447 | 25 
25 







Exports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 4,792,330 pounds, valued at 
$567,854. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





191S 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


5,739,819 
$662, 584 


6,227,797 
$735, 177 


3,063,030 
$365, SjJ 5 


949, 290 
$101,628 


Value 



WHITE LEAP. 



Description and uses. — White lead is the commercial name given 
to the artificial white pigment consisting of a mixture of carbonate 
and hydroxide of lead, and is the most important of the paint pig- 
ments, being impervious to light and possessing the highest cover- 
ing power. It is sold dry or in pulp, ground or mixed with oil or 
water. White lead used alone or mixed with other pigments is a 
constituent of almost all mixed paints, and is used for the produc- 
tion of other lead compounds and salts. 

Production. — White lead is manufactured chiefly by a method 
known in the trade as the " Dutch process," which consists essen- 
tially in corroding cast lead " buckles " by means of acetic acid and 
converting the acetate of lead produced into a mixture of lead car- 
bonate and hydroxide of lead. This is accomplished by the action 
of carbon dioxide gas, obtained from fermentation of spent tan bark. 
Several other processes are employed which have distinct advan- 
tages, but the bulk of the white lead produced in this country is made 
by the Dutch process. 



198 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The average annual domestic production for 1910-1916 was 142,- 
986 short tons, valued at $18,260,727. The output in 1919 and 1920 
was about 140,000 tons. It is manufactured in many countries, 
among them England, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, 
Belgium, and Holland. Prior to 1915 it was produced in France, 
but manufacture was discontinued on account of lead poisoning. 

Imports prior to the war were about 700,000 pounds — less than 
1 per cent of the domestic production — and yielded a revenue aver- 
aging about $4,000. They were negligible during the war. and have 
since been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


19191 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 
21,213 
159, 977 
123,616 


S2, 490 
19, 449 
12,545 


$0.12 
.12 
.10 


$623 
4,862 


Per cent. 
25 
25 
25 











L In 1918 imports were combined with all other pigments containing lead. 

Exports since 1913 have averaged about 7 or 10 per cent of the 
domestic production, and since 1918 (calendar years) have been as 
follows : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months) 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



15,588,916 
$1,756,739 



28,033,485 
$3,037,292 



29,801,557 
$3, 195, 101 ' 



8,647,947 
$863, 848 



SUBLIMED WHITE LEAD. 



Description and uses. — Sublimed white lead (basic lead sulphate) 
is an amorphous white pigment with excellent covering properties. 
It is" composed of about 75 per cent lead sulphate, 20 per cent lead 
oxide, and 5 per cent zinc oxide. Basic lead sulphate is used in paints, 
and in the manufacture of oilcloth, stained paper, and rubber goods. 

Production. — Sublimed white lead is made directly from the ore 
(silver- free galena) by mixing finely ground ore with coal and heat- 
ing in a furnace. Blue fume or " sublimed blue lead," which has some 
use as a pigment, is a by-product. The production of sublimed white 
lead in 1910 was 9,951 short tons, valued at $1,002,010. Since 1910 
the production figures of this commodity have been grouped with the 
figures for other lead pigments, chiefly leaded zinc oxides. Sublimed 
white lead is made in England and Australia and elsewhere abroad. 

Import statistics for this commodity are not shown in official pub- 
lications. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



OTHER LEAD PIGMENTS. 



I m port* of all other pigments containing lead since 1918 have been 
as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



199 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 

$51 
12 
85- 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


19181.. 


Pounds. 

508 

115 

1,757 

34,529 


$202 ' $0.40 

46 .40 

341 . 19 

2,922 .08 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 













i Includes white lead. 



PARAGRAPH 70. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 70. Ochers, siennas, and um- 
bers, crude or not ground, one-fourth 
of 1 cent per pound ; washed or 
ground, three-eighths of 1 cent per 
pound ; iron-oxide and iron-hydroxide 
pigments not specially provided for, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 55. Ocher and ochery earths, 
sienna and sienna earths, and umber 
and umber earths, 5 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; Spanish brown, Venetian red, 
Indian red, and colcothar or oxide of 
iron, not specially provided for in this 
section, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 47. Ocher and ochery earths, 
sienna and sienna earths, and umber 
and umber earths, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, when crude 
or not powdered, washed* or pulver- 
ized, one-eighth of one cent per pound ; 
if powdered, washed or pulverized, 
three-eighths of one cent per pound ; 
if ground in oil or water, one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 56. All * * * pigments * * * 
not otherwise specially provided for in 
this section, thirty per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. 

\ 
OCHER, SIENNA, AND UMBER.- 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description. — Ocher, sienna, and umber are natural pigments con- 
sisting essentially of clay colored by the hydrated oxides of iron arid 
manganese. Ordinary ocher rarely contains more than 30 per cent of 
the hydrated oxide of iron. The composition of sienna and umber is 
similar to that of ocher, although they invariably contain manganese 
and frequently more iron. Ocher is the cheapest of the common 
yellow pigments. Umber and sienna are of brown color, due to 
manganese content. 

When ocher is calcined the color is changed to an orange or red, 
but these varieties, known as burnt ochers, are less important pig- 
ments than the untreated and natural yellows. Umber and sienna 
are marketed both raw and burnt, but the burnt pigments, which are 
darker in color, are the more important. Burnt sienna is reddish 
brown, while burnt umber is a rich, warm brown. 

Uses. — Coarse ocher is used as a filler for linoleum, the finer grade 
as a pigment in tinted paints or as a stain for the pulp of brown 
paper. Siennas and umbers are used principally as paint pigments. 



200 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Ground sienna is used in lithographic printing and widely as a stain 
and filler for wood. Umber paints have good covering power, and 
umber is an essential ingredient in many weather-proof paints. 

-Production. — France provides the world's greatest output of ocher. 
Large quantities are also mined in England and the United States. 
The French colors are considered more brilliant and finer than those 
from other countries and are generally recognized as standard grades. 
Prior to the war the United States annually consumed between 20,000 
and 25,000 tons of ocher, of which about two-thirds was of domestic 
origin. Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Florida furnished most of the 
American product. 

Neither sienna nor umber is produced in large amounts in the 
United States, the average domestic output before the war being less 
than 1,000 tons annually. In 1914, the last year for which complete 
data are available, the combined imports of umber and sienna were 
7,581 short tons, valued at $109,238, as compared with a domestic out- 
put of only 790 short tons, valued at $21,070. Umber is produced in 
practically all countries, but the finest qualities are found in Cyprus, 
Sicily, Asia Minor, and the Netherlands. Turkish umber, chiefly 
from the island of Cyprus, is the standard. Italian sienna, produced 
in Tuscany, has the same preeminence in its field as Turkish umber in 
the world market. The Harz Mountains are the only other important 
source of supply, although small amounts of sienna are produced in 
many parts of the world. 

Imports of ocher prior to the war were 6,000 to 9,000 tons annually. 
Approximately three-fourths came from France. Sienna and umber 
are imported in three forms: (1) Crude or unpulverized, (2) pow- 
dered or washed, and (3) paste (ground in oil or water). Imports 
have been principally in crude form. Imports of umber of all 
classes in 1914, which is a fairly representative year, amounted to 
2,303 short tons, valued at $35,570; imports of sienna during the 
same period were 3,245 tons, with a value of $55,925. Imports of 
these materials since 1917 are given in the following table : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


C 


CHERS, CRUDE. 






1918 


Pounds. 
8,321,892 ' $193,647 
9,137,187 219,805 

29,595,091 1 375,672 
7,088,974 118,055 


$0.02 
.02 
.01 
.02 


$9, 682 
10, 990 
18, 784 


Per cent. 
5 


1919 


5 


1920 


5 




5 








si 


ENNAS, CRUDE. 






1918 


1 
1, 641, 214 $60, 154 


$0.04 
.03 
.03 
.04 


S3.00S 
2,307 
7,274 


5 


1919 

1920 


1, 734, 807 
5, 414, 477 
2, 157, 947 


46, 134 
145, 480 

88, 002 




5 


1921 (9 months) 


5 








| 

UMBERS, CRUDE. 


1918 


487,623 
2,315,377 
7,643,235 
2,617,169 


$13,859 
23, 2 14 
85,424 
29,485 


$0.03 
.01 
.01 
.01 


$693 
1,162 

4,271 


5 


1919 


5 


1920 


5 




5 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 201 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification, — The term " earths " has been 
omitted in connection with ochers, siennas, and umbers (par. 55, act 
of 1913). 

IRON-OXIDE AND IRON-HYDROXIDE PIGMENTS. 
(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — These pigments, consisting chiefly of red 
and brown oxides of iron, are known by the general term metallic 
paint. They were described in the act of 1913 as " Spanish brown, 
Venetian red, Indian red, and colcothar or oxide of iron." Commer- 
cially the brown colors are called metallic browns to distinguish them 
from ochers, umbers, and siennas. Spanish brown is the product im- 
ported from Spain. The nomenclature of the reds is much more 
involved, and describes shade and quality rather than origin or 
method of production. 

Venetian red has been loosely applied to a variety of red pigments, 
but is correctly applicable only to a combination of iron oxide and 
calcium sulphate. All Venetian reds are of the familiar brick color, 
are paler than other iron reds, and not so brilliant, are permanent, 
work well with oil, can be mixed with other pigments, and are cheap. 

Indian red is doubtless the best known of the natural iron oxide 
pigments, and in the trade bears various names, such as bole, raddle, 
oxide red, and rouge. Native Indian red contains about 90 per cent 
of iron oxide. 

Colcothar is the obsolete name for iron oxide formed by the cal- 
cination of copperas — iron sulphate crystals produced from iron 
wastes and from pickling liquors in wire works and galvanizing 
mills. 

Oxide of iron is the commercial term used to describe the arti- 
ficial oxide obtained by calcination of copperas. The name is not 
used to describe natural pigments or those made direct^from ore* 
although red hematite and calcined carbonate iron ore may have the 
same chemical composition. 

Crocus martis is a trade designation for the purple or deep-red 
pigment produced by calcining certain iron salts. It is rarely used 
as a pigment but chiefly for polishing powder. 

One of the most extensive uses of iron paints is for the protection 
of structural steel and iron, for which purpose it has proved more 
satisfactory than either graphite or red lead ; it is also much cheaper 
in first cost. Large quantities are used for painting freight cars, 
barns, and houses. 

In addition to being used as a pigment the best grade of iron oxide 
is an important abrasive. Iron oxide, of natural and artificial origin, 
is prepared in extremely fine form and used for polishing plate glass 
and lenses, gold, silver, and other metals. 

Production, — The chief source of natural iron paints in the United 
States is the Clinton hematite found in various places throughout the 
Appalachian region. There is also a small output from the Lake 
Superior district. Accurate statistics of production are practically 
impossible to secure, because of the diversity of the products and the 
difficulty of classification. Data, reported by the United States 



202 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Geological Survey for the years 1907 to 1914, show an average do- 
mestic output of about 25,000 short tons, valued at approximately 
$180,000. These figures do not include material of similar composi- 
tion used as mortar colors or all of the oxide paints from the metal- 
lurgical waste liquors. The marketed production of Venetian red in 
1914 was 7,445 short tons, valued at $119,895. 

Imports. — The United States is the largest consumer of iron paints 
in the world. The consumption is increasing rapidly, and is supplied 
chiefly by domestic production. Spanish iron ores, however, notably 
the brown hematites, are important imports. Special qualities of 
reds, chiefly of artificial origin, are imported from Europe, espe- 
cially from England; and, before the war, were brought from Ger- 
many. The values of the imports of oxides of iron for consumption 
are the only data shown in Commerce and Navigation. From 1910 
to 1918 the annual imports of Spanish brown, Indian red, and col- 
cothar or oxide of iron, n. s. p. f., averaged about $180,000, increasing 
from $82,514 in 1911 to $335,176 in 1918. Imports of Venetian red 
from 1910 to 1913 average annually about 2,620,000 pounds, valued 
at $23,410. They increased to 3,858,611 pounds in 1914, and then 
decreased steadily to 433,368 pounds in 1918. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


i 
Quantity. | Value. 

1 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


SPANISH BROWN, 


INDIAN RED, AND COLCOTHAR OR OXIDE OF IRON. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$311,425 
307,413 
483,201 
337,755 




$31, 143 
30,741 
48,320 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 




9,971,744 
15,200,834 
10,666,007 


$0.03 
.03 
.03 


10 


1920 




10 


1921 (9 months) 




10 










VENETIAN RED. 


1518 

1919..."- 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 





312,996 
179,700 
303,916 
255,997 


$3,653 
3,509 
4,802 
5,360 


$0.01 
.02 
.02 
.02 


$365 
351 
480 


10 
10 
10 
10 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The terms " Spanish brown, 
Venetian red, Indian reel, and colcothar or oxide of iron " (par. 55. 
act of 1913) have been replaced with " iron-oxide and iron-hydroxide 
pigments." 

PARAGRAPH 71. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 71. Satin white and precipitated 
calcium sulphate, one-half of 1 cent per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 44. * * * satin white, or Par. 51. * * * satin white, or 
artificial sulphate of lime, one-half of artificial sulphate of lime, 20 per 
one cent per pound. centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 203 

SATIN WHITE AND PRECIPITATED CALCIUM SULPHATE. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Satin white is gelatinous 
aluminum hydroxide mixed with calcium sulphate. It is made by 
precipitating a concentrated solution of sulphate of aluminum with 
an excess of lime. Precipitated calcium sulphate is the pure product 
obtained by precipitation from a solution of calcium chloride by 
means of sodium sulphate. It is also obtained as a by-product of 
certain chemical processes. Calcium sulphate also exists in nature 
as gypsum. (See par. 205, p. 265.) Satin white and artificial sul- 
phate of lime are used synonymously in the act of 1913; in reality 
they are distinct commodities. Satin white is used largely in the 
coating of paper. Precipitated calcium sulphate, as well as natural 
calcium sulphate (gypsum), is used as an inert pigment and filler in 
the manufacture of paints. 

Imports. — These two commodities are combined with " blanc-fixe 
or artificial sulphate of barytes," in the statistics of imports. (See 
par. 64, p. 187.) 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Satin white and artificial 
calcium sulphate are distinct articles of commerce, satin white being 
a gelatinous aluminum hydroxide mixed with calcium sulphate and 
some free lime, and produced by precipitating a solution of alu- 
minum sulphate with an excess of lime, while precipitated- (arti- 
ficial) calcium sulphate is obtained by precipitation from a solution 
of calcium chloride by means of sodium sulphate. Satin white and 
precipitated calcium sulphate have no relation (other than being 
pigments) to the other articles in paragraph 51 (act of 1913) ; 
therefore they were provided for in separate paragraphs. (Re- 
classification Report, p. 76.) 



PARAGRAPH 72. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

. Par. 72. Spirit varnishes containing 
less than 5 per centum of methyl alco- 
hol, $2.20 per gallon and 25 per centum 
ad valor-am; spirit varnishes contain- 
ing 5 per centum or more of methyl 
alcohol, and all other varnishes not 
specially provided for, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. 

Par. 51. Varnishes, including so- Par. 58. Varnishes, including so- 
called gold size or japan, twenty-five called gold size or .iapan. 10 per 
per centum ad valorem ; * * * spirit centum ad valorem : Provided, That 
varnish containing five per centum or spirit varnishes containing less than 
more of methyl alcohol, thirty-five 10 per centum of methyl alcohol of the 
cents per gallon and thirty-five per total alcohol contained therein, shall 
centum ad valorem; spirit varnish be dutiable at $1.32 per gallon and 15 
containing less than five per centum per centum ad valorem, 
of methyl alcohol, one dollar and 
thirty-two cents per gallon and thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 



204 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



VARNISHES. 



(See Survey A-15.) 



Description and uses. — Varnish is a homogeneous liquid which 
dries (when applied to a surface) by evaporation of the volatile sol- 
vent or by evaporation of the solvent and oxidation of the oil and 
resins to a more or less impervious elastic film. Varnishes in the 
drying of which heat is applied in a closed compartment to expel 
the solvent and the residual layer is fused to a glasslike uniformity 
are termed japans. In the trade the term is loosely used. Gold size 
is a varnish used in preparing surfaces to which gold leaf is to be 
applied. Lacquers are highly transparent varnishes used to .produce 
a thin film on metals to preserve their luster ; some are finished by 
heating; others by drying in the air. The term is used somewhat 
interchangeably with " japan." 

Varnishes may be divided into three classes: (1) Spirit varnishes, 
which are a solution of a gum resin in a volatile solvent, such as 
grain or wood alcohol or a mixture of the two ; for example, shellac. 
(2) Oil varnishes, which contain a gum resin, a drjun^ oil (linseed, 
China wood), a thinner, and a drier. (3) Pyroxylin varnishes, 
which consist of cellulose nitrate dissolved in a solvent, usually amyl 
acetate. Pyroxylin varnishes are often classed as spirit varnishes, 
but are quite different chemically. 

Production. — In 1914 there were engaged primarily in the manu- 
facture of varnishes 215 establishments, with a capital of $29,860,798, 
with 5,610 employees, and an output valued at $33,214,949, an in- 
crease of about $3,000,000 over 1909. The chief producing States are 
New York, Illinois, New Jersey, and Ohio. In 1919, according to 
preliminary figures, there were 229 establishments with an output 
valued at $83,632,400, two and one-half times the value of the 1914 
output. 

Imports from 1910 to 1917, inclusive, have ranged from a minimum 
of $55,787 in 1913 to a maximum of $70,073 in 1916. In 1914 the im- 
ports were less than 0.2 per cent of domestic production. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unil va'ue. I Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



SPIRIT VARNISHES, CONTAINING LESS THAN 10 PER CENT METHYL ALCOHOL. 



1918 


Gallons. 

867 
48 
86 

341 


SI, 046 
272 i 
630 
1,484 ; 


81.21 
5.67 
7.33 
4.35 


SI, 301 
104 
208 


Per cent. 
124.41 


1919 


38.29 


1920 


33.02 


1921 (9rno; 













SPIRIT VARNISHES, CONTAINING 10 PER CENT OR MORE OF METHYL ALCOHOL. 



1918 


91 
380 
798 
161 


S775 

1,622 

2,886 

883 


$8. 52 
4.27 
3.62 
5.48 


?7S 
162 
289 


10.00 


1919 


10.00 


1920 


10.00 


1921 (9 months) 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



205 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiva- 

Duty. lent ad 

valorem. 




GOLD SIZE OR JAPAN. 






1918 




$105 
9,099 
3,131 
2,890 




$11 
910 
313 


10.00 


1919 

1920 - 

1921 (9months) 


2, 426 

1,006 

572 


$3.75 
3.11 
5.05 


10.00 
10.00 








ALL OTHER VARNISHES, N. S. P. 


F. 




1918 




284 
18,712 
15, 391 
15,482 


81,127 
59, 130 

51,650 
58,378 


$3.97 
3.16 
3.36 
3.77 


$113 10.00 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 mouths) 




5,913 10.00 
5,165 10.00 









Exports from 1910 to 1915 were practically constant at about 
$1,000,000, decreasing to $682,352 in 1915 and increasing to prewar 
figures in 1917 and 1918. In 1914 exports were 3 per cent of the 
domestic production. Exports since 1917 (calendar years) have been 
as follows: 



1918 



Q lantity (gallons) ! 698, 152 

Value $L 213, 710 | 



1919 



1920 



1,418,267 
$2,713,727 



1,623,754 
$3, 228, 350 



1921 
(9 months). 



$2,671,66? 



Important changes in classification. — Spirit varnishes in the act of 
1913 (par. 58) were dutiable at different rates, according to whether 
or not they contained less than 10 per cent of methyl alcohol. 
This division at the time of the passage of the act of 1913 was in 
accordance with the denaturing formula in use in the United States. 
The limit has been, changed to 5 per cent in H. E. 7456 to corre- 
spond to present denaturing formula of the Bureau of Internal 
Revenue. 

"Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan," in paragraph 
58, act of 1913, has been omitted and instead the phrase, " other var- 
nishes not specifically provided for," has been inserted in H. R. 7456. 
(Reclassification Report, p. 81.) 



PARAGRAPH 73. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 73. Vermilion reds containing 
quicksilver, dry or ground in or mixed 
with oil or water, 33 cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OE 1913. 



Par. 52. Vermilion reds, containing Par. 59. Vermilion reds, containing 
quicksilver, dry or ground in oil or quicksilver, dry or ground in oil or 
water, ten cents per pound; * * *. water, 15 per centum ad valorem; 



206 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



VERMILION RED. 



( See Survey A-15. ) 



Description and uses. — Vermilion red ordinarily refers to the red 
sulphide of mercury which is suitable for use as a pigment. It is so 
expensive on account of a large content of quicksilver (mercury) 
that substitutes are extensively used for the true vermilion. "Ameri- 
can vermilion " is basic-lead chromate and is more generally known 
as chrome red. (See par. 67, p. 193.) Another so-called vermilion is 
eosine vermilion or " vermilionette," which is a color lake produced 
by precipitating eosine, a coal-tar dye, on inert white bases, such as 
barium sulphate, lead sulphate, or white lead. 

Production. — True vermilion may be of natural or artificial origin. 
It exists in nature as the mineral cinnabar, but this source is of 
minor importance. Practically all of the quicksilver vermilion is 
now manufactured from quicksilver and sulphur, both produced in 
this country. In H. E. 7456 quicksilver is assessed a duty of 35 cents 
per pound (par. 383) ; sulphur is free (par. 1663). 

The production of vermilion reds is one of the minor branches of 
the paint industry. The total output of true vermilion as reported 
by the census in 1914 was 322,759 pounds, valued at $200,134; and 
in 1919 (preliminary figures), 327,500 pounds, vauled at $237,800. 

Vermilion is manufactured in various European countries, Ger- 
many and England being the most important. These countries de- 
pend on Spain, Austria, and Italy for their supply of quicksilver. 

Imports in 1913 of vermilion red containing quicksilver were 
84,294 pounds, valued at $44,420, and yielded a revenue of $8,429. 
The imports in 1914 were about 72,000 pounds, and in 1915 increased 
to 94,164 pounds, valued at $58,464, yielding a revenue of $8,769. 
Imports then decreased to 7,181 pounds in 1918. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


D t Ad valo- 
■ uut5 - rem rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2,368 
13, 764 
46, 863 

4,289 


$3, 134 
21, 122 
57, 223 
3,785 


$1.32 
1.53 
1.22 

.88 


Per cent. 

$470 | 15 


1919 


3,168 j 15- 


1920 


8,583 | 15 


1921 (9 months) 


15» 


1 



The imports of vermilion red not containing quicksilver, but made 
of lead or containing lead, have been sporadic and practically negli- 
gible. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The language in paragraph 
59, act of 1913, " when not containing quicksilver but made of lead 
or containing lead," is in conflict with the language in paragraph 54. 
"all other chromium colors in the manufacture of which lead and 
bichromate of potash or socla are used." The only pigment which 
could possibly be classified under this provision in paragraph 59 is 
"American vermilion." This pigment is a basic-lead chromate, dis- 
tinctly a chromium color, and within the language of paragraph 54. 
"Vermilionette" is a coal-tar lake Avhich comes within the act of 
September 8, 1916. The clause for vermilion reds not containing 
quicksilver was therefore omitted. (Reclassification Report, p. 82.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 207 

PARAGRAPH 74. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 74. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc 
oxides containing not more than 25 per 
centum of lead, in any form of dry 
powder, If cents per pound ; ground in 
or mixed with oil or water, 2 cents per 
pound ; lithopone, and other combina- 
tions or mixtures of zinc sulphide and 
barium sulphate, 1^ cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 55. Zinc, oxide of, and white Par. 61. Zinc, oxide of, and pig- 

p gment contain. ng zinc, but not con- ments containing zinc but not contain- 

taining lead, dry, one cent per pound; ing more than 5 per centum of lead, 

ground in oil, one and three-fourths ground dry, 10 per centum ad valorem ; 

cents per pound; stilhd of zinc white, when ground in or mixed with oil or 

or white sulphide of zinc, one and one- water, lithopone and white sulphide of 

fourth cents per pound ;■*.**. zinc, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

ZINC OXIDE AND LEADED ZINC OXIDE. 
(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — Zinc oxide is a white, insoluble compound 
of zinc and oxygen. It is the most important pigment containing 
zinc as the principal ingredient, and is sold in various grades, deter- 
mined by the quality and method of manufacture, all grades con- 
taining not less than 99 per cent of oxide of .zinc. When mixed with 
other pigments it is used in the manufacture of paint. It is also 
used as an ingredient in vulcanized rubber goods, in the manufac- 
ture of oilcloth, linoleum, and printing inks. An especially, high- 
grade zinc oxide is used in medicine and in many pharmaceutical 
preparations. 

Leaded zinc oxide consists of zinc oxide and basic lead sulphate. 
This pigment is made by roasting an ore containing zinc and lead 
and converting the lead to basic sulphate by the action of the com- 
bustion gases in the furnace. The leaded zinc oxides contain from 
3 to 25 per cent of lead. 

Production— Zinc oxide is made by two processes — the American 
and the French. The American process consists essentially of blow- 
ing air through a heated mixture of oxidized or roasted zinc ore 
mixed with coal and collecting the fume. This process requires an 
extremely high-grade pure ore in order to obtain a product that will 
compete with that made by the French process, which method is also 
used in the United States. The French method consists in oxidizing 
the vapor given off by a boiling bath of spelter and collecting the 
fume. This gives a high-grade product and is the process chiefly 
used in Europe. The output of American-process oxide is in excess 
of the domestic consumption and leaves a small margin for export. 
Zinc oxide is produced in Germany, Belgium, Holland, and France. 
The output of zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide in the United States 
since 1912 has been as follows : 



208 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION* 1921. 





Zinc oxide. 


Leaded zinc oxide. 


Year. 


Quantity 
(short tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 

(short tons). 


Value. 


1912 


84,002 
75, 700 
82, 809 
109, 261 
100, 339 
107, 586 
100, 286 
117,639 
99, 444 


$7,482,409 
7, 161, 528 
7, 850, 350 
11,984,470 
18, 816, 378 
21, 589, 976 
20,560,247 
20, 591, 877 
17, 859, 736 


11,410 $953,800 
9,421 ! 745,698 
11,317 | 977,431 
18,758 i 1,724,145 
23,003 3,053,060 
23,450 i 3,728,976 
26,714 ( 4,480,565 
27, 591 4, 009, 024 
30,460 4 467 532 


1913 


1914 


1915... 


1916 


1917.. - 


1918 


1919 


1920 : 









Imports of dry zinc oxide for the period 1910-1917 have averaged 
4,236,109 pounds, valued at $282,883, yielding a revenue of $39,911. 
Zinc oxide is imported chiefly from Belgium; the decrease of about 
4,000,000 pounds in 1915 over the previous year was caused by inter- 
ruptions to shipping. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

va:orern 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

323, 127 

209, 653 

2,861,136 

955,060 


$62,703 
44,338 

289,890 
59,084 


$0.19 
.21 
.10 
.06 


$6,270 
4,434 
28,989 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


10 
10 









Imports of zinc oxide ground in oil prior to 1914 ranged between 
300,000 and 500,000 pounds annually. They were negligible during 
the war, and since have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

7,074 

6,727 

27, 899 

68,713 


$1,043 
1,351 
3,596 
8,460 


$0.15 
.20 
.13 
.12 


$156 
203 
539 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports. — The average annual exports of zinc oxide and leaded 
zinc oxide for 1910-1917 were about 31,000,000 pounds. Later sta- 
tistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months.) 




24,841,747 
$2, 779, 507 


29, 405, 334 
$3,059,276 


22, 327, 830 
$2, 151, 544 


3,591,142 


Value 


$317,072 



Exports have been chiefly to Canada, England, and Italy. 
Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 61, act of 191.3, 
limited other pigments containing zinc to those containing not more 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



209 



than 5 per cent of lead. Leaded zinc oxides, an important group of 
zinc-oxide pigments, which contain between 3 and 25 per cent of 
lead, were therefore dutiable under paragraph 56, act of 1913, as 
pigments containing lead. These leaded zinc oxides are in chief value 
of zinc oxide; and since there is no apparent reason why all zinc- 
oxide pigments should not receive the same tariff treatment, the 
limiting lead content was increased to 25 per cent. (Reclassification 
Report, p. 83.) 

LITHOPONE. 
(See Survey A-4.) 

Description and uses. — Lithopone is a coarse-grained, brilliant, 
white pigment which has excellent covering powers. The quality 
depends largely upon the method of manufacture. It is used as a 
pigment chiefly in the manufacture of paints known in the trade as 
" flat paints " ; also as a filler in the manufacture of such articles as 
linoleum, table oilcloth, window shades, and vulcanized rubber goods. 

Production. — Lithopone is manufactured by mixing solutions of 
zinc sulphate and barium sulphide. The resultant insoluble mixture 
of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate is filtered, washed, dried, 
roasted, quenched, and powdered. Production in the United States 
has increased steadily from 25,330,000 pounds, valued at $916,512, in 
1910, to 178,746,000 pounds, valued at $12,484,925, in 1920. The out- 
put in the first six months of 1921 was about 45,000,000 pounds. Do- 
mestic production since 1912 has supplied 90 per cent or more of the 
consumption. 

The Tariff Commission investigated the cost of production in the 
lithopone industry for 1919 and for the first six months in 1921. 12 
The total cost in 1921 was 6.26 cents per pound, a slight increase 
over the average cost in 1919. Investigation showed that during the 
first half of 1921 only about one-third of the entire capacity of the 
domestic industry was in actual operation. This inactivity, however, 
must be attributed to reasons other than active competition from 
foreign sources, as imports were slightly less than 2 per cent of the 
domestic output. 

Imports of lithopone for 1911-1916 have averaged 6,000,000 pounds, 
valued at $217,000, yielding a revenue of $57,700. During 1917 and 
1918 imports were negligible, and since have been as follows: 



, Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 

SO. 08 
.08 

.04 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1919 a 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 
1, 477, 296 
3,427,321 
4,561,750 


$122, 708 
263,240 
206,072 


$18, 406 
39,486 


Per cent. 
15 
15 







a No imports of lithopone in 1918 (calendar year). 

12 See reports of the Tariff Commission : " Barytes, Barium Chemical and Lithopono 
Industries, Including Costs of Production 1919," Tariff Information Series No. 18, and 
" Production Costs in the Lithopone Industry, First Six Months in 1921," Tariff 
Information Series No. 24. 



82304—22- 



-14 



210 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Lithopone in the United 
States is a standard product containing approximately 30 per cent 
zinc sulphide and TO per cent barium sulphate. In Europe, however, 
lithopone is made with a content of zinc sulphide varying from 11 to 
42 per cent. These European grades are sold under various trade 
names and in order to prevent evasion of the duty intended for litho- 
pone the phrase " and other combinations or mixtures of zinc sulphide 
and barium sulphate " has been added. (Reclassification Report, 
p. 83.) 



PARAGRAPH 75. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par: 75. Potassium : Chromate and 
dichromate, 2\ cents per pound ; 
chlorate and perchlorate, 1 cent per 
pound ; ferricyanide or red prussiate 
of potash, 7 cents per pound; ferro- 
cyanide or yellow prussiate of potash, 
4 cents per pound; iodide, 25 cents 
per pound; bromide, 10 cents per 
pound; bicarbonate, carbonate, hy- 
droxide or caustic potash, nitrate or 
saltpeter, and permanganate, 25 per 
centum ad valorem : Provided, That for 
a period of five years beginning on the 
day following the passage of this Act, 
there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid in addition thereto on all the fore- 
going a duty of 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 64. Prussiate of potash, red, 
eight cents per pound; yellow, four 
cents- per pound ; * * *. 

Par. 60. Bichromate and chromate of 
potash, two and one-fourth cents per 
pound. 

Par. 61. Caustic potash, or hydrate 
of, refined, in sticks or rolls, one cent 
per pound; chlorate of, two cents per 
pound. 

Par. 62. Hydriodate, iodide, * * * 
of potash, twenty-five cents per pound. 

Par. 63. Nitrate of potash, or salt- 
peter, refined, one-half of one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- 
pounds, * * * and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. 

Par. 655. * * * carbonate of pot- 
ash, crude or refined ; hydrate of, or 
caustic potash, not including refined in 
sticks or rolls; nitrate of potash or 
saltpeter, crude; * * * [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 64. Potash : Bicarbonate of, re- 
fined, and chlorate of, % cent per pound ; 
chromate and bichromate of, 1 cent per 
pound ; nitrate of, or saltpeter, re- 
fined, $7 per ton; permanganate of, 1 
cent per pound ; prussiate of, red, 2 
cents per pound; yellow, 11 cents per 
pound. 

Par. 38. * * * potassium iodide, 
15 cents per pound. 



Par. 5. * * * all chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 580. Potash : * * * carbonate 
of; * * * hydrate of, when not 
containing more than 15 per centum of 
caustic soda ; nitrate of, or saltpeter, 
crude; * * * [Free]. 



.Si' MaEARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



211 



POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS. 
POTASSIUMj CHROMATE AM) BICHROMATE. 

( See Survey A-18. ) 

Description and uses. — These two salts of chromic acid have similar 
uses, and are readily converted into each other. Both crystallize well, 
but the dichromate, being much less soluble in cold water, crystallizes 
better and is the one usually prepared. Both crystallize more readily 
than the corresponding sodium salt and are therefore more readily 
purified. Potassium dichromate is used to a much greater extent 
than the potassium chromate, owing to its greater richness in chromic 
acid and the fact that it is more easily crystallized and purified. 
It is "a strong oxidizing agent. The chief uses of these salts are in 
the chrome tanning of leather, textile dyeing and printing, manu- 
facture of chrome pigments and colors, pickling of brass, and the 
electro-engraving of copper plates. They are also used in bleaching 
oils and fats, for other oxidation purposes, and as a chemical reagent. 
Wherever possible the cheaper sodium salt is now substituted for the 
potassium salt. 

Manufacture. — Potassium chromate and dichromate are prepared 
from chrome iron ore or chroniite, the larger portion of which is 
imported. The ore is pulverized and mixed with lime and potassium 
carbonate. This mixture is then heated to a bright red in a strong 
current of air. The fused mass is then lixiviated with water, form- 
ing a solution of calcium and potassium chromates. Additional 
potash, usually potassium sulphate, is added to the solution to convert 
the calcium chromate into potassium chromate. The clear solution 
of potassium chromate is then drawn off and treated with sulphuric 
acid, thus producing potassium dichromate, which is crystallized from 
the solution. 

Domestic production. — Figures were not available prior to 1918, 
when the output of potassium chromate and dichromate Avas 681,346 
pounds and sales were 1,003,598 pounds, valued at $407,793. 

Imports since 1910 have been not more than 40,000 pounds in any 
year and were negligible during 1915-1918. Imports since 1917 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. J 


Value. 


Unit value. 


m 

Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad- 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

20 

15,450 

4,414 

1.120 


$8 

4,271 

2,690 

271 


$0.10 
.28 
.61 

24 




Per cent. 
2.50 


1919 

1920 

1 92 C9 months) 


$155 
44 


3.62 
1.64 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



212 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



POTASSIUM CHLORATE AND PERCHLORATE. 



(See Survey A-16.) 



Description and uses. — Potassium chlorate or chlorate of potash is 
a white crystalline substance not readily soluble in water. It is a 
strong oxidizing agent and when mixed with sulphur and charcoal 
forms an explosive powder. It is used in the manufacture of matches, 
fireworks, percussion caps, and explosive powders, in dyeing, and in 
medicine. Potassium perchlorate contains one more atom of oxygen 
than the chlorate, and therefore possesses greater oxidizing capacity 
per unit of quantity and is more stable than the chlorate. Its uses 
are similar to the chlorate. 

Production. — Potassium chlorate is made by subjecting a solution 
of potassium chloride to the action of a direct current of electricity 
in an electrolytic cell. The perchlorate is made by electrolytic oxi- 
dation of the chlorate or by treating sodium perchlorate with potas- 
sium chloride. In 1914 the combined production of sodium and 
potassium chlorates was 8,304 short tons, valued at $1,131,316. The 
output of potassium chlorate in 1918 by three firms was 9,753,424 
pounds, valued at $2,837,892. Production of potassium perchlorate 
was reported in 1918 by one firm only. 

Imports of potassium chlorate have been r?ther sporadic, the 
largest before 1920 being over 1,200,000 pounds in 1913. During the 
war the import declined to a minimum of 27,000 pounds in 1915, 
increasing to about 1,000,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year). Japan 
has been active recently in the production of potassium chlorate and 
it is likely that these imports originated in that country. Imports 
since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

709, 805 

199,077 

1,484,948 

2, 523, 206 


$248, 160 
34, 996 
162, 417 
137, 444 


$0.35 
.18 
.11 
.05 


$3,549 

995 

7,425 


Per cent. 
1.43 


1919 


2.84 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


4.57 









Exports of potassium chlorate are first shown in Commerce and 
Navigation in 1918, when 1,564,662 pounds, valued at $681,128. were 
exported, chiefly to Australia and British Africa. Since then ex- 
ports, chiefly to England, Japan, and Canada, have been as follows 
(calendar years) : 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) 


Quantity (pounds) 


1.391,663 
$539, 491 


1,982,194 

$524, 193 


2,819,459 
$445. 243 


241, 354 


Value 


$33,781 









Important changes in classification. — Potassium perchlorate is 
mentioned specifically for the first time. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



213 



POTASSIUM FEKKICYAN1DE (RED PRUSSIATE OF POTASH). 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Potassium ferricyanide is also known com- 
mercially as red prussiate of potash. It crystallizes from water in 
large red anhydrous crystals. It is poisonous, readily soluble in 
water, and is used in calico printing, in the manufacture of blue- 
print paper, and the production of blue pigments. 

Production. — Red prussiate of potash is manufactured by treating 
a solution of yellow prussiate of potash with chlorine. Production 
by two firms in 1918 was reported to the Geological Survey. 

Imports in 1914 were 89,976 pounds, chiefly from Germany and 
Austria-Hungar}'. In 1915 the import was slightly less, but in 1916 
declined to 2,040 pounds. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 


Pounds. 

15,510 

34, 007 

101,361 

25, 178 


$29,201 

18, 096 

61, 686 

4,878 


$1.88 

.53 

- .64 

.19 


$310 

680 

2,027 


Per cent. 
1.06 

3.. 6 
3.14 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE (YELLOW PRUSSIATE OF POTASH; 



(See Survey A-18.) 

DeSs^ription and uses. — Potassium ferrocyanide, known as yellow 
prussiate of potash, crystallizes from water in large yellow crystals 
containing water of crystallization. When heated or exposed to dry 
air, the crystals become a white powder. It is used in the prepara- 
tion of Prussian blue, in calico printing, for dyeing silk, for case- 
hardening of iron, and for making potassium cyanide and ferri- 
cyanide. Small amounts are used in the manufacture of some explo- 
sives and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. Within the last few 
years sodium ferrocyanide has replaced potassium for most purposes 
because it is much cheaper. 

Production. — Formerly the method of manufacture was to fuse 
nitrogenous animal matter (hides, hoofs, hair, blood, or other ani- 
mal waste) with potassium carbonate and iron borings. At present 
potassium ferrocyanide is produced almost entirely as a by-product 
of the manufacture and purification of coal gas. The exhausted 
purifying agent is first treated with water to dissolve out ammonia 
and soluble salts, then dried, the sulphur extracted with carbon 
bisulphide, and the residue mixed with lime. This is then heated 
with steam and forms calcium ferrocyanide, and on treatment with 
potassium chloride a double calcium potassium ferrocyanide is pro- 
duced. When the latter is treated with potassium carbonate, cal- 
cium carbonate separates and potassium ferrocyanide remains in 



214 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



solution and may be recovered by evaporation. Late figures for pro- 
duction are not' available. In 1914 the United States produced 
3,204,684 pounds, which probably represented a little less than half 
of the total consumption. Production in 1918 by three firms was 
457,267 pounds and sales were 306.535 pounds, valued at $204,190. 
This decrease from 1914 was due to substitution of sodium ferro- 
cyanide (see par. 78, p. 232). 

* Imports for 1914 amounted to 3,508,229 pounds, more than 50 per 
cent of which came from Germany and about 27 per cent from Eng- 
land. In 1915 the imports were 2,316.736 pounds, but dropped the 
next year to 44,156 pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
129, 441 
515, 236 
762, 857 
306, 521 


$112. 729 
122,372 
105, 962 
68. 644 


$0.87 
.24 
.14 
.22 


81,618 
6,440 
9,536 


Per cent. 
1.44 


1919 . 


5.26 


1920 


9.00 


1921 (9 months). . 















Exports. — Statistics not available. 

POTASSIUM IODIDE. 

(See Survey A-9.) 

Description and uses. — Potassium iodide is a white crystalline salt, 
easily soluble in water, used in medicine and photography and as a 
reagent in analytical chemistry. Ify far the greatest consumption 
is in medicine. 

Production. — It is produced from iodine and potassium carbonate, 
both raw materials being obtained almost entirely by importations 
from Chile and Germany, respectively. During the war potassium 
iodide has been largely replaced by sodium iodide, owing to the 
scarcity of potash. More than half of the iodine consumed in the 
United States is used for making potassium and sodium iodide. In 
1918 the output of potassium iodide by eight firms was 521,678 
pounds, and sales were 481,301 pounds, valued nt $1,587,656. 

Imports have averaged less than 100 pounds annually until 1917. 
For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, the imports were 24.357 
pounds and for the same period in 1918, 65,992 pounds. The source 
of these imports is not indicated in Commerce and Navigation, but as 
the Japanese annual returns of foreign trade report 38,600 pounds 
of potassium iodide exported to the United States in 1917, it is prob- 
able that these imports were almost wholly from Japan. Imports 
since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 . 


Pounds. 

64,392 

18,218 

5,184 

226 


$142,324 

54, 250 

14,872 

580 


$2.21 
2.98 
2.87 
2.57 


$9, 659 
2,733 

778 


Per cent. 
6.79 


1919 


5. 04 


1920 


5.23 













SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



215 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification, — Potassium iodide is provided 
for with iodoform in paragraph 38 of the act of 1913; it has been 
transferred to this paragraph, which covers other potassium salts. 

POTASSIUM BROMIDE. 

(See also Bromine and Bromine Compounds, p. 128.) 

POTASSIUM BICARBONATE. 

(See Survey A-16.) 

Description and uses. — Potassium bicarbonate is a white crystal- 
line substance which evolves carbon dioxide on treatment with an 
acid. It is used for making potassium carbonate of high purity, as 
an antacid, and in the preparation of effervescing salts. 

Production. — Potassium bicarbonate is prepared by saturating a 
solution of potassium carbonate with carbon dioxide and crystal- 
lizing the resulting bicarbonate. Production by one firm in 1918 
is included with potassium carbonate, infra. 

Impwbs prior to 1914 had increased to about 300,000 pounds per 
year, valued at about $15,000, yielding a revenue of about $4,000. In 
1914 the import increased to about 480,000 pounds, and in 1916 de- 
creased to 2,062 pounds. Later import statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 


1918 


Pounds. 

72, 188 

47,354 

387,331 

299, 891 


S34, 279 

■ 8, 921 

93, 565 

29, 214 


80.47 
.19 
.24 
.10 


§361 

237 

1,937 


Per cent. 
1.05 


1919 


2 65 


1920 


2 07 


1921 (9 months) 






■A 





Exports. — Statistics not available. 



POTASSIUM CARBONATE. 



(See Survey A-16.) 

Description and uses. — Potassium carbonate was formerly obtained 
from wood ashes, but little now comes from this source except that 
derived from the immense forests in Russia. Much is manufactured 
from the Stassfurt salts and some from the distillery waste of mo- 
lasses in beet-sugar manufacture. It is used in soft soaps, Bohemian 
and flint glass, and in dyeing and wool washing. 

Production. — A small quantity of crude carbonate of potash was 
produced here during the war chiefly from wood ashes — 1,035 tons 
of crude material in 1917 and 438 tons in 1920. In 1918 the output 
of refined potassium carbonate and bicarbonate was 229,287 pounds, 
of which 201,574 pounds, valued at $104,432, was sold. 

Imports of carbonate of potash formerly averaged about 20,000,00G 
pounds, chiefly from Germany, falling to a minimum of about 



216 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



2,000,000 poundsin 1916. In 1918 the imports were over 90 per cent 
from Russia. 

Imports since 1917 are shown in the following tables: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Unit 
value. 



POTASSIUM CARBONATE, CRUDE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 

8, 593, 268 

515,373 

16, 903, 554 

2, 985, 661 



$2, 273, 202 
104, 744 
510, 700 
158, 783 



$0. 26 
.20 
.03 
.05 



POTASSIUM CARBONATE, REFINED. 



1918 


207, 055 

45, 640 

1,764,117 

139, 497 


$65, 974 

9,665 

290, 354 

14, 952 


$0.32 


1919 


.21 


1920 


.16 


1921 (9 months) 


.11 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Carbonate of potash 
empt from duty under paragraph 580 of the act of 1913. 



is ex- 



POTASS1VM HYDKOXIDE (CAUSTIC POTASH) 



(See Survey A-16.) 



Description and uses. — Potassium hydroxide, also known as caustic 
potash, readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air and 
is very easily soluble in water, giving a strongly caustic solution. 
The usual method of manufacture is by the electrolysis of a solution 
of potassium chloride, chlorine being a by-product. It is used in soft 
soaps, in the preparation of oxalic acid, in some dyes, in preparing 
caustic lyes, and as a chemical reagent. Owing to the great advance 
in the price of potash salts, it has been replaced wherever possible 
by sodium hydroxide. 

"Production. — Previous to the war, according to the only domestic 
manufacturer at that time, 75 per cent of the domestic consumption 
was imported from Germany. The output of this firm was reported 
as 6,504,000 pounds in 1914> 

Production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 12,625,000 pounds, 
valued at $2,163,400. 

Imports, which in 1913 amounted to 8,896,805 pounds, declined to 
68,095 pounds in 1917. 

Since 1917 imports, chiefly from Germany, Sweden, and Austria, 
have been as follows : 



Calendar vear. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Quantity. 



Pounds-. 
4S4, 290 
1,712,319 
7,084>;767 



Value. 



S 134, 166 
451. 274 



Unit 
value. 



w Hearings before the Committee on Ways and Mean«, 1921, Pt. I. pp. 335-337. 



$0. 28 
. 26 
.05 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921'. 



217 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Hydrate of potash when not 
containing more than 15 per cent of caustic soda is exempt from duty 
under the act of 1913 (par. 580). 



POTASSIUM NITRATE OK SALTPETER. 



(See Surveys A-16 ; A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, when pure, 
is a white crystalline substance and is readily soluble in water. It is 
used in the manufacture of gunpowder and other explosives and in 
fireworks. It is also used in curing meats and as a reagent in as- 
saying. 

Production. — Formerly potassium nitrate was obtained almost ex- 
clusively from niter earths, which occur chiefly in India. Much of 
it is now produced by treating sodium nitrate with potassium chlo- 
ride. Before the war large quantities were made in this manner in 
Germany from potassium chlorides of Stassfurt and sodium nitrate 
imported from Chile. Since the beginning of the war considerable 
amounts have been separated by crystallization from crude Chilean 
sodium nitrate. There are no commercial deposits of potassium 
nitrate in the United States. In 1911 there were produced from im- 
ported raw materials 29,480,000 pounds, valued at $1,244,051. The 
output in 1918 bv four firms was 16,250,433 pounds, of which 8,- 
176,382 pounds, valued at $2,206,788, was sold. 

Imports of refined nitrate of potash just prior to the war were less 
than 200 tons, valued at about $20,000. Since then the import de- 
clined to 2 tons in 1916 and increased to 288 tons, valued at $35,143. 
in 1917. Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Uuty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


REFINED NITRATE OF POTASH. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Tons. 

2 

1 33 

563 

! 74 


S730 

8,168 

107, 154 

16,503 


$365 
247 
190 
223 


$14 

231 

3,941 


Per cent. 
1.92 
2.83 
3.68 










CRUDE POTASSIUM NITRATE. 






1918 


Pounds. 
9, 344, 825 
37, 652, 334 
37,632,131 
16, 593, 849 


S906, 549 

1, 107, 313 

1, 599, 346 

590, 200 


$0.10 
.03 

.04 
.04 






1919 







1920 






1921 (9 months) 















Imports of crude potassium nitrate since 1917 have been chiefly 
from Chile, British India, and England. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Nitrate of potash or salt- 
peter, crude, is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 580). 



218 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE. 



(See Survey A-16.) 



Description and uses. — Potassium permanganate forms purplish 
black crystals with a greenish metallic luster which dissolve in 
water, giving a deep purple-red solution. It is used largely as an 
oxidizer, and when mixed with organic matter may cause spontaneous 
combustion. It is also used for bleaching; in dyeing shoe leather; 
for coloring wood a deep brown; to some extent in medicine, espe- 
cially as a local disinfectant and germicide; and as an important 
reagent in analytical chemistry. It is estimated that over 50 per 
cent of the domestic production of potassium permanganate during 
the war was used in the manufacture of saccharin. 

Production. — The usual method of manufacture is to mix a solu- 
tion of potassium hydroxide with powdered manganese ore and po- 
tassium chlorate or potassium nitrate, evaporate to dryness, and fuse 
the residue until it becomes pasty. This forms potassium manganate. 
which is then dissolved in water and treated with sulphuric acid, 
chlorine, or carbon dioxide. The permanganate crystallizes on evap- 
oration. 

Another method in use is to fuse manganese ore with caustic soda, 
producing sodium manganate. This is electrolytically oxidized to 
sodium permanganate and caustic soda and then treated with carbon 
dioxide, forming soda ash, which crystallizes on evaporation, leaving 
the sodium permanganate in solution. The sodium permanganate 
is now treated with a potassium salt, preferably the carbonate, which 
produces the potassium permanganate, which is separated by crystal- 
lization. Sodium permanganate does not crystallize. 

Prior to the war no permanganate was produced in this country. 
The shutting off of imports, the requirements for war purposes, and 
the large demand for the manufacture of saccharin have greatly 
stimulated the industry in the United States, several firms manu- 
facturing permanganate of potash during the war. In 1918 the out- 
put by nine firms was 562,416 pounds, of which 530,837 pounds, 
valued at $922,746, was sold. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,351,855 pounds, nearly all of which came 
from Germany, but by 1916 imports had fallen to 208,979 pounds, 
and in 1917 to 5,605 pounds. Some came from Japan, but when 
prices fell these imports were reduced, as Japan was not able to ship 
to this country at the lower prices. Imports since 1917 have been 
as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

53, 798 

4,000 

53, 358 

223, 266 


$128, 438 
10, 163 
29, 748 
51, 738 


$2.39 

2.54 

.56 

.23 


$538 
40 
534 


Per cent. 
0.42 


1919 


.39 


1920 


1.79 


1921 (9 months) 











Exnnrts. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 219 

PARAGRAPH 76. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 76. Santonin, and salts of, 75 
cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Far. GS. Santonin, and all salts Par. 594. Santonin, and its combina- 

thereof containing eighty per centum tions with acids not subject to duty 

or over of santonin, fifty cents per under this section [Free], 
pound. 

SANTONIN. 
(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and vises. — Santonin is a chemical compound used as 
a vermifuge. It is derived from Levant wormseed, or santonica, a 
wild shrub occurring in Russia and Turkestan, where santonin was 
manufactured under supervision of the Russian Government and 
was practically a monopoly. Before the war the article had no large 
domestic use. but about 1917 it w< as developed considerably in veteri- 
nary medicine for the treatment of hogs, and is now in great de- 
mand. The elimination of intestinal worms from swine induces a 
much more rapid growth without an increase of feed, therefore san- 
tonin is considered indispensable by many hog raisers. 

Production. — Prior to the war it commanded a price of about $15 
per pound, but during the war reached $70, and in December, 1921, 
was $147 per pound. Even at this price its cost is said to be negligi- 
ble as compared with the increased value of treated hogs. The high 
price and increasing demand have stimulated interest in American 
production, and santonica has been grown experimentally with favor- 
able results. Santonin content of Levant wormseed runs about 
2 per cent, and it must be obtained and purified by an expensive 
process. v 

Imports of santonin before the war were mostly from Germany 
and averaged about 5,000 pounds, valued at $40,000. Imports reached 
a maximum of 20,925 pounds in 1916, but decreased to 223 pounds 
in 1918. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


1 Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


191^ 




Pounds. 
i 1 


S25 
174,111 

187.518 
258, 736 




$25. 00 


1919 




3,463 


50. 28 


1920 




2. 124 


88.28 


1921 (9 months) 




2.711 


95.44 







Important changes in classification.— -The articles covered by this 
paragraph are exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 594). 

Suggested changes. — Page 23, line 12: Insert a period after 
" pound. " 



/ 

220 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 77. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 77. Soap : Castile, 15 per centum 
ad valorem; toilet, 30 per centum ad 
valorem; all other soap and soap pow 
der not specially provided for, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 69. Castile soap, one and one- Par. 66. Soaps : Perfumed toilet 

fourth cents per pound ; medicinal or soaps, 30 per centum ad valorem ; 

medicated soaps, twenty cents per medicinal soaps, 20 per centum ad 

pound ; fancy or perfumed toilet soaps, valorem ; castile soap, and unperf umed 

fifty per centum ad valorem ; all other toilet soap, 10 per centum ad valorem ; 

soaps not specially provided for in this all other soaps and soap powder not 

section, twenty per centum ad valorem, specially provided for in this section, 

5 per centum ad valorem. 

SOAPS. 

(See Survey A-17.) 

Description and uses. — The term " soap " is ordinarily confined to 
the water-soluble potassium and sodium salts of the fatty acids, 
although the water-insoluble soaps of lead, magnesium, manganese, 
and aluminum are used for technical purposes. 

Pure castile soap is supposed to be made from olive oil and soda 
lye only, but much of the soap marketed as such is made from other 
oils as well. 

The term " toilet soap " is used to distinguish toilet soaps from 
household and laundry soaps. As certain soaps are suitable for both 
toilet and laundry purposes, the term " toilet soap " is rather vague 
and has caused considerable litigation. The tariff act of 1913 makes 
a distinction between perfumed and unperf umed toilet soap. Soap 
stocks, as a rule, have an unpleasant odor which prevents their use for 
toilet purposes. Some substance, usually a perfume material, is 
added to neutralize the odor of the stock or to give the soap a decid- 
edly pleasant smell. Medicinal soaps contain some substance possess- 
ing antiseptic or healing properties. 

Production. — The chief raw materials used in making soap are tal- 
low, grease, and other fats ; coconut, cottonseed, soya-bean, palm, corn, 
peanut, and other vegetable oils; vegetable waxes and resin; per- 
fumes, naphthas, and other materials. Large quantitites of caustic- 
soda are used in converting the materials into soap and lesser quan- 
tities of caustic potash in making soft soaps, wool-scouring soaps, and 
shaving soaps. Certain fillers, such as silicate of soda (water glass), 
borax, and soda ash, and for scouring soaps different abrasive mate- 
rials are used. 

Manufacture involves the action of a caustic alkali, usually caustic 
soda, on fatty acids or more often on fats or fatty oils. This opera- 
tion, known as saponification, produces an alkali salt (soap) and an 
important by-product, glycerin. Manufacture is by three processes. 
giving boiled, half-boiled, and cold-process soaps. The names are 
descriptive of the condition under which the soap is made. Boiled 
soaps are by far the most important class. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



221 



The capital invested in 371 establishments in 1911 was over 
$92,000,000, the materials consumed cost $88,866,780, and the value 
of the finished product was $127,942,441. In 1919 (preliminary fig- 
ures) output of the " soap industry " reached $317,163,000. Domestic 
production supplies over 99 per cent of consumption. The principal 
States producing soap are New York, Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, and 
Pennsylvania. 

Imports have been valued at less than $850,000. About 50 per cent 
of the imports is castile soap. Foreign manufacturers of well-known 
brands have branch factories in this country. Statistics of imports 
in recent years follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value, 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



CASTILE SOAP. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months'). 



Pounds. 

724,824 

1,325,007 

2, 350, 720 

1,439,358 



$98, 160 
222, 698 
400. 897 
196,014 


?0. 13 
. 17 
.17 
.14 


$9, 816 
22. 270 
40, 090 







Per cent. 
10 
10 
10 
10 



TOILET SOAPS, PERFUMED. 


I 1 • ! 

1918 ! $103,645 ! $31,094 


30 


1919 182,318 143,959 $0.79 43,188 

1920 319, 847 1 180, 771 . 56 54, 231 

1921 (9 months 246,256 j 157,574 .64 


30 
30 
30 


1 





TOILET SOAPS, UNPER FUMED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9m->nths). 



55, 415 
62, 265 
109, 282 



$7, 197 
17,910 
13, 108 
20,340 



$0.32 
.21 
.19 



$720 
1,791 
1,311 



SOAP POWDERS. 



1918 


Pounds. 


$15, 229 

9,756 

12, 770 

8,238 




$761 
488 
639 


Per cent. 
5 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


210, 004 

1 184,442 1 

152,303 


$0. 05 
.07 
.05 


5 
5 









ALL OTHER SOAPS, N. s. p. f. 



1918 




$16,285 L, 


$814 
1,129 

1,437 


5 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months') 


236, 457 
230, 618 
288,765 


22,579 i 
28,745 1 
29,908 j 


$0.09 
.12 
.10 


5 
5 
5 










Exports have shown a steady increase from $3,620,546 in 1910 
to $6,291,790 in 1918. The export in 1914 was about 4 per cent of the 
value of domestic production. The increase has been largely in the 
export of varieties other than toilet soap. The export of " toilet " 
or " fancy n soap has been chiefly to the United Kingdom, Canada, 
Argentina, Australia, and Cuba. Prior to 1917 the United Kingdom 
took between 15,000,000 and 25,000,000 pounds of soap other than 



222 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



toilet soap. Since 1916 Mexico has taken the largest quantity of this 
variety, importing over 27,000,000 pounds, valued at more than 



5,000,000, in 1918. 



Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Toilet soaps 
(value) . 


All other 
Quantity. | 


soaps. 
Value. 


1918 


$2,567,614 
6, 034, 230 
5, 839, 146 
2, 147, 892 


Pounds. 
116,986,623 
157,749,605 ! 
123,821,428 j 

55,093,340 


$10, 871, 335 
15, 266, 696 


1919 


1920 


13,315,691 


1921 (9 months) 


4,697,818 





Toilet soaps, perfumed and unper fumed, were exported chiefly to 
Cuba, England, and Canada. All other soaps, except toilet, went 
chiefly to Mexico, Cuba, and Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — The distinction between per- 
fumed and unper fumed toilet soaps in the act of 1913 (par. 66) is 
omitted, as is also specific mention of medicinal soaps. (Reclassifica- 
tion Report, p. 89.) 



PARAGRAPH 78. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 78j Sodium : Arsenate, 1 cent 
per pound ; bicarbonate or baking soda, 
five-eighths of 1 cent per pound ; borate 
or borax, refined, one-eighth of 1 cent 
per pound ; bromide, 10 cents per 
pound; carbonate, calcined, or soda 
ash, hydrated or sal soda, and mono- 
hydrated, one-fourth of 1 cent per 
pound ; chlorate, 1$ cents per pound ; 
chloride or salt, in bags, sacks, bar- 
rels, or other packages, 11 cents per 
one hundred pounds ; in bulk, 7 cents 
per one hundred pounds ; chromate and 
dichromate, If cents per pound ; for- 
mate, 25 per centum ad valorem ; fer- 
rocyanide or yellow prussiate of soda, 
2 cents per pound ; hydroxide or caus- 
tic soda, one-half of 1 cent per pound ; 
nitrite, 3 cents per pound; phosphate, 
one-half of 1 cent per pound ; sesqui- 
carbonate, one-fourth of 1 cent per 
pound ; sulphate, crystallized, or Glau- 
ber salt, $1 per ton ; sulphate, anhy- 
drous, $2 per ton ; sulphide, contain- 
ing not more than 35 per centum 
of sodium sulphide, three-eighths of 1 
cent per pound ; containing more than 
H5 per centum, throe- fourths of 1 cent 
per pound; silicate, sulphite, bisul- 
phite, meta-bisulphite, and thiosul- 
ph;ii<\ three-eighths of 1 cent per 
pound. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



223 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pak. 70. Bicarbonate of soda, or 
supercarbonate of soda, or saleratus, 
* * * five-eighths of one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 71. Bichromate and chromate 
of soda, one and three-fourths cents 
per pound. 

Par. 72. Crystal carbonate of soda, 
or concentrated soda crystals, or mono- 
hydrate, or sesquicarbonate of soda, 
one-fourth of one cent per pound ; chlo- 
rate of soda, one and one-half cents 
per pound. 

Par. 73. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, 
one-half of one cent per pound ; nitrite 
of soda and yellow prussiate of soda, 
two cents per pound ; sulphide of soda 
containing not more than thirty-five 
per centum of sulphide of soda, and 
hyposulphite of soda, three-eighths of 
one cent per pound; sulphide of soda, 
concentrated, or containing more than 
thirty-five per centum of sulphide of 
soda, three-fourths of one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 74. Sal soda, or soda crystals, 
not concentrated, one-sixth of one cent 
per pound. 

Par. 75. Soda ash, one-fourth of one 
cent per pound ; arseniate of soda, one 
cent per pound. 

Par. 76. Silicate of soda, *...*..* 
three-eighths of one cent per pound. 

Par. 77. Sulphate of soda, * * * 
one dollar per ton. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- 
pounds, * * * and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. 

Par. 11. Borax, two cents per pound ; 
borates of * * * soda, * * * 
not otherwise provided for in this sec- 
tion, two cents per pound. 

Par. 295. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, 
or other packages, eleven cents per 
one hundred pounds; in bulk, seven 
.cents per one hundred pounds: Pro- 
vided. That imported salt in bond may 
be used in curing fish taken by vessels 
licensed to engage in the fisheries and 
in curing fish on the shores of the 
navigable waters of the United States 
under such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury shall prescribe; 
and upon proof that the salt has been 
used for either of the purposes stated 
in this proviso, the duties on the same 
shall be remitted : Provided further, 
That exporters of meats, whether 
packed or smoked, which have been 
cured in the United States with im- 



Par. 67. Soda: * * * chlorate 
of, and nitrite of, $ cent per pound ; 
bicarbonate of, or supercarbonate of, or 
saleratus, * * * hydrate of, or caustic ; 
phosphate of; hyposulphite of; sulphui 
of, and sulphite of, I cent per pound ; 
chromate and bichromate of, and yel- 
low prussiate of, % cent per pound ; 
borate of, or borax refined ; crystal 
carbonate of, monohydrate, and ses- 
quicarbonate of; sal soda, and soda 
crystals, i cent per pound ; and sul- 
phate of soda crystallized, or Glauber 
salts, $1 per 'ton. 

Par. 593. Salt [Free]. 

Par. 605. Soda, arseniate of, * * * 
soda ash, silicate of, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 5. * * * all chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * and salts, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 



224 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



ported salt, shall, upon satisfactory 
proof, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- 
scribe, that such meats have been 
cured with imported salt, have re- 
funded to them from the Treasury the 
duties paid on the salt so used in cur- 
ing such exported meats, in amounts 
not less than one hundred dollars. 



SODIUM COMPOUNDS. 



SODIUM ARSENATE. 



(See Survey A-18.) 



Description and uses. — Sodium arsenate is a white solid substance, 
soluble in water, and very poisonous. It is usually prepared by heat- 
ing together white arsenic (arsenious acid, par. 1) and nitrate of soda, 
the product being purified by crystallization from solution. Its 
principal use is in insecticides, chiefly lead arsenate (par. 44). It is 
also used in dyeing and calico printing. 

Production is by a few companies only ; figures are not available. 

Imports in 1913 were 1,267,998 pounds, but in 1914 only 228,270 
pounds, all from England. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
35 


$88 


$2.51 


1919 


1920.. 


15, 976 
127, 537 


1,481 
11,613 


.09 
09 


1921 (9 months) 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Sodium arsenate (arseniate 
of soda is free of duty under paragraph 605, act of 1913. (Reclassifi- 
cation Report, p. 123.) 



SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA). 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Sodium bicarbonate or acid sodium car- 
bonate, a white opaque powder soluble in water, is the mildest of 
the alkalies. In pure form it is the ordinary baking soda or saleratus. 
When sodium bicarbonate is treated with an acid it evolves carbon 
dioxide, a property which gives it a large use for industrial and 
household purposes. Sodium bicarbonate is the cheapest and most 
convenient form of storing carbon dioxide. It is used in the manu- 
facture of baking powders, Seidlitz powders, effervescing drinks, and 
in medicine as an antacid. A very pure product is demanded for 
household and medicinal uses; one of less purity for carbonating 
waters, charging fire extinguishers, and prevention of timber mold. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



225 



Mixtures of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate are sold for 
cleaning purposes. 

Production. — Practically all of the bicarbonate of soda is produced 
by the " ammonia-soda " process, the raw materials being salt in the 
form of brine, limestone, ammonia, and coal. The ammonia is used 
over and over. The limestone is burned at the plant so that the 
carbon dioxide evolved is available for use in the process, and the 
lime produced is used in the regeneration of the ammonia and in the 
making of caustic soda. (See infra.) The brine solution is satu- 
rated with ammonia gas and then subjected to the action of carbon 
dioxide in high towers, producing sodium bicarbonate. This crude 
product is converted by heating into sodium carbonate, which is 
then dissolved in water and carbon dioxide passed through the solu- 
tion, giving a refined bicarbonate of soda. 

A small quantity of sodium bicarbonate is made from the alkaline 
waters of Owens Lake, Calif. It is made bv the " ammonia-soda " 
process at S}^racuse, N. Y.; Saltville, Va.; Detroit and Wyandotte, 
Mich. ; and Hutchinson, Kans. 

Production has been as follows : 





Year. 


Short tons. 


Va^ie. 


1914 




90, 169 
115,177 
119,177 
118,535 
134, 962 
188, 906 


SI, 439, 014 
2, 303, 540 


1916 


1917 


4, 029, 499 


1918 . 


3,293,153 


1919 1. 


3, 486, 635 


1920 ! 


-4,256,715 







1 Sales rather than production. 



Imports are small compared with the domestic production, the 
maximum since 1910 being 129,414 pounds, valued at $2,867, in 1916. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


-A 

Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
12,383 
17,122 
5,828 
3,251 


8629 

3,616 

593 

201 


SO. 05 
.21 
.10 
.06 


S3 
43 
15 


Per cent. 
4.92 


1910 


1.18 


1920 


2.46 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are not shown separately prior to 1920 (calendar } 7 ear), 
in which year they were 20,642,201 pounds, valued at $616,261, and 
for the first nine months of 1921, 8,371,534 pounds, valued at $225,819. 
They have gone chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Hongkong. 

Important changes in classification. — The term " supercarbonate," 
used in the act of 1913 (par. 67) in connection with sodium bicar- 
bonate, has been omitted from H. R. 7456, as it is obsolete. The 
term " baking soda " has been inserted as a synonym for sodium 
bicarbonate. (Reclassification Report, p. 92.) 

82304—22 15 



226 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SODIUM BORATE OR BORAX, REFINED. 

( See Survey A-l. ) 

Description and uses. — Crude borax and borate materials used in 
the manufacture of refined borax are free of duty under paragraph 
1533. Sodium borate, or borax refined, is the most important deriva- 
tive of boric acid. It comes on the market in two forms, common or 
prismatic borax, which contains 10 molecules of water of crystalliza- 
tion, and octahedral borax, which contains only 5 molecules. 

The largest use of borax is in making enamel coating for cast 
and wrought iron sanitary and kitchen ware. It is also used in the 
manufacture of glass and soap, for sizing paper, in the soaking and 
cleaning of hides in tanneries, in the textile industry as a mordant 
and for rendering certain cloths fireproof, and as a flux in welding 
and brazing. 

Production. — It is now made from colemanite, which is calcined; 
the calcium borate is separated mechanically from the minerals, and 
boiled with a solution of soda ash, forming sodium borate and insol- 
uble calcium carbonate. 

Domestic production has been as follows : 



Year. 


Short tons. 


Value. 


1914 


- 


26, 501 
32, 089 
26, 673 
28, 518 
35,281 


$2, 071, 774 


1917 


4,717,532 
3,909,565 
4,351,89] 
5, 674, 012 


1918 


1919 1 


1920 1 







1 Sa'es, not production. 



Imports, prior to 1920, have been less than 0.01 per cent of the 
domestic production; the maximum was 11,768 pounds, valued at 
in 1913. Since 1917 imports have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2 

378 

30, 563 

226, 240 


SI 

155 

2. 451 

12, 477 


$0.50 
.41 
.08 
.05 




Per cent. 
1.00 


1919 


$0.47 
38.00 


.30 


1920 


1.56 


1921 (9 months). 











Exports before the war were small and chiefly to the Orient. Dur- 
ing the war a substantial export trade to Europe was developed. 
Exports in 1920 (calendar year) were 14,325,037 pounds, valued at 
$1,026,936, and for the first nine months of 1921, 2,750,392 pounds, 
valued at $191,616. They have gone chiefly to Japan, Canada, and 
England. 



SODIUM BROMIDE. 



(See Survey FL-8. For discussion, see Bromine and Bromine Compounds. 

p. 128.) 

Important changes in classification. — Sodium bromide has been 
mentioned specifically for the first time because it is one of the im- 
portant forms in which bromine is marketed. (Reclassification Re- 
Dort, P. 92.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



227 



SODIUM CARBONATE, CALCINED (SODA ASH). 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Soda ash, or calcined sodium carbonate, is 
the most important industrial alkali. It is not as strong as caustic 
soda, but is cheaper, easier to handle and ship, and is ordinarily 
used in preference to caustic soda wherever possible. There are 
two commercial grades containing 48 and 58 per cent of actual 
alkali (Na 2 0) . The 58 per cent grade is sold as " light " and " dense." 
The dense product is twice as heavy per unit as the light and is 
used in glass, where small bulk is desired. The largest use of soda 
ash is in glass, soap, wood pulp and paper, caustic soda, and other 
sodium chemicals; in the d}<e and textile industries; in the manu- 
facture of drugs, enamel ware, and cleaners ; and for softening water. 

Production. —Practically all of the soda ash manufactured is made 
from sodium bicarbonate (see supra) derived from salt by the 
ammonia-soda process. A small quantity of soda ash is made from 
the natural soda brines of the Western States, but this source is of 
little importance. Sodium bicarbonate is converted into soda ash 
by simply heating continuously in a revolving furnace. Some soda 
ash is also made by the Hargreaves-Bird process, which produces 
caustic soda electrolytically in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, 
which immediately converts the caustic soda into soda ash. This 
process is used by several paper mills in this country. The domestic 
production has been as follows : 



Year. 


Short tons. 


Value. 


1914 


935,305 
1,324.208 
1,390,625 
1,390,628 

981, 054 
1, 238 149 


$10. 937, 945 


1916 


IB, 283, 866 


191 7 


38, 028, 000 


1918 . 


35, 635, 520 


1919 i. . . . 


29, 895, 343 


1920 > 


38, 908, 726- 







1 Sales, not production. 

Imports have been less than 1 per cent of production, and since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity-. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,445 

829, 266 

1, 515, 278 

11,734,363 


$29 

12, 998 
37, 161 
158, 103 


$0.02 


1919 


.02 


1920 


.02 


1921 (9 months) 


.01 







Exports in 1918 (fiscal } T ear) were 198,752,457 pounds, valued at 
$6,074,879. about 40 per cent to Japan and 35 per cent to Canada. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




238, 434, 992 
$7, 805, 550 


100,961,927 
$2,656,608 


166,761,603 
$4, 689, 591 


26,402,330 
$644,311 


Value 







228 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1924. 



Exports in recent years have been chiefly to Sweden, Netherlands, 
and Canada. 

Important chawjes in classification. — Sodium carbonate, calcined, 
or soda ash, is free of duty under paragraph 605, act of 1913. This 
article is designated only as " soda ash " in the act of 1913. The term 
" sodium carbonate, calcined," has been added in order to include 
the correct chemical name. (Reclassification Report, p. 124.) 

I1YDRATED SODIUM CARBONATE (SAL SODA) MONOHYDRATED SODIUM CARBONATE 

SODIUM SESQUICARBONATE. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Soda crystals is an indefinite term applied 
to several crystalline sodium carbonates. These compounds may be 
sodium carbonate or a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium 
bicarbonate, containing water of crystallization. Sal soda refers to 
crystals of completely hydrated sodium carbonate which contain 10 
molecules of water (Na 2 CO 3 -10H 2 O), also known as washing soda. 
Monohydrated sodium carbonate is a crystalline compound of sodium 
carbonate containing one molecule of water (Na 2 C0 3 -H 2 0). Sesqui- 
carbonate of soda is a mixture of chemically equivalent parts of 
sodium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate crystallized with two 
molecules of water (Na 2 C03-NaHC0 3 -2H 2 0). These crystalline 
products are used chiefly for washing and cleansing purposes, par- 
ticularly in the laundry and household. 

Production. — Sal soda is prepared by dissolving soda ash (sodium 
carbonate) in hot water to form a solution of a definite specific grav- 
ity. On allowing this solution to cool, the sodium carbonate crys- 
tallizes out with 10 molecules of water. The addition of a little so- 
dium sulphate to the solution is necessary to obtain the proper crystal 
form. This fact, however, is sometimes taken advantage of to dilute 
the finished product with a cheaper inert material which has no clean- 
ing .properties. Sodium sesquicarbonate is formed by crystallization 
from a hot solution containing chemically equivalent quantities of 
sodium carbonate and sodium acid carbonate. For many purposes 
this product is preferred to the other soda crystals. 

Production in 1914 was 106,591 short tons of sal soda, including 
monohydrate crystals. The output since then has been as follows: 



Sales, not production. 



Year. 


Sal soda. 


Monoli3 T drated sodium 

carbonate and sodium 

sesquicarbonate. 




Short tons. 


Value. 


Short tons. 


Value. 


1«)I7 


77, 939 
82,465 
80, 090 
62, 857 


§1,698,520 
2,020,271 
2,229,994 
2, 128, 937 


55, 035 
22,678 
31,278 
12, 876 


$1,262,875 


1'IS 


482,958 




714,930 




1920 ' 


459, 167 







Imports. — The maximum imports of crystal carbonate, monohy- 
drate, and sesquicarbonate were 354,609 pounds in 1912, which is 
less than 0.2 per cent of the domestic production. Imports declined 
to 60,000 pounds in 1917. Later statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



229 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value, j Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


SODA CRYSTALS. 






1918 


Pounds. 

25 

45,060 

4,796 

68, 779 


$2 

1,182 

577 

1,652 


$0.08 
.03 
.12 
.02 




Per cent. 
1.50 


1919 


$56. 00 
6.00 


4.77 


1920 


1.04 










i 


MONOHYDRATED SODA, OR SESQUICARBONATE. 


1918 


1 
44,800 $1,281 


$0.03 


$56 


4.37 


1919 




1920 


3,342 106 
71,132 ! 2.176 


.03 
.03 


4 


3.94 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports of sal soda in 1918 (fiscal year) were 14,076,264 pounds, 
valued at $205,489. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 




12, 716, 453 
$213, 865 


11,126,370 
$178,285 


12,030,193 
$220, 487 


7, 750, 741 




$154,191 







Exports have been chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Argentina. 

Important changes in classification. — The wording " crystal car- 
bonate of, monohydrate, and sesquicarbonate of; sal soda and soda 
crystals ", paragraph 67, act of 1913, describes three separate chemi- 
cal and commercial articles. These have been corrected in this para- 
graph as (1) sodium carbonate, hydrated, or sal soda; (2) sodium 
carbonate, monohydrated ; and (3) sodium sesquicarbonate. (Re- 
classification Eeport, p. 92.) 



SODIUM CHLORATE. 



(See Survey A-18.) 



Description and uses. — Sodium chlorate is a colorless crystalline 
compound composed of sodium, chlorine, and oxygen, readily soluble 
in water. It is used as an oxidizing agent in the manufacture of coal- 
tar dyes, in dyeing and printing textiles, and in large quantities in 
the manufacture of matches and explosives. It was formerly believed 
that only potassium chlorate could be used for matches, since sodium 
chlorate is hydroscopic, but the high price of potassium salts during 
the Avar led to methods permitting such use. Sodium chlorate has 
generally replaced the higher-priced potassium salts. 

Production in 1917 was large, but statistics are not available. It 
is generally manufactured by subjecting a solution of sodium chlo- 
ride (salt) to the action of a direct current of electricity. The appa- 
ratus for its manufacture electrolytic ally is quite expensive. It was 
formerly made by treating milk of lime with chlorine gas and con- 
verting the calcium chlorate formed into sodium chlorate by treat- 
ment with sodium sulphate (salt cake). 



230 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports from 1915 to 1918 have been between 22,000 and 45,000 
pounds a year, and since have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

44, 810 

39, 022 

561, 513 

267,390 


$8, 066 

3, 814 

50,266 

15, 485 


$0.18 
.10 
.09 
.06 


Per cent. 
$224 ' 2.78 


1919 


195 j 5. 12 


1920 


2,808 i 5.59 


1921 (9 months). 








Exports. — Statistics are not available. 

SODIUM CHLORIDE (SALT). 

(See Survey A-18.) 









Description and uses. — Salt, or sodium chloride, is one of the most 
common minerals. Besides its well-known uses, it is employed in 
the manufacture of chemicals, such as sodium bicarbonate, soda ash, 
caustic soda, and chlorine, and in the dye industry for diluting dyes. 

Production of salt has shown a steady increase from about 
3,000,000 tons in 1900 to about 6,000,000 tons in 1916, and nearly 
7,000,000 tons in 1920. Since 1914 it has supplied over 99 per cent 
of domestic consumption. Michigan and New York produced over 
one-half of the output, with Ohio and Kansas also contributing 
largely. About 50 per cent of the salt is used as brine for the 
manufacture of chemicals. 

Imports of salt are negiigble, and chiefly from England and the 
British West Indies. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



IN BAGS. 



1918 


100 pounds. 

. 205, 180 

193, 529 

591, 348 

558, 928 


$148, 128 
137, 627 
240, 923 
284, 012 


$0.72 


1919 


.71 


1920 


.40 


1921 (9 months) *. 


.51 







IN BULK. 



1918 


100 pounds. 

600, 627 

996, 753 

2, 161, 736 

802, 096 


$133,340 
105, 077 
435, 576 
148,465 


$0.22 


1919 


.10 


1920 


.20 


1921 (9 months) ... 


.18 







Exports of salt increased from 41,908 short tons, valued at $286,363 
in 1910, to 97,075 tons, valued at $726,761 in 1917. Later statistics 
for calendar years follow : 



Quantity (short tons). 
Value 



136, 783 
$1,677,577 



1919 



119,416 
$1,396,625 



1920 



139,272 
$1,901,593 



1921 (9 
months). 



75, 484 
$994,817 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 231 

Exports have been chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico. 
Important changes in classification. — Transfer from the free list 
(par. 593) of the act of 1913. 

SODIUM CHROMATE AND DICHROMATE. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Sodium dichromate is a red crystalline com- 
pound containing about 67 per cent of chromic acid (Cr 2 3 ). It 
is about ten times as soluble as the corresponding potassium salt 
and is frequently preferred. The sodium salt is also much cheaper 
and has replaced potassium salt to a large extent. Sodium chromate 
is a yellow crystalline compound containing only 29.2 per cent of 
chromic acid. The dichromate is therefore generally preferred, 
owing to its greater richness in chromic acid, which is the active 
constituent. 

Chroma tes and dichromates are used for the chrome tanning of 
leather; in textile dyeing and printing; in the manufacture of 
chrome colors and pigments, especially lead and barium chromates; 
for pickling brass; in the electro-engraving of copper plates; as 
laboratory reagents ; and in the bleaching of oils and fats. 

Production. — All of the chromium salts are prepared from chrome 
iron ore or chromite. (See par. 1544.) The ore is pulverized and 
mixed with lime and soda ash and roasted in a strong current of air. 
Calcium chromate, which is produced with sodium chromate, is con- 
verted into sodium chromate by means of more soda ash. Sodium 
chromate is usually converted directly in solution to sodium dichro- 
mate by treatment with sulphuric acid. Sodium dichromate when 
used in oxidation processes is reduced to chromium sulphate, which 
may be reconverted into sodium dichromate and used again. 

Domestic production of sodium dichromate and chromate has been 
as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Short tons. 


Value. 


1914 


11,824 
22,446 
28, 334 
26, 526 
25, 973 


$1, 125, 398 


1917 


9, 045, 133 


1918 


9, 868, 118 


1919 l 


6, 233, 566 
5, 531, 954 


1920 i 







1 Sales, not production. 



Imports of dichromate and chromate of soda have been insignifi- 
cant since 1910. There were no imports from 1919 through nine 
months of 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SODIUM FORMATE. 



Description, uses, and production. — Sodium formate is an im- 
portant chemical compound used as an intermediate material in the 
manufacture of formic and oxalic acids. It is produced by passing 
carbon monoxide into a solution of sodium hydroxide under pressure. 
The sodium formate thus produced may be converted into formic 



232 



SUxMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



acid by treatment with an acid or into sodium oxalate by heating, 
which in turn can be converted into oxalic acid by means of acid. 
The establishment of the manufacture of oxalic and formic acids 
in the United States by this process is discussed under paragraph 1. 

Import figures are available for 1914 only, when thev were 
1,843,245 pounds, valued at $44,693. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Sodium formate has been 
mentioned specifically for the first time. (Reclassification Report > 
p. 92.) 

SODIUM FERROCYANIDE (YELLOW PRUSSIATE OF SODA) . 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Sodium ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate 
of soda, is a lemon-yellow crystalline compound containing 10 mole- 
cules of water of crystallization. It is similar to the potassium salt 
which it has largely replaced on account of the high price of that com- 
pound. It is used in the manufacture of blue pigments, in calico 
printing and dyeing, for the casehardening of iron, for making 
sodium ferricyanide, and as a chemical reagent. 

Production. — Sodium ferrocyanide, or yellow prussiate of soda, is 
prepared in this country as! a by-product of the purification of coal 
gas; also from sodium cyanide by lixiviating with hot water in the 
presence of iron. 

In 1917 the production was 8,346,000 pounds, valued at $2,577,667; 
in 1918 it was 9,050,000 pounds, valued at $2,690,110. The output 
then decreased to 5,860,000 pounds, valued at $1,318,049 in 1920. 

Imports prior to the war had reached about 1,900,000 pounds in 
1913. In 1914 they increased to about 2,300,000 pounds, and steadily 
declined until 1918 (fiscal year), when no imports appeared. Later 
statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

271, 063 

1, 299, 521 

2,201,662 

1, 421, 113 


898, 505 
218, 222 
400, 873 
179, 429 


SO. 36 
.17 
.18 
.13 


S2, 033 
9,746 
16, 512 


Per cent. 
2.06- 


1919 


4.47 


1920 


4.12 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The correct chemical name, 
sodium ferrocyanide, has been used in connection with yellow prus- 
siate of soda in this paragraph. (Reclassification Report, p. 92.) 



SODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA) 

(See Survey A-18.) 



caustic soda, in in- 



Descr'i />f/on mid uses. — Sodium hydroxide, or 
dustrial importance ranks second only to soda ash. The commercial 
product is a Avhite opaque solid having strong caustic properties, sold 
by content of sodium oxide (Na,0). 



rhe common grades are 60, 7Q, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



233 



74, and 76 per cent sodium oxide. The method of stating this content 
is, however, based on erroneous atomic weights. The so-called New 
York and Liverpool test, figured from the actual content, is used in 
the United States. The difference between the actual content and 
that calculated by this test is shown for the ordinary grades of caustic 
soda : 



Sodium oxide. 


Actual. 


N ew 


York 


and Liverpool test. 


Per cent. 
58.12 
67.81 
71.68 
73. 62 






Per cent. 
60 
70 

74 
76 



Caustic soda has a wide variety of uses in the manufacture of 
soap, wood pulp and paper, chemicals, dyes, and drugs, in refining 
vegetable and mineral oils, in mercerizing cotton, for water soften- 
ing, bottle washing, and in the preparation of cleaners. The largest 
single use is in the manufacture of soap. The war caused a large 
demand for caustic soda for phenol, the raw material of explosive 
picric acid. 

Production. — It is made from salt or soda ash, the raw material 
depending on the method of manufacture. Soda ash is converted 
into caustic soda by treatment with lime. Caustic soda is also made 
directly from salt, a solution being subjected to the action of direct 
electric current. 

Production has been as follows : 



Year. 


Short tons. 


Value. 


Year. 


Short tons. 


Value. 


1914 


212. 539 
391, 597 
488,056 


$6, 657, 514, \ 
17,426,066 ' 
29,402,689 


1918 


5,13,363 
341,388 
382,680 


$31, 854, 470 


1916 


1919 ! 


20,091,978 


1917 


1920 i 


25,894,641 









Sales, not production. 



In 1917 there were 8 firms using the soda-ash method and 28 com- 
panies using the electrolysis of salt method. About 28 per cent of 
the output in 1917 and 1918 was produced electrolytically from salt. 

Imports. — The largest importation was in 1911, 1,500 short tons. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2,002 

42, 724 

97,798 

645, 694 


$193 

6,888 

11,970 

32,060 


$0.10 
.16 
.12 
.05 


$5 
107 


Per cent. 
2.60 


1919 


1.55 


1920 


244 2. 04 


1921 (9 months) 









234 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 67,365 short tons, valued at 
$8,629,086. Japan, Italy, Brazil, and Canada were the chief coun- 
tries of destination. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




97,378,334 
$5, 602, 813 


.164,235,420 

$6,748,762 


224, 137, 406 

$10,944,017 


26, 810, 088 
$1,094,970 


Value 





In recent years exports have been chiefly to Japan, Italy, and the 
Netherlands. 

Important changes in classification. — The term " hydrate " used in 
connection with caustic soda in paragraph 67, act of 1913, is not in 
accordance with correct- chemical nomenclature ; therefore, the name 
"sodium hydroxide" has been used. (Beclassification Keport, p. 
92.) 

SODIUM NITRITE. 



SODIUM NITRITE. 



Description and uses. — Sodium nitrite is a chemical compound 
composed of sodium, nitrogen, and oxygen. It differs from nitrate 
of soda in that it contains one atom less of oxygen. When pure it is 
a white crystalline salt, containing commercially 96 to 98 per cent of 
sodium nitrite.- It is used chiefly in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes, 
in the dyeing of textiles, and has minor laboratory and pharmaceu- 
tical uses. 

Production. — Sodium nitrite was usually prepared by the reduc- 
tion of sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) by means of lead; also from 
atmospheric oxygen. In the fixation of nitrogen by the arc process 
the oxides of nitrogen produced are absorbed in sodium carbonate 
(soda ash), forming sodium nitrite. Ammonia gas produced from 
by-product coke ovens or synthetically from atmospheric nitrogen 
can be oxidized to form a similar mixture of oxides of nitrogen 
which are converted into sodium nitrite as described above. 

The domestic production of sodium nitrite in 1917 was 1,722,000 
pounds, valued at $480,145, and in 1918 increased to 3,402,000 pounds, 
valued at $609,779. The output in 1919 and 1920 was about 2,400,000 
pounds for each year. 

Imports increased from 1,696,567 pounds in 1915 to 3,675,179 
pounds in 1917, the imports in 1917 being more than twice the do- 
mestic production. The increase in imports was caused by the 
development of the American dye industry, now the largest consumer 
of sodium nitrite. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
2,857,631 
2,550,689 

11,690,142 
3,007,151 


$289, 182 

• 246,729 

1,378,992* 

227,016 


$0.10 
.10 
.12 
.07 


$14,288 
12,753 
58,451 


Per cent. 
4.94 


1919 


5.17 


1920 


4.24 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



235 



SODIUM PHOSPHATE. 



(See Survey A-18.) 



Description and uses. — There are a number of sodium phosphates, 
the most important in commerce being disodium phosphate, also 
known as " neutral phosphate " and " secondary phosphate," usually 
the product referred to when only sodium phosphate is specified. It 
is used in the textile industries (especially the silk industry in the 
weighting of the material in dyeing), in the manufacture of baking 
powder, in the preparation of enamels, in tinning and soldering, and 
pharmaceutically. The other sodium phosphates, monosodium and 
trisodium phosphate, are of minor importance. 

Production. — It is obtained from dicalcium phosphate by treatment 
with soda ash. It is also prepared from bone ash or phosphorite by 
diges.tion with sulphuric acid followed by treatment with soda ash 
and crystallization of the sodium phosphate from the clear solution. 

Production has been as follows : 



Year. 


Short tons. 


# Value. 


1014 


15, 397 
13.305 
15,620 
14, 760 
30, 515 


$853, 528 

711,283 

1,427,947 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1,733,996 
3,233,896 


19201 







1 Pales, not production. 

Imports prior to the war were small and sporadic, the maximum 
in 1914 being 1.364,767 pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 
V 


Equiva - 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 








Per cent. 


1919 

192!) 

1921 (9 months) 

• 


56 

66 

483, 130 


$22 
19 

15,773 


$0.39 
.29 
.03 


$0.14 
.17 


0.64 
0.89 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SODIUM SESQTJ1 CARBONATE. 

[See Hydra ted Sodium Carbonate, p. 228.] 



SODIUM SULPHATE ANHYDROUS AND GLAUBER SALT. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses.— Sodium sulphate, crystallized, was discov- 
ered by a chemist named Glauber and is known commercially as 
Glauber salt. It is sodium sulphate crystallized with 10 molecules of 
water. It is used as an assistant in dyeing, for diluting dyes, and for 
the preparation of cooling mixtures. Ordinarily most sodium sul- 



236 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



phate is used in the anhydrous form and only a small portion is con- 
verted into the crystallized Glauber salt. It is more economical to 
ship the anhydrous salt. 

Production. — Glauber salt is a bj^-product of the manufacture of 
hydrochloric acid. Domestic production of Glauber salt has been as 
follows : 





Year. 


Short tons. 

* 


Value. 


1914 




1 34, 537 


$427, 808 
732, 403 


1917 




j 47, 757 


1918 




! 50,715 


1,041,070 


1919 




! 47, 730 


877,060 
990, 541 


19201.. _ 




! 50.655 


1 





1 Sales, not production. 

Imports have never been large and are negligible compared with 
domestic production. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — " Sodium sulphate, anhy- 
drous," has been mentioned specifically, as it was held that calcined 
sodium sulphate, in powdered form, is dutiable as a chemical com- 
pound or mixture, and not within the provisions of paragraph 67. 
act of 1913, for sulphate of soda, crystallized, or Glauber salts. (Re- 
classification Eeport, p. 92.) 

SODIUM SULPHIDE. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Sodium sulphide is composed of sodium 
and sulphur. There are two commercial articles, the " crystal " sul- 
phide of soda, containing about 30 per cent of sodium sulphide, and 
the "fused" or "concentrated," containing about twice as much 
sodium sulphide as the crystal product. It is used chiefly in the 
manufacture and dyeing of sulphur colors and as a depilatory agent 
in leather manufacture 

Production. — Sulphide of soda was formerly manufactured from 
sodium sulphate (salt cake). The war caused the establishment of a 
barium chemical industry from which part of the sodium sulphide 
now comes as a by-product. Domestic production supplies prac- 
tically the entire consumption and has been as follows : 



Year. 


Short 
tons. 


Value. 


1914 


• 


20,263 
49. 494 
43, 490 
45,448 
42,952 




1917 


§1,905,473 
2,293,304 
2 645 181 


1918.. 


1919i , 


19201 


2,962,033 





Sa'es, not, production. 



The- increased output since 1914 was due to the establishment of 
an American dye industry — a large outlet for this product. 

Imports. — The maximum import of sodium sulphide was in 1914, 
and was about 6 per cent of domestic production. Since 1917 im- 
ports have been as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



237 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiv- 
alent ad- 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. ' 

112,821 

1,668,562 

1,038,181 

2,474,057 


$4,673 
54,251 
47,064 
78,584 


$0.04 
.03 
.04 
.03 


$282 
4,171 
2,595 


Per ceni. 
6.04 


1919 


7.69 


1920 


5.51 













Exports. — Statistics not available. 

SODIUM SILICATE. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Silicate of soda, "water glass " or " soluble 
glass," is a chemical compound produced from silica (sand) and an 
alkali salt, usually soda ash. It is marketed in water solution largely, 
but also to some extent in a solid form, and is used chiefly as an ad- 
hesive in the manufacture of various forms of fiber and paper board 
and as a filler in soap. 

Production has increased from 169,049 tons in 1914 to 254,011 tons 
in 1917, and has been in excess of 300,000 tons from 1918 to 1920. The 
production of silicate of soda of the 40° Baume grade has been esti- 
mated by a leading manufacturer as 295,000 tons in 1917 and 335,500 
tons in 1918. The process of making is comparatively simple and 
calls for inexpensive equipment. Some of its uses, however, require 
considerable accuracy in composition, involving large equipment and 
much technical skill in its manufacture. The industry is rather 
widespread, plants being located near large markets, as it is more 
economical to ship the raw materials (sand and soda ash) than the 
water solution of silicate of soda. 

Imports from 1910 to 1917 have averaged about 600 short tons per 
vear. Since 1918 these have been as follows : v 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


idig 




Pounds. 
463,461 1 
931,086 
658,658 I 
688,606 ! 

! 


S9, 902 
25,421 
15, 162 
22, 661 


SO. 02 


1919 


.03 


1920 


.02 


1921 (9 months) 


.03 









Exports. — Since the war the United States has developed an ex- 
port trade, which since 1917 has been chiefly to Canada, Mexico, and 
Cuba. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 



Quantity (pounds). 
value 



1918 



28,250,360 
S404, 796 



1919 



24, 300, 567 
8338,818 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



34,095,542 ! 13,375,800 
$450, 770 ' $169, 345 







Important changes in classification. — Sodium silicate is free of 
duty under paragraph 605, act of 1913. 



238 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SODIUM SULPHITE, BISULPHITE, AND METABISULPHITE. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — There are three sulphites of soda, the nor- 
mal sulphite, the bisulphite or acid sulphite, and the metabisulphite. 
These compounds are white* crystalline salts more or less soluble in 
Avater. The sulphites are employed in various industries as antisep- 
tics, reducing agents, and sources of sulphur dioxide. Sulphite of 
soda is used industrially as an antichlor in bleaching processes, and 
as a bleaching agent for delicate fabrics, such as silk and wool. 
Both the normal and metabisulphite are used in the preparation of 
photographic developers. Bisulphite of soda is a more energetic 
antichlor and bleaching agent than the sulphite. It is also used as 
an antiseptic in steeping and preserving grain, and a strong solution 
is used for sterilizing brewer's casks. Bisulphites of calcium and 
magnesium are made for the manufacture of sulphite pulp for 
paper. Sodium hydrosulphite (see par. 79) is another reducing 
agent, used chiefly in dyeing and printing textiles, which is even 
more energetic than the sulphites, and should not be confused with 
them. 

Production. — Bisulphite of soda is the starting point for the manu- 
facture of all of the sodium sulphites. It is produced by saturating 
a solution of soda ash with sulphur dioxide. The acid sulphite thus 
produced can be separated from the solution or an additional quan- 
tity of soda ash can be added, thus forming the normal sulphite of 
soda, which crystallizes from the solution with seven molecules of 
water. Carbon dioxide is evolved in this process and in some cases 
it is purified and compressed in cylinders for sale. Sodium sulphite 
is also a by-product of the manufacture of phenol. 

Domestic production of sodium sulphite, bisulphite, and meta- 
bisulphite since 1917 has been as follows: 



* 


Year. 


Short 
tons. 


Value. 




13,707 
16,362 
11,819 
25,837 


$300, 668 


1918 •- 


478, 482 


1919 i 


687,750 


1920 ' 


1,226,155 







Sales, not production. 



Imports of sulphite of soda have not been large compared with the 
domestic production, being less than 1 per cent in 1917. Since 1917 
they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Equiv- 
Duty. alent ad- 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
30,450 
58, 524 
119,805 
511,394 


$1,287 
2,376 
5,388 

14,015 


$0.04 
.04 
.04 
.03 


j Per cent. 
376 5.92 


1919 


146 6. 16 


1920 


300 ! 5.56- 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



239 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 (par. 67) 
provided only for sulphite of soda, whereas there are three important 
sodium sulphites, namely, (normal) sodium sulphite, sodium bisul- 
phite, and sodium meta-bisulphite.' These three compounds have 
been provided for specifically in this paragraph. (Reclassification 
Report, p. 92.) 



SODIUM THIOSULPHATE. 



(See Survey A-18.) 



Description and uses. — Sodium thiosulphate, incorrectly called 
Iryposulphite of soda, is a white crystalline substance containing 
about 27 per cent of water of crystallization, soluble in water, and a 
strong reducing agent. It is used as a fixer in photography, when it 
is usually designated hypo; as an antichlor in bleaching to destroy 
the last traces of chlorine bleach ; as a reducing agent in the chrome 
tanning of leather ; and for iodine determinations in analytical work. 

Production. — Sodium thiosulphate is produced by boiling a solu- 
tion of sodium sulphite with sulphur. In Europe it is obtained as a 
by-product from the sulphide residues of the Le Blanc soda process. 
The output since 1917 has been as follows: 



Year. 


Short 
tons. 


Value. 


1917 


26, 598 
26, 868 
32,212 
24, 868 


' $717,924 
1,051,623 
1, 709, 223 
1,290,697 


1918 


1919 » 


19201 





1 Sa!e3, not production. 



Imports have increased from prewar imports of about 8,000 pounds 
per year to over 900,000 pounds in 1914 and 1,800,000 pounds in 1915. 
Imports in the war years declined to less than the prewar imports 
and since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,120 

27, 616 

17, 174 

199, 707 


$975 
6,312 
11, 989 
2,933 


$0.87 
.23 
.70 
.01 


$3 
69 
43 


'Per cent. 
29 


1919 




1920 


0.36 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Hyposulphite of soda (par. 
67, act of 1913) is a commercial term used incorrectly to designate 
" sodium thiosulphate," the term which has been used in this para- 
graph. (Reclassification Report, p. 92.) 



240 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 79. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pah. 79. Sodium hydrosulphite, hy- 
drosulpliite compounds, sulphoxylate 
compounds', and all combinations and 
mixtures of the foregoing, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- Par. 5. * * * all chemical * * * 

pounds, mixtures and salts, * * * compounds, * * * mixtures and 

not specially provided for in this sec- salts, not specially provided for in this 

tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- section, 15 per centum ad valorem, 
lorem ; * * *'. 

HYDROSULPHITES AND SULPHOXYLATES. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Under this heading are included several 
related chemicals, which are energetic reducing agents. They are 
marketed as gray to white crystalline powders. Their chief use is 
in the textile trade in certain clyeing, printing, and bleaching opera- 
tions, and also to a lesser extent in the bleaching of soaps, oils, sirups, 
fibers, and in the preparation of pharmaceuticals. Sodium hydrosul- 
phite, anhydrous, is used in the application of indigo and the different 
vat dyes. 

Sulphoxylate of soda formaldehyde is used with or without the 
addition of other agents for the " discharge of dyes " and for the 
application of vat dyes in textile printing. The double compound 
sulphoxylate of soda formaldehyde and bisulphite of soda formal- 
dehyde is used for discharges on dyed cotton. The basic sulphoxy- 
late of zinc formaldehyde is used for stripping dyes from colored 
fabrics. 

Production and imports.- — The capacity of the American plants 
exceeds the imports of 1914, the latter totaling 872,500 pounds, 
valued at $288,314. Sodium hydrosulphite is made by reducing 
sodium bisulphite by means of zinc with the addition of sulphur 
dioxide followed by separation of the hydrosulphite by a salting 
out." The other compounds are made from the sodium hydro- 
sulphite. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — A new specific provision. 



PARAGRAPH 80. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pah. 80. Starch : Potato, 1* cents per 
pound ; and all other starches not spe- 
cially provided for, 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Pae. 296. Starch, made from pota- Par. 234. Starch, made from pota- 
toes, one and one-half cents per pound ; toes, 1 cent per pound ; all other 
all other starch, including all prepa- starch, including all preparations, 
rations, from whatever substance pro- from whatever substance produced, lit 
duced, fit for use as starch, one cent for use as starch, J cent per pound, 
per pound. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



241 



STARCHES. 

(See Survey G-33.) 

Description and uses. — Starch occurs more or less abundantly in all 
forms of vegetable life, but commercially the most important sources 
are corn, potatoes, rice, wheat, and cassava. Starch is white, odor- 
less, and tasteless, and is marketed in powdered, granular, or lump 
form. Cornstarch is by far the most important in this country; 
potato starch, the most important in Europe, ranks second in con- 
sumption. Of the domestic output in 1914, approximately 93 per 
cent was from corn, 3.8 per cent from potatoes, and the balance from 
wheat, rice, and cassava. 

Starch is used for edible purposes in various flours, and in pastries, 
puddings, confectionery, etc.; and for laundry and manufacturing 
purposes, e. g., sizing of paper and cotton goods, thickening of colors 
and mordants used in textile printing, in making dextrin, soluble 
starch, and glucose. Its physical properties vary slightly with its 
sources, and thus cause the specific uses of different varieties. In the 
textile industry and in the manufacture of dextrin, potato starch 
has certain advantages which give it a market even at a higher price. 
Means have been found to make varieties of cornstarch suitable for 
use in the textile industry; these' are severely competitive with potato 
starch. 

Production of cornstarch increased from 574,247,697 pounds, val- 
ued at $13,784,654, in 1914, to 727,962,000 pounds ,_ valued at $40,558,- 
000, in 1919 ; potato starch decreased from 23,540,472 pounds, valued at 
$718,006, in 1914, to 16,477,000 pounds, valued at $1,099,000, in 1919; 
the output of other starches increased from 22,976,000 pounds, valued 
at $1,281,000, in 1914, to 39,074,000 pounds, valued at $2,746,000, in 
1919. (Figures for 1919 are preliminary.) The number of estab- 
lishments decreased from 82 in 1914 to 56 in 1919. 

Imports of starch for 1909-191-3 averaged 13,730,665 pounds, val- 
ued at $375,767; for 1914-1918 they averaged 15,143,778 pounds, 
valued at $684,714, approximately 95 per cent being potato starch. 
Before the war Germany and the Netherlands supplied practically 
all; in the last two years great quantities came from Japan, viz, 
18,008,666 pounds in 1917 and 21,806,975 pounds in 1918. Later 
statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


POTATO STARCH. 


1918 


Pounds. 
20, 416, 589 

2, 031, 403 
14, 134, 454 

4, 101, 561 


SI, 590, 574 
151, 883 
726, 586 
159, 583 


$0.08 
.07 
.05 
.04 


$204, 166 
20, 314 
141, 345 


Per cent. 
12.84 


1919 


13.37 


1920 


19. 45 


1921 (9 months).. 











ALL OTHER STARCHES, N. s. P. F. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). . . , 


443,813 
659, 349 
659, 615 
483, 560 


S64, 794 
72,073 
78,241 
57,276 


$0.17 
.11 
. 12 
'.12 


$2,219 3.42 

3.297 4.57 

3.298 4.22 







82304—22- 



-16 



242 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports of starch for 1914-1918 averaged 122,848,429 pounds, 
valued at $3,913,104, practically all cornstarch. Over one-half goes 
to England and Scotland, while before the war the Netherlands and 
Belgium also took large quantities. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Cornstarch. 


All other s 


tarch. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

33,619,821 
179, 436, 736 
116, 462, 841 
136, 179, 599 


$1, 758, 557 
10, 219, 799 
6,891,607 
3,411,599 


Pounds. 
16, 083, 388 
89, 703, 821 
31, 480, 284 
21,580,140 


$1,020,071 
5,342,366 
2 053 917 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 


616, 137 





Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The words "including all 
preparations from whatever substances produced fit for use as 
starch " have been omitted and " not specially provided for " added. 



PARAGRAPH 81. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 81. Dextrine, made from potato 
starch or potato flour, If cents per 
pound; dextrine, not otherwise pro- 
vided for, burnt starch or British gum, 
dextrine substitutes, and soluble or 
chemically treated starch, 1| cents per 
pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 297. Dextrine, dextrine substi- 
tutes, soluble starch or chemically 
treated starch, burnt starch, gum sub- 
stitute, or British gum, one and one- 
half cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 36. Gums: * * * dextrine, 
made from potato starch or potato 
flour, 11 cents per pound ; dextrine, not 
otherwise provided for, burnt starch or 
British gum, dextrine substitutes, and 
soluble or chemically treated starch, f 
of 1 cent per pound. 



DEXTRINE, BRITISH GUM, SOLUBLE STARCH. 

(See Survey A-9.) 

Description and uses. — Dextrine is a substance produced by heat- 
ing starch or by treating starch with dilute acid. It is sometimes 
considered an intermediate product between starch and dextrose. It 
is soluble in water and has strong adhesive properties. Dextrine is 
used extensively in the textile industry for thickening mordants, for 
printing calicos and other fabrics, and in finishing textiles; in the 
manufacture of paper boxes and wall paper; for gumming stamps 
and envelopes; in inks, felts v etc. 

British gum is a name given to the commercial product. There 
are different grades, depending on the methods of manufacture and 
the botanical sources of the starch. 

Soluble starch is starch rendered soluble by chemical treatment. 
It is intermediate between starch and dextrine and is used as an 
emulsifying agent, in the textile industry, and in volumetric chemical 
analvsis. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



243 



Production of dextrine in 1914 was 18,931,041 pounds, valued at 
$705,584. Domestic production of dextrine has increased greatly 
since 1914, the United States now having the largest plants and pro- 
ducing more tapioca dextrine than foreign countries; also large 
quantities from potato starch and cornstarch. The tapioca used is 
imported from Java. 

Imports. — Before the war about 5,000,000 pounds of dextrine were 
imported, usually from Germany, Holland, and England, but these 
imports decreased during the war to less than 100,000 pounds in 1918. 
Imports of soluble starch in 1914 were 1,697,392 pounds, decreasing 
greatly since, with none reported in 1918. Recent imports of dex- 
trine have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 




lent ad 
valorem. 



DEXTRINE FROM POTATO STARCH OR FLOUR. 



1918 . 


Pounds. 
376, 177 
147, 404 
843, 359 
499, 855 


$35, 032 
13, 528 
69, 783 
24,906 


$0.09 
.09 
.08 
.05 


$4, 702 

1, 813 

10,542 


Per cent. 
13. 42 


1919 . 


13. 62 


1920. ... 


15.11 


1921 (9 months). 











DEXTRINE SUBSTITUTES, BURNT STARCH, OR BRITISH GUM. 



1918 


.5 

238 
225, 247 
136,035 


$2.00 

54.00 

17, 764. 00 

8, 489. 00 


$0.13 
.23 

.08 
.06 


! . 
"*$2."66"i 

1,689.00 


5.50 


1919 


3.33 


1920 


9.51 


1921 (9 months).. 









CHEMICALLY TREATED OR SOLUBLE STARCH. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 




$2 

7 

826 



4.95 
6.95 
9.37 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Dextrines, included with 
gums and resins in the act of 1913, are given a separate paragraph 
in H. E. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 82. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 82. Strontium : Carbonate, pre- 
cipitated, nitrate, and oxide, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 3. * * 
pounds, * * 
cially provided 
twenty-live per 



* all chemical com- 

* and salts, not spe- 
for in this section, 
centum ad valorem ; 



Par. 685. Strontia, oxide of, and 
protoxide of strontian, * * * 
[Free]. 



Par. 5. * * * all chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * and salts, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 615. Strontia, oxide of, protoxide 
of strontian, * * * [Free]. 



244 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS. 
(See Survey FL-22. ) 

Description and uses. — Strontium compounds are prepared from 
the minerals celestite or strontianite, free of duty in paragraph 1662. 
THe two most important compound's are strontium nitrate and stron- 
tium carbonate ; both — but chiefly the nitrate — are used in the manu- 
facture of pyrotechnics (fireworks and signal lights). The largest 
demand prior to the war was for the manufacture of railway signal 
flares. 

Strontium salts Avere in demand for use in night signals and signal 
shells during the war. Strontium oxide after being converted into 
the hydroxide is used in certain European countries, especially Ger- 
many, for beet-sugar refining. 

Production of strontium salts increased from 2.006.000 founds in 
1916 (first available figures) to 4,927,000 pounds in 1918, and then 
decreased to 1,971,519 pounds in 1919. The output in 1920 by 2 firms 
only exceeded that of any previous year, except 1918. Domestic 
manufacture is chiefly from imported materials, principally celestite 
from England. 

Imports prior to the war — chiefly from Germany — supplied the re- 
quirements of the United States for strontium salts. In 1914 (only 
year figures are available) there were imported 1,941,103 pounds of 
strontium salts, of which 1,834,733 pounds were strontium nitrate 
and 52,179 pounds strontium carbonate. 

Later statistics for imports of strontium nitrate and precipitated 
strontium carbonate are not available, but it is known that consider- 
able quantities have been brought in during 1921. Imports of stron- 
tium oxide are combined with those of the strontium minerals (par. 
1662). 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification — Precipitated strontium car- 
bonate and strontium nitrate are specifically mentioned for the first 
time. Strontium oxide (strontia, oxide of, protoxide of strontian) 
has been transferred from the free list, act of 1913 (par. 615). 



PARAGRAPH 83. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 83. Strychnine, and salts of, 15 
cents nor ounce. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. SO. Strychnia, or strychnine, Par. 616. Strychnia or strychnine, 
and all salts thereof, fifteen cents per and its combinations with acids not 
ounce. subject to duty under this section 

I Free]. 

STRYCHNINE AND SALTS. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — Strychnine is an alkaloid manufactured 
from mix vomica (par. 1621). It is also sold in combination with 
various acids, the most important salts being the acetate, nitrate. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



245 



phosphate, and sulphate. It is used as a stimulant in medicine and 
as a poison for vermin and predatory animals. One ounce of strych- 
nine corresponds to 17,500 medicinal doses. 

Production. — Our strychnine is derived from nux vomica imported 
from India. Production figures are- not available, but the annual 
import of nux vomica is equivalent to 400,000 to 600,000 ounces of 
strychnine. It is also manufactured in England and Germany, but 
no commercial production has been noted in India. In 1919 (pre- 
liminary figures) 16,414 pounds of strychnine and salts, valued at 
$372,304, were consumed in "druggist's preparations, patent medi- 
cines, and compounds." 

Imports of strychnine and its combinations with acids from 1909 
to 1913 were negligible. During 1914-1918 an average of 29,305 
ounces, valued at $17,946, was reported. Imports since 1917 have 
been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Ounces. 

180 

6,006 

20, 950 

54,852 


$345 

9,390 

37, 370 

83,039 


81 92 


1919 


1 56 


1920 


1 78 


1921 (9 months ) 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — This provision has been 
transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 616) and modi- 
fied in language. 

PARAGRAPH 84. 



H. R. 7458. 

Par. 84. Thorium nitrate, thorium 
oxide, and other gaits of thorium not 
specially provided tor, cerium nitrate, 
cerium fluoride, and other salts of 
cerium not specially provided for, and 
gas-mantle scrap consisting in chief 
value of metallic oxides, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 183. * * * thorium, oxide of 
and salts of, * * * and gas man- 
tle scrap consisting in chief value of 
metallic oxides, forty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- 
pounds, mixtures and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 154. * * * thorium, oxide of 
and salts of; * * * ancl gas _ man . 
tie scrap consisting in chief value of 
metallic oxides, 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Par. 5. * * * all chemical * * * 
compounds, * * * mixtures and 
salts, not specially provided for in this 
section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 



THORIUM COMPOUNDS. 



(See Survey C-22) 

Description and loses. — Thorium nitrate is the most important of 
the salts of thorium. The commercial product is a white crystalline 
material containing 48 to 50 per cent of the oxide of thorium. It is 



246 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



used primarily in incandescent gas mantles, which contain approxi- 
mately 99 per cent of thoria. Thorium oxide is the chief ingredient 
of gas-mantle scrap (see infra). 

Production. — Thorium nitrate is obtained from monazite sand 
by a long and tedious chemical process. The manufacture before the 
war was virtually controlled by German and Austrian interests. 
After imports ceased domestic production increased greatly, in 
1918-19 supplying American needs and permitting large exporta- 
tion to France and England. There were five manufacturers of 
thorium nitrate producing 439,304 pounds in 1917, as compared with 
149,850 pounds in 1913. In 1919 the output had decreased to 239,163 
pounds. 

Imports of thorium nitrate reached a maximum of 144,413 pounds, 
valued at $309,760, in 1914, with approximately 99.5 per cent from 
Germany. Imports of thorium oxide in 1914 amounted to 2,448 
pounds, valued at $4,095. Imports of thorium nitrate since 1917 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity, 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


i 

Pounds. 






j Per cent. 


1919 

1920 


3,307 

! 35, 496 


$>,250 

42,857 
89, 559 


SI. 59 
1.21 

2.01 


SI, 313 
10, 714 




25 
25 


1921 (9 months) 


i 44.444 


25 







The only recorded imports of other thorium compounds, including 
thorium oxide, were 28 pounds in 1918, valued at $124. 

Export statistics are wanting, but information from the manufac- 
turers indicates that exports during the war approximated prewar 
imports. 

Important changes in classification. — Thorium salts have been 
transferred from paragraph 154, Schedule C (act of 1913), to the 
chemical schedule. The paragraph has been amplified by mentioning 
thorium nitrate specifically. 

CERIUM COMPOUNDS. 



(See Survey C-22.) 

Description and uses. — Cerium is a soft, steel-gray metal occurring 
in more than sixty minerals. Of the entire list of cerium-bearing min- 
erals, two may be regarded as commercial sources. These are the 
phosphate (monazite sand) and the silicate (orthite). Cerite, a 
hydrous silicate occurring in Sweden, was for some time the only com- 
mercial source of cerium compounds. Monazite sand, the most im- 
portant cerium ore, is mined for its content of thoria, which is used in 
incandescent gas mantles. Cerium is a by-product and is obtained in 
excessively large amounts. No commercial use has been found for the 
pure cerium metal, but certain of its alloys and compounds have a 
fairly extended range of application. The quantity consumed, how- 
ever, is only a small fraction of the crude cerium salts obtained as a 
by-product in making thorium nitrate. Incandescent gas mantles 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



247 



contain 98-99 per cent of thoria and 1-2 per cent of ceria. Certain 
cerium alloys, e. g., pyrophoric alloys, throw off glowing particles 
when scratched by a hard metal, a property utilized in automatic 
cigarette and gas lighters. Other alloys are used as reducing agents 
and as deoxidizers in the manufacture of high-grade iron and steel 
castings. Cerium fluoride is used extensively in carbon electrodes for 
" flaming " electric arc lamps. Cerium salts are also used in medicine. 

Production statistics of cerium are not available, but consumption 
of monazite sand indicates an output of at least 250 tons of ceria. At 
least 10,000 tons of ceria are estimated to have accumulated at the 
gas-mantle factories. 

Imports of cerium compounds are not shown since 1918. 

Expwts. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention of 
cerium salts. 

GAS-MANTLE SCRAP. 

(See Survey C-22.) 

Description and uses. — Imperfect mantles and those damaged in 
manufacture or left over as refuse are reduced to ashes by a firing 
process and sold to thorium manufacturers for the recovery of the 
valuable thorium and cerium oxides. Practically 90 per cent of the 
gas-mantle scrap is obtained in this way and about 10 per cent is col- 
lected from gas companies and other large consumers. 

Imports of gas-mantle scrap in 1914 amounted to 60,435 pounds, 
valued at $3,305, and decreased to 4,175 pounds in 1915 and to 2,291 
pounds in 1918. Imports since 1917 follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


V, 

Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
44 
144 


Sill 

364 


$2.52 
2.53 


$11 
v 36 


Per cent. 
10 


1920 


10 







Exports.- — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Gas mantle scrap, in chief 
value metallic oxide (thorium oxide), has been transferred to this 
schedule from paragraph 154, Schedule C, act of 1913. 



PARAGRAPH 85. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 85. Tin bichloride, tin tetrachlo- 
ride, and all other chemical compounds, 
mixtures, and salts, of which tin con- 
stitutes the element of chief value, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- 
pounds, mixtures and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad valo- 
rem ; * * *. 

Par. 606. Lac spirits [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 65. Salts and all other com- 
pounds and mixtures of which * * * 
tin constitute the element of chief 
value, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



248 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

TIN COMPOUNDS. 
( See Survey A-17. ) 

Description and uses. — There are two important chlorides of tin, 
bichloride of tin and tin tetrachloride. The bichloride of tin as sold 
to the trade under the name of tin crystals, contains about 53 per cent 
of tin. It is used for weighting silk, in dyeing and calico printing. 
Tin tetrachloride contains about 45 per cent of tin. It is used for 
weighting silk, and as a mordant in dyeing. The silk industry re- 
quires about 3,000 tons of tin tetrachloride per year. It was used 
during the war for producing smoke screens. 

Production, — The preparation of tin chlorides has developed al- 
most exclusively into the detinning of scrap tin by means of chlorine 
gas. The process originated in the plant of the Goldschmidt chemi- 
cal works at Essen, Germany, and was soon established in this coun- 
try. In 1918 three companies were producing tin chlorides in the 
United States. The growth of the industry is dependent upon the 
growth of the silk industry which is the largest consumer. 

In 1914, census reports give the production of all-tin salts as 8,291,- 
200 pounds, valued at $2,028,500. In 1919 (preliminary figure) the 
output of tin chlorides was 8,999,200 pounds, valued at $2,986,500, 
and of oxide of tin, 1,352,600 pounds, valued at $900,240. 

Imports. — Statistics are combined with those of gold, platinum, 
silver, and rhodium salts. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Tin bichloride and tin tetra- 
chloride are mentioned specifically for the first time and the tin salts 
and compounds put in a separate paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 86. 

H. E,. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 86. Titanium potassium oxalate, 
and all compounds and mixtures con- 
taining titanium, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- Par. 5. * * * all chemical * * * 

pounds, mixtures and salts, * * * compounds, * * * mixtures and 

not specially provided for in this sec- salts, not specially provided for in this 

tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 
lorem ; * * *. 

TITANIUM COMPOUNDS. 

Description and uses. — Titanium potassium oxalate is used as a 
mordant for fixing certain coal-tar and natural dyes on vegetable 
and animal fibers and on leather. With tannic acid it is used as a 
self-color. Other titanium compounds have, to some extent, uses 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 249 

similar to that of the above compound. Titanium chloride is a pow- 
erful reducing agent and is used in stripping dyes. 

Production. — Statistics are not available. Titanium potassium ox- 
alate is prepared by dissolving the mineral Rutile or Ilmenite in sul- 
phuric acid, followed by precipitating and purifying it as a hy- 
droxide. The latter is dissolved in oxalic acid with the subsequent 
addition of potash. 

Imports for the fiscal year 1914 were 3,328 pounds of titanium 
trichloride and 1,213 pounds of titanium sulphate. 

Exports. — Not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new specific pro- 
vision. 



PARAGRAPH 87. 

H. K. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 87. Vanilla beans, 30 cents per 
pound ; tonka beans, 25 cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 559. Drugs. * * * not ad- Par. 70. * * * vanilla beans, 30 

vanced * * * [Free]. cents per pound; tonka beans, 25 cents 

Par. 697. Tonquin, tonqua, or tonka per pound, 
beans [Free]. 

VANILLA BEANS. 

(See Survey A-19.) 

Description and uses. — Vanilla beans are the fruit of a tropical 
plant and are used in the preparation of the alcoholic extract or " es- 
sence " ordinarily sold as vanilla, used in flavoring chocolate, con- 
fectionery, various foods, liquors, and in pharmaceutical prepara- 
tions. Vanillin, which is the chief aromatic constituent of vanilla 
beans, is now prepared synthetically. (See Vanillin, par. 56.) 

Production. — Vanilla beans are not produced commercially in the 
United States, the industry requiring tropical climatic conditions 
and specially trained cheap labor. The vanilla plant is native to 
certain localities in Mexico, where it- still occurs wild, although the 
vanilla bean of commerce is chiefly cultivated. The cultivation of 
vanilla has reached commercial importance only in the French insu- 
lar colonies; a few British possessions, notably the Seychelles and 
Mauritius; and in the Java and other Dutch colonies. 

The quality of vanilla varies greatly with its geographical source. 
no doubt due both to climate and method of culture and curing. 
Mexican, Bourbon, Seychelles, and Tahiti vanilla beans rank in 
quality in the order named. 

Imports since 1910 have been between 800.000 and 1,150,000 pounds 
per year, valued at from $1,500,000 to $2,500,000. ' Imports have 
shown no appreciable decline during the war. Since 1917 imports, 



250 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



chiefly from France, Mexico, and French Oceania, have been as 
follows : 



: 

Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

846,060 

1,037,865 

1, 192, 757 

750, 130 


♦1,308,470 
2, 104, 048 
2, 344, 703 
1,087,517 


$1.55 
2.03 
1.97 
1.45 


$253,818 


Per cent. 
19.40 


1919 


311,360 1 14.80 


1920 


357,827 15.26 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

TONKA BEANS. 

(See Survey A-19.) 

Description and uses. — Tonka beans are seeds used in perfuming 
tobacco (especially snuff), to adulterate vanilla extract, and in the 
manufacture of perfumery. They have been used in the preparation 
of coumarin, but this product is now more extensively manufactured 
synthetically. Extracts of tonka beans are sometimes used in phar- 
macy to mask the odor of iodoform. The beans contain about 25 
per cent of a fatty substance which is extracted as tonquin butter. 

Production. — Tonka beans are not produced in the United States 
or its possessions. The trees are native to South America, chiefly in 
the Guianas, northern Brazil, and Venezuela. The beans are pre- 
pared for market by soaking in rum or alcohol and drying in the sun. 

Imports for the years 1909 to 1914 have averaged 358,313 pounds, 
valued at $406,696. For the years 1915 to 1918, during which period 
the duty was 25 cents per pound, the average annual import was 
224,863 pounds, valued at $137,026. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

112,137 

99, 973 

316,288 

47,995 


$60,384 
88, 543 

280,510 
32, 060 


SO. 54 
.89 
.89 
.67 


$28, 034 
24, 993 
79,072 


Per cent. 
46.43 


1919 


28.23 


1920 


28.19 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 88. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 88. Zinc chloride, lA cents per 
pound; zinc sulphate, three- fourths of 
1 cent per pound ; and zinc sulphide, 
1£ cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 55. * * * sulfid of zinc 
white, or white sulphide of zinc, one 
and one-fourth cents per pound ; chlo- 
ride of zinc and sulphate of zinc, one 
cent per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 61. * * * white sulphide of 
zinc, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 62. Zinc, chloride of and sul- 
phate of, I cent per pound. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



251 



ZINC COMPOUNDS. 



(See Survey A-15.) 



ZINC CHLORIDE. 



Description and uses. — Zinc chloride, a chemical compound com- 
posed of zinc and chlorine, is a white to grayish-white solid. It is 
sold in solution or as a powder, also in porcelainlike masses, and cast 
in the form of pencils and tablets for pharmaceutical purposes. The 
preservation of wood, chiefly railroad crossties, is its largest use, the 
annual consumption for this purpose being about 30,000,000 pounds, 
or about 65 per cent of the domestic production. It is also used in 
the manufacture of vulcanized fiber board and for pharmaceu- 
tical purposes as a caustic, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant, and 
deodorant. 

Production of " zinc salts " in the United States in 1914 was 
40,786,886 pounds, valued at $1,130,959, which supplies the major 
part of the consumption in this country. The output of zinc chloride 
in 1919 (preliminary figures) was 74,089,000 pounds, valued at 
$4,349,100. It is made from zinc scrap or roasted zinc ores by treat- 
ment with hydrochloric acid and is obtained as a by-product of gal- 
vanizing sheet iron. 

Imports prior to 1914 were over 1,000,000 pounds, declining to 
about 6,000 pounds in 1917. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiv 
alent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

195, 522 

2,016 

1,129,231 

3, 583, 494 


$15,177 

192 

76, 495 

191,010 


$0.08 
.10 
.07 
.05 


$978 

10 

5,646 


Per cent. 
6.44 


1919 


5. 25 


1920..' 


7.38 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



ZINC SULPHATE. 



Description and uses. — Zinc sulphate (white vitriol) occurs as col- 
orless transparent crystals or as granular crystalline powder. It 
contains about 44 per cent of water. It is used for preserving and 
clarifying glue solutions, as a disinfectant, as a mordant in the 
dyeing and printing of textiles, as an astringent and emetic in medi- 
cine, and in electroplating. It is also the intermediate salt used in 
the electrolytic production of metallic zinc and of the pigment 
lithopone. 

Production. — Zinc sulphate may be produced from zinc dross, zinc 
scrap, and roasted zinc ores. The production of zinc sulphate is 
closely allied with the zinc industry. Production figures in 1914 
were combined with other zinc salts, but in 1919 (preliminary fig- 
ures) showed an output of 7,325,500 pounds, valued at $267,000. 



252 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports reached a maximum of 108,065 pounds, valued at $2,176, 
in 1914. During the war imports were negligible and since have 
been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 


1919 


Pounds. 
231 
100, 269 
11, 604 


SI 52 

3, 038 

455 


SO. 66 
.03 
.04 


$1 
501 


Per cent. 
0.76 


1920 

1921 (9 months). . 


16.50 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 



ZINC SULPHIDE. 



Description and uses. — Zinc sulphide is a Avhite, or yellowish in- 
soluble compound of zinc and sulphur. When combined with barium 
sulphate it constitutes the pigment lithopone (par. 74). Zinc sul- 
phide alone is seldom used as a pigment but is used primarily in the 
manufacture of dental cements, as is also lithopone containing 50 per 
cent of zinc sulphide. 

Production. — Statistics are not available. 

Imports have been shown only since 1914. They decreased from 
283.356 pounds valued at $8,979 in 1915, to about 7,000 pounds in 
1918 (fiscal years). Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 ... 

1921 (9 rrionths) 


Pounds. 

2,670 

10, 035 

45, 482 

34, 503 


$993 

4,413 

15, 027 

4,479 


$0.37 
.44 
.33 
.13 


$149 

662 

2,254 


Per cent . 
15 
15 
15 









Exports. — Statistics are not available. 

Important changes in classification. — -Zinc sulphide has been trans- 
ferred from the paragraph covering lithopone and other zinc pig- 
ments, as it is used chiefly for purposes other than as a pigment. 
(Reclassification Report, p. 84.) 



SCHEDULE 2.— EARTHS, EARTHENWARE, AND GLASS- 
WARE. 



PARAGRAPH 201. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par! 201. Fire brick, weighing not 
more than 10 pounds each, not glazed, 
■enameled, ornamented, or decorated in 
any manner, and brick other than fire 
brick, 10 per centum ad valorem; 
glazed, enameled, ornamented, or deco- 
rated, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
weighing more than 10 pounds each 
and not specially provided for, not 
glazed, enameled, ornamented, or deco- 
rated in any manner, 17 per centum 
ad valorem ; glazed, enameled, orna- 
mented, or decorated, 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; magnesite brick, three- 
fourths of 1 cent per pound and 10 
per centum ad valorem ; chrome brick, 
not glazed, enameled, painted, vitri- 
fied, ornamented, or decorated in any 
manner, 20 per centum ad valorem ; if 
glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, 
ornamented, or decorated in any man- 
ner, 23 per centum ad valorem ; bath 
brick, 23 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Schedule B. — Earths, Eaethenwaee, 
and Glassware. 

Par. 84. Fire-brick, weighing not 
more than ten pounds each, not glazed, 
enameled, ornamented, or decorated in 
any manner, one dollar and twenty- 
five cents per ton; glazed, enameled, 
ornamented, or decorated, thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem ; weighing more 
than ten pounds each and not specially 
provided for in this section, not glazed, 
enameled, ornamented, or decorated in 
any manner, thirty per centum ad va- 
lorem ; glazed, enameled, ornamented, 
or decorated, thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem ; magnesite brick, chrome 
brick, and brick other than fire-brick, 
not glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, 
ornamented, or decorated in any man- 
ner, twenty-live per centum ad valo- 
rem ; if glazed, enameled, painted, vit- 
rified, ornamented, or decorated in any 
manner, thirty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Par. 95. Articles and wares com- 
posed * * * of earthy or mineral 
substances, * * * not decorated 
* * * thirty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. [Covered bath 
brick.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Schedule P> — Earths, Earthenware, 
and Glassware. 

Par. 71. Fire brick, magnesite brick, 
chrome brick, and bHck not specially 
provided for in this section, not glazed, 
enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- 
mented, or decorated in any manner, 
10 per centum ad valorem ; if glazed, 
enameled, painted, vitrified, orna- 
mented, or decorated in any manner, 
and bath brick, 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



253 



254 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



REFRACTORY BRICKS. 



(See Survey B-l.) 



Description and uses. — Befractory bricks or fire bricks, made of 
burned clay, have a melting point high enough to withstand the 
temperatures of metallurgical operations. They are used in all 
metallurgical and furnace work exposed to intense heat. Those 
known as silica, magnesite, and chrome bricks are composed of 
quartz sand, calcined magnesite, and chromic iron ore, respectively. 
In addition to being refractoiy each will successfully resist the cor- 
rosive action of certain metallurgical slags. 

Production. — Domestic deposits of suitable clays are widely dis- 
tributed, and the native industry supplies our needs, besides large 
quantities for export. The industry is generally local in character, 
because of the low price of the product, but certain bricks composed 
of very highly refractory clays have a wide market. Manufacture 
is concentrated in the large metallurgical and industrial centers, 

Refractory brick production is an important economic factor in 
Germany, Great Britain, France, and Belgium. 

The domestic refractory manufacturing industry is independent 
of foreign competition in the ordinary grades and shapes used by 
the metallurgical industries. The following tabulation shows the 
fire brick marketed in the United States in specified years. 



Quantity (thousands). 
Value 



816, 784 
■S16, 427, 547 



1916 



1,376,000 
S30, 800, 000 



1919 



943,942 
,170,000 



1920 



1, 131, 000 
S52, 750, 000 



1 Estimated. 



Imports of refractory brick are largely supplementary to the do- 
mestic production. Ordinary grades are imported in small amounts 
for use in the large metallurgical plants located on the New York 
and New Jersey seaboard, but most of the importations are standard 
and special shapes composed of highly refractory English and Scotch 
clays. The high melting point of these goods is the controlling fac- 
tor, since they can be used under conditions where more easily fusible 
brick would be quickly destroyed. 

Imports of fire brick during the period 1910-1919 fluctuated 
between $75,000 and $128,000 per • annum. Unglazed fire brick 
weighing less than 10 pounds each are the main item. These were 
separately listed by the Department of Commerce prior to the tariff 
act of 1913, but have since been included with unglazed brick weigh- 
ing more than 10 pounds each. During the war period the imports 
of both classes of unglazed fire brick dropped to a minimum of 8,100 
tons, valued at $62,293, in the fiscal year 1916, but again increased 
in 1917 and 1918. 

The imports of chrome, magnesite, and other special brick, how- 
ever, show a rapid increase since 1916, amounting in 1919 to $87,385, 
which, owing to enhanced prices, is three times the average for the 
five years immediately preceding the outbreak of the war in 1914. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

Later statistics follow : 

Fire brick. 



255 



Calendar yea! 



Quantity. 



Value. 



u ty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



NOT GLAZED, ENAMELED, PAINTED, VITRIFIED, ORNAMENTED, OR DECORATED. 



1918 


Tons. 
12, 769 

6, 436 
11,445 

2,527 


§156,059 
89, 925 
163,811 
35,473 


$15,606 
8,992 
16,381 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) . 











GLAZED, ENAMELED, PAINTED, VITRIFIED, ORNAMENTED, OR DECORATED. 



1918 




$4 
1,976 
1,935 




15 


1919 


i84 
76 


$296 
290 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) . . 

















MAGNESITE, CHROME, AND OTHER THAN FIRE, NOT GLAZED, ENAMELED, PAINTED 
VITRIFIED, ORNAMENTED, OR DECORATED. 



1918 




$85, 580 
59, 962 

166, 442 
57,298 


$8, 558 
5,996 
16,644 


10 


1919 


11,574 
16,322 
5,086 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — Prewar annual exports of fire brick averaged about 
$1,000,000. Later statistics follow: 

Fire brick not glazed, enameled, painted, vitrified, ornament ed, or decorated. 



Quantity thousands. 

Value 



1918 



89, 608 
$5,001,057 



1919 



51.232 
$2, 747^ 512 



1920 



82,570 
$4, 200, 266 



1921 
'9 months). 



29,838 
$1,985,938 



The exports shown above were principally to Canada, Cuba, and 
Mexico, with smaller shipments to Italy and Chile. 
Exports of other kinds of fire brick are negligible. 



OTHER BRICK. 



(See Survey B-l.) 



Description and uses. — Building bricks are classified into (1) com- 
mon brick, and (2) ornamental brick, the latter including front brick 
having an attractive finish, enameled brick, and all kinds of fancy 
brick. Vitrified bricks are clay bricks which have been made harder 
and less porous by fusion, for example, paving bricks, which consti- 
tuted 80 per cent of the vitrified bricks used in 1917. " Semivitrified " 
is an unscientific term used in the trade to describe articles ranging be- 
tween porous and vitrified. Bath brick is an abrasive used for scour- 
ing and polishing. 



256 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — Structural bricks are manufactured from a wide 
variety of common clays, and numerous grades are recognized in the 
trade. The color ranges from buff to almost black, according to the 
iron content. The hardness and porosity of the product is an im- 
portant factor, and generally a hard-burned brick is considered most 
desirable. Special bricks for ornamental purposes are manufac- 
tured in presses; their production involves considerable hand work. 

Structural brick is the most important clay product manufactured 
in the United States. The production surpasses in value the total 
production of pottery and chinaware or of all other clay products. 

Suitable clays are widely distributed, and bricks are produced in 
every State and Territory except Hawaii and Alaska. The industry 
is local in character, very few bricks being shipped more than a 
few miles. Local demand is enormous near the large centers of 
population. 

Brick {other than fire brick) produced in United States in specified years. 



Common brick: 

Quantity (thousands) . 
Value. 



1914 



?43 



Face brick: 

Quantity (, thousands) 

Value .lit i 2 $9, 

Enameled brick ! $1, 

Fancy or ornamental bri :k ! $ 

Vitrified brick or block: 

Quantity (thousand-;) j 

Value j $12, 

Sand lime: 

Quantity (thousand ) 

Value I $1, 



145, 809 
763, 554 

810, 395 
289, 623 
075, 026 
124, 459 

931,324 
500, 866 

172,629 
058, 512 



1919 



4, 552, 667 
$58,220,000 

778, 190 

$15,240,000 

$640, 000 

$40, 000 

485, 139 
$11, 210, 000 



1£20 ! 



4, 709, 000 
$81,330,000 

728, 000 

$19, 050, 000 

$820, 000 

$30, 000 

442, 000 
$12, 020, 000 



Estimated; marketed. 



Front, including fancy colored. 



Imports. — Imports of common brick are negligible and are con- 
fined to shipments from Canadian plants to points in the United 
States near the international boundary. Imports of bath brick 
amounted to $9,000 in 1919 and $6,000 in 1920. 

Exports of building brick, mostly to Canada, have in the past been 
unimportant. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months ). 


Quantity (thousands) 6, 679 

Value 1 $117, 263 


12, 169 
$248, 690 


12,863 
$382, 814 


16,965 
$369, 267 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Suggested changes.— Page 25, line 17, H. R. 7456: "Or" should 
be inserted before " ornamented " and the comma after " orna- 
mented " stricken out, since " ornamented " and " decorated " are in- 
terchangeable terms and so treated elsewhere. 

Page 25, line 18 : Transfer the words " and brick other than fire 
brick" to line 17 after the word "each." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



257 



Page 26, line 2 : Strike out " if " before " glazed " to agree with 
similar provisions elsewhere. 



PARAGRAPH 202. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

PABi 202. Tiles, unglazed, glazed, 
ornamented, hand painted, enameled, 
vitrified, semivitrified, decorated, en- 
caustic, ceramic mosaic, flint, spar, em- 
bossed, gold decorated, grooved and 
corrugated, and all other earthenware 
tiles and tiling by whatever name 
known, except pill tiles and so-called 
quarries or quarry tiles, but including 
tiles wholly or in part of cement, 
valued at not more than 40 cents per 
square foot, 8 cents per square foot, 
but not less than 35 nor more than 50 
per centum ad valorem ; valued at more 
than 40 cents per square foot, 38 per 
centum ad valorem ; mantels, friezes, 
and articles of every description or 
parts thereof, composed wholly or in 
chief value of earthenware tiles or til- 
ing, except pill tiles, 38 per centum ad 
valorem; so-called quarries or quarry 
tiles, red or brown in color, 3 cents 
per square foot, but not less than 20 
per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 85. Tiles, plain unglazed, one 
color, exceeding two square inches in 
size, four cents per square foot ; glazed, 
encaustic, ceramic mosaic, vitrified, 
semivitrified, flint, spar, embossed, 
enameled, ornamented, hand painted, 
gold decorated, and all other earthen- 
ware tiles and tiling, by whatever 
name known, except pill tiles and so- 
called quarries or quarry tiles, valued 
at not exceeding forty cents per square 
foot, eight cents per square foot; ex- 
ceeding forty cents per square foot, 
ten cents per square foot and twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem ; so-called 
quarries or quarry tiles, forty-five per 
centum ad valorem ; mantels, friezes, 
and articles of every description, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of tiles 
or tiling, sixty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 72. Tiles, plain unglazed, ono 
color, exceeding two square inches in 
size, li cents per square f oot ;' glazed , 
ornamented, hand-painted, enameled, 
vitrified, semivitrified, decorated, en- 
caustic, ceramic mosaic, flint, spar, 
embossed, gold decorated, grooved and 
corrugated, and all other earthenware 
tiles and tiling, except pill tiles and 
so-called quarries or quarry tiles, but 
including tiles wholly or in part of 
cement, 5 cents per square foot; so- 
called quarries or quarry tiles, 20 per 
centum ad valorem ; mantels, friezes, 
and articles of every description or 
parts thereof, composed wholly or in 
chief value of earthenware tiles or 
tiling, except pill tiles, 30 per centum 
ad valorem. 



TILES. 

(See Survey B-l.) 

Description and uses. — Tiles, like bricks, are clay products. Port- 
land and Sorel cements, instead of clay, are also used in their manu- 
facture. The chief uses are for roofing, flooring, and wall finishing. 
Roofing tiles, made from natural clays, sometimes mixed with other 



S2304— 22- 



17 



258 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



materials, are usually vitrified and may be self -finished or glazed. 
Flooring tiles are practically all vitrified and unglazed. The term 
"quarry tiles" refers to square, unglazed, flooring tiles made of 
natural clays. Ceramic mosaics are smaller and of better material 
than quarry tiles. Wall tiles generally have a white body composi- 
tion of clay and other minerals, such as feldspar and flint. They are 
seldom vitrified, but are usually coated with glaze. Mantels are some- 
times built of wall tile. " Semivitrified " is not a scientific term, 
but is used in the trade to describe articles ranging between porous 
and vitrified. 

Production of tiles (other than drain tile) was valued at $5,705,583 
in 1914 and at $6,821,221 in 1917. The estimated value of the prod- 
uct in 1919 was $7,250,000 ; in 1920, $10,930,000. Ohio reported over 
one-third the total output, with New Jersey second. All grades and 
varieties are produced in sufficient quantities to supply the domestic 
market and leave a substantial surplus for export. 

Tiles used for roofs and flooring are manufactured in pug mills 
and presses that thoroughly mix the clay and shape the green tile. 
After these are dried they are burned in round or oval coal- fired kilns. 

Decorated tiles are manufactured from china clay or from re- 
fractory clay covered on one face with a layer of high-grade clay. 
The prepared surface is decorated and glazed to produce any desired 
finish. 

All necessary raw materials (except high-grade china clay), to- 
gether with all machinery and structural materials, are produced in 
the United States. 

The manufacture of tile is an important industry in various parts 
of Europe. England is the chief producer on account of her large 
deposits of coal and suitable clays. 

The large sale of quarry tiles in the United States is due to their 
fine quality and pleasing color rather than to price. Foreign manu- 
facturers of roofing and flooring tiles specialize on finish and color. 
This custom gives the imported ware a slight advantage. Tiles are 
brittle and require careful packing to endure shipment. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $111,566. Importers state that 
most of the quarry tile (over 50 per cent of the imports) and roofing 
tile come from England. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


TILES, PLAIN, UNGLAZED, ONE COLOR, EXCEEDING 2 SQUARE INCHES IN SIZE. 


1918 


Square feet. 
15,639 
13, 136 
31, 492 
51, 073 


$1,482 
1,303 
4,657 

11,595 


$235 
197 

472 


Per cent. 
15.83 


1919. . . 


15.12 


1920 . 




1921 (9 months) 












GLAZED, ENCAUSTIC, CERAMIC, MOSAIC, VITRIFIED, SEMIVITRIFIED, FLINT, SPAR, 
EMBOSSED, ENAMELED, ORNAMENTED, DECORATED, HAND PAINTED, GOLD DEC- 
ORATED, GROOVED, AND CORRUGATED, AND ALL OTHER EARTHENWARE TILES 
AND TILING, EXCEPT PILL TILES AND SO-CALLED QUARRIES OR QUARRY TILES. 


1918 


76, 274 

25, 323 

80, 352 

313,378 


$16, 256 

8,727 

21,916 

78,658 


$3, 814 
1,266 
4,018 


23.46 


I'.llO 


14.51 


1920 


18.33 


1921 (9 montlisj 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



259 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



QUARRIES OR QUARRY TILES, SO-CALLED. 



1918 




$2S, 220 
22,290 
46,994 
30, 879 


$5,644 
4, 458 
9,399 


20.00 


1919 




20.00 


1920 




20.00 


1921 (9 months) 















MANTELS, FRIEZES, AND ARTICLES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, OR PARTS OF, COM- 
POSED, ETC., OF TILES OR TILING. 



1918 




$341 

67 

554 

386 


$102 
20 
166 




1919 




30.00 


1920 




30.00 


1921 (9 mouths) 















CEMENT TILES. 



1918 


1,436 

8,045 
99, 268 
27, 525 


$711 
1,762 
7, 632 
6,475 


$72 | 
402 .. 
4,963 i 


10.10 


1919 




1920 ; 


65.04 


1921 (9 months) . . . 






1 



Exports of tiles (except drain) principally to Canada, Cuba, Pan- 
ama, and Mexico were valued as follows for calendar years: 1918, 
$582,051; 1919, $628,836; 1920, $1,025,083 ; 1921 (9 months), $608,491. 

Important changes in classification. — The distinction between tin- 
glazed and glazed tiles has been removed. 

Suggested changes. — Page 26, line 9: Change "and" to "or" be- 
tween " grooved " and " corrugated." Page 26, line 16 : Change " or " 
to "and" between "description" and "parts." Page 26, line 19: 
" In color " might be omitted as unnecessary. There are quarries of 
colors besides red and brown. 



PARAGRAPH 203. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS 

Par. 203. Roman, Portland, and 
other hydraulic cement, in barrels, 
sacks, or other packages, 5 cents per 
100 pounds, including weight of barrel 
or package ; in bulk, 4 cents per one 
hundred pounds; other cement, not 
specially provided for, 17 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 86. Roman, Portland, and other 
hydraulic cement, in barrels, sacks, 
or other packages, eight cents per one 
hundred pounds, including weight of 
barrel or package ; in bulk, seven cents 
per one hundred pounds ; other cement, 
not otherwise specially provided for 
in this section, twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 444. Cement, Roman, Portland, 
and other hydraulic [Free]. 

Par. 74. * * * all other cements 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



260 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



CEMENT. 
(See Survey B-2.) 

Description and uses. — Hydraulic cements are complex anhydrous 
silicates of lime and aluminum which possess the property of absorb- 
ing water and setting in a hard rocklike mass of complex hydrous 
silicates. Roman cement is a quick-setting variety of natural cement 
distinguished by high percentages of iron and alumina. Natural 
cements are all made by burning natural mixtures of clay and lime- 
stone; they are rarely as dependable as artificial cement. Portland 
cement is cement made by calcining limestone with a clayey matter 
or from blast-furnace slag, followed by fine grinding. Pozzuolana 
or puzzolan cement is a hydraulic cement made by mixing a volcanic 
ash (granulated blast-furnace slag, broken brick, and burned clay 
may also be used), with slaked lime. Cement is a most important 
building material, and is rapidly replacing brick and cut-stone con- 
struction. The United States was the pioneer in concrete building 
and industrial construction, and the production and consumption per 
capita exceed that of any other nation 

Production. — Deposits of all necessary raw materials and fuel 
are widely distributed ; and domestic costs, owing to cheap domestic 
fuel supplies and to the utilization of labor-saving excavating and 
conveying methods, compare favorably with those in Europe. The 
industry is conducted in large plants, which must operate continu- 
ously at full capacity to show a profit. The margin between manu- 
facturing cost and selling price is normally very small, and a rapid 
turnover is necessary. 

The bulk of our production originates north of the Potomac 
and Ohio Rivers and east of the Mississippi River. The Pacific 
coast and western Mississippi Valley produce sufficient to satisfy the 
local demand. New England States are supplied by water and rail 
from the eastern Pennsylvania producing centers. 

Domestic production exceeds consumption. Considerable quanti- 
ties" of domestic cement were used in the Panama Canal, and during 
the war exports to Cuba and to South American ports reached 
several million barrels per year. Exports, however, have never ex- 
ceeded 4 per cent of production. 

Germany, Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Italy are large 
cement producers. The industry is highly organized abroad and 
prior to the war a considerable percentage of the output was ex 
ported to South America and to other undeveloped countries. The 
Canadian industry is expanding rapidly and can compete in domes- 
tic markets located at some distance from domestic producing centers. 

Principal hydraulic cements produced in the United States in specified years. 





Natural cement. 


Portland cement. 


Year. 


Quantity 
(barrels). 

751,285 
1 639, 456 
i 432, 966 
i 528, 589 
1615,000 


Value. 


Quantity 
(barrels). 


Value. 


1914 


$351,370 
1435,370 
1401,341 
i 583, 554 
1 965,000 


88,230,170 
92, 814, 202 
71,081,663 
SO, 777, 935 
100.302,000 


881,789,368 


1917 


125,670,430 


1918 


113,730,661 


1919 


138, 130, 269 


1920 (estimated) 


201,607,000 





1 Figures for puzzolan cement are included with those for natural cement. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF lXFOHMATIOX, 1921. 



261 



Principal Jufdraulic cements produced in the United States in specified years- 
Continued. 





Puzzolan cement. 


Total. 


Year. 


Quantity 
(barrels). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(barrels). 


Value. 


1914 


68,311 

0) 

C 1 ) 

(.) 


$63,358 

C 1 ) 

C 1 ) 

(!) 

C 1 ) 


89,049,766 
93, 453, 658 
71, 514, 629 
81,306,524 
100,917,000 


$82, 204, 096 


1917 


126, 105, 800 


1918 


114,132,002 


1919 


138,713,823 


1920 (estimated) 


202,572,0G(V 







1 Figures for puzzolan cement are included with those for natural cement. 

Imports. — During the first 10 years of the twentieth century, Ger- 
many, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and, at times, Canada, ex- 
ported large quantities of cement to the United States. During the 
period 1911 to 1913 imports decreased rapidly, and at the time of the 
last tariff revision European producers had ceased to be factors in the 
domestic market. Imports from Germany increased sharply when 
cement was placed on the free list. Imports of hydraulic cement 
in 1911 were 37,447,094 pounds, valued at $163,460. German ship- 
ments ceased entirely on the outbreak of the war. Importations have 
increased since the armistice. The bulk of the increase is Canadian 
cement from plants located near the border. The Canadian industry 
is expanding and will be of increasing importance in the domestic 
market. Most Canadian plants operate at a disadvantage, however, 
since fuel must, in most cases, be imported from the United States. 
Over 2,000,000 pounds of cement was imported from Austria-Hun- 
gary during the fiscal year 1919. It is probable that this was caustic 
magnesia for use in Sorel cement, since the value ($36) per ton is 
higher than any commercial grade of Portland cement. Imports 
from 1918-1921 were as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



ROMAN, PORTLAND, AND OTHER HYDRAULIC CEMENT, N. E. s. 



100 pounds. 

1918 1,146 $1,185 

1919 32, 325 51, 363 

1920 1,959,477 1,230,914 

1921 (9 months) 246, 017 237, 240 



Per cent. 





ALL OTHER CEMENT, 


N. S. P. F. 








1918 


- 


1 


$10,849 
9,981 
49,105 
21,064 . 

I 


$1,085 

998 

4,910 


10 


1919 






10 


1920 






10 


1921 (9 months) 




















262 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports of hydraulic cement in 1914 were 2,391,453 barrels, valued 
at $3,382,282. Later statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 fol- 
low: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months) . 


Quantity (barrels) 


2, 252, 446 
S5,912, 166 


2, 463, 573 
$7, 513, 389 


2,985,807 
$10, 045, 369 


933, 639 
$3, 529, 456 


Value 





The principal countries to which shipments were made were Cuba, 
Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, and Panama. 

Important changes in classification. — Roman, Portland, and other 
hydraulic cement is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 
444). 

Suggested changes.— -Page 26 of H. R. 7456, in line 22, "100 
pounds V is in figures. In line 24 " one hundred pounds " is in words. 
The figures should be changed to words to agree with practice 
elsewhere. 



PARAGRAPH 204. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pae. 204. Limestone (not suitable 
for use as monumental or building 
stone), crude, or crushed but not pul- 
verized, 5 cents per one hundred 
pounds; lime, not specially provided 
for, 10 cents per one hundred pounds, 
including weight of barrel or package; 
hydrated lime, 12 cents per one hun- 
dred pounds, including weight of bar- 
rel or package. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 87. Lime, five cents per one 
hundred pounds, including weight of 
barrel or package. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 



ACT OE 1913. 

Par. 73. Lime, 5 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Par. 614. * * * limestone, un- 
manufactured and not suitable for use 
as monumental or building stone; all 
of the foregoing not specially provided 
for in this section [Free]. 



LIMESTONE. 



(See Survey B-2.) 

Description and use. — Limestone is natural calcium carbonate 
formed under pressure of overlying sediments from the accumulated 
remains of marine shellfish. It is a soft, porous, even-grained white 
rock which often contains fossil impressions of shells and other 
marine growths, and may be colored red, green, or gray by iron or 
granite impurities. Limestone includes a great variety of stones. 
Although there are no chemical differences, it is customary to call 
those limestones possessing especial value in fine building or decora- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



263 



tive work marbles (see par. 232), and the ordinary dull-colored non- 
crystalline and oolitic varieties, suitable only for building and lime- 
burning, limestones. 

Production. — The following table shows the amount and disposi- 
tion of limestone sold in the United States in 1918 and 1920 : 



Use. 



1918 



Quantity. 



Value. 



1920 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Building stone cubic feet . 

Curbing, flagging and paving do. . . 

Rubble . . .short tons. 

Riprap do. . . 

Crushed stone do. . . 

Fluxing stone long tons. 

Alkali works short tons. 

Sugar factories do. . . 

Glass works do... 

Paper mills do. . . 

Agriculture do... 

Other uses 1 do. . . 

Total (quantities approximate, in short 
tons) 



3,698,035 

37,698 

106, 327 

1, 118, 109 

19, 120, 858 

23, 862, 029 

3, 437, 066 

435, 555 

202, 211 

100,247 

1,091,918 

1,216,633 



S2, 266, 654 

37,836 

109, 369 

969,276 

16, 273, 184 

23, 427, 736 

2, 263, 821 

649, 589 

332, 744 

117, 829 

1,626,292 

1,378,676 



7, 542, 150 

41, 870 

274,630 

892,610 

25, 807, 800 

22, 301, 060 



$8,197,866 

22,841 

425, 279 

907,616 

30,608,799 

26,475,763 



637,090 

196, 150 

139, 880 

1, 364, 260 

4, 432, 170 



53, 868, 200 49, 453, 006 



59, 290, 000 



1,200,394 

400, 873 

256, 278 

2,724,209 

4, 435, 432 



75,655,260 



1 Includes stone sold as a filler for asphalt, paint, rubber, soap, and other material; stone sold for th e 
manufacture of basic magnesium carbonate; stone sold to alcohol works and calcium carbide works; dolo 
mite sold for use in making refractory products; stone sold for chicken grit and other products. 

Imports of limestone are not given separately, but are included 
with freestone, granite, and sandstone, unmanufactured, and unsuit- 
able for monumental or building. stone. The total imports of these 
materials were in 1919 $42,185 and in 1920 $97,199. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 265. 

LIME. 



(See Survey B-2.) 

Description and uses. — Lime is a white, infusible material made 
by calcining relatively pure limestone. Quicklime and hydrated lime 
are the two general classes of lime on the market. Pure quicklime 
is the oxide of calcium, but all commercial limes contain magnesia and 
other oxides, sometimes as much as 45 per cent. Hydrated lime, as 
its name implies, has been slaked or hydrated by the addition of 
water. In the chemical action between quicklime and water the 
calcium oxide is converted to calcium hydroxide. Hydrated lime 
possesses the advantages of keeping better and of being more easily 
handled than quicklime. Its principal use, for building purposes, ac- 
counted for about 35 per cent of the total consumption in 19l7 r The 
chemical industrv consumed 20 per cent and agriculture 13 per cent 
in 1917. m 

Quicklime may be shipped in bulk, in wooden barrels of about 
200 pounds capacity, or in iron casks holding 400 pounds. Hydrated 
lime is sold in 100-pound burlap sacks or in 40-pound paper sacks. 



264 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. —Pennsylvania by a large margin is the largest pro- 
ducing State. Ohio, with a production over half of that of Pennsyl- 
vania, is then followed by Virginia and West Virginia. Pennsyl- 
vania and Ohio together produce a little over one-third of the total 
production of the United States. The greatest increase in State 
production since 1910 is that of West Virginia, whose output has been 
tripled. Virginia has also shown a large increase. 

The tendency in recent years has been to concentrate the manu- 
facture of lime in larger and more economically operated plants. 
The railroads have been a large factor in bringing about this centrali- 
zation of the industry into a comparatively few advantageous posi- 
tions. The greatest improvement in marketable lime is that of 
hydrated lime, which is increasing in use and in the favor of the 
consumer. The following table shows the amount and value of lime 
sold in the United States in 1916-1920. 



Year. 


Quantity 
(short tons). 


Value. 1 


Average 

value 
per ton. 


Number 
of plants 
in oper- 
ation. 


1916 


4, 073, 433 
3, 786, 364 
3,206,016 
3,330,347 
3, 570, 141 


$18,509,305 
23, 807, 877 
26, 808, 909 


$4.54 
6.29 
8.36 


778 


1917 


595 


1918. . 


496 


1919 . 


29,448,553 1 8.84 
37, 543, 840 ! 10. 52 


539 


1920 


515 











1 The value given represents the value of bulk lime f. o. b. at point of shipment and does not include 
cost of barrel or package. 

Imports have been less than 1 per cent of the domestic production. 
Of these imports, approximately 90 per cent has come from Canada 
and the remainder, a special grade of high-priced lime, from Europe. 
Later statistics follow : 



- 


Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


100 pounds. 
132, 998 
173, 576 
453, 769 
176, 904 


$73,458 
128, 519 
392, 137 
190, 350 


$3, 673 
6,426 
19, 607 


5 


1919 . 


5 


1920 . 


5 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports have been less than 1 per cent of production, 90 per cent 
going to Canada. This exchange of lime has caused severe compe- 
tition between producers in British Columbia and the State of Wash- 
ington. Washington, however, has furnished less than 1 per cent of 
domestic production since 1911. Exports for calendar vears since 
1917 follow : 



Quantity (barrels) . 
Value 



1918 



71,907 
$105, 803 



1919 



63, 719 
$108, 370 



1920 



59,211 

$128, 296 



1921 
(9 months) . 



38, 595 

$86, 308 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



265 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Limestone, unmanufactured, 
and not suitable for use as monumental or building stone is exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 614). 

Suggested changes. — Page 27, line 6 : Strike out " barrel or pack- 
age " and insert " container.'- The word " package " includes con- 
tents ; the word " container 1 - stands for barrel or any other kind of 
container. 

PARAGRAPH 205. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 205. Plaster rock or gypsum, 
crude, 25 cents per ton; if ground or 
calcined, $1.40 per ton ; white non- 
staining Portland cement, 8 cents per 
one hundred pounds, including weight 
of barrel or package; Keene's cement, 
or other cement of which gypsum is 
the component material of chief value, 
if valued at $14 per ton or less, $3.50 
per ton; if valued above $14 and not 
above $20 per ton, $5 per ton ; if valued 
above $20 and not above $40 per ton, 
$10 per ton; if valued above $40 per 
ton, $14 per ton. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 88. Plaster rock or gypsum, 
crude, thirty cents per ton ; if ground 
or calcined, one dollar and seventy- 
five cents per ton ; pearl hardening for 
paper makers' use, twenty per centum 
ad valorem ; Keene's cement, or other 
cement of which gypsum is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, if 
valued at ten dollars per ton or less, 
three dollars and fifty cents per ton; 
if valued above ten dollars and not 
above fifteen dollars per ton, five dol- 
lars per ton; if valued above fifteen 
dollars and not above thirty dollars 
per ton, ten dollars per ton ; if valued 
above thirty dollars per ton, fourteen 
dollars per ton. 

Par. 86. * * * Portland * * * 
cement, in barrels, sacks, or other 
packages, eight cents per one hundred 
pounds, including weight of barrel or 
package ; * * * . 



ACT OE 1913. 

Par, 74. Plaster rock or gypsum, 
crude, ground or calcined, pearl hard- 
ening for paper makers' use; white, 
non-staining Portland cement, Keene's 
cement, or other cement of which gyp- 
sum is the component material of chief 
value, * * • * 10 p^r centum ad va- 
lorem. 



GYPSUM. KEENE'S CEMENT. ETC. 



(See Survey B-2.) 

Description and uses. — Plaster rock or gypsum is a naturally oc- 
curring form of calcium sulphate crystallized with two molecules of 
water. Gypsum when calcined at about 105° C. loses one molecule 
of water to form plaster of Paris; when heated further, it loses all 



266 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



of its water of crystallization and also its property of hardening 
when treated with water. It is then known as " dead " or " over- 
burnt " plaster. Pearl hardening is the name applied to artificial 
or natural calcium sulphate used as a filler in writing paper; it is 
more commonly applied to artificial calcium sulphate, provided for 
in paragraph 71. About 500,000 tons of gypsum are sold annually 
without calcining. The bulk of this material is used as a retarder 
in Portland cement. White, nonstaining Portland cement is a white 
cement with a very low iron content. Minor quantities are used as 
a pigment base in making cold-water paints and crayons, as a filler 
for paper and cloth, as a base for insecticides, and as hand plaster or 
fertilizer. The calcined product is used for plaster casts and molds, 
and is an important ingredient in the manufacture of Keene's ce- 
ment and plaster board and block. Small amounts are used for 
art statuary. 

Keene's cement is a hard-finish wall plaster. Essentially it is 
completely calcined gypsum which has been heated with small 
quantities of alum or borax. It differs from ordinary gypsum wall 
plasters in the time required for setting and in superior hardness. 

Production. — The United States possesses extensive deposits of 
high-grade gypsum, and domestic production is the largest in the 
world. The deposits are close to the surface and are mined very 
cheaply. The fact that only low temperatures are required for cal- 
cining and the habit of the mineral to disintegrate on heating both 
help to keep down the cost of the finished product. Plant and 
mining expenses and capital requirements are small as compared 
with other mining industries, consequently a large number of small 
operators compete keenly in the open market. Cement manufacturers 
often own gypsum mines. Gypsum is mined extensively in 18 States 
and in Alaska. New York, Iowa, Michigan, and Ohio lead in pro- 
duction. The general tendency is to decrease the amount used in a 
crude state and to increase the use of the calcined material as plaster 
and plaster board. France, Great Britain, and Canada lead as for- 
eign producers. 

Production of crude gypsum, 1912-1915, was constant at about 
2,500,000 short tons. Later statistics of domestic production follow : 



Year. 


Crude 
rained 
C short 
tons). 


Value of 

crude and 

calfined 

sold. 


1916 




2,757,730 
2,696,226 
2,057.015 
2, 420, 1P,3 
3, 129, 142 


$7,959,032 
11,116,452 
11,470,854 
15,727,907 
24,533.065 


1917 . . 


1918... 


1919 . . . 


1920. . 









Imports of gypsum and plaster of Paris before 1918 were less than 
1 per cent of domestic production. They have been mostly from 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and are entered at various Atlantic 
ports. Large blocks of gypsum are occasionally received from Eng- 
land. Later statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
Gypsum and gypsum products. 



267 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



PLASTER ROCK OR GYPSUM, CRUDE. 



1918 


Tons. 

44,826 

153, 333 

252,220 

167, 085 


$55,004 
211,946 
397, 942 
240,677 


$5,500 
21, 195 
39,794 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











PLASTER ROCK OR GYPSUM, GROUND OR CALCINED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



5,462 
9,299 
13,322 
3,783 



$70,028 
120, 405 
179, 191 
49,491 



$7, 003 
12,641 
17,919 



KEENE'S CEMENT, OR OTHER CEMENT OF WHICH GYPSUM IS THE COMPONENT 
MATERIAL OF CHIEF VALUE. 



1918 


99 
167 
180 
129 


$2, 259 
5,984 
5,338 

- 5,735 


$226 
598 
534 


10 


1919 

1920. .'. 

1921 (9 months) 


10 
10 











PORTLAND CEMENT, WHITE, NONSTAINING. 






1918 


1 

72 
582 


$15 

1,273 
23,815 I 
14 . 


$1 

127 

2.381 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


9 21 (9 months) . . 






1 





PEARL HARDENING FOR PAPER MAKERS' USE. 



1918 




$450 
139 
226 


$45 
14 
23 


10 


1919 




10 


1920 




10 


1921 (9 months) 















Exports of plaster of Paris have been small ; the maximum value 
was $28,144 in 1917. . Small amounts are shipped to Canada. No 
exports of gypsum are recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Pearl hardening, provided 
for under that name in the act of 1913 (par. 74), is natural gypsum 
ground to a fine powder or precipitated calcium sulphate. As natural 
gypsum it comes within paragraph 205; as precipitated calcium 
sulphate it comes within paragraph 71 of H. B,. 7456. 

Suggested changes. — Page 27, line 10 : Strike out " barrel or pack- 
age " and insert "' container." The word " package " includes con- 
tents; the word "container" stands for barrel or any other kind of 
container. 

Page 27, lines 10, 11: Change "or" to "and" between "cement" 
and " other." 

Page 27, lines 8, 12, 13, 14, 15 : Strike out " if " as unnecessary and 
to agree with similar provisions elsewhere. 



268 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 206. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 206. Pumice stone, unmanufac- 
tured, valued at $15 or less per ton, 
two-tenths of 1 cent per pound ; valued 
at more than $15 per ton, three-tenths 
of 1 cent per pound ; wholly or partly 
manufactured, fifty -five one-hundredths 
of 1 cent per pound ; manufactures of 
pumice stone or of which pumice stone 
is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for, 26 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 89. Pumice stone, wholly or 
partially manufactured, three-eighths 
of one cent per pound ; unmanufac- 
tured, valued at fifteen dollars or less 
per ton, thirty per centum ad valorem ; 
valued at more than fifteen dollars per 
ton, one-fourth of one cent per pound ; 
manufactures of pumice stone or of 
which pumice stone is the component 
material of chief value not specially 
provided for in this section, thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 75. Pumice stone, unmanufac- 
tured, 5 per centum ad valorem ; wholly 
or partially manufactured, i cent per 
pound ; manufactures of pumice stone, 
or of which pumice stone is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 



PUMICE. 



( See Survey B-3. ) 



Description and uses. — Pumice is a form of porous volcanic glass 
used as an abrasive, chiefly in metal polishes, scouring soaps, and 
lithographic work. 

Production. — The domestic product prior to 1917 was principally 
a fine volcanic dust or ash, improperly called pumice. It is, for 
ordinary requirements, a satisfactory substitute for ground Italian 
pumice originating in the Lipari Islands as a massive, vesicular, 
glassy lava. The only domestic deposits of lump pumice approaching 
this product are located in California and Arizona. Difficulty of 
shipping from Mediterranean ports and an embargo on imports stim- 
ulated production of lump pumice in 1917. Production of volcanic 
dust increased from 27,591 tons, valued at $59,172, in 1914, to 35,293 
tons, valued at $84,814, in 1917. Nebraska led in production until 
1916, when Kansas took the lead. 

Production statistics of pumice follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


Quantity (short tons) 


SO, 637 
$91, 178 


36, 051 
SI 16, 835 


41,841 




$114, 433 







Imports of unmanufactured pumice in 1913 were 5,558 tons, valued 
at $44,474. In 1913 imports of wholly or partially manufactured 
pumice were 3,845,326 pounds, valued at $17,417; in 1917, 7,796,173 



269 

pounds. Imports of manufactures of pumice have been small — in 
1913, $12,231 : in 1915, $115. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar vear. 



Quantity 



Value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



UNMANUFACTURED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Tons. 

1,086 

5,234 

10, 379 

1,906 



$10, 535 
73, 620 

143, 778 
20, 768 


$527 
3, 681 
7,189 





Per cent. 
5.0Q 
5.00 
5.00 



WHOLLY OR PARTLY MANUFACTURED. 



1918 

1919 , 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 
1,938,488 
4, 422, 927 
8, S42, 674 
1,476,363 



$22, 205 
44,692 

103,683 
14, 555 



$4, 846 
11,057 
22, 107 



21.82 
24.74 
21.32 



MANUFACTURES OF. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



. $274 
1,469 
2,534 

124, 772 



$68 
367 
634 



PARAGRAPH 207. 



25.00 
25.00 
25.00 



Export statistics of pumice stone are not given. 
Suggested changes. — Page 27, line 20: Insert a comma after 
" stone." 



K. R. 7456. 

Par. 207. Clays or earths, unwrought 
or unmanufactured, including common 
blue clay and Gross-Almerode glass 
pot clay, not specially provided for, $1 
per ton : wrought or manufactured, not 
specially provided for, $2 per ton ; 
china clay or kaolin, $2.50 per ton; 
bauxite or beauxite, crude, not refined 
or otherwise advanced in condition in 
any manner, $1 per ton ; fuller's earth, 
unwrought and unmanufactured, $1.50 
per ton ; wrought or manufactured, $3 
per ton of 2,000 pounds ; silica, crude, 
not specially provided for, $4 per ton ; 
silica, suitable for use as a pigment, 
not specially provided for, $7.50 per 
ton; fluorspar, $5 per ton of 2,000 
pounds : Provided, That after the ex- 
piration of one year beginning on the 
day following the passage of this Act, 
the duty on fluorspar shall be $4 per 
ton of 2,000 pounds. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



270 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 90. Clays or earths, unwrought 
or unmanufactured, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, one dollar per 
ton ; wrought or manufactured, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
two dollars per ton ; china clay or 
kaolin, two dollars and fifty cents per 
ton ; * * * bauxite, or beauxite, 
crude, not refined or otherwise ad- 
vanced in condition from its natural 
state, one dollar per ton; fuller's 
earth, unwrought and unmanufactured, 
one dollar and fifty cents per ton ; 
wrought or manufactured, three dol- 
lars per ton; fluorspar, three dollars 
per ton. 

Par. 534. Clay : Common blue clay 
and Gross-Almerode glass-pot clay, in 
cases or casks suitable for the manu- 
facture of crucibles and glass melting 
pots or tank blocks [Free]. 

Par, 693. Terra alba, not made from 
gypsum or plaster rock [Free]. 

[No corresponding provision for 
silica, crude ( in finest form might have 
been classified as sand) ; nor for silica 
suitable for use as a pigment (pow- 
dered silica was held free as sand ; if 
suitable for use as pigment might have 
been classified under paragraph 56 as 
a pigment).] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 76. Clays or earths, unwrought 
or unmanufactured, not specially pro-, 
vided for in this section, 50 cents per 
ton ; wrought or manufactured, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
$1 per ton ; china clay or kaolin, $1.25 
per ton ; fuller's earth, unwrought and 
unmanufactured, 75 cents per ton: 
wrought or manufactured, $1.50 per 
ton; fluorspar, $1.50 per ton: Pro- 
vided, That the weight of the casks or 
other containers shall be included in 
the dutiable weight. 

Par. 411. Bauxite or beauxite, crude, 
not refined or otherwise advanced in 
condition from its natural state [Free]. 

Par. 450. Common blue clay and 
Gross-Almerode glass-pot clay, in cases 
or casks, suitable for the manufacture 
of crucibles and glass melting pots or 
tank blocks [Free]. 

Par. 629. Terra alba, not made from 
gypsum or plaster rock [Free]. 

[No corresponding provision for 
silica crude ( in finest form might have 
been classified as sand) ; nor for silica, 
suitable for use as a pigment (pow- 
dered silica was held free as sand ; if 
suitable for use as a pigment, it might 
have been classified under paragraph 
63 as a pigment).] 



CLAYS OR EARTHS N. S. P. F. 
(See Survey B-4.) 

Description and uses.— Ball clay is impure china clay. It is 
usually off-color when green, but burns white in the kilns when used 
in a mixture with pure kaolin. Pure kaolin, or china clay, is not 
plastic, and for that reason can not be worked on the jiggers and 
other pottery machines. Ball clay makes the mass plastic without 
appreciably affecting the color. 

Gross-Almerode, also known in the glass trade as glass-pot clay, is 
a highly refractory clay much used by glassmakers for the pots in 
which fine glass is melted. Clay for glass pots must be refractory, 
and, in addition, must be free from all metal salts which would color 
the mix. Iron and manganese are especially objectionable since their 
silicates are highly colored. Similar high-grade plastic clays are used 
by the manufacturers of pencils, crucibles, abrasives, and enamel ware. 

Common refractory, or fire clay, includes all clays capable of with- 
standing high temperatures. It is manufactured into fire brick and 
other rough clay ware, and is used loose or raw for lining steel fur- 
naces and other metallurgical apparatus. 

Production. — Prior to the war the domestic glass industries de- 
pended largely upon foreign producers for their Gross-Almerode clay, 
but during the war period domestic deposits of high-grade fire clays 
were developed, which have been successfully substituted for the for- 
eign material. The domestic deposits were known long before the 
war, but were not widely used as long as cheap supplies of high-grade 
foreign clays were available. 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



271 



Fire clay is very widely distributed throughout the United States. 
As the deposits are of both high and low grade, practically any 
variety can be supplied from domestic pits. Thirty-three States re- 
ported fire clay production in 1918. Pennsylvania, Missouri, Ohio, 
and New Jersey were the largest producers, but enormous undeveloped 
resources exist in sections which at present mine very little clay. 
Geographical location is an important factor in the production and 
the important producing States are those which inclose or are near the 
large consuming centers. 

The quality of the domestic material has been somewhat variable 
and not as satisfactory for some uses as the foreign article. This was 
particularly true of ball clays used by the pottery industry, in which 
slight irregularities in the clay mix frequently result in disastrous 
breakage and deformation losses in the kilns. Since 1916 the glass- 
pot and crucible clay used by domestic consumers has been almost en- 
tirely, native, and appears to be satisfactory. Great Britain possesses 
large deposits of high-grade, uniform ball clay that is easily ac- 
cessible for foreign shipment, while freight rates from point of ex- 
port to consuming points in Ohio were, prior to the war, often lower 
than the rail rate from domestic clay pits to the same market. Ger- 
man glass-pot clay, known as Gross- Almerode, was formerly exclu- 
sively employed in certain operations in which domestic clays are 
now being used with good results. The competitive situation is com- 
plicated by the fact that the cost of clay is a minor item of expense, 
compared to possible breakage losses due to the use of inferior ma- 
terial, and unless the domestic clay is satisfactory in every respect the 
foreign producer will regain the market regardless of the cost of 
material. Statistics of production follow : 

Domestic clay marketed in the United States, 1913 and 1915-1920. 





Kaolin. 


Paper clay. 


Slip clay. 


Ball cla3 r . 


Fire clay. 


Year. 


Quan- 
tity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quan- 
tity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


1913 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

19191.... 
1920 1.... « 


28,834 
28,031 
47,723 
31.885 
37:969 
39,000 
264,000 


§235,457 
241, 520 
306, 819 
301,378 
391,109 
427,000 
22,385,000 


126,377 
113,033 
153, 434 
174,449 
141,725 
148,000 
( 2 ) 


8567,977 

539,622 

768,911 

962,421 

1,068,420 

1,221,000 

( 2 ) 


10,902 
7,646 
14,064 
16,972 
13,552 
3,000 
10,000 


$24,505 
18,774 
47,939 
70, 505 
49,898 
12,000 
49,000 


67, 134 

75,348 
89,761 

107,406 
89,896 
93,000 

145,000 


$237,672 
301,910 
391,152 
569,240 
590,631 
637,000 

1,340,000 


1,820,379 
1,570,48] 
2,057,814 
2,347,972 
2, 305, 033 
1,715,000 
2,400,000 


$2,592,591 
2,361,482 
3,708,009 
5,625,095 
5,664,064 
4,143,000 
7,720,000 




Stoneware clay. 


Brick clay. 


Miscellaneous clay. 


Total. 


Year. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


1913 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

19191 

19201 


. 153,353 
134,297 
135,958 
81,352 
86,800 
65,000 
90,000 


$143,587 
126,429 
137,779 
113, 839 
147,098 
137,000 
250,000 


158,890 
101,968 

97, 164 

93,779 

( 8 $ 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 


$137,976 
93,863 
76,854 
94,703 
( 3 5 
(*) 
( 3 ) 


282,120 
332, 150 
336,672 
260,029 
301, 386 
300,000 
250, 000 


$240,694 
288,341 
314,311 
305, 365 
421,421 
500,000 
350,000 


2,647,989 
2,362,954 
2,932,590 
3,113,844 

2,976,361 
2,363,000 
3,159,000 


$4,180,459 
3,971,941 
5,751,774 
8,042,546 
8,332,641 
7, 077, 000 

12,094,000 



i Estimated. 

7 Paper clay included under "Kaolin." 

8 Included under "Miscellaneous clay." 



272 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports of common blue clay and Gross-Almerode glass-pot clay 
(practically all from Germany) in 1914 were 20,587 tons, valued at 
$180,524. They were highest in 1913 (23,213 tons, valued at $211,- 
005), the small quantity indicating the specialized use of these clays. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow : 



U918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months) . 



CO.MMON BLUE CLAY. 



Quantity (tons) . 
Value 



77 
$401 



4 
$133 



4,470 
$113, 895 



2,351 
$49, 308 



GROSS ALMERODE GLASS-POT CLAY. 



Quantity (tons) 
Value 



1,335 
$43,306 ! 



857 
$14, 170 



ALL OTHER, N. S. P. F — UNWROUGHT OR UNMANUFACTURED. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Tons. 
24, 093 
21, 213 
30, 582 
29, 445 



$163, 484 
187, 550 
272, 524 
283, 886 



$12, 046 
10, 606 
15, 291 



Per cent. 
7.37 
5.66 



ALL OTHER.. N. S. P. 


F.— WROUGHT OR MANUFACTURED. 






1918 


122 
445 
617 

28 


$1, 087 
4,262 

10, 267 
1,299 




$122 
445 
617 


11.22 


1919 


10.44 


1920 . 


6.01 


1921 (9 months) 









i July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. 



Exports of clay in 1914 amounted to $306,916, and went to Europe 
and Canada. Exports of clays not specially provided for, 1918- 
1921, are shown in the following table. The principal countries of 
destination were Canada and Norway. 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity. tons. . 


21, 739 
$192,053 


27,663 

$249, 571 


58, 960 
$775, 222 


17,043 
$141,114 







Important* changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 279. 



SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



273 



CHINA CLAY OR KAOLIN. 



(See Survey B-4.) 



Description and uses.— G)hina clay or kaolin is a white-burning clay 
of residual origin. This clay is largely used in the manufacture of 
white earthenware and china pottery, in high-grade tile, and as filler 
in paper, paint, rubber, and oilcloth. Kaolin forms from 20 to 50 
per cent of the body in china, with varying proportions of ball clay, 
flint or quartz, and feldspar. The clay gives plasticity and working 
properties and acts as a bond during early stages of firing. Ball clay 
is the most plastic ingredient; kaolin, although less plastic, is used 
because of the whiteness it imparts. Much of the domestic paper 
clay and some of the ball clay have similar uses, though not called 
kaolin because of different geologic origin. 

Production.— Domestic deposits of kaolin are extensive, but the 
crude product is generally regarded as inferior to that imported 
from England. The industry in this country has suffered from 
shortage and high cost of labor and from adverse transportation con- 
ditions, and yet has shown considerable progress both in increased 
output to regular customers and in the development of new markets. 

It is doubtful if domestic kaolin can entirely replace the imported 
product, unless the quality improves, either through the discovery of 
new high-grade deposits or better. systems of purifying and stand- 
ardizing the product now mined. For production statistics see fore- 
going table under clays, not specially provided for. 

Imports of kaolin, which include clays used in the paper, pottery, 
and other industries, were 241,935 short tons, valued at $1,590,054 in 
1914. Of the china clay used in American potteries, 56 per cent is 
imported from England, because it has been considered indispensable 
for the higher-grade ware. Some imports are from Canada. Recent 
statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Tons. 

150, 089 

161, 243 

323, 036 

79, 381 


$1, 153, 240 

1,965,393 

3,568,677 

873, 989 


$187,611 
201, 554 
403, 795 


Per cent. 
16 27 


1919 


10 26 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


11.31 









BAUXITE, CRUDE. 



(See Survey C-16.) 



Description and uses. — Crude bauxite is a form of aluminum oxide, 
the commercial grade containing at least 52 per cent of alumina, 
although material is mined of varying content ranging from 40 to 
TO per cent. The silica and iron should not run over 15 per cent. 
Bauxite is the chief ore of aluminum, but also has many other lm- 
82304—22- 18 



274 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



portant uses. It is employed in the manufacture of artificial abra- 
sives, and is also the crude material from which alum, aluminum sul- 
phate, and several other chemicals for water purification, dyeing, 
and tanning are made. A rapidly growing application is in the 
manufacture of bauxite brick for furnace linings. In 1917 nearly 65 
per cent of the domestic output went into metallic aluminum, nearly 
13 per cent into aluminum salts, 19 per cent into bauxite abrasives, 
and 3 per cent to makers of bauxite refractories. The purest varieties 
are used in high-grade chemicals. 

Production. — The principal bauxite deposits of the world are in 
the Provinces of Var and Herault, southern France ; in the former 
Empire of Austria-Hungary ; in Arkansas, Georgia, and Alabama ; in 
British and Dutch Guiana ; and in northwestern Ireland. Minor 
deposits are located in Germany, Eussia, Venezuela, French Guiana, 
Brazil, Africa, Australia, and probably China. It is believed that 
the tropical countries contain immense reserves. The largest produc- 
ing bauxite deposits are controlled politically by the United States 
and France. Great Britain rules a large share of the equatorial 
regions which probably contain most of the undeveloped deposits. 
Bauxite may also be found in the colonial possessions of Portugal 
and Belgium and in those formerly owned by Germany. The alumi- 
num works of the world are controlled by the United States, Great 
Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Norway. 

Bauxite produced and consumed in the United States, 1916-1920. 





Domestic production. 


Year. 


Georgia, Alabama, and 
Tennessee. 


Arkansas. 


Total. 




Quantity 
(long tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(long tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(long tons). 


Value. 


1916 


49,190 
62, 134 
42,829 
43,076 
40,029 


$284, 810 
395,051 
314, 112 
346, 588 
349,453 


375,910 
506,556 
562, 892 
333,490 
481,279 


52,011,590 
2,724,007 
3,133,880 
1,855,159 
2,897,892 


425, 100 
568,690 
605,721 
376,566 
521,308 


$2,296,400 


1917 


3,119,058 


1918 


3,447,992 


1919 


2,201,747 


1920 


3,247,345 







World's production of ~bauxite, 1918 and 1916-1920, oy countries, in metric tons. 



Country. 



1913 



1916 



1917 



1918 



1919 



1920 



Austria (Dalmatia and Istria). 

British Guiana 

British India 

France 

Hungary 

Italy 

Spain 



United Kingdom . 
United States 



i 1 ) 



142,326 



1,203 
309, 294 

0) 
6,952 



762 
a 106, 170 



163, 122 
2,070 
1,385 

120, 883 
16,213 
7,789 



6,152 
213,615 



10,495 
431,923 



14,960 
577,817 



2 155,000 
4,266 
1,211 
« 

0) 

7,800 

460 

9,743 

615,443 



0) 

2,008 

1,709 

159, 103 
0) 

2,972 
1,780 
9,369 

382,610 



( 3 ) 
2 27, 872 

0) 
2 186,693 

(*) 

2 3 37,960 

C 1 ) 

11, 197 
529,675 



1 Figures not yet available. 

> Unofficial. 

3 Production of Dalmatia and Istria (33,860 tons) included under Italy. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



275 



Imports. — Before the war the United States generally imported 
between 10 and 20 per cent of its supply, which was of French 
origin. Imports of bauxite in 1914 were 24,844 tons, valued at 

>,871. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 

Bauxite, or ocauxlte, crude, not refined or advanced. 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


3,653 
$14,791 


6,082 
$36,820 


42,895 

$251,284 


2-1,883 


Value 


$150, 479 







Imports above shown are chiefly from France and British Guiana. 

Exports consist largely of purified alumina, or bauxite concen- 
trates, by one company to a Canadian subsidiary. Exports of bauxite 
concentrates since 1917 are shown as follows : 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


19,711 

$1,523,688 


17,701 

$1,372,094 


22,257 
$1,843,596 


4,455 

$371 873 


Value 







Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 279. 



FULLER'S EARTH. 



(See Survey B-4.) 



Description and uses. — Fuller's earth is a clay having the power 
of absorbing greasy substances and of decolorizing ^^fats and oils. 
Its variations in chemical composition and in physical properties 
determine its value. It is used principally for bleaching, clarifying, 
or filtering fats, greases, and oils. Other uses are in pigments for 
printing wall paper, in detecting certain coloring matters in food 
products, and as a substitute for talcum powder. The domestic 
industry first assumed importance in 1895. 

Production. — Domestic deposits of fuller's earth are of high grade, 
and home production could easily be made to supply the entire do- 
mestic demand. The industry is unorganized and some properties 
are idle a large part of the time. Almost 99 per cent of the out- 
put originates in the Southern States, but California yields suffi- 
cient material to supply the petroleum refineries located on the 
Pacific slope. 

Great Britain and Germany are normally large producers, but 
the English product is the only one entering the domestic market to 
any extent. 

The domestic industry occupies a strong position in all home mar- 
kets except along the Atlantic seaboard from New Jersey to New 
England. Domestic material sent here must absorb a heavy rail 



276 

and water freight charge, while foreign material can in many cases 
be shipped direct from England to the consuming plant at a lower 
cost for transportation. Statistics of production of Fuller's earth 
produced and marketed in the United States follow : 



Year. 



Number of 

operators 

reporting 

sales. 



1911-1915 (average) 


| 


1916 


10 


1917 


11 


1918 


14 


1919..... 


10 


1920 12 



Quantity 
(short 

tons). 



40,178 
67, 822 
72, 567 
84,488 
106, 145 
128,487 



Value. 



$390, 252 

706, 951 

772,087 

1,146,354 

1,998,829 

2, 506, 189 



Average 

price per 

ton. 



$9.71 
10 42 
10.64 
13.57 
18.83 
19.51 



Imports are as follows : Unwrought or unmanufactured in 1913, 
1,597 short tons, valued at $10,359; in 1917, 975 short tons, valued at 
$7,486. Wrought or manufactured have been greater, amounting in 
1913 to 15,269 short tons, valued at $135,229 ; in 1917 to 15,077 short 
tons, valued at $159,071. 

Imports amount to about 15 per cent of the domestic production. 
The material enters through New York and New England ports, and 
is consumed at the refining plants located in that section. Statistics 
of imports since 1917 follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




FULLER'S EARTH, UNWROUGHT AND UNMANUFACTURED. 



1918 

1919 

1920. r 

1921 (9 months). 



Tons. 






969 


$12, 636 


, $727 [ 


333 


4, 301 


250 J 


1,355 


19, 793 


1,016 


205 


2,438 







Per cent. 
5.75 
5.81 
5.13 



FULLER'S EARTH, WROUGHT OR MANUFACTURED. 


1918 


14, 140 
12,054 
15,622 
5,761 


$213, 599 

185,410 

202, 100 

76,713 


$21,210 
18,081 
23,433 


9.93 


1919 


9.75 


1920 


11.59 


1921 (9 months) . 











Export figures are not available. 



SILICA. 



Description and uses. — Silica is used in the manufacture of wood 
filler, pottery, paints, and scouring soaps, as a polisher, as foundry 
mold wash, in metallurgic and chemical processes, and for cosmetics 
and dentifrices. 

Production. — The following table summarizes the data available 
to show the silica of the specified forms marketed in the United States 
from 1918 to 1920, inclusive. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



277 



Silica sold for pottery, paints, fillers, polishers, abrasives, and other uses in the 

United States, 1918-1920. 



Material. 



1918 



Quantity 
(short 
tons). 



Quartz (vein quartz, pegmatite, and 
quartzite) ! 71, 740 

98, 956 



Sand and sandstone 

Tripoli (ground and otherwise pre 

pared) 

Diatomaceous earth 



19, 982 
2 2, 965 



2 193,643 



Value. 



$259, 330 
620, 584 



199, 854 
2 24, 947 



1919 



Quantity 
(short 

tons). 



63, 332 

47, 277 



24, 292 
42, 642 



2 1,104,715 J 177,543 



Value. 



$373, 571 
288, 890 



181,541 
531,960 



1,375,962 



1920 



Quantity 
(short * 
tons). 



68,190 
158, 395 



40, 233 
61,922 



328, 740 



Value. 



$320, 350 
1,183,014 



569, 677 
1, 079, 693 



3,152,734 



1 Includes oulv finely ground material. Figures probably incomplete. 

2 Excludes California product used for filters and as insulating and fireproofing material. 

• Quart: sold in the United States, 1916-1920. 





Crude. 


Ground. 


Total. 


Year. 


Quantity 
(short 1 Value. 
tons). , 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short Value, 
tons). | 


1916 


1 70,417 $78,283 


■ 18,097 
16, 098 

10, 732 

11, 558 

8,767 


$164, 503 
197,213 
137,442 

238, 384 
177, 953 


88, 514 
142, 673 
71,740 
63, 332 
68, 190 


$242, 786 


1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 


i 126,575 ! 120,856 

: 61,008 ' 121,888 

51,774 : 135,187 

59, 423 j 142, 397 


318,069 
259, 330 
373, 571 
320, 350 



Imports. — The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce records 
imports of " flint, flints, and flint stones, unground," from several 
countries. These imports are mainly flint pebbles for use in grimi- 
ng mills but partly material for uses such as are listed ^m this report. 

ely separated. 



The figures can not be a curat 



Value of nebbles and flint imported, for consumption in the United States, 

1916-1920. 



19-16 
1\)17. 

101 s. 



$313, 120 
197. 156 

127, 808 



1919- 
1920. 



$250. 096 
338, 630 



/important changes in classification. — 
graph, page 279. 

, FLUORSPAR. 



See General Notes on Para- 



(See Survey B-4. ) 

Description and uses. — Fluorspar or fluorite, chemicaly calcium 
fluoride (CaF 2 ), contains 48.9 per cent fluorine and 51.1 per cent 
calcium. It is translucent to transparent and has about the same 
hardness as calcite. The general grades are lump, ground, and gravel 
spar. The principal uses in order of importance are (1) metallur- 
gical work, (2) manufacture of opalescent glass and enameled ware, 
and (3) chemical manufactures, especially Irydrofluoric acid- The 



278 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION,- 1921. 

bulk of domestic production and practically all of the imported 
supply appear as gravel spar, 80 per cent of the domestic production 
being used in the basic open-hearth steel furnaces. 

In metallurgy fluorite makes extremely fluid slags, with great 
solvent power for refractory substances. It has a comparatively low 
melting point, and at high temperatures it has a higher quantitative 
efficiency as a flux than limestone. In the making of ferromanganese 
and ferrosilicon it gives great fluidity to the slag without too high 
temperature and greatly reduces the amount of phosphorus, sul- 
phur, and other impurities in the pig. The most important use is in 
basic open-hearth steel furnaces, where, with limestone, it is of value 
as a desulphurizing agent. It makes the melt more fluid and permits 
the use of greater quantities of lower grades and scrap. Very little 
lump is used for metallurgical purposes. Theoretically gravel spar 
runs in sizes from one-half inch down, but as a matter of fact it may 
vary from egg size to " fines." 

The highest grade is white or clear, pale green, or blue and is the 
material used by glass, enameling, and chemical industries, including 
the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid, which accounts for the bulk of 
the consumption. Some sodium fluoride is used in the preservation 
of wood. For most chemical uses a purity of 95 to 98 per cent is 
necessary. 

Miscellaneous uses for the mineral are as a binding agent in emery 
wheels and for carbon electrodes, in the extraction of potash from 
feldspar, and for increasing the volatilization of potassium in the 
recovery of potash from Portland cement clinker. As an electrode 
bond, fluorite increases the lighting efficiency and decreases the 
current required. Small amounts of fluorspar are used annually 
for optical purposes. Only the purest, clearest specimens — pieces as 
small as one-quarter inch in diameter — are used in making lenses. 

Production, — Until 1916 over 90 per cent of the output of ground 
fluorspar was mined near Eosiclare, 111. The field extends across the 
Ohio River into the adjoining counties of Kentucky. Fluorspar is 
also produced in New Hampshire, Arizona, and Colorado. 

Prior to 1905 the domestic output was less than 50,000 tons an- 
nually and fluctuated considerably. In 1909, its use for open-hearth 
steel being more generally recognized, the mining and milling facili- 
ties in the Illinois-Kentucky fields expanded greatly, and production 
increased rapidly until 1912. 

Fluorspar is mined by the usual underground methods. On ac- 
count of the comparatively low value of the product, extensive or 
costly treatment is not possible, and only those deposits which fur- 
nish sufficiently pure material with a minimum of preparation can 
be worked advantageously. 

The latest available records rank England next to the United 
States in production, with Germany third, and France fourth. A 
few hundred tons are annually produced in Spain. Austria-Hun- 
gary, which formerly produced 8,000 to 9,000 tons a year, had no out- 
put in 1911. Canada and Mexico possess deposits containing fluor- 
spar, but little is known as to their grade or extent. Canada began 
to produce regularly in 1917. 

With the English steel industry in normal state, more than 50 per 
cent of the fluorspar output of Great Britain was exported to the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



279 



United States, where it was able to compete with the American prod- 
uct as far west as Pittsburgh. The production from old mine dumps 
was cheaply obtained and exceeded English requirements. This ma- 
terial is rapidly disappearing, while the greatly expanded steel in- 
dustry of the United Kingdom will continue to make larger de- 
mands on the output of spar. It is therefore doubtful if, in tliei 
future, there will be much excess for export. Domestic supplies are 
ample for any probable requirement for a great many years. The 
cost of mining exceeds that in foreign countries, but the material 
has a higher average purity. 

Fluorspar produced x in the United States, 1916-1920. 



Year. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


"Value. 


1915.. 




155,735 
218, 828 
263, 817 
138,290 
186,778 


$922,654 
2,287,722 
5, 465, 481 


1917 . , 


1918. . . 


1919. . . 


3, 525, 574 


1920 - - 


4, 718, 547 










2, 126, 409 


24,001,045 



1 Figures represent shipments from mines. 

Imports, until 1916, were from 100 to 300 tons annually of ground 
fluorspar from Germany. In recent years nearly all has been the 
medium-grade gravel spar, chiefly from England. The supply was 
derived largely from old mine dumps, and was purchased at the docks 
in Liverpool for about $2 a ton and brought over as ballast. The low- 
est average valuation of the material at the port of entry was $2.46 
in 1911 (calendar year) and the highest, not including duty or 
freight, was $15.10 in 1918. 

Imports in 1910 were 42,488 short tons, valued at $135,152; in 
1914, 10,206 short tons, at $38,943. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Tom. 

11, 225 

6,199 

21,975 

3,812 


$169,364 

107,631 

265,630 

43, 318 


$16,837 

9,298 

32,962 


Per cent. 
9.94 


1919 


8.64 


1920 


12.41 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The following articles cov- 
ered by this paragraph are exempt from duty under the act of 1913 : 
Common blue clay and Gross- Almerode glass-pot clay, in cases or 
casks, suitable for the manufacture of crucibles and glass-melting 
pots or tank blocks (par. 450) ; terra alba, not made from gypsum 
or plaster rock (par. 629) ; and bauxite or beauxite, crude, not refined 
or otherwise advanced in condition from its natural state (par. 411). 



280 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Conflicting provisions. — The provision in this paragraph for 
" silica, crude, not specially provided for, $4 per ton " may be in con- 
flict with the provision in paragraph 1661 exempting from duty 
" sand, crude or manufactured." The provisions for silica are new. 

Suggested changes. — Page 28, line 2 : Strike out " or beauxite " to 
agree with paragraph 6. 

PARAGRAPH 208. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 208. Mica, unmanufactured, or 
rough trimmed only, 4 cents per pound 
and 17 per centum ad valorem; mica, 
cut or trimmed, mica splittings, mica 
plates, and built-up mica, and all 
manufactures of mica or of which mica 
is the component material of chief 
value, 10 cents per pound and 17 per 
centum ad valorem ; ground mica, 4 
cents per pound and 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 91. Mica, unmanufactured, or Par. 77. Mica, unmanufactured, 

rough trimmed only, five cents per valued at not above 15 cents per 

pound and twenty per centum ad va- pound, 4 cents per pound ; valued 

lorem ; mica, cut or trimmed, mica above 15 cents per pound,* 25 per 

plates or built-up mica, and all manu- centum ad valorem ; cut mica, mica 

factures of mica or of which mica is splittings, built-up mica, and all manu- 

the component material of chief value, factures of mica, or of which mica is 

ten cents per pound and twenty per the component material of chief value, 

centum ad valorem. 30 per centum ad valorem ; ground 

[No corresponding provision for mica, 15 per centum ad valorem, 
ground mica.] 

MICA. 

(See Survey B-5.) 

Description and uses. — Mica is a mineral marketed as cut or un- 
cut blocks and sheets, as splittings, and in a ground form. Mica 
splittings is a form of rough-trimmed mica which has been separated 
into sheets. Cut mica is separated into sheets and accurately 
trimmed to size — either squares, oblongs, discs, or washers. The 
value of mica of same quality depends upon the size of the sheets 
and whether it is clear or stained. Sheet mica, noninflammable and 
insulating, is essential in the manufacture of electrical machinery. 
Other uses, including windows for stoves, goggles, and lanterns, are 
dependent upon its transparency and resistance to heat and shock. 
It is used in phonograph diaphragms. Built-up mica, or mica board, 
an insulating material having various trade names, utilizes the split- 
tings. Ground mica is used in patent roofing, in annealing steel, 
in lubrication, and in decoration. 

Production. — Deposits of mica of economic value may be found in 
small quantities in many parts of the world, but India, the United 
States, and Canada now produce 95 per cent of the world's output. 
Brazil, Argentina, the British East Africa Protectorate, and Aus- 
tralia are rapidly becoming important producers. Guatemala, the 
Union of South Africa, Madagascar, Nyasaland, China, and Ceylon 
have deposits which will undoubtedly be exploited in the near future. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



281 



In the United States, Xorth Carolina and New Hampshire are the 
principal mica producers. 

The following States contain mica deposits which are now being 
worked or which have been worked in recent years : North Carolina, 
Georgia, Virginia, South Carolina, Alabama, New Hampshire, 
Maine, South Dakota. Idaho, New Mexico, Colorado, and Texas. 

The Appalachian region has usually produced the best quality of 
sheet mica, although good deposits are known in South Dakota and 
Idaho. In general, however, a greater percentage of scrap mica 
is taken from the western than from the eastern deposits. It is the 
relatively large quantity of good sheet mica in the deposits in the 
East that has made the mining of mica more profitable there than in 
the West. The following table shows the mica produced and sold in 
the United States, 1914-1919 : 

Mica produced and sold in the United States, 19Ui-1919. 





Sheet mica. 


Scrap mica. 


Total 

quantity 

(short 

tons). 




Year. 


Quantity 
(pounds). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Total 
value. 


1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 


556, 933 

553, 821 

865, 863 

1, 276, 533 

1,644,200 

1, 545, 709 


$278, 540 
378, 259 
524, 485 
753, 874 
731,810 
483, 567 


3.730 
3,959 
4,433 
3,429 


$51-, 416 
50, 510 
69, 906 
52 908 


4,008 
4,236 
4,866 
4,067 
3.114 
4,031 


$329, 956 
428, 769 
594. 391 
806 782 


1918 

1919 


2,292 
3,258 


33. 130 

58, 084 


764, 940 
541, 651 



Imports of unmanufactured mica in 1913 were 2,339,587 pounds, 
valued at $819,902, an increase over .previous years; but imports 
declined during the war period to about $500,000 annually. Cut mica, 
mica splittings, and manufactures increased from $398,580 in 1914 
to $1,002,821 in 1917. In 1917 unmanufactured mica, except the 
ground variety, was valued at $453,978. Very little^ground mica is 
imported. Imports of all kinds of mica are from India (directly and 
through England), Canada, Germany, and South America. Later 
statistics follow : 

Mica. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




CUT MICA, MICA SPLITTINGS, BUILT-UP MICA, AND ALL MANUFACTURES OF MICA, ETC. 



Pounds. Per tent, 

1918 ! $880,906 I $2'U, 272 30.00 

1919 i 762,228 228,66s 30.00 

1920 2, 011, 434 \ 603, 430 j 30. 00 

1921 (9 months) 588, 688 i :,. 

G SOUND. 



1919 62 9' 1 15.00 

1920 760 1, 755 I 263 15. CO 

1921 (9 months) 33, 850 573 




282 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Mica — Continued. 



Calendar year. 




UNMANUFACTURED, VALUED ABOVE 15 CENTS PER POUND. 



1918 


Pounds. 

675, 117 

645,637 

1, 190, 517 

179,660 


$652, 109 

718, 389 

1, 163, 486 

234, 281 


$163, 027 
179, 597 
290, 871 


Per cent, 
25. 00 


1919 


25.00 


1920. . . 


25.00 


1921 (9 mouths) 











UNMANUFACTURED, VALUED AT NOT ABOVE 15 CENTS PER POUND. 



1918 


66, 312 

78, 076 
107, 260 
69, 690 


$6, 467 
8,143 

12, 702 
7,213 


$2, 652 
3,123 
4,290 


41.02 


1919 


38.35 


1920 


33.78 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports of unmanufactured mica declined from $25,962 in 1914 to 
about $4,000 in 1917, while exports of manufactures increased over 100 
per cent to $84,755 in 1917. Later exports of mica and manufactures 
of (by calendar years) have been valued as follows : 1918, $74,529 ; 
1919, $109,348; 1920, $316,169; 1921 (9 months), $112,883. Exports 
have been destined chiefly to England, Canada, France, and Japan. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions in the act of 
1909 (par. 91) for mica rough-trimmed only, for mica trimmed, and 
for mica plates are here revived. 

Suggested changes. — It has been represented to the Tariff Commis- 
sion that mica splittings are a material in the class with rough- 
trimmed block mica rather than with mica plates, built-up mica, and 
manufactures of mica. 



PARAGRAPH 209. 



H. B. 7456. 

Par. 209. Talc, steatite or soapstone, 
and French chalk, crude and unground, 
one-fourth of 1 cent per pound ; ground, 
washed, powdered, or pulverized, ex- 
cept toilet preparations, one-half of 1 
cent per pound ; cut or sawed, or in 
blanks, crayons, cubes, disks, or other 
forms, 1 cent per pound ; manufactures 
(except toilet preparations), of which 
talc, steatite or soapstone, or French 
chalk is the component material of 
chief value, wholly or partly finished, 
and not specially provided for, if not 
decorated, 25 per centum ad valorem ; 
if decorated, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



* * French chalk, one Par, 69. Talcum, ground talc, stea- 
tite, and French chalk, cut, powdered, 



Par. 13. 
cent per pound ; 

Par. 95. Articles and wares com- washed, or pulverized, 15 per centum 
posed wholly or in chief value of ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



283 



earthy or mineral substances, * * * 
if not decorated in any manner, thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem ; if dec- 
orated, forty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. 

Pak. 4S0. * * * articles manufac- 
tured, in whole or in part, not provided 
for in this section, * * * twenty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 626. Minerals, crude, * * * 
[Free], 



Par. 81. Earthy or mineral sub- 
stances wholly or partially manufac- 
tured and articles and wares composed 
wholly or in chief value of earthy 
or mineral substances, not specially 
provided for in this section, whether 
susceptible of decoration or not, if not 
decorated in any manner, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; if decorated, 25 
per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 621. Talcum, steatite, and 
French chalk, crude and unground 
[Free] . 



TALC FRENCH CHALK. 

( See Survey A-19. ) 

Description and uses. — Talc is a natural magnesium hydrous sili- 
cate. It has a greasy or soapy feel, and is one of the softest minerals 
known. The massive, compact variety is known as steatite or soap- 
stone. 

Talc has a great variety of uses. As soapstone it is cut into slabs 
and used for table tops in hospitals and laboratories; it is also made 
into sinks and laundry tubs and into vessels for storing acids. As a 
heat resistant it is used for griddles, foot warmers, and hearthstones ; 
as an insulator, for electric switchboards and floors of electrical 
plants. 

Ground or powdered talc is used as a filler in the manufacture of 
paper and paint and as a dressing for rubber, cloth, and leather. It is 
extensively employed in the manufacture of toilet powders; as a 
preservative coating for stonework and as a nonconductive material 
for covering steam pipes ; and as an adulterant for soaps and other 
goods. 

French chalk is high-grade talc in its natural state cut to shape and 
size for marking cloth, metals, slate, etc. Talc is used in making tips 
for gas burners, and some varieties are substituted v f or graphite in 
lubricants. 

Production. — The United States produces more talc than all other 
countries ; Italy and France produce the finest varieties. Before the 
war France ranked second to the United States in total production. 
Virginia produces all the soapstone mined in this country, and New 
York produces most of the fibrous talc used in paper making. 

In 1915 the total production of talc and soapstone in the United 
States was 186,891 short tons and in 1917 it was 218,848 short tons. 
Later statistics follow : 



Talc mined and sold in the 


United States in 1918 cmd 1919 


, by States. 




1918 


1919 


State. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Average 

value 
per ton. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Average 

value 
per ton. 


California 

New York +... 

North Carolina 


11,864 
71,167 

1,661 
90,537 

3,265 

14,483 


$185,775 
902, 100 

72,348 ' 
775,012 : 

24,723 , 

145,002 


$15.66 

12.68 

43.56 

8.56 

7.57 

10.01 


9,837 
62,495 

2,602 
78,661 

I 14,744 


$147,470 

750,765 

76, 158 

665,652 

182,467 


$14. 99 
12.01 
29.27 


Vermont 

Virginia 

Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington. . 


8.46 
12.38 


192,977 


2,104,960 


10.91 


168,339 


1,822,512 


10.83 



284 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Domestic talc sold in the United States, 1913 and 1915-1920, by classes. 



Year. 



1913 
1915 
1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 



Rough (crude). 



Quantity 
(short 
tons). 



Value. 



2,454 
8,235 I 
11,299 
12,269 j 
13,263 
15,625 j 
30,955 | 



' $11, 597 
58,887 

106,928 
68,440 

106,228 
73,437 

137, 388 



Manufactured into 
pencils and blanks. 1 



Quantity 
(short 
tons). 



138 
39 

828 
,781 
945 
921 



( 3 ) 



Value. 



$36, 272 
11,941 
102, 674 
176, 404 
114, 002 
147,339 
( 3 ) 



Ground. 2 



Quantity 
(short 
tons). 



Va'ue. 



146,679 
158,062 
181, 182 
180, 563 
177,209 
151,793 
3 167, 594 



$1,232,151 
1, 330, 389 
1,553,240 
1,644,828 
1,869,730 
1,601,736 

3 2, 174, 453 



Total. 



Quantity 
(short 

tons). 



149, 271 
166, 336 
193, 309 
198. 613 
191,477 
168, 339 
198, 549 



Value. 



$1,280,020 
1, 401, 197 
1, 762, 842 
1,889,672 
2,089,960 
1,822,512 
2,311,841 



1 includes slate pencils and metal worker^' crayons and blanks used in making acety ene burners and 
other objects. 

2 For foundry facings, filler for paper, paint, and rubber goods, toilet powder, foot ease, lubricators for 
dressing skins and leather, etc. 

3 Figures for talc manufactured into pencils and blanks included under " Ground.' ' 

The total sales of soapstone in the United States in i920 amounted 
to 24,175 short tons, valued at $740,197. as compared with 15.330 
short tons, valued at $576,059 in 1918. 

Imports. — Most of the talc, ground or prepared, imported before 
the war came from France and Italy, with smaller amounts from 
Canada and Austria-Hungary. After 1914 the imports from France 
fell, but those from Italy increased. The total imports during 1914 
were 29,690,092 pounds, and during 1917 were 34,288,429 pounds. 

In 1914 the imports of crude and unground talcum and French 
chalk amounted to 2,807,974 pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


I 

Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


TALCUM, STEATITE, AND FRENCH CHALK, CRUDE AND UNGROUND. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2, 868, 540 

3, 281, 353 

1, 882, 279 

255,703 


$9, 253 
10, 105 
7, 206 
1,385 


Per cent. 


1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 








TALCUM, GROUND TALC, OR STEATITE, CUT, POWDERED, WASHED, OR PULVERIZED. 


1918 ' 25, 489, 657 

1919 J 25, 916, 193 

1920 ! i 43, 477, 182 

1921 (9 months) j 15, 633, 622 


$251,323 
218,576 
443, 514 
165, 856 


$37, 698 
37, 286 
66, 527 


15 
15 

us 


! 


FRENCH CHALK, CUT, POWDERED, WASHED, OR PULVERIZED. 


1918 


$266 ! $10 i 15 


1919 


6,313 


15 











1 Includes French chalk. 



Imports since 1918 have come principally from Canada and Italy. 
Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Talcum, steatite, and French 

ire exempt from duty under the act of 



dialk, crude and unground 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



285 



1913 (par. 621). The provisions for talc, cut or sawed or in blo'cks 
or other forms and manufactures, are new. 

Suggested changes. — Page 28, line 21 : Put the words " except toilet 
preparations " in parentheses to agree with line 24. 

[See par. 1449, page 1200, in connection with crayons.] 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 210. 

SENx\TE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 210. Common yellow, brown, or 
gray earthenware made of natural, 
anwasbed, and unmixed clay, plain or 
embossed : common salt-glazed stone- 
ware; stoneware and earthenware cru- 
cibles; all the foregoing not orna- 
mented, incised, or decorated in any 
manner, and manufactures wholly or 
in chief value of such, ware, not spe- 
cially provided for, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 92. Common yellow, brown, or 
gray earthenware, plain, embossed, or 
salt-glazed common stoneware, and 
earthenware or stoneware crucibles, 
all the foregoing not decorated in any 
manner, twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem; yellow earthenware, plain or 
embossed, coated with white or trans- 
parent vitreous glaze but not other- 
wise ornamented or decorated, * * * 
forty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OE 1913. 

Par. 78. Common yellow, brown, or 
gray earthenware made of natural un- 
washed and unmixed clay ; plain or 
embossed, common salt-glazed stone- 
ware ; stoneware and earthenware 
crucibles ; all the foregoing, not orna- 
mented, incised, or decorated in any 
manner, 15 per centum ad valorem ; 
:= * * and manufactures wholly or 
in chief value of such ware, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 20 
per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 



COMMON YELLOW, BROWN. OR GRAY EARTHENWARE. 

( See Survey B-6. ) y 

Description and uses. — Common earthenware, yellow, brown, or 
grray, includes kitchen and culinary utensils; common stoneware, 
crocks, butter jars, churns, fruit jars, water filters, etc.; red earthen- 
ware, flower pots, jardinieres, vases, fern pots, window boxes, etc. 
Common stoneware is an opaque, highly fired, vitrified pottery, com- 
posed of plastic clay, the body being gray, buff, brown, or other 
color, caused by iron and other impurities present, with the natural 
color of the crude clay after being burned in the kiln. Red earthen- 
ware, usually porous, is made from red-burning clays: yellow, brown, 
or gray earthenwares are made from natural clays, the solors being 
brought out by burning. 

Production. — In 1918 stoneware was made in 20 States, Ohio pro- 
ducing nearly one-half the output: red earthenware, in 31 States. 
Ohio being the largest producer. Statistics of production follow : 



Year. 


Stoneware ' 

and vellow Red earthen- m />+ „ 1 
and Rock- ware. iotaL 
inghamware ; 


1914 


§3,349,301 $1,059,904 . $4,409,205 
3,696,288 1,156,351 4,852,639 
4,454,164 906,861 5,361,025 
5,475,660 1,766,919 7,242,579 


1916 


1918 


1920 





286 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports.— From 1908 to 1913 the average value of imports was 
$67,000, but decreased to $27,173 in 1918 (fiscal year). Later statis- 
tics follow : 

Common yellow, brown, or gray earthenware, made of natural unleashed and 
unmixed clay, and plain or embossed common salt-glazed stoneware. 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



NOT DECORATED, ORNAMENTED, OR INCISED IN ANY MANNER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$5,251 
5,048 
14,248 
12, 087 


$788 

757 

2,137 





Per cent. 



DECORATED, ORNAMENTED, OR INCISED IN ANY MANNER, AND MANUFACTURES 

OF SUCH WARE. 


1918 


$2,726 
4,829 
9,649 
5,835 


$545 

966 

1,930 


20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 










CRUCIBLES OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE. 


1918 


$3,019 
7,486 
9,145 
4,675 


$453 I 15 


1919 


1,123 i 15 


1920 


1,372 15 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — None recorded. 

ROCKINGHAM EARTHENWARE. 

(See Survey B-6.) 

Description and uses. — Rockingham ware imported from England 
is of cheap brown, yellow, or reddish clay, often elaborately deco- 
rated; the domestic make is of yellow or buff clays. It is covered 
with a rich brown glaze which gives its distinctive characteristic, 
manganese being the chief color ingredient. Except for its glaze it 
is the same as other common ware made of domestic clays. It is used 
largely for teapots. 

Production. — The statistics of production include stoneware and 
yellow ware with Rockingham earthenware. See common yellow, 
brown, or gray earthenware, supra. 

Import value in 1908-9 was $20,000; in 1911, $89,692; in 1913, 
$75,006. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. . 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$43, 137 
47,513 
99,931 
62,949 


$12, 941 
14, 254 
29,979 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 




30 


1920 


, 


30 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 287 

Important changes in classification. — The words " plain or em- 
bossed " qualify earthenware instead of stoneware, and provision for 
earthenware, ornamented or decorated or incised has been omitted. 
Separate provision for Rockingham . ware was not made in H. R. 
7456, because it is equal in all respects to other earthenware covered 
by paragraph 212. 

PARAGRAPH 211. 

H. E, 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 211. Graphite or plumbago, 
crude or refined, not specially provided 
for, 10 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 654. Plumbago [Free]. Par. 579. Plumbago [Free]. 

GRAPHITE OR PLUMBAGO. 

(See Survey FL-24.) 

Description and uses. — Plumbago, or graphite, is a soft, black 
variety of carbon. It occurs in nature in two forms, crystalline and 
amorphous, and is also produced artificially in the electric furnace 
from coal or other carbonaceous material. Graphite is employed 
for crucibles, as a lubricant, in paints, foundry facings, shoe polish, 
stove polish, dry batteries, electrodes, and boiler compounds, and 
for other purposes. For the making of good crucibles, its chief use, 
crystalline graphite, with flakes large enough to add to the binding 
power of clay, is essential. 

Production. — In the order of their importance, the following lists 
show the principal graphite producing countries or those in which 
graphite deposits have been reported: \ 

CRYSTALLINE graphite. 

(a) Vein graphite: Ceylon could produce up to 35,000 short tons 
per year, all grades ; the United States, small production from Mon- 
tana ; Canada, small amount recently produced. 

(b) Flake graphite: Madagascar could produce up to nearly 50,- 
000 short tons per year ; Bavaria produced 40,000 metric tons in 
1917 ; the United States could readily produce 4,000 tons of flake, ex- 
clusive of dust; Kumania, important deposits recently reported; 
Greenland and Brazil, large deposits reported, very little develop- 
ment; German East Africa (former), deposits of supposed large 
extent reported. 

AMORPHOUS GRAPHITE. 

German Austria and Czechoslovakia have long produced large 
amounts of graphite annually; Chosen could probably produce 12,- 
000 tons per annum; Italy could probably produce 12,000 tons per 
annum; Mexico could probably produce 6,000 tons per annum; 
the United States could readily produce 6,000 tons of natural and 
6,000 tons of artificial amorphous graphite; Siberia, large amounts 
available but undeveloped. 



288 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Amorphous graphite is so widely distributed that no serious diffi- 
culty is likely to be encountered by any of the great commercial 
nations in filling their vital needs. The most important deposits of 
crystalline graphite are controlled by Great Britain through her 
sovereignty over Ceylon and by France through sovereignty over 
Madagascar. Part of the Madagascar deposits are owned by a Brit- 
ish company and part by Belgian capital. Japan controls the de- 
posits of Chosen. American capital controls the deposits of the 
United States, of Mexico, and in part those of Canada. British 
interests own a part of the Italian and a part of the Spanish de- 
posits. 

The United States has heretofore not been considered independ- 
ent in the matter of crucible graphite. Crucible makers, who use 
about 15,000 tons a year, have insisted on having Ceylon graphite. 
Montana produces a graphite that has been accepted by crucible 
manufacturers as equal to Ceylon material. The quantity ultimately 
available has not been proved, but may be sufficient to satisfy domes- 
tic demands for many years. It would appear that crucibles prop- 
erly made from Alabama flake will give as good service as those made 
from the Ceylon material. 

There is a larger degree of independence in the matter of amor- 
phous graphite, of which the consumption is in the neighborhood of 
15,000 tons annually. Practically all of this can be furnished from 
domestic sources, including both natural and artificial graphite, but 
during the war American-owned mines in Mexico and Canada were 
drawn upon to some extent and, more recently, Korean graphite has 
again been imported. 

It is probable that Ceylon lump, regardless of price, will continue 
to be imported for some years as raw material for crucible manufac- 
ture on account of its established reputation. Extreme reluctance to. 
use more than 20 per cent of domestic graphite in place of Ceylon is 
evinced by crucible manufacturers, but it is by no means clear as 
yet r either to those within the trade or without, that this is a neces- 
sary restriction. Foreign manufacturers were using up to 100 per 
cent Madagascar flake during the war period. 

Production of natural graphite in the United States previous to 
1914 was under 5,000 tons annually. Stimulated by war prices, the 
output rose to 8,088 tons in 1916 and to 13,593 tons valued at 
$1,167,879 in 1917. In 1920 the production had declined to 9,510 tons 
valued at $626,202; there were 17 producers. Operations in 1921 
were practically discontinued at several mines. The following table 
shows the domestic natural graphite sold, 1916-1920 : 





Amorphous. 


Crystalline. 


Total. 


Year. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


Quantity 
(short 
tons). 


Value. 


1916.... 


2,622 
8,301 
6, 560 
3,379 
4,694 


$20, 723 
73,481 
69,455 
47,716 
49, 758 


5,466 
5,292 


$914,748 
1.094.398 


8,088 
13,593 
12,991 
7,422 
9,510 


$935,471 

1, 167, 879 

1,524,254 

778, 857 


1917... 


1918:. 


6,431 1,454,799 
4,043 731,141 
4, 816 576. 444 


1919 


1920 


626, 202 






' 





289 

Imports of plumbago in 1917 amounted to 42.270 tons, valued at 
$9,678,160. Later statistics follow : 





j 1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


17,053 


23,773 
32,978,096 


18, 835 
31,711,300 


6 825 


Value 


i $2,983,250 


8424,261 



The principal sources of importation. 1918-1921, were the British 
East Indies, England, and France. 

Exports. — Some graphite is norma 11 v exported. The quantity in 
1914 was 2,688 tons, valued at $387,075." Later statistics follow : 



I 1918 

. i 

Manufactures of : (Value) ! $731,518 

Unmanufactured: 

Quantity (pounds) i 1,907,719 

Value , ! $121,555 



1919 



$788, 755 

1,258,040 
$90,185 



1920 



$610,261 

1,213,616 
$112, 771 



1921 

(9 months). 



$530,203 



911,192 
$59,904 



The principal countries of destination were the United Kingdom, 
Canada, Mexico, Japan, and Denmark. 

Important changes in classification. — Plumbago is exempt from 
duty under the act of 1913 (par. 579). 

/Suggested changes. — Page 29, lines 11, 12: Paragraph 211 is out 
of place. It should be renumbered 213; paragraph 212 should be 
renumbered 211, and paragraph 213 should be renumbered 212. 



PARAGRAPH 212. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 212. Earthenware and crockery 
ware composed of a nonvitrified ab- 
sorbent body, including white granite 
and semiporcelain earthenware, and 
cream-colored ware, and stoneware, in- 
cluding clock cases with or without 
movements, pill tiles, plaques, orna- 
ments, toys, charms, vases, statues, 
statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, lamps, 
and all other articles composed wholly 
or in chief value of such ware; if 
plain white, plain yellow, plain brown, 
plain red, or plain black, not painted, 
colored, tinted, stained, enameled, 
gilded, printed, ornamented, or deco- 
rated in any manner, and manufac- 
tures in chief value of such ware not 
specially provided for. 25 per centum 
ad valorem ; if painted, colored, tinted, 
stained, enameled, gilded, printed, or 
ornamented or decorated in any man- 
ner, and manufactures in chief value 
of such ware, not specially provided 
for. 28 per centum ad valorem. 

82804—22 19 



290 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 93. * * * earthen, stone and 
crockery ware, including clock cases 
with or without movements, pill tiles, 
plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, 
vases, statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, 
steins, and lamps, all the foregoing 
wholly or in chief value of such ware ; 
painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- 
eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or 
decorated in any manner; and manu- 
factures in chief value of such ware 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 94. * * * earthen, stone and 
crockery ware, plain white, plain 
brown, including clock cases with or 
without movements, pill tiles, plaques, 
ornaments, toys, charms, vases, stat- 
ues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, and 
lamps, all the foregoing wholly or in 
chief value of such ware, not painted, 
colored, tinted, stained, enameled, 
gilded, printed, or ornamented or deco- 
rated in any manner and manufac- 
tures in chief value of such ware not 
specially provided for in this section, 
fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 96. * * * filter tubes, thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 92. * * * Rockingham earth- 
enware, forty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 79. Earthenware and crockery 
ware composed of a nonvitrified ab- 
sorbent body, including white granite 
and semiporcelain earthenware, and 
cream-colored ware, and stoneware, 
including clock cases with or without 
movements, pill tiles, plaques, orna- 
ments, toys, charms, vases, statues, 
statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, lamps, 
and all other articles composed wholly 
or in chief value of such ware ; if plain 
white, plain yellow, plain brown, plain 
red, or plain black, not painted, col- 
ored, tinted, stained, enameled, gilded, 
printed, ornamented or decorated in 
any manner, and manufactures in chief 
value of such ware not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 35 per centum 
ad valorem ; if painted, colored, tinted, 
stained, enameled, gilded, printed, or 
ornamented or decorated in any man- 
ner, and manufactures in chief value 
of such ware not specially provided 
for in this section, 40 per centum ad 
valorem. 



Par. 82. * * * filter tubes, 30 per 
centum ad valorem ; * * *.• 

Par. 78. * * * Rockingham earth- 
enware, 30 per centum ad valorem. 



WHITE WARE. 



(See Survey B-6.) 

Description and uses. — Earthenware and crockery ware composed 
of a nonvitrified absorbent body, including white granite and semi- 
porcelain earthenware, and cream-colored ware (and plain earthen- 
ware articles of corresponding grades made of mixed, washed, or 
prepared clays other than white) are known to manufacturers and 
the trade as earthenware. They are made of materials which result 
in an absorbent body usually covered with a brilliant transparent 
glaze. 

The manufactured articles include plates, cups, saucers, dishes, 
toilet and kitchen ware, and other articles, made ordinarily in three 
grades, as follows : White earthenware, semiporcelain, and " cream 
color." These terms are used for the best quality of white earthen- 
ware. Queen's ware, ironstone china, and white granite ware are 
names used indiscriminately by the trade for the next grade of white 
earthenware. They are made of a superior quality of materials, and 
the body is slightly stained by a solution of cobalt, which gives it a 
bluish white cast. C. C. ware is a variety of goods made of low- 
grade china clays, the name being an abbreviation of the words 
" cream-colored ware." It is considered the cheapest quality of white 
pottery product. Fine stoneware, covered by the above paragraph, 
differs from common stoneware in the use of prepared clays and in 
greater care in the process of manufacture. Articles made of mixed, 
washed, or prepared clays, other than white, including fine yellow 



SUMMABY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



291 



carmelite and red white-lined cooking ware, jet ware teapots, and 
others as mentioned, are included in this classification. 

Production. — In 1917-18 there were 55 potteries, with a capacity of 
473 kilns. Sixty-five per cent of the- total production was made in 
Ohio, nearly 20 per cent in West Virginia, and 15 per cent in seven 
other States. The principal materials used in the United States in 
the production of white ware are kaolin or china clay, ball clay, 
quartz, and feldspar. Nearly 39 per cent of white earthenware mate- 
rial is china clay, almost 15 per cent is ball clay, 32 per cent is flint, 
and 14 per cent feldspar. A large proportion of imported English 
china and ball clays is relied upon to bring American ware to the 
desired standard of quality. Before the war 56 per cent of the china 
clays and 77 per cent of the ball clays were imported from England. 
In 1917-18 about 50 per cent of the ball clays were imported, and this 
reduction in the proportion used resulted in a deterioration of the 
ware. The proportion of imported china clays has remained un- 
changed. Flint and feldspar are almost entirely of domestic origin. 
The domestic production of white ware, including C. C. ware, white 
granite, semiporcelain ware and semivitreous porcelain ware has been 
as follows: 1914, $14,968,079; 1916, $18,191,390; 1918, $25,305,926; 
1920, $40,048,355. The great increase in value is due chiefly to an 
increase of about 100 per cent in cost rather than to an increase in 
quantity. 

In the years prior to the war imports of white ware, of a competi- 
tive character, from France, Germany, Austria, and Japan were small. 
The better grades of English earthenware and of French, German, 
and Austrian china are not directly competitive with domestic pro- 
duction but do displace it indirectly. This was true also of a large 
proportion of German and Austrian china of a cheap character. 
Japanese chinaware at the present time also displaces American 
earthenware. In 1919 the exports from Japan of china were $2,042,- 
055 and of earthenware $227,220 (foreign value). The exports of 
pottery to the United States in the calendar years immediately before 
the war were : 1913, from England, $2,029,939, mainly earthenware ; 
1912, from Germany, china, $3,017,364, earthenware, $182,546 ; 1913, 
from Austria, china, $458,825, earthenware, $8,491; 1913, from 
France, $1,704,440, china; 1912, from Japan, $1,231,507, mainly 
china. 

In 1913 an investigation of the cost of producing earthenware and 
chinaware in the United States and competing European countries 
was conducted, the full report of which is found in the Department 
of Commerce reports, Miscellaneous Series, No. 21, entitled "The 
Pottery Industry." 

The comparative net value of the products of the various countries, 
based upon the cubic-foot measurement, is indicative of the total cost 
value of the glost-kiln (trade unit), as follows : 





United 
States. 


England. 


Ger- 
many. 


Austria. 


Earthenware ratio of values 


$377. 08 
126. 97 
701.47 
206.39 


$239.00 
65 91 


$213. 81 
67 10 




Ratio of direct labor values '. 




Chinaware ratio of values 




233.03 
47.87 


$286. 46 
68.64 


Ratio of direct labor values 





1 






I 



292 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports in 1918 were valued at $2,433,945. Prior to the act of 1913. 
import statistics of china and earthenware were combined. For the 
five years, 1909-1913, imports from Germany averaged $3,942,057: 
from Japan, $1,200,114; from Austria-Hungary, $735,625. These 
values are largely for cheap chinaware competitive with American 
earthenware. During the same period imports' from England aver- 
aged $2,192,495, chiefly for earthenware. . Shipments from Japan and 
from England have increased since, the elimination of German and 
Austrian competition. 

In 1914 indications were that foreign ware brought higher prices 
than domestic ware, and that the difference between the cost to the 
domestic retailer and his selling price was 66 per cent on American 
earthenware. 65 per cent on Austrian china, 78 per cent on German 
china, 89 per cent on French china, and 67 per cent on English 
earthenware. Later statistics follow : 

Earthen and crockery ware, etc. 



Calendar year. 




PAINTED, COLORED, ETC., TABLE AND TOILET WARE. 



1918. 
1919. 



1 $976, 964 
2, 342, 742 

1920 ...J 3,124.977 

1921 (9 months) : 2 223' 547 



Per cent. 

$390,786 | 40 

40 
40 



937,093 ! 
1,249,991 I 



PAINTED. COLORED, ETC., PLAQUES, ORNAMENTS, TOYS. CHARMS, VASES, STATUES. 

AND STATUETTES. 


1918 i $13 408 


$5, 363 
30, 581 
SO, 474 


40 


1919 76, 453 


40 


1920 .201185 


40 


1921 (9 months) 116 061 






i 




PAINTED, COLORED, ETC., ALL OTHER, INCLUDING ] 


3 ILL TILES. 


1918.." ! i$90.228 


$36,091 40 
22, 806 40 


1919 57' 015 


1920 i 479,793 


191,917 40 


1921 (9 months) 373, 209 






PLAIN WHITE, YELLOW, BROWN, RED OR BLACK— TABLE AN 


D TOILET WARES. 


1918 '■ i $146, 027 


i 
$51,109 35 


1919 331, 91S 


116,165 35 


1920 : 25 1, 780 


89,173 35 


1921 (9 months) 251, 851 






PLAIN" WHITE. YELLOW, BROWN', RED, OR BLACK-PLAQUES, 
CHARMS, VASES, STATUES', AND STATUETTES 


ORNAMENTS, TOYS 


1918 - i $1,594 


S55S 35 


1919 13, 096 


4,582 35 


1920 30,049 


10,517 | 35 


• months) 17, 027 






PLAIN WHITE, YELLOW, BROWN, RED. OR BLACK— ALL OTHE] 

TILES. 


I, INCLUDING PILL 



1918 ! i$26,224 $9,176 

1910" 5,630 1,970 

55, 847 19, 546 

months.) so, 731 



i Ju'.v Dec, 31, 1918. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



293 



The above imports were chiefly from England, Japan, and Canada. 

Exports of earthen and stone ware, principally to Canada, Cuba, 
and Mexico, have been as follows: 1918, $783,577; 1919, $1,148,051; 
1920, $1,241,938; 1921 (first nine months), $855,203. 



SANITARY EARTHENWARE. 



(See Survey B-6.) 



Description and uses. — Sanitary earthenware consists of bathtubs, 
lavatories, bowls, sinks, and other bathroom fixtures. The ware is 
composed of a mixture of china and other white clays throughout, 
or of high-grade fire clays coated with porcelain. 

Production. — The domestic production is sufficient to supply the 
home market and furnishes a considerable volume of exports. The 
raw materials are all found in considerable quantities within the 
borders of the United States. High-grade china and ball clays are 
imported to a large extent, but domestic deposits of fire clays and 
coal are equal or superior to any found abroad. The equipment and 
structural materials necessary to the manufacturing process are all 
produced or manufactured in the United States. The manufacture 
of sanitary ware is largely handwork. Most of the material is built 
up and shaped by hand. The industries are operated in large plants 
usually located near sources of raw material and fuel. New Jersey 
is the largest producer of sanitary ware, while Ohio holds an im- 
portant position. 

Great Britain, France, Germany, and Austria are large producers. 
Sanitary ware was first developed in England, and continental pot- 
teries have brought the manufacture of porcelain ware to a high 
state of perfection. England formerly exported considerable quan- 
tities of sanitary ware to the United States ; but with the improve- 
ment of the domestic product only small amounts, chiefly specialties, 
are now imported. 

The domestic production of sanitary ware has been as follows: 
1910, $7,874,269; 1916, $11,111,417; 1918, $11,241,138; 1920, $22,- 
014,657. 

Imports of sanitary earthenware (closet bowls, lavatories, sinks, 
and similar articles) are shown in the following table: 



Calendar vear. 



Value, 
i 



PLAIN WHITE, YELLOW, BROWN, RED, OR BLACK. 





294 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports of sanitary earthenware, principally to Cuba, Canada, 
Argentina, and the Philippines, have been as follows : 1918, $377.527 ; 
1919, $563,734; 1920, $778,714; 1921 (first 9 months), $456,260. 

FILTER TUBES. 

Description and uses. — Filter tubes are usually made of porous 
earthenware and are used for filtering drinking water and solutions 
in chemical works. 

Imports have varied in value from $7,432 in 1914 to $2,769 in 1916, 
$3,394 in 1918, and $3,096 in 1920. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Filter tubes are not specifi- 
cally provided for in H. K. 7456. 

Suggested changes. — Page 29, lines 20, 24: Strike out " if," to agree 
with practice elsewhere. 

Page 29, line 22 : Insert " or " before " ornamented " and strike out 
the comma after " ornamented," to agree with line 25. 



PARAGRAPH 213. 



H. R. 7456. 

Pae. 213. China, porcelain, and other 
vitrified wares, including chemical 
porcelain ware and chemical stone- 
ware, composed of a vitrified nonab- 
sorbent body which when broken 
shows a vitrified or vitreous, or semi- 
vitrified or semivitreous fracture, and 
all bisque and parian wares, including 
clock cases with or without movements, 
plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, 
vases, statutes, statuettes, mugs, cups, 
steins, lamps, and all other articles 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
such ware, if plain white, or plain 
brown, not painted, colored, tinted, 
stained, enameled, gilded, printed, or 
ornamented or decorated in any man- 
ner, and manufactures in chief value 
,of such ware not specially provided 
for, 35 per centum ad valorem ; if 
painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- 
eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or 
decorated in any manner, and manu- 
factures in chief value of such ware 
not specially provided for, 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 93. China, porcelain, parian, 
bisque, * * * ware, including clock 
cases with or without movements, pill 
tiles, plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 80. China and porcelain wares 
composed of a vitrified nonabsorbent 
body which when broken shows a vitri- 
fied or vitreous, or semivitrified or 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 295 

vases, statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, semivitreous fracture, and all bisque 
steins, and lamps, all the foregoing and parian wares, including clock 
wholly or in chief value of such ware ; cases with or without movements, 
painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, 
eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, 
decorated in any manner ; and manu- lamps, and all other articles composed 
factures in chief value of such ware wholly or in chief value of such ware, 
not specially provided for in this sec- if plain white, or plain brown, not 
tion, sixty per centum ad valorem. painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- 
Par. 94. China, porcelain, parian, eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or 
bisque, * * * ware, plain white, decorated in any manner ; and m.anu- 
plain brown, including clock cases with factures in chief value of such ware 
or without movements, pill tiles, not specially provided for in this sec- 
plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, tion, 50 per centum ad valorem ; if 
statues, statuettes, mugs, cups, steins, painted, colored, tinted, stained, enam- 
and lamps, all the foregoing wholly or eled, gilded, printed, or ornamented or 
in chief value of such ware, not painted, decorated in any manner and manufac- 
colored, tinted, stained, enameled, tares in chief value of such wave not 
gilded, printed, or ornamented or specially provided for in this section, 
decorated in «any manner ; and manu- 55 per centum ad valorem, 
factures in chief value of such ware 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

CHINA WARE. 

(See Survey B-6.) 

Description and use. — China or porcelain is a fine, translucent 
ware having a white body. Domestic vitreous china, however, in- 
cludes heavy, opaque hotel and club china of superior quality, be- 
sides a general line of translucent tableware rivaling the high-grade 
products of Europe in durability and beauty. High-grade bone 
china tableware is made in this country which equals in beauty, 
texture, and artistic decoration the china of famous English. pot- 
teries. China and porcelain wares include dinner sets, kitchen, 
toilet, and art wares, and electrical porcelain. Parian and bisque 
are unglazed porcelain. 

Chemical stoneware consists of hard-burned articles such as valves, 
crocks, digestors, and other objects which are used to contain or 
convey corrosive liquids. 

Production. — Vitreous china is manufactured in the United States 
in 8 potteries, having 74 kilns capacity (1919). Seventy-eight per 
cent of the total production is made in the States of New Jersey and 
New York and 22 per cent in 3 other States. Vitreous china or porce- 
lain is made from the same materials as earthenware by increasing 
the feldspar and decreasing the clay content; by firing to a higher 
temperature the transition from white earthenware to vitreous china 
is made. Bone china contains from 40 to 50 per cent bone ash, 20 to 
30 per cent Cornish stone, and 25 to 30 per cent clay, and is a typical 
English product. 

Statistics of foreign production of chinaware are not obtainable, 
but potential foreign competitive power is indicated in exports. 
For the year 1913, the total exports of chinaware from Germany, 
France, England, Japan, and Austria were valued at $23,532,930, 
and of this the amount imported by the United States from these 
countries was approximately $7,500,000, or 32 per cent. In that 
year we imported the following percentages of the total exports of 



296 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



the countries mentioned: France, 62; Japan, 31; Germany, about 
27 ; Austria, about 22 ; and England, about 52. 

The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce made an inter- 
national investigation of china pottery costs during the year 19 IB 
and up to the outbreak of the war in 1914. The report shows that, 
per unit of product, the average cost of production f. o. b. factory 
of vitreous china not decorated was 129 per cent higher in four 
typical American china potteries than in Austrian china potteries, 
and 197.4 per cent higher than in German china potteries. 

The increased costs of imported chinaware into the United States 
borne by the Austrian and German china potteries above the factory 
costs of, production and above their selling prices were from 60 to 75 
per cent and included the rate of duty of 50 per cent, local and 
ocean rates of transportation, package charges and duties, insurance, 
consular, and other fees. 

The average labor cost per unit of product in the American vitreous 
china potteries was very much greater than in American earthen- 
ware potteries, owing to the slower processes of manufacture and the 
difficulty in firing and in manipulating the material in all stages. 
The American vitreous china labor cost was 73.3 per cent higher than 
in American earthenware, 182.3 per cent higher than in Austrian 
china, and 314 per cent higher than in German china potteries. 

The average wage per full-time week of jiggermen (typical skilled 
workingmen) was $23.87 in American vitreous china potteries, $6.65 
in German, and $6.37 in Austrian china potteries. As an evidence 
of greater efficiency in production it was noted that while the 
labor cost per unit of production was 182 per cent higher than in 
Austrian potteries, the wage rate was 275 per cent higher in the typi- 
cal occupation of jiggermen than in Austrian potteries. The con- 
trary was true with regard to German china, for while the Ameri- 
can vitreous china labor cost per unit was 314 per cent higher than 
for German china, the vitreous china wage rate was 259 per cent 
higher than for German china. The following table shows the value 
of the chinaware produced in the United States in specified years: 



Year. 



Chemical 
stoneware 



Porcelain 

i aTd^ora- eleCtrical 
and porce- supplies> 



1914 
1916 
1918 

1920 



$2,384,686 
3,478,372 
6,307,349 

9.466,662 



lain. 



0) 

$1,054,061 

1,769,710 

r 2 1.01 4, 623 

I :i ' 258, 888 



$1,130,270 

7,034,420 

12,505,970 

} 20,218,924 



Not separately classified prior to 1916. 



- Chemical stoneware. 



Chemical porcelain. 



Import value in 1913 from the five principal countries was about 
$7,525,000 ; 49 per cent from Germany, 22 per cent from France, 14 
per cent from Japan, 8 per cent from Austria, and 7 per cent from 
England. After the war the Japanese imports more than doubled. 
Japan, Germany, and France have remained the principal source of 
imports since 1918. Statistics for 1918-1921 are tabulated as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



297 



( 'hi ii". /torcclaii), paritni, ami his<]i(c irarcs. 



O&leAd&r year. 



V"alue. 



I 



Duiy. 



PLAIN WfflTE OR BROWN-PORCELAIN ELECTRIC WARE. 



Ad 
valorem 

rate. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 







Per cent. 


i$8 




50 


160 


230 


50 


, !7I 


2. 237 


50 


543 







PLAIN WHITE OR BROWN— PARIAN AND BISQUE WARES, PLAQUES, ORNAMENTS 
TOYS, CHARMS, VASES, STATUES, AND STATUETTES. 



1918 


1 ii, 003 


§1,001 

1,991 

12, 360 


50 


1919 


3,982 


50 


1920 


24, 729 


50 


1 921 (9 months) 


9.642 




' r ' 







PLAIN WHITE OR BROWN— TABLE AND TOILET WARES. 



1918 

1919 

!920 

1921 (9 months). 







i $100,809 

342, 522 
330,768 
422,758 



S50,404 
171,261 
165, 384 



PLAIN WHITE OR BROWN.— ALL OTHER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$22,922 | 

12,596 ! 
71.665 ! 
46; 330 !. 



Sll,461 50 

6,29S 50 

35,832 50 



PAINTED, COLORED, TINTED, STAINED, ENAMELED. GILDED, PRINTED, -ORNA- 
MENTED, OR DECORATED— PARIAN, AND BISQUE WARES, PLAQUES, ORNAMENTS, 
TOYS, CHARMS. VASES, STATUES, AND STATUETTES. 



1918 


i $13 168 


-At 

§7,242 
49,575 
162, 691 


55 


1919 


90, 137 


55 


1920 


295, 802 


55 


J 921 (9 months) 


191 cicn 









PAINTED, COLORED, ETC.— TABLE AND TOILET WARES. 



1 918 isi, 570, 771 


•5803,924 


1919 3 433. 349 


1,888,342 55 
2,790,072 . 55 


1920 5 072 859 


1921 (9 months) t 939 275 





CLOCK CASES, WITH OR WITHOUT MOVEMENTS. COMPOSED OF CHINA AND PORCE 
LAIN, BISQUE AND PARIAN WARE— DECORATED. 



1918 






$314 

1,195 
270 


SI 73 

18 

657 


55 


1919 








1920 








1921 (9 months) 









PAINTED, COLORED.. ETC.-ALL OTHER. 



1918 










1*112.975 


'."19 


203, 209 


1920 

!«21 (9 months).... 


















m,723 

3S6, 971 



July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. 



S62.130 • 

Ill, 76.5 ' 
268. 138 i 



298 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports of clock cases, with or without movements, composed of 
china and porcelain, bisque and parian ware, plain, white, or brown, 
were negligible. 

Exports of chinaware, chiefly to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico, have 
been as follows: 1914, $166,635; 1918, $318,448; 1919, $523,861; 1920, 
$816,817; 1921 (9 months), $248,627. 

Suggested changes. — Page 30, line 6 : Insert a comma after " semi- 
vitreous." 

Page 30, lines 11 and 15 : Strike out " if " to agree with similar 
provisions elsewhere. 

As pill tiles are made of porcelain as well as of earthenware, 
but are mentioned only in paragraph 212 of H. R. 7456, they might 
be mentioned in paragraph 213 of H. E. 7456 between " movements " 
and " plaques," page 30, line 8. 

Omission of the words " vitrified nonabsorbent " before " body," 
in line 5, page 30, would avoid conflict with the words " semivitrified 
or semivitreous," in line 6, page 30, before " fracture."' 



PARAGRAPH 214. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 214. Earthy or mineral sub- 
stances wholly or partly manufactured 
and articles, wares, and materials, 
crude or advanced in condition, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of 
earthy or mineral substances, not spe- 
cially provided for, whether suscepti- 
ble of decoration or not, if not deco- 
rated in any manner, 21 per centum 
ad valorem ; if decorated, 28 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par," 95. Articles and wares com- Par. 81. Earthy or mineral sub- 

posed wholly or in chief value of stances wholly or partially manufac- 
earthy or mineral substances, not spe- tured and articles and wares composed 
cially provided for in this section, wholly or in chief value of earthy or 
whether susceptible of decoration or mineral substances, not specially pro- 
not, if not decorated in any manner, vided for in this section, whether sus- 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem; if ceptible of decoration or not, if not 
decorated, forty-five per centum ad va- decorated in any manner, 20 per 
lorem ; * * *. centum ad valorem ; if decorated. 25 

per centum ad valorem ; unmanufac- 
tured carbon, not specially provided 
for in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem ; * * *. 

EARTHY AND MINERAL SUBSTANCES, N. S. P. F. 

(See Surveys B-4 and B-7.) 

GENERAL. 

Description and use. — These include too many items for special de- 
scription. 

Production. — The classification is too general for statistics. 

Imports of plain articles and wares were valued at $90,326 and 
of decorated articles and wares at $22,089 in 1914. Later statistics 
follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 299 

Earthy and mineral substances, n. s. p. f. 



Calendar year. 



Value. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



EARTHY OR MINERAL SUBSTANCES, WHOLLY OR PARTLY MANUFACTURED 

N. S. P. P. 1 



1918 


$189, 897 
189,711 
172,777 
114,920 


$37, 896 
37, 941 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 




1920 


34, 555 


20 


1921 (9 months) 









OTHER ARTICLES AND WARES COMPOSED, ETC., OF EARTHY OR MINERAL SUB- 
STANCES, WHETHER SUSCEPTIBLE OF DECORATION OR NOT, N. S. P. F— NOT DECO- 
RATED. 



19m 


l 
! $176,556 


$35,311 
7,178 
13,514 


20 


1919 


| 35 889 


20 


1920 


67,572 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


26.360 




! 1 





OTHER ARTICLES AND WARES COMPOSED, ETC., OF EARTHY OR MINERAL SUB- 
STANCES, WHETHER SUSCEPTIBLE OF DECORATION OR NOT, N. S. P. F.— DECO- 
RATED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$11,632 
3,122 

14, 482 
7,022 



$2,908 

780 

3,620 



CARBON— UNMANUFACTURED, N. s. P. F. 



1918 


$493 


$74 
120 


15 


1919 


799 


15 


1920 


3 













FLATTENING STONES 


3 








1918 


$576 
2,873 
4,908 


$115 
575 
982 


20 


1919 . 


20 


1920 


20 







1 Mainly from England. Includes dental supplies (false teeth), roofing compositions, silica ware, cements , 
etc. 
1 Mostly from Germany. 
3 From England and Italy. 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SEWER PIPE, DRAINTILE, AND FIREPROOFING TILE OR BLOCK. 

( See Survey B-7. ) 

Description and uses. — Sewer pipe is salt-glazed clay pipe used 
for conveying water or sewage and as conduit pipe for subsurface 
electric cables. Draintile are unglazed clay pipes used for draining 
the surplus water from marshy or flooded farm lands. Fireproofing 
tile or block are solid or hollow blocks of burned clay used in place 
of brick or concrete for walls and floors. Combustible material, such 
as straw, sawdust, or coal, is often added to the clay mix, so that the 
burned product is light in weight and very porous. 



300 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — The domestic industry manufactures practically the 
entire domestic supply of these products. All machinery and equip- 
ment are produced or manufactured in the United States, and the 
domestic processes are at least as efficient as those used in any for- 
eign country. Sewer pipe is produced in heavy presses, which 
shape the article from a clay slug; draintile and fireproofing 
block are made by forcing the clay through a die at the discharge end 
of the mixing or pug mill. In this manner finished green tile are 
produced in one operation. 

The industry is widely distributed throughout the United States, 
There was $70,900,000 invested therein in 1914, divided among 769 
establishments manufacturing sewer pipe and draintile, and 115 es- 
tablishments manufacturing fireproofing tile or block. Ohio, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, and Iowa are the 
most important producing States. 

The manufacture of sewer pipe and draintile originated in Eng- 
land and continental Europe, but fireproofing tile is an American 
development growing out of the local steel-construction practice. 
The manufactures of sewer pipe and draintile are local industries in 
all foreign countries, the domestic industries producing enough to 
satisfy the home market. 

The cost of these articles per unit of weight is small, and the care- 
ful packing necessary when long-distance shipments are to be made 
restricts the market of the domestic plants and practically prohibits 
international shipments. The production of specified clay products 
in the United States in specified years has been as follows : 



Drain tile 

Hollow building tile or block: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Sewer pipe 



1914 



$8,522,039 



S8, 385, 337 
14, 014, 767 



1918 



$8, 196, 199 

2 1,953,392 

2$13,037,1G2 

15,333,673 



19191 



$10,420,000 

2,310,450 

$16,620,000 

16,170,000 



19201 



$13, 1 



,000 



2,457,000 

$25,900,000 

22,240,000 



i Estimated. 

J Includes "fireproofing." 

3 Includes fireproofing and terra-cotta lumber. 



Imports. — No statistics are available, but the amount is negligible. 
At times small amounts of Canadian pipe and tile are imported from 
plants close to the international boundary. 

Exports. — Small shipments of sewer pipe and building tile are 
exported to Canada, but the amount is usually negligible. 

Important changes in classification. — " Materials, crude or ad- 
vanced in condition," have been added to cover materials not " sub- 
stances wholly or partly manufactured " nor " articles and wares " 
within the meaning of this provision. 

Suggested changes. — Strike out comma after " materials " in line 
20, page 30. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 301 

PARAGRAPH 215. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 215. Gas retorts, 15 per centum 
ad valorem ; lava tips for burners, and 
magnesia clay supporters, consisting 
of rings, rods, and other forms for gas 
mantles. 35 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 96. Gas retorts, twenty per Par. 82. Gas retorts, 10 per centum 
centum ad valorem ; lava tips for burn- ad valorem; lava tips for burners, 15 
ers, ten cents per gross and fifteen per per centum ad valorem ; * * :;: . 
r-entum ad valorem; * * *. Par. 81. Earthy or mineral sub- 

stances wholly or partially manufac- 
tured and articles and wares composed 
wholly or in chief value of earthy or 
mineral substances, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, whether sus- 
ceptible of decoration or not, if not 
decorated in any manner, 20 per 
centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

GAS RETORTS. 

Description wad use. — Gas retorts for use in the manufacture of 
coal gas are made usually of fire clay or silica. 

Production figures are not available, but most of the retorts used 
are of domestic manufacture. 

Imports have been small — in 1914, 455 retorts, valued at $17,627 ; 
in 1915, 152 retorts. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

LAVA TIPS FOR BURNERS. \ 

Description and uses. — Lava tips for burners are not made of lava, 
but of talc. 

Imports before the war were almost entirely from Germany, 
amounting in 1913 to 17,148 gross, valued at $9,7*59. In 1914, 2,955 
gross were imported, and in 1915, 1,680 gross. Imports are not shown 
separately since 1915. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Magnesia clay supporters are 
for the first, time specifically provided for. 

Suggested changes. — Page 31, line 3: Insert comma after " forms." 



302 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 216. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pab. 216. Carbons and electrodes, of 
whatever material composed, and 
wholly or partly manufactured, for 
producing electric arc light ; electrodes, 
composed wholly or in part of carbon 
or graphite, and wholly or partly 
manufactured, for electric furnace or 
electrolytic purposes ; brushes, of what- 
ever material composed, and wholly or 
partly manufactured, for electric 
motors, generators, or other electrical 
machines . or appliances ; plates, rods, 
and other forms, of whatever material 
composed, and wholly or partly manu- 
factured, for manufacturing into the 
aforesaid brushes ; and articles or 
wares (composed wholly or in part of 
carbon or graphite.)., wholly or partly 
manufactured, not specially provided 
for, 35 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pab. 95. * * * carbon, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
twenty per centum ad valorem; elec- 
trodes, brushes, plates, and disks, all 
the foregoing composed wholly or in 
chief value of carbon, thirty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Pab. 96. * * * carbons for electric 
lighting, wholly or partly finished, 
made entirely from petroleum coke, 
thirty-five cents per hundred feet ; if 
composed chiefly of lampblack or re- 
tort carbon, sixty -five cents per hun- 
dred feet; * * * porous carbon 
pots for electric batteries, without me- 
tallic connections, twenty per centum 
ad valorem. 



Pab. 81. * . * * electrodes for elec- 
tric furnaces, electrolytic and battery 
purposes, brushes, plates, and disks, all 
the foregoing composed wholly or in 
chief value of carbon, 25 per centum 
ad valorem ; manufactures of carbon 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

Pab. 82. * * * carbons for electric 
lighting, wholly or partly finished, 
made entirely from petroleum coke, 15 
cents per hundred feet; if composed 
chiefly of lampblack or retort carbon, 
40 cents per hundred feet; carbons 
for flaming arc lamps, not specially 
provided for in this section, * * * 
30 per centum ad valorem ; porous car- 
bon pots for electric batteries, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 



CARBON PRODUCTS. 



(See Surveys B-8 and C-31.) 



GENEBAL. 



Description and uses. — Carbon products in recent years have been 
rapidly increasing in importance. While carbon arc lamps for street 
lighting are now becoming obsolete, new fields have developed, chief 
among which are the manufacture of steel, ferro-alloys, aluminum, 
and chemical products, electrolytically or in the electric furnace. 
Other important uses are for the telephone, dry batteries, motion- 
picture projection, photography, searchlights, brushes for motors 
and generators, and many miscellaneous purposes. 

Production. — The bulk of production in the United States is by the 
aluminum industry, manufacturing electrodes for its own use, and 
by two other large producers, which specialize in the graphitic and 
amorphous types. There are a considerable number of smaller manu- 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



303 



facturers. Our export trade in certain lines was considerable before 
the war, and was generally increased by the large European war 
demands. 

The chief foreign producers are Germany, England, and France. 
English and French competition in the domestic market is almost 
entirely in brushes; that of Germany largely in electric-lighting 
carbons. Carbon products are also made in other countries of Eu- 
rope and in Japan. Foreign manufacturers have no advantage in 
obtaining materials. Success depends largely on careful supervision, 
requiring relatively highly paid labor. Labor forms a large propor- 
tion of the total cost. In the case of large electrodes, running in 
size up to 24 inches in diameter, labor is a smaller part of the total 
cost than in lighting carbons of half-inch size. 

Production of all classes of carbons in 1919 amounted to $13,- 
292,000, included in which were furnace carbons, $5,846,594; brushes, 
battery, and miscellaneous carbons, $5,342,633 ; and lighting carbons, 
$1,248,683. Brushes alone, produced during 1914r-1919, were valued 
as follows: 



1914 $822, 226. 80 

1915 1, 572. 449. 18 

1916 1, 768, 773. 39 



1917 $2, 336, 462. 44 

1918 2, 834, 249. 90 

1919 4, 088, 411. 40 



ELECTRIC-LIGHT CARBONS. 



(See Survey B-8.) 



Description and uses. — Electric lighting carbons are cylindrical 
rods used for the production of the arc light. Two carbons, con- 
nected to a source of current, are brought together, end to end, com- 
pleting the circuit and starting a current, and are then separated 
slightly ; a portion of the carbon is vaporized, and the current con- 
tinues across the bridge of carbon vapor, called the arc. Carbon 
arcs are of two general types, (a) the ordinary arc, j.n which the 
light is produced by the high temperature to which the end of one 
or both of the carbons is raised, and (b) the naming arc, in which 
the light is produced by the arc itself. In the ordinary arc, the arc 
of carbon vapor gives very little light, but by adding to one or both 
of the carbon rods certain salts, the hot vapor becomes very luminous, 
producing the naming arc. 

Each of the types of arc mentioned requires a carbon of a special 
composition : and further, there is required a large variety of carbons 
the choice of which depends upon the purpose for which the light is 
to be used. Petroleum coke carbons, used for the open arc lamp, are 
nearly obsolete, though still employed to some extent for old type 
locomotive headlights and for street lighting. Lampblack carbons, 
solid or having a core containing neutral salts, are widely used for 
motion-picture projection. Lampblack carbons, with core contain- 
ing flaming salts, are adapted to projectors used with certain types 
of current, and also to indoor photography and photoengraving. 
Homogeneous mixtures of carbons and flaming salts are now little 
used. 

Production. — The value of carbons for electric lighting produced 
in the United States in 1914 was about $800,000. 



304 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports have been principally of carbon composed chiefly of lamp- 
black or retort carbon. These amounted in 1913 to 17,600,380 feet; 
in 1914 to 15,690,763 feet. Imports of carbons made entirely from 
petroleum coke amounted in 1913 to 642 feet; in 1914 to 51,950 feet. 

Imports of carbons for recent years, for electric lighting, chiefly 
from Germany and England, have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 




Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem, 



FOR FLAMING ARC LAMPS, n. s. p. f. 




MADE ENTIRELY FROM PETROLEUM COKE. 


! 

1918 




1919 - 




1920 560 j $3, 517 $84 

1921 (9 months) - - ; 42 170 


2.39 






COMPOSED CHIEFLY OF LAMPBLACK OR RETORT CARBON. 


1918 24 S101 $10 


9.5i 


1919 3,224 20,967 1,290 


6.15 


1920 41,868 217,947 16,747 


7.68 


1921 (9 months) 555,723 177,428 • 









Exports. — See below, electrodes, brushes, etc. 

Important changes in classification. — The separate proyisions for 
three types of lighting carbons in the act of 1913, two of which car- 
ried a specific and the other an ad yalorem duty, have been replaced 
by a single classification, covering all electrodes for electric lighting, 
of whateyer material composed, and providing an ad yalorem duty. 



ELKCTnODH-. BRUSHES; PLATKS. DISK-. 

(See Survey B-8.) 

Description and uses. — Carbon electrodes are rods of carbon, ordi- 
narily ranging from 3 to 24 inches in diameter, but sometimes as 
small as 1 inch in diameter. They are used either in (1) the electric 
furnace, or (2) electrolytic processes. 

Furnace electrodes are used in furnaces of the arc type, in which 
a high temperature is produced by the pa^sag-e of a current through 
an arc formed between two carbons or between a carbon and the con- 
ducting contents of an electric furnace. Carbon is the only material 
suitable for this purpose on account of its high vaporizing tempera- 
ture and its electrical conductivity. Owing to their resistance to 
chemienl ad ion. carbon electrode- are used for the manufacture of 
cbemieals by electrolytic process* 

Carbon brushes are small pieces of carbon which # convey electri- 
cal current to revolving parts of machines by bearing against the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



305 



revolving surface. The greater number of the articles classed as car- 
bon plates, disks, and specialties are used for electrical equipment, 
some of the more important of which are granulated carbon and 
disks for telephones, battery carbons, carbon contacts, and packing 
rings. 

Production. — The materials used in the manufacture of these arti- 
cles are anthracite coal, coal-gas coke or petroleum coke, lampblack, 
graphite, hard and soft pitch, and coal tar. For electrical brushes, 
copper powder is sometimes mixed with the carbon to increase the 
conductivity. The coke is ground, the ingredients mixed, pressed 
into the desired shape by hydraulic pressure, and then baked to 
drive off volatile products. 

Graphite electrodes are graphitized by the heat of the electric 
furnace instead of being baked, as in the amorphous forms. 

Imports of brushes, electrodes, disks, and plates in 1914 were 
valued at $147,771. The value was slightly lower in 1915. 

Recent imports have been principally from France and the United 
Kingdom. Statistics of imports since 1917 follow : 



Calendar veiir. 



Quantity 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 





BRUSHES. 








1918 




Number. 

•1677,754 

1,766,730 

2,704,774 

740, 998 


i $55, 004 
173,122 
140, 791 

82,478 


$13,751 
43,281 
35, 198 




Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) ... 









ELECTRODES FOR ELECTRIC FURNACES, ELECTROLYTIC AND BATTERY PURPOSES. 



1918 


1108,512 

71,385 

216 

13, 436 


l $27, 406 

6,209 

229 

3,196 


$6, 851 

1,552 

57 

^ 


25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











PLATES AND DISKS. 




1918 


1772,354 
579,759 
526,805 
111,620 


l $21, 666 $5,416 ! 25 
11,867 i 2,967 25 


1919... 


1920 


13,323 3,331 25 


1921 (9 months) 


2,498 i i 







i July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. 

Exports of electrical carbons, principally to Canada, Japan, Italy, 
and England, have been as follows (calendar years) : 1918, $1,600,920; 
1919, $1,391,765; 1920, $1,477,831; 1921 (9 months), $347,306. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for electrodes 
has been broadened to include those in part of carbon as well as those 
in chief value of carbon. All electric brushes of whatever material 
composed have been included in this paragraph, as well as all wholly 
or partly manufactured material for manufacture into brushes. 
This is of importance, as material for brushes has been imported as 
manufactures of metal. 



82304—22- 



-20 



306 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF CARBON. 



Imports. — In 1913 Germany contributed nearly 50 per cent of the 
total imports ($38,863). Since 1915 the imports have been mostly 
from France, Japan, and Canada. The value in 1917 was $135,424. 

"All other manufactures " were reported as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 





$107, 480 
51, 255 
98,644 
46,356 


321,496 
10, 251 
19, 729 


Per cent. 
20 


1919... 





20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) . 















Imports of porous carbon pots for batteries were valued at less 
than $100 a year since 1914. 

Important changes in classification. — The paragraph has been 
broadened to include all manufactures in part of carbon. 

Suggested changes. — The parentheses near the end of the paragraph 
inclosing the words " composed wholly or in part of carbon or 
graphite " have no effect, and should be omitted. 



PARAGRAPH 217. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 217. Plain green or colored, 
molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or 
lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and cov- 
ered or uncovered demijohns, and car- 
boys, any of the foregoing, filled or 
unfilled, not specially provided for, and 
whether their contents be dutiable or 
free (except such as contain merchan- 
dise subject to an ad valorem rate of 
duty, or to a rate of duty based in 
whole or in part upon the value 
thereof, which shall be dutiable at the 
rate applicable to their contents) , shall 
pay duty as follows : If holding more 
than one pint, 1 cent per pound ; if 
holding not more than one pint and 
not less than one-fourth of a pint, 1£ 
cents per pound ; if holding less than 
one-fourth of a pint, 50 cents per 
gross : Provided, That none of the 
above articles shall pay a less rate of 
duty than 28 per centum ad valorem : 
Provided further, That the terms " bot- 
tles," " vials," " jars," " demijohns," 
and " carboys," as used herein, shall 
be restricted to such articles when 
suitably for use as and of the charac- 
ter ordinarily employed as containers 
for the holding and transportation of 
merchandise, and not as appliances or 
implements in chemical or other op- 
erations. 



SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



307 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 97. Plain green or colored, 
molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or 
lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and cov- 
ered or uncovered demijohns, and car- 
boys, any of the foregoing, filled or un- 
filled, not otherwise specially provided 
for in this section, and whether their 
contents be dutiable or free (except 
such as contain merchandise subject 
to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a 
rate of duty based in whole or in part 
upon the value thereof which shall be 
dutiable at the rate applicable to their 
contents), shall pay duty as follows: 
If holding more than one pint, one cent 
per pound ; if holding not more than 
one pint and not less than one-fourth 
of a pint, one and one-half cents per 
pound ; if holding less than one-fourth 
of a pint, fifty cents per gross: Pro- 
vided, That none of the above articles 
shall pay a less rate of duty than forty 
per centum ad valorem : Provided fur- 
thev, That the. terms bottles, vials, jars, 
demijohns, and carboys, as used herein, 
shall he restricted to such articles 
when suitable for use as and of the 
character ordinarily employed as con- 
tainers for the holding or transporta- 
tion of merchandise, and not as ap- 
pliances or implements in chemical or 
other operations. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 83. Plain green or colored, 
molded or pressed, and flint, lime, or 
lead glass bottles, vials, jars, and cov- 
ered and uncovered demijohns, and 
carboys, any of the foregoing, filled or 
unfilled, not otherwise specially pro- 
vided for in this section, and whether 
their contents be dutiable or free (ex- 
cept such as contain merchandise sub- 
ject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or 
to a rate of duty based in whole or in 
part upon the value thereof which 
shall be dutiable at the rate applicable 
to their contents), 30 per centum ad 
valorem : Provided, That the terms 
bottles, vials, jars, demijohns, and car- 
boys, as used herein, shall be restricted 
to such articles when suitable for use 
as and of the character ordinarily em- 
ployed as containers for the holding 
or transportation of merchandise, and 
not as appliances or implements in 
chemical or other operations. 



GLASS CONTAINERS, ETC. 
(See Survey B-9.) 

Description and uses. — Molded, pressed, or other glass containers, 
which may be plain green or colored, include fruit jars, milk bottles, 
medicine bottles, and bottles for liquors, preserves, and other food- 
stuffs. Lime glass is used for ordinary large bottles : small vials are 
usually made of lead glass. The principal materials used are sand, 
soda ash, ground limestone, salt cake, lead oxide, and small amounts 
of arsenic, all of domestic origin. 

Production.- — The number of establishments engaged in the manu- 
facture of glass bottles, jars, etc., was, in 1914, 150; in 1919, 139. 
The total value of the product in 1914 was $51,959,000, and in 1919, 
$87,762,000. 

In 1918, 45 per cent of the output came from automatic ma- 
chines, 35 per cent from semiautomatic machines, and about 20 per 
cent from hand labor. In 1914 the output was 4,893,416 gross 
druggist's bottles, etc., 4,573,610 gross beer, soda, and mineral-water 
bottles, 2,689,022 gross liquor bottles and flasks; 1,198,952 gross fruit 
jars, 1,188,891 gross milk bottles, 1,384,689 gross patent-medicine 
bottles, 3.271,184 gross food-preserving and packer's containers; 
79,211 gross battery jars and electric goods; and 160,796 dozen demi- 
johns and carboys. The value of production increased 54.5 per cent 
between 1904-1914, this form of glass constituting 42 per cent in value 
of the total production. 



308 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Statistics of foreign production are not available. For the year 
1913, however, the figures of imports of bottles by 82 foreign countries 
show that in value they amounted to $14,051,082, and of this amount 
the exports from the United States amounted to $808,327. Of the 
total, the principal glass-producing countries imported from each 
other a total of $5,775,620, including Germany, Austria, France, 
Netherlands, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The same year the 
exports of hollow glassware from Germany were valued at 15J mil- 
lions of dollars, from Austria 7J millions, from France 6J millions, 
Belgium 4r| millions, United Kingdom 3 millions, Netherlands 600 
thousand. In none of these countries is domestic consumption indi- 
cated, but to some extent their potential power is indicated by the 
above figures. 

A report on the condition of the Belgian glass industry by Consul 
Charles Roy Nasmith, Brussels, under date of March 13, 1919, 
states that " there was only one bottle factory in 1914 and that was 
at Jumet, where two furnaces were in operation. They were in 
operation during the war and continue to work. A new factory is 
being constructed at Merxem, near Antwerp." 

The makers of bottles by automatic machines apparently have no 
fear of foreign competition. They expect to hold the domestic market 
by the superior quality of their bottles made in modernly constructed 
factories, with improved methods for the systematic factory handling 
of their product. 

The makers of bottles by hand, however, are depending upon a pro- 
tective tariff upon the ground of labor cost. 

Imports, including filled and empty bottles, were valued at 
$1,185,015 in 1914. Imports are chiefly from France and Germany. 
Later statistics follow : 

Bottles, vials, and jars, plain green or colored, molded or pressed, and flint, 

lime, or lead, n, s. p. f. 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


EMPTY. 


1918 


Pounds. 

160,882 

229,561 

1,278,622 

749, 125 


$6,656 
11,129 
75, 695 
43,475 


$1,997 
• 3,338 
22,708 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 






IV 




FILLED. 








1918 






$89,791 
67,550 
122,336 
137,472 


$26,896 
20,264 
36,699 


30 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


1,453,549 
2,446,754 
3,032,032 


30 
30 








FILLED, CONTAINING ft 


[INERAL W 


A.TERS. 






1918 






$50,022 
51,567 
56,863 
42, 172 


$5,002 
5,157 
5,686 


10 


1919 




1,139,464 
1,898,744 
1,815,985 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 309 

Bottles, vials, and jars, plain green or colored, etc. — Continued. 



Calendar year 



Quantity 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



DEMIJOHNS AND CARBOYS (COVERED OR UNCOVERED), EMPTY. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 
5,065 ; 
218 ' 
15,230 I 



$3,051 ! 



53 I 
3,244 !. 



$915 
16 



Per cent. 
30 
30 



DEMIJOHNS AND CARBOYS (COVERED OR UNCOVERED), FILLED. 



1918 




$808 
2,558 
6,695 
2,951 


$242 

767 

2,008 


30 


1919 

1920 


53,880 
136, 145 
76, 222 


30 


1921 (9 months) 











DEMIJOHNS AND CARBOYS (COVERED OR UNCOVERED), FILLED, CONTAINING 

MINERAL WATERS. 



1918 $33, 210 

1919. . : 5, 218 ; 264 

1920 175,271 i 6,900 

1921 (9 months) 145, 038 ■! 2, 919 




Exports go to Canada, Cuba, England, Argentina and other South 
American countries. They have been as follows (calendar years) : 
1918, $2,781,076; 1919, $5,2*83,655; 1920, $9,575,543: 1921 (9 months), 
$3,989,579. 



PARAGRAPH 218, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 218. Bottles, and all articles of 
every description, composed wholly or 
in chief value of glass or paste, blown 
or partly blown in the mold or other- 
wise, colored, cut, engraved, etched, 
frosted, gilded, ground (except such 
grinding as is necessary for fitting 
stoppers or for purposes other than 
ornamentation), painted, printed in 
any manner, sand-blasted, silvered, 
stained, or decorated or ornamented in 
any manner, whether filled or unfilled, 
or whether their contents be dutiable 
or free, 40 per centum ad valorem : 
Provided. That the foregoing con- 
tainers of merchandise subject to an 
ad valorem rate of duty or to a rate 
of duty based in whole or in part upon 
the value thereof, shall be dutiable at 
the rate applicable to theip contents, 
but not less than the rate provided for 
in this paragraph { Provided further, 
That for the purposes of this Act, bot- 
tles with cut-glass stoppers shall with 
the stoppers be deemed entireties. . 



310 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 98. Glass bottles, decanters, and Par. 84. Glass bottles, decanters, and 
all articles of every description com- all articles of every description com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of glass, posed wholly or in chief value of glass, 
ornamented or decorated in any man- ornamented or decorated in any man- 
ner, or cut, engraved, painted, deco- ner, or cut, engraved, painted, deco- 
rated, ornamented, colored, stained, rated, ornamented, colored, stained, 
silvered, gilded, etched, sand blasted, silvered, gilded, etched, sand blasted, 
frosted, or printed in any manner, or frosted, or printed in any manner, or 
ground (except such grinding as is nee- ground (except such grinding as is 
essary for fitting stoppers or for pur- necessary for fitting stoppers or for 
poses other than ornamentation), and purposes other than ornamentation), 
all articles of every description, in- and all articles of every description, 
eluding bottles and bottle glassware, including bottles and bottle glassware, 
composed wholly or in chief value of composed wholly or in chief value of 
glass blown either in a mold or other- glass blown either in a mold or other- 
wise ; all of the foregoing, not specially wise ; all of the foregoing, not specially 
provided for in this section, filled or provided for in this section, filled or 
unfilled, and whether their contents be unfilled, and whether their contents 
dutiable or free, sixty per centum ad be dutiable or free, 45 per centum ad 
valorem : Provided, That for the pur- valorem : Provided, That for the pur- 
poses of this Act, bottles with cut glass poses of this Act ; bottles with cut- 
stoppers shall, with the stoppers, be glass stoppers shall, with the stoppers, 
deemed entireties. be deemed entireties. 

BLOWN AND PRESSED GLASSWARE, ETC. 

(See Survey B-9.) 

Description. — The principal groups of blown and pressed glass- 
ware are pressed table and lighting glassware, blown tumblers, stem 
ware and bar goods, lamps and lamp chimneys, cut glass, and deco- 
rated ware, pressed jelly glasses, tumblers, and goblets. 

Production. — The number of establishments manufacturing 
pressed and blown glass in 1914 was 107 and in 1919, 130. The value 
of the product in the corresponding years was $30,279,000 and 
$70,708,000. In 1917, 8,282 skilled workmen were employed in this 
industry. The raw materials used are sand, soda ash, lime, lead 
oxide (all of domestic origin), and carbonate of potash, nitrate of 
soda, manganese, antimony compounds, arsenic, and powdered blue 
(partly or wholly of foreign origin). Eed lead, saltpeter, and 
•barium carbonate also are used 'in crystal and cut glassware. Lime 
glass is used for the cheapest pressed ware, but the better grades are 
made of lead glass. 

Statistics of foreign production are not available. The export 
trade of the European glass-producing countries is an index of their 
competitive power. Their exports in 1913 of all kinds of glassware 
were $93,500,000, those from Germany representing 30.3 per cent; 
Belgium, 21.6 ; Austria, 18.8 ; France, 10 ; Netherlands, 9.8 ; and the 
United Kingdom, 9.5 per cent. Forty per cent of the European ex- 
ports were of hollow glassware. The exports of all glass products to 
the United States were a little over 4 per cent of the total. 

Imports were valued at $2,223,387 in 1914. Little pressed table- 
ware has been imported, while other pressed ware consisted largely 
of door knobs. Imports of fine grades of blown ware, both decorated 
and undecorated, were considerable. Cut or ornamental glassware, 
valued at $1,151,875, was imported in 1914, 34.5 per cent from 
Austria, 28 per cent from Germany, 14 per cent from Belgium, 10 per 
cent from France, 9.6 per cent from England, and about 4 per cent 
from other countries. Competition has been particularly felt in the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



311 



fine grades of blown ware and decorated blown ware, 34 per cent of 
these imports coming from Austria and 28 per cent from Germany. 
Later statistics follow : 

Glassware, blown either in mould or otherwise, n. s. p. f. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 



BOTTLES AND BOTTLE GLASSWARE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 

i 72, 322 

89, 921 

124, 917 

277, 542 



$9, 811 
40, 159 
25, 010 
22, 597 



$4, 415 
18, 072 
11,254 



Per cent. 
45 
45 
45 



BULBS FOR INCANDESCENT LAMPS AND TUBES FOR MAKING THEM. 



1919 


670 


$280 
1,045 

777 


$126 
470 


45 


1920 . 


45 


1921 (9 months) 















CHEMICAL GLASSWARE. 2 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



i 78, 536 
268, 494 



$33, 786 
62, 181 
190, 624 
133, 866 



$15, 204 
27, 981 
85, 781 



CHIMNEYS FOR OIL LAMPS. 



Number. 
1918.. *144 


$12 
1,252 

863 
6,795 


$5 
563 
388 


45 


1919 11, 164 


45 


1920 ! 21. 806 


45 


1921 (9 months) 


142.376 











CHIMNEYS FOR GAS LAMPS AND TUBING FOR SAME. 



1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Number. 
133, 964 
451, 922 



$5, 081 
18, 719 



32, 2S6 



GLOBES AND SHADES FOR GAS AND ELECTRIC LIGHT. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



16 

56,067 

34, 408 

371, 976 



$2 

2,433 

1,886 

21,770 



$1, 095 



TABLEWARE AND BAR GLASS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



i 31, 7S7 
910, 756 



$8, 939 
83,626 
38, 347 
79, 131 



$4,023 
37, 632 
17,256 



ALL OTHER ARTICLES. 



1918 j ! 2, 032, 736 

1919 4, 815, 065 

1920 



1921 (9 months) . 



$61, 241 
217,416 
926,235 
865, 917 



$27, 558 
97,837 



« July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. 

2 Chemical glassware entered free of duty as philosophical and scientific apparatus has been valued 
as follows (calendar years): 1918, $27,525; 1919, $2,123; 1920, $20,953; 1921 (9 months). $2L396. 



312 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Glassware of every description, ornamented or decorated, etc. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


BOTTLES AND DECANTERS. 




$33,772 
190, 431 
226, 834 
149, 421 






1918 


Number. 
1 258, 137 
1,308,045 
2,473,937 


$15, 197 
85,694 
102,075 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 


1,266,312 










CANDLESTICKS, CANDELABRA, CHANDELIERS, AND PARTS OF, AND OTHER ARTI- 
CLES, THAT CAN BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF 
ILLUMINATION, N, S. P. F. 


1918 


11,059 
52,416 


$390 

6,142 

41,631 

35, 767 


$175 
2,764 
18, 734 


45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 














GLOBES AND SHADES FOR GAS AND ELECTRIC LIGHTS. 




1918 


12,647 

487 

12,476 

43,830 


$271 

427 

2,173 

6.060 


$122 
192 
978 


45 




45 


1920 


45 








i 






TABLEWARE AND BAR GLASS. 


1918 


Pieces. 
114,029 
466,440 


$14, 880 
98, 313 
112, 575 
166, 066 


$6,696 
44,241 
50,659 


45 


1919 . .. .. 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 C9 months) ... . 














ALL OTHER ARTICLES. 






1918 


i 236, 814 1 $20, 323 
2,213,732 133.731 


$9, 145 

60, 179 

342, 899 


45 


1919 


45 


1920 




761, 999 
695, 648 


45 


1921 (9 months) 


:::::::.: 























Exports were valued at $2,671,164 in 1914 and at $5,411,995 in 
1917. The increase, due to cessation of European production, was : 
To Canada, 41 per cent; to Cuba, 228 per cent; to South America, 
372 per cent; to Asia, 556 per cent; and to Australia and other coun- 
tries, 80 per cent. 

Exports of cut or engraved glassware have been as follows (for 
calendar years) : 1918, $139,449; 1919, $269,125; 1920, $422,864; 1921. 
$146,698. 

Exports of chemical glassware have been: 1918, $179,682; 1919, 
$200,969; 1920, $262,391; 1921 (9 months), $189,008. 

Exports have been largely to Canada, England, Cuba, China, 
Mexico, and Brazil. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for partly 
blown glassware and also the first proviso in paragraph 218 are 
new. The word " paste " has also been inserted to correspond with 
the language in paragraph 230. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



313 



Suggested changes. — The word "or" inserted before "colored" 
would make the provision applicable to blown or partly blown glass- 
ware whether or not colored, etc., and also to glassware colored, etc.,* 
whether or not blown or partly blown. 

To prevent the possible restriction of paragraph 218 to containers 
the first proviso might be changed by striking out in line 22, page 
32, of H. R. 7456 the words "containers of" and inserting the 
words " when imported containing." 



PARAGRAPH 219. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 219. Cylinder, crown, and sheet 
glass, by whatever process made, un- 
polished, not exceeding one hundred 
and fifty square inches, \\ cents per 
pound ; above that, and not exceeding- 
three hundred and eighty-four square 
inches, If cents per pound ; above that, 
and not exceeding seven hundred and 
twenty square inches, 21 cents per 
pound ; above that, and not exceeding 
eight hundred and sixty-four square 
inches, 2f cents per pound ; above that, 
and not exceeding one thousand two 
hundred square inches, 31 cents per 
pound ; above that, and not exceeding 
two thousand four hundred square 
inches, 3f cents per pound ; above that, 
4 cents per pound : Provided, That none 
of the foregoing shall pay less duty 
than 35 per centum ad valorem : Pro- 
vided further, That unpolished cylin- 
der, crown, and sheet glass, imported 
in boxes, shall contain fifty square 
feet, as nearly as sizes will permit, 
and the duty shall be computed thereon 
according to the actual weight of 
glass. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 99. Unpolished, cylinder, crown, 
and common window glass, not exceed- 
ing one hundred and fifty square 
inches, valued at not more than one 
and one-half cents per pound, one and 
one-fourth cents per pound ; valued at 
more than one and one-half cents per 
pound, one and three-eighths cents per 
pound ; above that, and not exceeding 
three hundred and eighty-four square 
inches, valued at not more than one 
and three-fourths cents per pound, one 
and three-fourths cents per pound ; 
valued at more than one and three- 
fourths cents per pound, one and seven- 
eighths cents per pound ; above that, 
and not exceeding seven hundred and 
twenty square inches, valued at not 
more than two and one-eighth cents 
per pound, two and one-fourth cents 
per pound ; valued at more than two 



Par. 85. Unpolished, cylinder, crown, 
and common window glass, not exceed- 
ing one hundred and fifty square 
inches, 1 of 1 cent per pound; above 
that, and not exceeding three hundred 
and eighty-four square inches, 1 cent 
per pound ; above that, and not exceed- 
ing seven hundred and twenty square 
inches, li cents per pound ; above that, 
and not exceeding one thousand two 
hundred square inches, 1£ cents per 
pound ; above that, and not exceeding 
two thousand four hundred square 
inches, 11 cents per pound ; above that, 
2 cents per pound : Provided, That un- 
polished, cylinder, crow T n, and common 
window glass, imported in boxes, shall 
contain fifty square feet, as nearly as 
sizes will permit, and the duty shall 
be computed thereon according to the 
actual weight of glass. 



314 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

and one-eighth cents per pound, two 
and three-eighths cents per pound ; 
above that, and not exceeding eight 
hundred and sixty-four square inches, 
two and three-fourths cents per pound ; 
above that, and not exceeding one 
thousand two hundred square inches, 
three and one-fourth cents per pound ; 
above that, and not exceeding two 
thousand four hundred square inches, 
three and ■ three-fourths cents per 
pound ; above that, four and one-fourth 
cents per pound : Provided, That un- 
polished cylinder, crown, and common 
window glass, imported in boxes, shall 
contain fifty square feet, as nearly as 
sizes will permit, and the duty shall 
be computed thereon according to the 
actual weight of glass. 

COMMON WINDOW GLASS, ETC. 

(See Survey B-9.) 

Description. — Common window glass is usually blown into cylin- 
der form, by hand or machine, and afterwards flattened into sheets, 
annealed, and cut to desired commercial sizes. A method of draw- 
ing the glass in a continuous flat sheet is still in an experimental 
stage in the United States, but is said to be successfully employed in 
Belgium. The materials used — silica sand, crushed limestone, car- 
bonate of soda or soda ash, ground carbon, sulphate of soda or salt 
cake, are all of domestic origin. Manganese dioxide or pyrolusite 
and white arsenic are used in relatively small amounts. The use 
of crown glass for glazing is practically obsolete, but there is still 
a limited production for special purposes. It is made by blowing 
a hollow ball, which is opened and then flattened to a disk by cen- 
trifugal force. 

Production statistics of window glass are as follows: Quantity, 
square feet, 1914, 400,998,893; 1919, 368,912,209. Value, 1914, $17,- 
496,000; 1919, $41,106,000. 

Sixty per cent of the total of about 9,000,000 50-foot boxes of 
window glass of the blast of 1916-17 was made in 27 factories by the 
machine method, and the remaining 40 per cent was made in 55 
factories by the hand method. The present machine factories might 
readily produce all the window glass needed and eliminate the hand- 
blowing factories, but fear of a price war deters. 

Statistics of foreign production are not obtainable. The question 
of foreign rivalry centers around the efficiency of the machine versus 
the hand process. It is believed that the American machine-made 
glass can compete favorably with the European handmade article. 
European competition is keenest in the smaller sizes of glass. 

Imports were a little over 34,073,429 pounds, valued at $1,259,497 
in 1906, but decreased almost constantly until 1913, when they were 
only 20,458,970 pounds, valued at $804,731. They increased to 31,197,- 
530 pounds, valued at $1,212,536, in 1914; for some years thereafter 
they were almost negligible. Of the imports during the period 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



315 



1906-1914, from 80 to 95 per cent was of the smaff'&izes, 8 by 16 to 16 
by 21 inches, and mostly from Belgium. Later statistics follow : 

Cylinder, crown, and common ivindoiv glass, unpolished. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, 



Value. 



Duty 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



NOT EXCEEDING 150 SQUARE INCHES. 





Pounds. 






Per cent. 


1918 


149, 615 


,$14, 803 


SI, 309 


8.84 


1919 ! 


404, 443 


50, 708 


3, 539 


6.98 


1920 


3, 190, 492 


319,395 


27,917 


8.74 


1921 (9 months) 


5,631,852 


358, 285 











ABOVE 150 AND NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



140, 926 

112,811 

1,166,053 

9,140,585 



$15, 936 

10, 870 

101,795 

482, 165 


$1, 409 

1,128 

11,661 







8 84 

10. 38 

11. 45 



ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 



1918 


8,008 

91,336 

499, 044 

9, 404, 442 


$2. 074 
7, 314 

48, 158 
504, 658 


$90 
1,028 
5,614 


4 34 


1919 


14.05 


1920 


11. 66 


1921 (9 months) 











ABOVE 720 AND NOT EXCEEDING 1,200 SQUARE INCHES. 




ABOVE 1,200 AND NOT EXCEEDING 2,400 SQUARE INCHES. 



1919 


8,808 

144, 035 

2, 673, 779 


$1, 159 
15, 768 
161,389 


$165 
2,701 


14.25 


1920 


17.13 


1921 (9 months) 











ABOVE 2,400 SQUARE INCHES. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



465 

16, 037 

323, 825 



1,021 
21,615 



$9 
321 



10.45 
31.41 



The* principal countries of origin of the above imports were the 
United Kingdom, Belgium, and Japan. 

Exports, which in 1914 amounted to $311,339, increased notably 
during the war, production in Belgium and in northern France hav- 
ing ceased and supplies from central Europe having failed. In 
1915 the export trade was over $1,000,000. Increases during the war 
to noncombatant countries and to Canada and Australia were nota- 
ble. Exports of common window glass, since 1917 (calendar years). 



316 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



largely to Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, and Argentina, have been as 
follows : 



1918 



Quantity (boxes of 50 square feet). 
Value 



683, 215 
83, 812, 653 



1919 



965,970 
$6, 492, 608 



1920 



593, 808 
$4,097,133 



1921 
(9 months). 



53,989 
$430,264 



Important changes in classification. — A minimum rate of duty is 
added. 

"Sheet glass" has been substituted for "common window glass." 



PARAGRAPH 220. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 220. Cylinder, crown, and sheet 
glass, by whatever process made, pol- 
ished, not exceeding three hundred and 
eighty-four square inches, 5 cents per 
square foot; above that, and not ex- 
ceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square inches, 6 cents per square foot ; 
above that, and not exceeding one thou- 
sand four hundred and forty square 
inches, 12 cents per square foot ; above 
that, 15 cents per square foot. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pae. 100. Cylinder and crown glass, 
polished, not exceeding three hundred 
and eighty-four square inches, four 
cents per square foot ; above that, and 
not exceeding seven hundred and 
twenty square inches, six cents per 
square foot; above that, and not ex- 
ceeding one thousand four hundred 
and forty square inches, twelve cents 
per square foot; above that fifteen 
cents per square foot. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pae. 86. Cylinder and crown glass, 
polished, not exceeding three hundred 
and eighty-four square inches, 3 cents 
per square foot; above that, and not 
exceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square inches, 4 cents per square foot; 
above that, and not exceeding one 
thousand four hundred and forty 
square inches, 7 cents per square foot ; 
above that, 10 cents per square foot. 



CYLINDER AND CROWN GLASS, POLISHED. 



(See Survey B-9.) 

Description and uses. — Cylinder and crown glass, blown in thick 
sheets which are subsequently ground down and polished in the same 
manner as plate glass, is superior to ordinary cylinder glass in that it- 
is free from the wavy irregularities caused by flattening. A much 
thinner plate glass can be made at less expense by this process than by 
casting, as little material is wasted in the grinding and polishing. 
Polished cylinder glass is used where exceptionally clear but thin 
sheets are required — automobile wind shields, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



317 



Production. — Polished cylinder and window glass is a minor prod" 
uct as compared to plain window glass and polished plate. There is 
a slight bow in window glass no matter how carefully the sheet is 
flattened and this causes a large amount of breakage during the pol- 
ishing operation, unless most of the grinding is done by hand. No 
cylinder glass is polished in domestic plants, but domestic manufac- 
turers of machine window glass are now producing thin glass of a 
grade satisfactory to most of the consumers who formerly used the 
polished product. 

Thin, unpolished cylinder glass is a much cheaper product than 
any glass which has been polished, and now that domestic manufac- 
turers are producing high-grade thin unpolished glass domestic con- 
sumers will use this in many places where polished glass was used 
before the war. 

Imports prior to the war averaged about 600,000 square feet annu- 
ally, amounting to 615,337 square feet, valued at $121,814, in 1914. 
No imports are recorded for 1918 and 1919. Later statistics follow : 

Cylinder and crown glass, polished. . 



i 

Calendar year. Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 


1920 


Square feet. 
12,327 
21,243 


$7,877 
11,673 


$370 


Per cent. 
4.69 


1921 (9 months) 
















ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHE 


s. 




1920 


30,904 
54, 806 


$22,075 
39,5\6 


$1,236 


5.60 


1921 (9 months) 












ABOVE 720 AND NOT EXCEEDING 1,440 SQt 


IARE INCHI 


:s. 




1920 


16,686 
35,915 


$18,553 
28, 130 


$1, 168 


6.30 


1921 (9 months) 











ABOVE 1,440 SQUARE INCHES. 


1920 

1921 (9 months) . 


. 


6,337 
1,530 


$5,387 
1,391 


$634 


11.76 











Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — " Sheet glass " has been added 
so as to include drawn glass. 



fl]8 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192l'. 



PARAGRAPH 221. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 221. Fluted, rolled, ribbed, or 
rough plate glass, or the same contain- 
ing a wire netting within itself (not 
including crown, cylinder, or sheet 
glass), not exceeding three hundred 
and eighty-four square inches, three- 
fourths of 1 cent per square foot ; all 
above that, 1£ cents per square foot; 
and all fluted, rolled, ribbed, or rough 
plate glass, weighing over one hundred 
pounds per one hundred square feet, 
shall pay an additional duty on the 
excess at the same rates herein im- 
posed : Provided, That all of the above 
plate glass, when ground, smoothed, 
or otherwise obscured, shall be subject 
to the same rate of duty as cast pol- 
ished plate glass unsilvered. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 101. Fluted, rolled, ribbed, or 
rough plate glass, or the same contain- 
ing a wire netting within itself, not 
including crown, cylinder, or common 
window glass, not exceeding three hun- 
dred and eighty-four square inches, 
three-fourths of one cent per square 
foot; above that, and not exceeding 
seven hundred and twenty square 
inches, one and one-fourth cents per 
square foot; all above that, one and 
three-fourths cents per square foot; 
and all fluted, rolled, ribbed, or rough 
plate glass, weighing over one hun- 
dred pounds per one hundred square 
feet, shall pay an additional duty on 
the excess at the same rates herein im- 
posed : Provided, That all of the above 
plate glass, when ground, smoothed, or 
otherwise obscured, shall be subject to 
the same rate of duty as cast polished 
plate glass unsilvered. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OP 1913. 

Par. 87. Fluted, rolled, ribbed, or 
rough plate glass, or the same contain- 
ing a wire netting within itself, not 
including crown, cylinder, or common 
window glass, not exceeding three hun- 
dred and eighty-four square inches, 
i cent per square foot ; all above that, 
1 cent per square foot ; and all fluted, 
rolled, ribbed, or rough plate glass, 
weighing over one hundred pounds per 
one hundred square feet, shall pay an 
additional duty on the excess at the 
same rates herein imposed: Provided, 
That all of the above plate glass, when 
ground, smoothed, or otherwise ob- 
scured, shall be subject to the same 
rate of duty as cast polished plate 
glass unsilvered. 



ROUGH PLATE GLASS, ETC. 

(See Survey B-9.) 

Description and tide. — Rough plate glass is an intermediate product 
which seldom enters the open market. Plastic glass is poured on the 
casting table, rolled to any desired thickness, and then annealed. In 
the ordinary course the rough slab is sent direct to the polishing room, 
but small amounts enter the market as substitutes for obscured glass. 
Rough or rolled plate glass is one of the cheapest forms of glazing 
where heavy glass is required. Fluted, ribbed, or other figured un- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



319 



polished plate glass is that which has had a pattern impressed upon one 
surface during the rolling. Flaws can not be detected in this product, 
and hence a grade of glass cheaper than that in polished plate may be 
used. Wire netting embedded in plate glass renders it much less sus- 
ceptible to shattering from vibration or fire. Glass made translucent 
or opaque after the rolling is known as " obscured " glass. This is fre- 
quently used for windows in office partitions, etc. Rolled plate glass 
is consumed in large quantities for skylights, factory windows, and, 
in fact, for all work where transparency is unnecessary or objection- 
able. The product has many advantages not possessed by polished 
plate. It is cheaper than either polished or ground glass, because no 
material is lost through a polishing operation and the entire cost of 
grinding or polishing is eliminated. The rough surface acts similarly 
to a large number of prisms which disperse the light into an even 
illumination. The material is translucent and is ideal for all uses 
where transparency is not important. 

Production. — The batch materials for rolled plate are sand, lime- 
stone, and salt cake, and other substances varying according to the 
quality of glass desired. The processes are almost entirely mechanical. 
The molten glass is poured upon an iron table and flattened by an 
iron roller ; large sheets can thus be made as easily as small ones. 

Domestic manufacturers are in a position to manufacture rolled 
plate glass very efficiently. Machine processes are largely employed. 
Rolled plate glass competes with polished plate glass, ground glass, 
and cylinder glass, is cheaper than the first two, but more expensive 
than common window glass. Rolled glass is produced by the plate and 
window glass manufacturers, and the production figures are not kept 
separate. In 1917, 21 companies operating 25 factories in 7 States 
were engaged in the manufacture of rough rolled, wire glass, and other 
flat glass specialties. The production is considerable and is increasing. 
Other statistics of production, although but partly applicable in some 
cases, are as follows: 



— V 


1914 


1919 


Obscured glass, including cathedral and skylight: 

Quantity (square feet) 


43,040,079 
$2,417,000 

13, 980, 996 
$1,056,612 

15,688,844 
$1,591,000 

131, 492 
$25, 859 


33,822,302 


Value 


$4, 300, 000 


Rough wire glass: 








Wire glass (total): 

Quantity (square feet) 


15,691,486 


Value 


$2, 907, 000 


Rough plate glass: 

Quantity(square feet) 




Value 









Imports averaged about 1 per cent of the quantity and about 4 per 
cent of the value of obscured glass produced, amounting to 614,012 
square feet, valued at $126,917 in 1914. Rough and figured rolled 
plate glass, including wire glass, amounted to 436,586 square feet, 
valued at $15,207, in 1914. Later statistics follow : 



320 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Plate glass, fluted, rolled, ribbed, or rough, or the same containing a wire 

netting. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 


Square feet. 

1918 I 10,181 

1919 1 


$3, 161 


$59 


Per cent. 
1.87 


1920 


3,375 
28,159 


2,435 
2,804 


17 


fiQ 


1921 (9 months) „ 




. 


i 


ABOVE 384 SQUARE INCHES. 


1918 


8,256 

15,474 

20,658 

202, 285 


$710 

1,448 

2,941 

17 904 


$83 
155 
207 


11.66 


1919 


10.69 


1920 


7.02 


1921 (9 months) 












Plate glass, fluted, rolled ribbed, etc., ground, smoothed, or otherwise obscured. 


Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva* 
lent ad 
valorem. 


NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 


1919 


Square feet. 

5,455 

19, 007 

29, 052 


$1, 996 
14,630 
20, 307 


$327 
1,140 


Per cent. 
16.40 


1920..... 


7.80 


1921 (9 months) 










ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 


1919 


1,119 
51, 295 

47,389 


$809 
43, 952 
34, 816 


$90 i 11.07 




4,104 ! 9.34 


1921 (9 months) 






I 




1919 


15, 850 

284, 735 

51, 758 


$10, 952 
194, 932 
41, 870 


$1, 902 
34, 168 


17.37 


1920 


17.53 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — " Sheet glass " has been sub- 
stituted for " common window glass " in the exception in para- 
graph 221. 

Suggested changes. — Page 34, line 5 : Change " or " to " and." 



SUMMAHV OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



321 



PARAGRAPH 222. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 222. Cast polished plate glass, 
finished or' unfinished, and unsilvered. 
not exceeding three hundred and 
eighty-four square inches, 11 cents per 
square foot ; above that, and not ex- 
ceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square inches, 12$ cents per square 
foot ; all above that, 20 cents per 
square foot. Plate glass described in 
this paragraph containing a wire net- 
ting within itself, not exceeding three 
hundred and eighty-four square inches, 
12 cents per square foot; above that, 
and not exceeding seven hundred and 
twenty square inches, 15 cents per 
square foot; all above that. 25 cents 
per square foot. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 102. Cast polished plate glass, 
finished or unfinished and unsilvered, 
not exceeding three hundred and 
eighty-four square inches, ten cents 
per square foot; above that, and not 
exceeding seven hundred and twenty 
square inches, twelve and one-half 
cents per square foot; all above that, 
twenty-two and one-half cents per 
square foot. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 88. Cast polished plate glass, 
finished or unfinished and unsilvered, 
or the same containing a wire netting 
within itself, not exceeding three hun- 
dred and eighty-four square inches, 6 
cents per square foot; above that, and 
not exceeding seven hundred and 
twenty square inches, 8 cents per 
square foot; all above that, 12 cents 
per square foot. 



POLISHED PLATE GLASS, ETC. 

(See Survey B-9.) 

Description and uses. — The essential properties of polished plate 
glass are transparency, homogeneity, and strength. For some years 
it has been in general use for glazing in first-class buildings. It is 
practically the only glass used for mirrors. It is also used for tables, 
desks, and other furniture, for wind shields, ship lights, and many 
other purposes. 

Production. — In 1917 there were nine companies operating 15 
plate-glass factories. The production of plate glass in 1914 was 
60,515,008 square feet (11.6 per cent of all building glass), valued 
at $14,800,000. In 1919 it was 57,612,491 square feet, valued at 
$33,519,000. Since its development the plate-glass industry has 
made inroads upon other branches of building glass manufacture. 
Besides the batch materials, its production requires finishing and 
other essential materials, such as carbon, copperas, grinding sand, 
rouge, felt, emery, gypsum, and pot clay. Turkish emery and Ger- 
man pot clay were prewar imports. Statistics of foreign produc- 
tion of plate glass are not obtainable, but the competitive power of 
European countries is indicated in their exports, which for six coun- 
tries in 1913 were valued at $11,493,122, of which Belgium exported 
49 per cent; Germany. 25 per cent: England, 17 per cent; France. 

82304—22 21 



322 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



4 per cent; Netherlands, 3 per cent; and Austria, 2 per cent. Of 
this the total imports into the United States were but $247,015, with a 
revenue of $156,017. Apparently the imports of much of the plate 
glass were to meet the requirements of American mirror manufac- 
turers for high grades. Belgium has a plate-glass syndicate which 
regulates production, following the world's markets closely to pre- 
vent overproduction and to give stability to selling prices. 

Imports are mainly of the finer and more expensive grades used 
for mirrors ; 75 per cent of this glass is imported. In 1914 imports 
were valued at $631,618, which was 4.27 per cent of the domestic 
production. In 1914, 73.68 per cent of the polished plate glass im- 
ported was of sizes not exceeding 720 square inches. No imports 
are reported for 1918. Later statistics follow : 

Plate glass,, cast, polished, unsilvered, finished or unfinished, or the same con- 
taining a wire netting. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 



1919 




Square feet. 
705 


$488 


S42 
15,768 


Per cent. 
8.67 


1920 


262,808 i 167,913 


9.39 


1921 (9 months). 




363,605) 194,104 












ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 


1919 




287 
442,904 
592, 730 


S228 
363,554 
448,292 


$23 
35,432 


10.07 


1920.. 




9.75 


1921 (9 months) 














ABOVE 720 SQUARE INCHES. 


1919 ; 


3, 181 S2. 339 


$382 
219, 119 


16.32 


1920 


1,825,991 
806, 957 


1,697,205 
684, 795 


12.91 


1921 (9 months) 















In 1919 Canada, in 1920 Belgium and the Netherlands were the 
principal source of imports. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $35,767; in 1917 they increased to 
$2,223,329. Later statistics (for calendar years) of plate glass, unsil- 
vered, follow: 



1918 



1919 



Quantity (square feet) j 6,022,083 

Value $3,155,627 



7,318,099 
$4,221,360 



1920 



4,140,985 
$2,853,666 



1921 
(9months). 



1,855,174 
$1,125,854 



The above exports were chiefly to Japan, Canada, Cuba, Aus- 
tralia, and Mexico. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for plate glass 
containing a wire netting within itself is new. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



323 



PARAGRAPH 223. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 223. Cast polished plate glass, 
silvered, cylinder and crown glass, 
silvered, and looking-glass plates, ex- 
ceeding in size one hundred and forty- 
four square inches and not exceeding 
three hundred and eighty-four square 
inches, 11 cents per square foot ; above 
that, and not exceeding seven hundred 
and twenty square inches, 13 cents per 
square foot; all above that, 22$ cents 
per square foot: Provided. That no 
looking-glass plates or glass, silvered, 
when framed, shall pay a less rate of 
duty than that imposed upon similar 
glass of like description not framed, 
hut shall pay in addition thereto upon 
such frames the rate of duty applica- 
ble thereto when imported separate. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pah. 103. Cast polished plate glass, 
silvered, cylinder and crown glass, 
silvered, and looking-glass plates, ex- 
ceeding in size one hundred and forty- 
four square inches and not exceeding 
throe hundred and eighty-four square 
inches, eleven cents per square foot : 
above that, and not exceeding seven 
hundred and twenty square inches, 
thirteen cents per square foot; all 
above that, twenty-five cents per 
square foot : Provided, That no look- 
ing-glass plates or plate glass, silvered, 
when framed, shall pay a less rate of 
duty than that imposed upon similar 
glass of like description not framed, 
but shall pay in addition thereto upon 
such frames the rate of duty applicable 
thereto when imported separate. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 89. Cast polished plate glass, 
silvered, cylinder and crown glass, 
silvered, and looking-glass plates ex- 
ceeding in size one hundred and forty- 
four square inches, shall be subject 
to a duty of 1 cent per square foot in 
addition to the rates otherwise charge- 
able on such glass unsilvered : Pro- 
vided, That no looking-glass plates or 
glass silvered, when framed, shall pay 
a less rate of duty than that imposed 
upon similar glass of like description 
not framed, but shall pay in addition 
thereto upon such frames the rate of 
duty applicable thereto when imported 
separate. 



SILVERED GLASS. 



(See Survey B-9.) 

Description and uses. — Ordinary grades of silvered glass are made 
of cylinder glass, but for high-grade mirrors plate glass is used (im- 
ported before the war). The glass is seldom manufactured by the 
silvering concerns. Formerly there was used for the backing of 
mirrors a compound of mercury and tin. This has now been super- 
seded by silver, which increases reflectivity from 20 to 25 per cent 
and is applied by chemical processes. Ornamental mirrors and look- 
ing-glasses comprise the larger part of the product under this para- 
graph, but silvered glass has many industrial and scientific uses. 

Production of mirrors, framed and unframed, has been as fol- 
lows: Number of establishments, 1914, 182; 1919, 186; value of 
products, 1914. $10,189,000; 1919, $20,831,000. These figures include 
the silvered glass under paragraphs 224 and 230. There is little 



324 



SI' M MARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



foreign competition in silvered glass, because of the additional tariff 
and liability to damage in transit. 

Imports of silvered glass amounted to $24,398 in 1914 and to 
$21,618 in 1915 — unprecedented records, as imports in former years 
averaged about $300. Silvered plate glass imported in 1914 
amounted to $4,861. which was above the average. Later statistics 
follow : 

Plate glass, cast, polished, silvered, and looking-glass plutes. 



Calendar year, 



Quantity. 



Value! 



Equiva- 
Duty. lent ad 
1 valorem. 



EXCEEDING IN SIZE 144 SQUARE INCHES, 


NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 


1918 


Square feet. 

2 

1 

13,309 

2,815 


$10 

1 

10,495 

2,178 




Per cent. 


1919 






1920 

1921 (9 months) 


S932. 


8.88 









ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 



1918. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



5,667 
3,588 



$21 
4.410 
3,380 



$510. 



ABOVE 720 SQUARE INCHES 

] 



3.86 
11.57 




$13 | $3 ! 21.00 

153 j 11 j 7.31 

12,838 | 2,101 I 16.37 

12.233 ... 



Cylinder and crown glass, polished, silvered. 



Calendar year. 



j Equiva- 
Quantity. ; Value. Duly. I lent ad 

valorem. 

I I 



NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 



1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Square feet. 

10,173 ; $4,769 
32,194 16,748 


Per cent. 
$407 8.53 






ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 


1920 


22,828 ' $16,092 
39,736 ; 21,890 


$1,141 


7. 09 


1921 (9 months) 










ABOVE 720 AND NOT EXCEEDING 1,440 SQUARE INCHES. 


1920 


1 
55,052 ! $105,261 $4.404 1 4.1S 


1921 (9 months) 


21,411 23,012 








ABOVE 1,440 SQUARE INCHES. 


1920 


5,224 $6,390 


$575 









SOIMARY Ol' TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 325 

Imports of cylinder, crown, and common window glass, unpolished, 
silvered, are negligible. 

Export* were slight during the war, and to markets formerly sup- 
plied by Germany. France, and England. None are recorded since. 



PARAGRAPH 224. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Fah. 224. Cast polished plate glass, 
silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, 
crown, and sheet glass, hy whatever 
process made, silvered or unsilvered, 
polished or unpolished, when bent, 
ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, 
enameled, beveled, etched, embossed, 
engraved, flashed, stained, colored, 
painted, ornamented, or decorated, 
shall be subject to a duty of 5 per 
centum ad valorem in addition to the 
rates otherwise chargeable thereon. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 104. Cast polished plate glass, Pak. 90. Cast polished plate glass, 
silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, 
crown, or common window glass, sil- crown, or common window glass, sil- 
vered or unsilvered, polished or un- vered or unsilvered, polished or un- 
polished, when bent, ground, obscured, polished, when bent, ground, obscured, 
frosted, sanded, enameled, beveled, frosted, sanded, enameled, beveled, 
etched, embossed, engraved, flashed, etched, embossed, engraved, flashed, 
stained, colored, painted, ornamented, stained, colored, painted, ornamented, 
or decorated, shall be subject to a duty or decorated, shall be subject to a duty 
of five per centum ad valorem in ad- of 4 per centum ad valorem in addition 
dition to the rates otherwise charge- to the rates otherwise chargeable 
able thereon. thereon. 

GLASS, BENT, GROUND, OBSCURED, ORNAMENTED} ETC. 

(See Survey B-9.) 

Description and uses. — The processes enumerated in this paragraph 
are applied principally to ornamented glass. Certain industrial uses, 
however, depend on these processes, e. g.. colored glass for signal 
lights, concave reflectors for headlights and searchlights, and magni- 
fying and reducing mirror lenses in instruments. Enamel is usually 
applied to glass in designs, portions of the surface remaining uncov- 
ered. Patterns may be made in the glass by etching with hydro- 
fluoric acid, by engraving with copper disks, or by sand blasting. In 
the process of blowing, a thin layer of colored glass is sometimes ap- 
plied ; this is known as ;: flashing." To obtain colored glass, coloring 
materials (usually metal oxides) are introduced into the molten mass. 
Beveled glass, used for heavy plate-glass mirrors and doors, has the 
edges ground at an angle of from 45 to 60°. (See also par. 221.) 

Production of obscured glass, including cathedral and skylight 
glass, has been as follows : 

1914 1919 



Quantity (square feet) 43 , 040, 079 33 , 822, 302 

Value $2,417,000 i 14,300,000 



326 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The following figures relate to the cutting, staining, and ornament- 
ing of glass : Number of establishments, 1914, 635 : 1919, 607 ; value of 
products, 1914, $16,446,000; 1919, $48,583,000. 

Imports of " unpolished, unsilvered cylinder, crown, and common 
window glass, bent, ground, etc.," were usually the largest of the 
group, amounting, in 1914, to 1,703,186 square feet, valued at $149,- 
203; while "polished unsilvered cylinder, etc." were 147,482 square 
feet, valued at $36,116; "polished, silvered cylinder, etc.," 138,158 
square feet, valued at $33,034; "polished, unsilvered plate, etc.," 
140,805 square feet, valued at $62,228 ; and " polished, silvered plate, 
etc.," 19,659 square feet, valued at $5,854. Later statistics follow : 

Cylinder, crown, and common windoio glass, unpolished— Bent, ground, obscured, 
frosted, sanded, enameled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, flashed, 
stained, colored, painted, ornamented or decorated. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



NOT EXCEEDING 150 SQUARE INCHES. 



1918. 
1919. 



1921 (9 months) . 




$1,429 

4,695 

19,445 

51,469 



i Per cent. 

S102 7.16 

309 6.57 

1,852 9.52 





ABOVE 150 


AND NOT EXCEEDING 381 SQUARE INCHES. 




1918 




62 454 


$9,294 
14,576 
11,959 
34,616 


$996 
1,390 
1,269 


10.72 


1919 




80 728 


9.54 


1920 




79 069 


10.61 


1921 (9 months) . 




ZiR 817 











ABOVE 384 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 



ABOVE 1,201) AND NOT EXCEEDING 2,400 SQUARE INCHES. 



1918.... 


11,036 
124,155 
207,218 

84, 662 


! 

$1,333 ! 

17,768 ; 

16,271 

7,579 . 

1 


$177 
2,107 
2,982 


13.31 


1919 


11.86 


1920 


18.33 


1921(9months) 













ABOVE 720 AND NOT EXCEEDING 1,200 SQUARE INCHES. 






1918 




24,265 ! $2,493 


$464 

352 

1,593 


18.60 


1919 


16,424 j 2,629 
84,574 | 8,111 
15,486 1,911 


13.37 


1920 


19.64 


1921 (9 months) 













1918 


25, 791 

69, 420 

249, 583 

164, 410 


$6, 530 
15,987 
32. 242 
19, 797 


$745 
1,941 
5,969 


11.41 


1919 


12. 14 


1920 


18.51 


1921 (9 months) 













ABOVE 2,400 SQUARE 


INCHES 








1918 

1919... 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


! 

I::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 



1 


372 

28, 278 

4,771 

4, 983 


$76 

5,278 

685 

457 


$10 
777 
123 




13. 79 
14.72 
17.93 



The imports of the above type of glass, polished or silvered, are 
negligible. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



32' 



Plate glass — Cast, polished — Unsilvered, finished, or unfinished, etc.— Bent, 

ground, obscured. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 





NOT EXCEEDING 384 SQUARE INCHES. 






1918 




Square feet. 
132 


$94 


1 

..2 


Per cent. 
12.43 


1919 




1920 


7,013 
50,199 


4, 277 
23,884 


592 


13.84 


1921 (9 months) 











ABOVE 3S4 AND NOT EXCEEDING 720 SQUARE INCHES. 






1918 




76 


$66 


$9 


13. 21 


1919... 


• 




1920. . . 


3,993 
2,325 


2,486 
2,695 


419 


16.85 


1921 (9 months) 











ABOVE 720 SQUARE INCHES. 



1918 


65 


$50 


$10 


19.60 


1919... 




1920 , 


8, 303 
16, 320 


12,383 
11, 126 


1,492 


12.05 


1921 (9 months) 













The imports of the silvered glass of the above type are negligible. 
Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — " Sheet glass " has been sub- 
stituted for " common window glass." 



PARAGRAPH 225. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 225. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and 
goggles, and frames for the same, or 
parts thereof, finished or unfinished, 
valued at not over 65 cents per dozen, 
20 cents per dozen and 15 per centum 
ad valorem ; valued at over 65 cents 
per dozen and not over $2.50 per dozen, 
60 cents per dozen and 20 per centum 
ad valorem ; valued at over $2.50 per 
dozen, 40 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 105. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and 
goggles, and frames for the same, or 
parts thereof, finished or unfinished, 
valued at not over forty cents per 
dozen, twenty cents per dozen and fif- 
teen per centum ad valorem ; valued at 
over forty cents per dozen arid not 
over one dollar and fifty cents per 
dozen, forty-five cents per dozen and 
twenty per centum ad valorem ; valued 
at over one dollar and fifty cents per 
dozen, fifty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pak. 91. Spectacles, eyeglasses, and 
goggles, and frames for the same, or 
parts thereof, finished or unfinished, 
35 per centum ad valorem. 



328 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SPECTACLES, EYEGLASSES, GOGGLES, ETC. 

(See Survey B-10.) 

Description and uses. — Spectacles are flat or tor'ic glasses, prisms, 
and spherical or cylindrical lenses, mechanically adjusted to the eye 
to correct defects of vision. They are usually made of crown glass or 
rock crystal, the latter being somewhat lighter and cooler to wear. 
Spectacles and eyeglasses are usually mounted in rigid steel wire, 
shell or horn (real or imitation), or metal frames. Goggles have 
projecting eye tubes with plain glass to protect against dust, etc., 
or colored ones to soften the light. 

Production. — Exact figures are not available. The estimated out- 
put for 1912 was valued at about $8,500,000, produced by between 25 
and 30 manufacturers, capitalized at $7,500,000, and located mainly 
in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Ehode # Island, Connecticut, New- 
York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to $68,370, mostly from France, Ger- 
many, and England. They decreased to $10,916 in 1916. Later 
statistics follow: 

Spe-ctacJes, eyeglasses and goggles, and frames therefor, or parts thereof, 

finished or unfinished. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity, j 


1 
Value. 


Duty. 


Ad va- 
lorem 
rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . . 


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 




Dozen. 

5,517 ; 

2,414 
8,625 | 
2,445 


$20,294 j 
11,480 
20,508 
7,590 ! 

i 


$7,103 
4,018 
7,178 


Per cent. 
35 
35 
35 







Imports are chiefly from France, Germany, and England. 

Exports before the war consisted of styles and qualities superior 
to foreign goods, comprising less than 10 per cent of the production. 
The export figures are consolidated with those for optical instru- 
ments. 

PARAGRAPH 226. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. '226. Lenses of glass or pebble, 
mokle<l or pressed, or ground and pol- 
ished to a spherical, cylindrical, or 
prismatic form, and ground and pol- 
ished piano or coquill glasses, wholly 
or partly manufactured, with the edges 
ungronnd. 40 per centum ad valorem; 
with the edges ground or beveled. 10 
cents per dozen pairs and 35 per 
centum ad valorem ; strips of glass not 
more than three inches wide, ground 
or polished on one or both sides to a 
cylindrical or prismatic form, includ- 
ing those used in the construction of 
gauges, and glass slides for magic lan- 
terns, 35 per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TAIUKF I M( >IIM ATIOX, L92X- 



sm 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pak. 106. Lenses of glass or pebble, 
molded or pressed, or ground and 
polished to a spherical, cylindrical, or 
prismatic form, and ground and pol- 
ished piano or coquill glasses, wholly 
or partly manufactured, with the edges 
unground, forty-live per centum ad va- 
lorem ; if with their edges ground or 
beveled, ten cents per dozen pairs and 
forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 107. Strips of glass, not more 
than three inches wide, ground or pol- 
ished on one or both sides to a cylin- 
drical or prismatic form, including 
those used in the construction of 
gauges, and glass slides for magic lan- 
terns, forty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



Par. 92. Lenses of glass or pebble, 
molded or pressed, or ground and pol- 
ished to a spherical, cylindrical, m* 
prismatic form, and ground and pol- 
ished piano or coquill glasses, wholly 
or partly manufactured, strips of glass> 
not more than three inches wide, 
ground or polished on one or both sides 
to a cylindrical or prismatic form, in- 
cluding those used in the construction 
of gauges, and glass slides for magic 
lanterns, 25 per centum ad valorem. 



LENSES. 



(See Survey B-10.) 



Description and uses. — Lenses of glass are fashioned from. rough 
optical glass and used chiefly in the manufacture of scientific, pro- 
fessional, and optical instruments and goods. 

A pebble lens is a spectacle lens made of rock crystal, which is 
harder than glass. A piano lens is a flat plane of glass, while a 
coquill lens is a piece of glass of uniform thickness with concentric 
spherical surfaces. 

Production figures for the particular items of paragraph 226 are 
not available, because part or parts of each are reported under " In- 
struments, professional and scientific," and " Optical goods." Sta- 
tistics for these industries are as follows : 



Number of establishments: 

1914 

1919 

Value of products: 

1914 

1919 



Instruments, 
professional 
and sci- 
entific. 



307 
350 

$17,495,000 
58,135,000 



Optical 
goods. 



314 
506 

$18,188,000 
53,718,000 



Imports^ totaled $169,951 in 1914, $120,297 in 1915, $54,483 in 1916, 
and $40,971 in 1917. The decrease followed the war, with a conse- 
quent stimulation of domestic production. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar rear. 



Quantity. 




Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



LENSES OF GLASS OR PEBBLE AND GROUND AND POLISHED PLANO OR COQLILL 
GLASSES, WHOLLY OR PARTLY MANUFACTURED. 



1918 




Number. ' 


$28, 280 
69, 019 
71,426 

105, 718 


Per cent. 
$7, 070 2S 


1919 




481 503 


17 255 i 25- 


1920 






17^856 1 25- 


1921 (9 months). 
















330 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



STRIPS OF GLASS, NOT MORE THAN 3 INCHES WIDE, GROUND OR POLISHED TO A 
CYLINDRICAL OR PRISMATIC FORM, ETC. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty, 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$34, 362 
28, 051 
91, 793 
18, 925 


$8,540 

7,013 

22, 948 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 • 




25 


1920 




25 


1921 (9 months) 














Exports not recorded. 






• 





PARAGRAPH 227. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 227. Optical glass, or glass used 
in the manufacture of lenses or prisms 
for spectacles, or for optical instru- 
ments or equipment or optical parts, 
scientific or commercial, in any and all 
forms, 35 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 577. Glass plates or disks, 
rough-cut or unwrought, for use in the 
manufacture of optical instruments, 
spectacles, and eyeglasses, and suitable 
only for such use: [Free] Provided, 
however, That such disks exceeding 
eight inches in diameter may be 
polished sufficiently to enable the char- 
acter of the glass to.be determined. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 494. Glass plates or disks, 
rough-cut or unwrought, for use in 
the manufacture of optical instru- 
ments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and 
suitable only for such use: [Free] 
Provided, however, That such disks ex- 
ceeding eight inches in diameter may 
be polished sufficiently to enable the 
character of the glass to be deter- 
mined. 



OPTICAL GLASS, ETC. 



(See Survey B-10.) 



Description and uses. — Optical glass is the essential element in the 
making of microscopes, field glasses, range finders, gun sights, peri- 
scopes, aiming circles, photographic lenses, etc. It is indispensable 
in directing and controlling the firing of modern artillery in general, 
but the quantities needed for range finders, gun sights, trench peri- 
scopes, etc., are not great in any country, even in time of war. How- 
ever, its commercial uses will cause a steady and increasing, though 
limited, demand. 

Production prior to 1918 was negligible. The failure of German 
imports and the necessities of the allied Governments practically 
exhausted our supply. In 1917 four manufacturers, assisted by 
Government and other scientists, succeeded in making certain varie- 
ties of optical glass for the Army and Navy, and factories were built 
and equipped to produce in sufficient quantities to supply domestic 
requirements. The principal materials used are silica sand, soda, 
potash, lime, lead oxides, baryta, zinc oxide, and borax. In seven 
months (April to October, 1918) the production of eight classes of 
optica] glass was 475,924 pounds. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



331 



Statistics of foreign production are not available, but the potential 
power of foreign competitors is indicated in their export trade and 
in the great advantages they have had in the earlier scientific devel- 
opment of this product. The statistics of exports of this particular 
kind of glass are meager and not reported at all for some countries. 

In 1913 Germany exported optical glass of various kinds, valued 
at $7,900,172, classified as follows: Kough optical glass, $271,320; 
lenses, $2,528,274; and other optical glass, $5,100,578. In the same 
year France exported lenses valued at $493,887, and other optical 
glass, $18,760. 

The manufacture of optical glass requires scientific knowledge of a 
high order as well as exceptional skill. It is one of peculiar techni- 
cal difficulties, both chemical and mechanical. 

English, French, and German producers are offering optical glass 
of all grades and in any quantity for export to the United States. 

Imports of optical glass plates and disks, rough cut and un- 
wrought, were valued at $499,364 in 1913 and $612,830 in 1914, fall- 
ing in 1916, 1917, and 1918 to less than one-half, partly the result of 
the new domestic industry. In 1913 and 1914 imports from Ger- 
many were 50 per cent and from England 27 per cent of the total. 
In 1918 the imports from England were 73 per cent, 40 per cent 
more than in 1913. Imports from France in 1913 were 18 per cent 
of the total : in 1918. 26 per cent. Later statistics for calendar years 
follow : 



Quantity, (poundsV 
Value 



1918 


1919 


1920 




562, 983 
$410, 775 


941, 860 
$980, 289 


$341, 734 



1921 
(9 months). 



572, 667 
$525, 940 



The above imports are chiefly from the United 1 Kingdom and 
France. 

Exports not reported. 

Important changes in classification. — Transferred from free list 
(par. 494), act of 1913, and rewritten. 

Suggested changes. — Page 36, lines 14-16 : Provision is here made 
for glass for optical parts but none in paragraph 228 for parts of 
optical instruments, etc., n. s. p. f. 

PARAGRAPH 228. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 228. Photographic and projec- 
tion lenses, opera and field glasses, sur- 
veying instruments, telescopes, micro- 
scopes, and other optical instruments, 
and frames and mountings for the 
same; all the foregoing uot specially 
provided for. 35 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



332 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 108. Opera and field glasses, Par. 93. Opera and field glasses, op- 
telescopes, microscopes, photographic tical instruments and frames and 
and projection lenses and optical in- mountings for the same ; all the fore- 
struments, and frames or mountings going not specially provided for in this 
tor the same ; all the foregoing not section, 35 per centum ad valorem, 
specially provided for in this section, Par. 94. Surveying instruments, tele- 
forty-five per centum ad valorem, scopes, microscopes, photographic and 

projection lenses, and frames and 
mountings for the same. 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC AND PROJECTION LENSES. 

(See Survey B-10.) 

Description and uses. — Optical instruments are primarily used to 
aid or supplement human vision; they also include apparatus which 
depend for their operation on the passage of light through prismatic 
or lenticular glass. 

Lenses and prisms are the primary constituents of optical instru- 
ments. Lenses are used for three purposes: (1) To concentrate and 
direct a ray of light (searchlight and automobile lenses) ; (2) to 
project a perfectly clear image on a sensitized plate (photography) 
or screen (motion pictures) ; (3) to magnify an image so that greater 
detail may be observed by the eye. The instrument which enlarges 
small objects at short range is known as the microscope, while those 
used for examining larger fields of vision located at a distance 
are known as telescopes or field or opera glasses. Eyeglasses are 
simple magnifying or field glasses composed of a single lens for each 
eye instead of the combination of lenses found in the adjustable 
instrument. 

Production. — Prior to the war domestic manufacturers confined 
their operations to the production of those instruments which could 
be marketed in considerable quantities, and manufactured the special 
apparatus used by research organizations on special order only, if 
at all. They depended upon foreign producers for practically the 
entire supply of optical glass and in a great majority of cases im- 
ported finished lenses which could be inserted in domestic mounting 
without further manufacture. 

Available production statistics are as follows : 



Number of establish- 
ments. 



Value of product! 



Industry. 



1914 



1919 1914 1919 



Optical ^oods : 314 I 506 

Instruments, professional and scientific j 3W ' 360 

Cameras ! I 



$18,188,000 $53,718,000 
17.4«>5.nno 58,185,-QOO 
1,254,333 ' 



The optical goods listed above consist of spectacle, eyeglass, and 
goggle lenses and mountings. The bulk of the scientific and pro- 
fessional instruments produced fall outside the scope of this para- 
graph. The total includes, besides surveying instruments, tele- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



333 



scopes, microscopes, and like articles, a large variety of electrical, 
thermal, and various measuring instruments, some of which were sold 
in large numbers. The value of cameras produced included the 
value of the mounting as well as the lens, but in the better grades 
of cameras the lens is an important part of the total value, and large 
quantities of auxiliary lenses were produced, the value of which is 
included in that of other photographic materials. 

Many optical instruments required in war time have little or no 
market during peace times. Manufacturers of miscellaneous ap- 
paratus are admirably situated to manufacture this material because 
the work is largely hand labor, and their plants can change from one 
class of work to another without loss of time. Some of the machinery 
used in the manufacture of bulk lines can be utilized to advantage, 
but the operatives do not usually possess the broad experience neces- 
sary for such a radical change in product. The free entrance of 
instruments for educational purposes deprives the hand manufacturer 
of a large part of his market and must eventually force him to restrict 
production to the lines which can be produced by machine. 

Impends are shown in the following tables : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Ad 
Duty. ; valorem 
rate. 



SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS, TELESCOPES, MICROSCOPES, PHOTOGRAPHIC AND 
PROJECTING LENSES, AND FRAMES AND MOUNTINGS FOR THE SAME. 




OPERA AND FIELD GLASSES. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND FRAMES AND MOUNTINGS 

FOR THE SAME. 



1915 ' 


$333,387 
186, 592 
79, 144 
188, 569 
523, 141 
415,314 


$116,685 
63, 307 
27, 700 
65, 857 
183,099 


35 


1914 » 


35 


1918 ! 


35 


191? 52. 668 

1920 


35 
35 


1921 (9 months) 











Oct. 4, 1913, to June 30, 1914. 



2 Fiscal years. 



Exports of optical instruments in 1914 were valued at $865,074, of 
which England took 54 per cent, Canada 13 per cent, and South 
America 10 per cent. The 1915 figures show a value of $1,018,016; 
1916, $2,593,500; and 1917, $2,945,920. Of the 1918 total, $1,073,339, 
28 per cent went to England, 14 per cent to Canada, 17 per cent to 
South America, and 15 per cent to Russia. Export figures for the 
greater part of the articles covered by paragraphs 225 and 228 are 
included above, no separate figures being available. 

Exports of optical instruments for scientific purposes were valued 
in 1919 (calendar years) at $1,540,979, in 1920 at $1,355,002, and for 
9 months in 1921 at $698,799. The United Kingdom. Argentina, and 
Canada were the principal countries of destination. 



334 SUMMARY OF TAKUT INFORMATION, 1021. 

Important changes in classification. -^-T^o paragraphs (93 and 94) 
of the act of 1913 have been combined in H. R. 7456. 

Suggested changes. — Page 36, line 19 : Paragraph 228 provides for 
surveying instruments not specially provided for at 35 per cent ad 
valorem. Paragraph 360, page 64, line 20, provides for surveying 
instruments wholly or of chief value of metal at 40 per cent ad 
valorem. Paragraph 360, furthermore, requires marking, while 
paragraph 228 does not. It might be better to have one provision 
for surveying instruments, irrespective of the component material 
of chief value and to treat all alike with respect to marking. If 
paragraph 360 should be left as it is, there will probably be contro- 
versies respecting the value of the chief component, and, further- 
more, a question will arise whether any of the instruments provided 
for in paragraph 228 must be marked, although all of them are sus- 
ceptible of being marked and are usually marked. 

Azimuth mirrors, octant's, and sextants are not within this para- 
graph. ( United States v. Bliss, 6 Ct. Cust. Appls. 433, of 1915.) 



PARAGRAPH 229. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 229. Incandescent electric-light 
bulbs and lamps, with or without fila- 
ments, 35 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 109. * * * manufactures of Par. 95. * * * incandescent elec- 
glass * * * or of which glass trie-light bulbs and lamps, with or 
* * * is the component material of without filaments, * * * 30 per 
chief value not specially provided for centum ad valorem, 
in this section, forty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed wholly or in part of * * * 
metal, and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, forty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS. 

(See Surveys B-9 and C-31.) 

Description and uses. — An incandescent electric lamp is a vacuum 
(or gas filled) glass bulb containing filaments of some material 
with high melting point which an electric current will heat to incan- 
descence. According to the nature of the filaments, the lamps are 
called carbon, metallized carbon, tantalum, and tungsten. The tung- 
sten filament can be operated at a temperature which gives the maxi- 
mum amount of light in proportion to the electrical energy used, and 
has practically superseded all the other forms. 

Production. — Manufacturers of incandescent lamps do not always 
make the glass bulbs. In 1916 the bulbs were made by five plants, 
with an estimated production of 20,000,000 per month. The bulbs 



SI' M MARY OF TARIFF IX FORMATION, li)21 . 



335 



are blown into iron molds coated with carbonaceous paste. A high 
polish is effected by rotating the blank in the mold during the blow- 
ing. Mechanical processes simulating the hand method of blowing- 
have been devised. Many operations are required to complete the 
lamp, which, besides the bulb, consists of the base, the filament, the 
inside stem upon which the filament is mounted, and the leading-in 
wires. A number of companies make the finished lamps. In 1914. 
74,434,059 tungsten lamps, valued at $11,886,354, and 14,092,055 car- 
bon lamps, valued at $1,397,572, were produced. The production of 
" Gem, vacuum, and vapor, nitrogen, glower, and tantalum lamps "" 
was valued at $2,363,730 in 1914, decreasing about 12 per cent from 
1909. In 1919 the production of all types amounted to $59,372,1)00,. 
of which by far the greater part was of the tungsten filament type. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,374,697 carbon lamps, valued at $78,409, 
and 6,809,535 metal filament lamps, valued at $552,663, about 10 per 
cent of the number of carbon lamps and 9 per cent of the tungsten 
lamps produced in the United States. Imports of metal filament 
lamps were fairly constant during the war, amounting to 5,154,579 
in 1917, though the valuation, $198,025, was small. "All other," 
which includes bulbs, amounted to $88,686 in 1914. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



INCANDESCENT LAMPS, INCLUDING BULBS— CARBON FILAMENT. 


1918 


Number. 

797, 130 

2,985,005 

7,229,784 

3,782,802 


$16, 131 
81,454 

224,690 
97,238 


$4,839 
24,436 
73,407 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 








INCANDESCENT LAMPS, INCLUDING BULBS— % 


[ETAL FILA 


MENT 




1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


1,163,295 
5,133,638 
5,735,737 
2, 541, 168 


$32, 140 
116, 570 
177,743 
96,083 


$9,642 
34,971 
53, 323 


30 
30 

3a 






ALL OTHER, INCLUDING BULBS. 


1918 


$7,034 
17, 147 
41, 934 
66,306 


$2,110 
5,144 
12,580 


30 


1919 ! 


30 


1920 


3a 


1921 (9 months) 









Imports consist principally of miniature lamps and, since the war, 
have been derived chiefly from Japan, the Netherlands, Canada, 
and the United Kingdom. More recently both Austria and Germany 
have resumed exports to this country. Much dissatisfaction has been 
expressed with the Japanese product. 

Exports of carbon lamps amounted to 1,285,858, valued at $172,064 
in 1914, about 25 per cent of the production: those of all metal fila- 



336 



Sl\MMAJn OF TAfilFF 1 X FORMATION, 1921. 



ments numbered 849.2(>1, and were valued at $-219,439. Later statis- 
tics, for the calendar rears 19l8^-1921j follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921. 

(9 months) 



Carbon filament 

Number 

Value 

Metal filament: 
Number .... 
Value 



627,867 i 1,097,665 
$102, 872 $202, 590 



469,428 
$114, 542 



455, 851 
$115,396 



14,585,166 117,071,960 16,142,663' 9,513,695 
$3,369,192 | $4,674,317 $4,051,835 $2,815,163 



The principal countries of destination were Canada, Cuba, Brazil, 
Mexico, Argentina, and Australia. 

Important changes in classification. — Electric bulbs and lamps 
have been removed from paragraph 95, act of 1913, including other 
manufactures of glass, and are provided for in a separate paragraph. 

Conflicting provisions. — Incandescent electric-light bulbs and lamps 
having tungsten filaments might take .the cumulative rate imposed 
in paragraph 305 on articles containing tungsten. There are admin- 
istrative difficulties in the enforcement of such a provision. 



PARAGRAPH 230. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 230. Stained or painted glass 
windows, or parts thereof, and all mir- 
rors, not exceeding in size one hundred 
arid forty-four square inches, with or 
without frames or cases ; and all glass 
or manufactures of glass or paste, or 
of which glass or paste is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, not spe- 
cially provided for, 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 109. Stained or painted glass 
windows, or parts thereof, and all mir- 
rors, not exceeding in size one hundred 
and forty-four square inches, with or 
without frames or cases, and all glass 
or manufactures of glass or paste or 
of which glass or paste is the compo- 
nent material of chief value, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
forty-five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 95. Stained or painted glass 
windows, or parts thereof, and all mir- 
rors, not exceeding in size one hundred 
and forty-four square inches, with or 
without frames or cases ; * * * and 
all glass or manufactures of glass or 
paste or of which glass or paste is the 
component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 



STAINED OR PAINTED GLASS WINDOWS AND SMAIX MIRRORS. 

(See Survey B-9.) 

Description and uses. — The color may be produced (1) by metal 
oxides in the melting, (2) by flashing (par. 224). (3) by applying, 
under fire, a solution of silver, and (¥) by painting the surface with 



SUMMARY <>r TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



337 



enamels afterwards fused. Stained-glass windows are usually made 
of small pieces of glass colored in any of the ways mentioned and held 
together by strips of lead. Sometimes pictorial effects are obtained 
by painting on single pieces of glass.- (See par. 1447, p. 1195.) 

Production. — Gross production in 1912 is estimated at about 
$7,000,000, which would include articles other than stained-glass 
windows. Competition is principally from Germany and Austria. 
(For mirrors, see par. 223, p. 323.) 

Imports of stained glass, or parts, and small mirrors amounted to 
$418,425, the maximum, in 1914. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$24, 173 
26,999 
94,861 
92,640 


$7,252 

8,100 

28,458 


Per cent. 
30 


1919. . . 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 








1 S 



Exports. — Not recorded. 

MANUFACTURES OF GLASS OR PASTE N. S. P. F. 

Description and loses. — Paste is specially prepared glass, known 
also as " strass," from which imitation gems are manuf actured, The 
requisite qualities of purity, transparency, and high refractivity are 
comprised in the highest degree in lead-flint glass of unusual density 
because of the large percentage of lead it contains. 

Imports represent the combined figures for manufactures of glass 
and of paste n. s. p. f., amounting to $427,391 in 1914. Later statis- 
tics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$117, 794 
121, 834 
273,295 
260, 863 


$35,329 
36,550 
81,988 


Per cent. 
30 


1919.. . 




30 


1920 




30 


1921 (9 months) 















Exports of glass and glassware n. s. p. f. have been as follows 
(calendar vears) : 1918, $5,401,395; 1919, $8,328,944; 1920, $12,- 
874,614; and the first 9 months of 1921, $6,295,511. 

Exports have been principally to Canada, the United Kingdom, 
Cuba and Mexico. 



82304—22- 



-22 



338 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 231. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 231. Smalts, frostings, and all 
ceramic and glass colors, fluxes, glazes, 
and enamels, all the foregoing, ground 
or pulverized. 23 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; in any other form, 35 per 
centum ad valorem ; opal enamel or 
cylinder glass tiles, tiling, and rods, 35 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par, 56. * * * smalts and j'rost- Par. (53. * * * smalts, and frost- 
ings, whether crude or dry or mixed, ings, and all ceramic and glass fluxes. 
or ground with water or oil or with glazes, enamels, and colors, whether 
solutions other than oil. not otherwise crude, dry, mixed, or ground with wa- 
specially provided tor in this section, ter or oil or with solutions other than 
thirty per centum ad valorem ; all oil, not specially provided for in this 
glazes, fluxes, enamels, and colors section, 15 per centum ad valorem : 
used only in the manufacture of cera- * * *. 

mic, enameled, and glass articles. Par. 96. Fusible and glass enamel, 

thirty per centum ad valorem ; * * *. not specially provided for in this sec- 

Par. 110. Fusible enamel, twenty- lion. 20 per centum ad valorem ; opal 

five per centum ad valorem; opal or or cylinder glass tiles or tiling, 30 per 

cylinder glass tiles or tiling, sixty per centum ad valorem, 

centum ad valorem. Par. 493. Glass enamel, white, for 

Par. 576. Glass enamel, white, for watch and clock dials [Free], 
watch and clock dials [Free]. 

SMALTS AND FROSTINGS. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — Smalt is a deep -blue pigment made by 
fusing the oxide of cobalt with silica and potash to form a glass. 
This product is reduced to a powder and used in the arts, although 
at present it is largely replaced by cobalt blue and artificial ultra- 
marine. Frostings are made from coarsely powdered, thin flakes of 
glass and are used for decorative work, signs, and the like. 

Imparts and exports. — Separate statistics not given. 

CERAMIC AND GLASS COLORS, GLAZES, AND FLUX IS. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — The ceramic colors, a distinct article of 
commerce and essentially different from the paint pigments, are 
used in the manufacture of glass, for the coloring of glaze on pot- 
tery and other earthenware, and for coloring enamels. They are 
all of inorganic nature and must be able to withstand the tempera- 
ture in firing the ware. They are chiefly metallic oxides, in general 
the same as for coloring enamels. Pottery or earthen-ware is colored 
by one of three methods: (1) By applying the coloring materials to 
the body of the ware, which is afterwards glazed, a process known as 
" underglaze " ; (2) by placing the coloring materials on an already 
glazed article and retiring the ware, a process known as " overglaze "; 
and (3) by mixing the color with the glaze and applying the two 
simultaneously, known as the "colored glaze" method. The glazes 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF I XFORM ATIOX, li>21. 339 

used in ceramic manufacture are either silicates of the alkali or 
alkaline earths, with or without lead. In other words, they are 
simply a glass. The proportion of lead affects chiefly the melting 
point of the glaze. The materials used chiefly for glazing are cer- 
tain natural silicates, such as feldspar, china clay or kaolin mixed 
with flint or sand, chalk, borax, soda, and lead. 

Production. — Data as to domestic production have not been ob- 
tained, but it is not large. This is due partly to the, comparatively 
small output of hand-decorated china and to the use of imported 
ceramic colors and decalcomanias (see par. 1306) for decorating do- 
mestic pottery. England, France, and Germany have developed 
the manufacture of these colors to a high degree. 

Imports. — Reduction of duty (1913) from 30 per cent to 15 per 
cent was followed by an increase in imports of fluxes, glazes, enamels, 
and colors, ceramic and glass. The average import during the three 
years, 1911 to 1913, was $13,589, and the average annual revenue for 
the same period under the 30 per cent rate was $4,077. In 1915-16 
the average was valued at $67,460, and the revenue was $10,119 per 
year. In 1917-18, owing to w T ar conditions, the imports and conse- 
quently the revenue were considerably lower. Later statistics follow. 

Glazes, fluxes, enamels, and colors, ceramic and glass. 





Calendar year. 


; 

i Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 




Pounds. 


$21,864 i 
30,137 
63,588 ! 
31,510 


$3,280 
4,521 
9,538 


Per cent. 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months)... 




| 25,841 

63, 202 

25, 791 


15 
15 













Exports. — None recorded. v 

ENAMEL. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — Enamel is glass applied by fusion as a 
coating to any substance which will bear the necessary heat, espe- 
cially to metals and to pottery. Commercial fusible enamel comes 
in the form of cakes, plates, lumps, or powder, and is of various 
colors according to the amounts of various metallic oxides used in 
its composition. Its use may be decorative or to reduce porosity or 
to protect the surface from oxidation or other chemical action. The 
art of enameling pottery, glass, gold, silver, and copper is very old, 
but industrial applications to iron and steel are comparatively recent. 
The process, however, has rapidly developed, especially in making 
kitchen and hospital utensils, bathtubs, and stationary washstands. 
Although enamels may be used with pottery, the term is usually 
understood to mean an application to metallic bodies, usually steel 
or cast iron. The fact that enamel must adhere to steel and resist 
the abuse common to cooking utensils, makes necessary other qual- 
ities besides those of ordinary glass. For example, the requirement 
that it should adhere firmly to a metal body necessitates as nearly 



340 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INF OEMATIOX, 1921. 



as possible a similar coefficient of expansion. Enamels are used 
chiefly as a protective coating, which will resist the action of alkalies, 
acids, or other chemicals, and withstand the strain of impact and 
rapid changes of temperature. They are also used for decorative 
purposes. Enamels are complex silicates or boro-silicates of sodium, 
potassium, calcium, and aluminum. In addition they contain vari- 
ous metallic oxides to produce opacity or color. The principal 
materials are quartz and flint, which supply the silica; fluorspar, 
which supplies calcium or lime ; feldspar, which is a complex double 
silicate of aluminum with sodium, potassium, or calcium; borax 
or boric acid. The ingredients of the enamel vary with the re- 
sult desired, and materials other than those enumerated are used 
in special cases. Tin oxide is one of the most important and ex- 
pensive materials and usually constitutes from 5 to 10 per cent of 
white enamels. Cobalt is used for blue; manganese for violet and 
brown ; nickel for gray ; copper or chromium for green ; uranium or 
titanium for yellow ; and iron, selenium, or gold for red enamels. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 77 establishments engaged in 
enameling with a production valued at $2,166,000; in 1919 the cor- 
responding figures were 74 and $2,645,000. 

Imports amounted to $18,028 in 1914 and to $8,052 in 1918. The 
largest amount in the period 1908-1918 was $21,431 in 1909. Later 
statistics follow. (See also ceramic and glass colors, glazes and 
fluxes, p. 338, and white glass enamel, infra.) 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$4,106 

17, 727 

31,331 

9, 478 


$821 
3,545 
6,266 




Per cent. 
20 


1919 <- - 


20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — None recorded. 



WHITE GLASS ENAMEL. 



(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — White glass enamel, a fusible enamel, is 
suitable for watch and clock dials, and is often used for scale dials, 
thermometers, faces of steam gauges and speedometers, novelties, 
and for lettering signs on glass. 

Production. — Before the war enamel for watch and clock dials was 
obtained chiefly from Switzerland and France; other white enamel 
has been made here for some years. Some dial enamel was produced 
during the war. Figures, however, are not available. 

Imports of white enamel for watch and clock dials in 1914 were 
valued at $13,284. In 1918 the value was $10,465; in 1919 (calendar 
year), $16,778; in 1920, $5,349; and in nine months of 1921, $2,006. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



SUMMABE OK TARIFF [NFQBM .ATIOX, 1921. 



341 



GLASS TILES. 

Description and uses. — Glass tiles are used for walls and for floors, 
especially where the transmission of light is desired. Opal tiles have 
a white opacity, imparted usually by cryolite, feldspar, or aluminium 
compounds. 

Production. — There are several domestic manufacturers of glass 
tiles and opal glass, but no statistics are available. 

Imports have not exceeded $500 in any one year. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Glass enamel, white, for 
watch and clock dials is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 
(par. 493). That paragraph and the provision for fusible and glass 
enamel (par. 96) are combined in this paragraph with paragraph 63 
of the act of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — Page 37, line 10: Insert comma after " opal." 



PARAGRAPH 232. 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 232. Marble, breccia, and onyx, 
in block, rough or squared only, 65 
cents per cubic foot ; marble, breccia, 
and onyx, sawed or dressed, over two 
inches in thickness, $1 per cubic foot; 
slabs and paving tiles of marble, 
breccia, or onyx, containing not less 
than four superficial inches, if not 
more than one inch in thickness, 8 
cents per superficial foot ; if more than 
one inch and not more than one and 
one-half inches in thickness, 10 cents 
per superficial foot; if more than one 
and one-half inches and not more than 
two inches in thickness, 13 cents per 
superficial foot; if rubbed in whole 
or in part, 3 cents per superficial foot 
in addition; mosaic cubes of marble, 
breccia, or onyx, not exceeding two 
cubic inches in size, if loose, one- 
fourth of 1 cent per pound and 17 per 
centum ad valorem ; if attached to pa- 
per or other material, 5 cents per su- 
perficial foot and 26 per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 111. Marble and onyx, in block, 
rough or squared only, sixty-five cents 
per cubic foot ; marble and onyx, 
sawed or dressed, over two inches in 
thickness, one dollar per cubic foot; 
slabs or paving tiles of marble or onyx, 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 97. Marble, breccia, and onyx, 
in block, rough or squared only, 50 
cents per cubic foot; marble, breccia, 
and onyx, sawed or dressed, over two 
inches in thickness, 75 cents per cubic 
foot; slabs or paving tiles of marble 



342 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



containing- not less than four super- 
ficial inches, if not more than one inch 
in thickness, eight cents per super- 
ficial foot ; if more than one inch and 
not more than one and one-half inches 
in thickness, ten cents per superficial 
foot ; if more than one and one-half 
inches and not more than two inches in 
thickness, twelve and one-half cents 
per superficial foot ; if rubbed in whole 
or in part, two cents per superficial 
foot in addition ; mosaic cubes of mar- 
ble or onyx, not exceeding two cubic 
inches in size, if loose, one-fourth of 
one cent per pound and twenty per 
centum ad valorem ; if attached to 
paper or other material, five cents per 
superficial foot and thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



or onyx, containing not less than four 
superficial inches, if not more than 
one inch in thickness, 6 cents per 
superficial foot ; if more than one inch 
and not more than one and one-half 
inches in thickness, 8 cents per super- 
ficial foot ; if more than one and one- 
half inches and not more than two 
inches in thickness. 10 cents per super- 
ficial foot ; if rubbed in whole or in 
part, 2 cents per superficial foot in 
addition ; mosaic cubes of marble or 
onyx, not exceeding two cubic inches 
in size, if loose, 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem : if attached to paper or other 
material, 35 per centum ad valorem. 



(See Survey B-ll.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph covers marble, breccia, and 
onyx used for monumental and structural work. Marble is a crystal- 
line limestone ; onyx, used in building, is a marble having the appear- 
ance of real onyx. Breccia consists of fragments cemented together 
by natural processes. It usually is (but may not be) marble in 
chemical composition, but it is included in the group because of simi- 
larity of use. Marble slabs of superior quality are used for orna- 
mental purposes, but inferior grades are also largely used for interior 
finishing, as sanitary or fireproof material. Breccia and onyx are 
used almost entirely for decorative purposes. Mosaics and paving 
tiles are flooring materials competitive with ceramic mosiacs and 
other flooring tiles (par. 202). 

Production of building and monumental marble in 1914 was valued 
at $7,871,978 and in 1917 at $6,100,280. Competition is chiefly on the 
stones used for interior work. Separate statistics are not given for 
mosaic marble, which is included in " all other." Breccia is not 
reported separately in domestic production; onyx marble in 1915 
amounted to 4,574 cubic feet, valued at $19,270, and came from Utah. 
Kentucky, and New Mexico. 

Detailed statistics for 1918 and 1920 are given in the following 

table : 

MarMe sold in the United States in 1918 and 1920. 





1918 


1920 


Use. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
value. 


Building stone: 

Rough- 
Exterior cubic feet. . 

Interior do 

Dressed— 

Exterior do 

Interior do 


178,090 
375,651 

151,490 
174, 866 


$274,704 
679, 975 

394, 349 
903, 234 


$1. 54 
1.81 

2.60 
5.16 


147, 090 
694,990 

101,420 
221,400 


$295, 162 
1,851,480 

569,395 
1,S54,054 




$2.01 
2.66 

5.61 

8.37 


Total exterior do 

Total interior do — 


329,580 j 669,053 
550, 517 ! 1, 583, 209 


2.03 ! 248,510 
2.88 916,390 


864,557 
3,705,534 


3.48 
4.04 


Total building stone.. do — 


880,097 | 2,252,262 


2.56 U,164,900 1 14,570, 091 


3.92 



building stone figures may be somewhat less than given and monumental si one somewhat more, as 
some of the Tennessee producers were unable to divide their product according to use. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 343 

Muiblc &014 in the Cnitert Whites hi 191$ and 1920— Continued. 







1918 . 


1920 


Use. 


Quantity. 


Value ' Avc / a g e 
vaiu * r * ! value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Average 
value. 


Monumental stone: 

Rough cubic feet . . 

Dressed do 


349, 823 
364,089 


SI, 126, 259 | S3. 22 
1,821,029 ! 5.00 


640,660 
529,440 


$2, 187, 469 
3,758,041 


$3.41 
7.10 


Total monumental stone, 
cubic feet 


713,912 


2,947,288 i 4.13 


1 1, 170, 100 


5. 945. 510 


5.08 








Total building and monu- 
mental cubic feet . . 

Marble for other uses, .short tons. . 


1, 594, 009 
169,432 


l 

5,199,550 3.26 
296,839 | 1.75 


2,335,000 
231,500 


10, 515, 601 
553,984 


4. SO 
2.39 


Total marble sold: 

Cubic feet 3 


1 i 
3,575,670 ' 5.496.389 ! 1.54 


5,035,000 
431, 500 


11,069,585 


2.20 


Short tons a 


305,720 


i 17.98 


25.65 




! 







i Building stone figures may be somewhat less than given and monumental stone somewhat more, as 
some of the Tennessee producers were unable to divide their product according to use. 
* Approximately. 

The marble industry is represented by quarrymen who sell their 
product in all stages from the rough block to the article ready for 
use, and by the manufacturers who buy either domestic or foreign 
raw material. It is between these two classes that competition is 
most severe, as very little manufactured marble is imported. 

The domestic marble deposits of commercial value are confined to 
the northeastern and southeastern United States and to limited areas 
on the Pacific slope. Deposits of onyx exist in the Mississippi Val- 
ley, but high-grade material is rare. The quarrying process is sim- 
ple and requires no permanent buildings, and only a small amount 
of equipment, unless the material is dressed by the producer. In this 
case rough sheds are erected and pneumatic machinery installed. 
The tendency is toward large production units with manufacturing 
facilities located at the quarry. 

European deposits of marble are of high grade, and contain many 
fancy varieties not available in the United States. The quarries of 
Italy and Greece have been operated for centuries, but the product is 
still considered the best for certain ornamental and sculptural work. 
There are extensive deposits of onyx marble in Mexico, but devel- 
opment has been slow. 

Imports of marble, breccia, and onyx, rough, dressed, and in^slabs, 
were valued at $1,068,132 in 1914. During the war shipping restric- 
tions and export embargoes reduced foreign trade in these articles 
to a minimum. 

Imports of rough blocks were valued at $997,734 in 1914 and un- 
rubbed slabs at $47,841. Dressed marble and rubbed slabs are im- 
ported in comparatively small amounts. 

The imports in 1914 equaled 13 per cent of the domestic produc- 
tion of building and monumental marble and 32 per cent of that 
used for interior work. From 1910 to 1914 there was a slight annual 
decrease in imports. Italy furnishes fully 80 per cent of the marble 
imported, the remainder roming from France, Greece, Belgium, 
Spain, and other countries. Onyx is now imported mainly from 



344 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Mexico. Imports of loose mosaic cubes were valued at $42,945 in 
1914 and those attached to some material at $976. Later statistics 
follow : 

Marble and breccia. 



Calendar year. 



Equiva- 

Quantity. Value. Duty. ; lent ad 

i valorem. 



IN BLOCK, ROUGH, OR SQUARED ONLY. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1021 (9 months). 



Cubic feet. 






Per cent. 


112,757 


5222.839 j 


$56,378 


2.3. 30 


209,945 


593,340 


104,972 


17.69 


468,815 ; 


1,258,192 I 


234,422 


18.63 


306,725 


635, 158 







SAWED OR DRESSED, OVER 2 INCHES THICK. 



1919 . 


9 1 
102 j 


S90 
922 
105 ... 


$7 


7.50 


igoft 


8.30 


1921 (9 months) 






! 





SLABS OR PAVING TILES CONTAINING NOT LESS THAN 4 SUPERFICIAL INCHES, N^T 
MORE THAN 1 INCH THICK— UNRUBBED. 



_ ; . : 

1918 


Superficial ft. 
24,617 
74.680 
40,356 
53,310 


: 

$4,967 \ 
17,896 1 
22,193 
19,982 I 


$1,477 
4,481 
2,421 


29.74 


1919 


25.04 


1920 


10.91 


1921 (9 month') 











SLABS OR PAVING TILES CONTAINING NOT LESS THAN 4 SUPERFICIAL INCHES. NOT 
MORE THAN 1 INCH THICK— RUBBED. 



1Q18 


3,102 


$967 

5,047 

2,331 

, 10 509 


$248 ! 

1,567 ! 

179 ! 


25. CG 


1919 


* 19,583 


31.04 


1920 


2,239 


7.68 




•■ 19.184 




. 


1 



L \BS OR PAVING TILES ETC , MORE THAN 1 AND NOT MORE THAN 1| INCHES THICK- 

UNRUBBED. 



1918 5.577 


$1,322 
2,424 
2,435 
3,350 


$446 
685 
497 


33.75 


1919 


8,561 


28.25 


1920 


6,213 


20.41 




: 6.550 











SLABS OR PAVING TILES, ETC., MORE THAN l.V AND NOT MORE THAN 2 INCHES THICK— 

UNRUBBED. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



1,278 I 

145 | 

1,839 | 



$474 

118 

1,153 



$128 
14 



25.96 
12.20 



MOSAIC CUBES OF MARBLE OR ONYX, NOT EXCEEDING 2 CUBIC INCHES IN SIZE- 
LOOSE. 



1918 


$6,454 j 
3,888 ! 
18,221 
22,939 . 


$1,291 

778 
3,644 


20.00 


1919 


20.00 


1920 




20.00 


1921 (9 months) 















summary of tariff m formation^ 1931; 345. 

Otni.r. 



Calendar year. 






IN BLOCK, ROUGH, OR SQUARED 


ONLY. 






1918 

1919 


Cubic feet. 

1,425 

2,040 

G,395 

721 


$3, 181 
9,517 

36,840 
2,948 


$712 
1,020 
3,197 


Per cevi. 
22. 40 
10.72 


1920 


8.68 


1921 (9 months) 













SLABS OR PAVING TILES CONTAINING NOT LESS THAN 4 SUPERFICIAL INCHES, MORE 
THAN 1 AND NOT MORE THAN IV INCHES THICK— UNRUBBED. 



1918 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Superficial ■ 
feet. 
1,923 ! 
4,200 I 
9,462 



$741 
4,009 
3,568 



$154 
336 



20.76 
8.38 



Exports of stone, including marble unmanufactured, have been 
as follows: 1914, $676,723; 1918 (calendar year), $552,261; 1919, 
$770,392; 1920, $774,442; 1921 (9 months), $425,614. 



PARAGRAPH 233. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS.. 

Par. 233. Marble, breccia, onyx, ala- 
baster, and jet, wholly or partly manu- 
factured into monuments, benches, 
vases, and other articles, and articles 
of which these substances or any of 
them is the component material of 
chief value, and all articles composed 
wholly or in chief value of agate, rock 
crystal, or other semiprecious stone, 
except such as are cut into shapes and 
forms fitting them expressly for use 
in the construction of jewelry, not 
specially provided for, 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pab. 112. Marble, breccia, onyx, ala- 
baster, and jet, wholly or partly man- 
ufactured into monuments, benches, 
vases, and other articles, or of which 
these substances or either of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
and all articles composed wholly or in 
chief value of agate, rock crystal, or 
other semiprecious stones, except such 
as are cut into shapes and forms fitting 
them expressly for use in the construc- 
tion of jewelry, not specially provided 
for in this section, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 98. Marble, breccia, onyx, ala-. 
baster, and jet, wholly or partly man- 
ufactured into monuments, benches, 
vases, and other articles, or of which 
these substances or either of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
and all articles composed wholly or in 
chief value of agate, rock crystal, or 
other semiprecious stones, except such 
as are cut into shapes and forms fitting 
them expressly for use in the construc- 
tion of jewerly, not specially provided 
for in this section, 45 per centum ad 
valorem. 



M6 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ARTICLES OF MARBLE, BRECCIA, ONYX, ETC. 
(See Survey B-ll.) 

GENERAL. 

Stone manufactures include, besides tombstones and monuments 
made of marble and kindred stones, a large and diverse list 
such as commercial and religious statuary, paper weights, inkwells, 
table tops, and jet spangles for ornamenting textiles and millinery 
goods. The manufacturing industry aside from the production of 
monuments is of very minor importance. Stone monuments are 
produced in all parts of the United States. The plants are usually 
located close to burial grounds, but some large quarry organizations 
ship to distant domestic markets. Desk and novelty articles are 
produced as a side line by manufacturers of monuments, as well as 
by makers of novelties, and also on special order. The manufac- 
ture of jet is an important industry in many parts of Europe, but 
not here. The stone-working industries of Greece and Italy have 
been famous for centuries because of their fine marble and excellent 
workmanship. 

Tombstones, monuments, and grave markers can] usually be cut 
and finished by stone- working machinery, which eliminates hand- 
work to a large extent. Up to this point the domestic industry 
can compete favorably with European goods, but in carving, which 
is entirely handwork, European producers possess a considerable 
advantage because of their lower-priced labor. There are standard 
ornaments, such as stone urns, cherubs, angels, and other symbolic 
figures of foreign manufacture, which command a ready sale, but a 
large part of the ornamentation of plain monumental work is done 
on special consignment, which can not be anticipated, and so foreign 
competition in this branch of the trade is not serious. 

In 1914 there were in the United States 4,901 establishments 
engaged in marble and stone work, with an output valued at $107,- 
055,000; in 1919 the corresponding figures were 4,208 and $127,- 
993,000. The production of monuments and tombstones was valued 
at $40,976,682 in 1914. 

ARTICLES OF MABBEE AND BRECCIA. 

Description mid uses. — Large articles, such as monuments, benches, 
and mantelpieces, are frequently made of marble and breccia. (For 
sculptures, see pars. 1447 and 1685, pp. 1195 and 1478, respectively.) 

Production. — The only available statistics are for marble monu- 
ments and tombstones, which in 1914 were valued at $40,977,000. 

Imports, derived chiefly from Italy aud France, were valued at 
$224,742 in 1914. Later statistics follow ; 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$30,863 
46,622 
83,768 
86,617 


$13,888 
20,980 
37,694 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 















347 



Exports of manufactures of stone, including marble, n. s. p. f., 
are destined chiefly for Canada, Cuba, and the United Kingdom. 
Statistics have been as follows (calendar years): 1918, $1,208,164; 
1919, $1,508,997; 1920, $2,158,764; 1921 (9 months) $1,355,335. 



ARTICLES OF ONYX. 



Description and uses. — Similar articles are made from " onyx 
marble " as from marble and breccia, but the use of real onyx 
(banded chalcedony) is confined to smaller ornaments. 

Production figures are not available. (See "Articles of agate," 
p. 348.) 

Imports were valued at $1,902 in 1914. France is the principal 
source of supply. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


• 


$305 

2,053 

2,960 

* 8,707 


$137 

924 

1,332 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 













Experts. — Not recorded separately. 

ARTICLES OF ALABASTER. 

Description and uses. — Yases, lamps, and other interior ornaments 
are made of alabaster, a translucent gypsum. It is too soft for ex- 
terior decoration. 

Production. — There is no domestic alabaster. Values of articles 
made from imported material are not available. \ 

Imports* mainly from Italy, averaged about $15,000, but were 
$51,065 in 1914. Later statistics follow : 



Ad 
Calendar year. Value. Duty, j valorem 

rate. 

H i — I — 

I Per cent. 

1918 : $5, 304 $2, 387 j 45 

1919 3,713. 1,671 I 45 

1920 14,355 6,460: 45 

1921 (9 months) 17, 462 ! 

. ; : : I i ■_ 

Exports. — Not recorded separately. 

ARTICLES OF JET. 

Description and uses. — See paragraph 1592. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $15,790 (more than double any 
year since 1908) and in 1918 at $2,160. Imports from France repre- 
sent the largest values. Imports in 1920 (calendar year) were 
$26,149, and in nine months of 1921 $18,557. In the latter year small 
amounts were received from Germany and Czechoslovakia. 



348 



S I'M MARY 01 TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ARTICLES OF AGATE. 



(See Survey B-ll.) 



Description and uses. — Besides ornaments, many industrial articles 
are made of agate (a variegated chalcedony), such as scale bearings, 
mechanical bearings and supports, mortars, and balls for water 
meters. 

Production of agate and other varieties of chalcedony averages 
about $9,000 annually. In 1915, however, the value increased to 
$23,262, but was only $7,580 in 1918. These figures represent the 
value of chalcedony, not of the manufactured articles. It is esti- 
mated that most of the domestic agate is used for jewelry. 

Imports of articles (other than jewelry) made of agate were 
valued at $20,165 in 1914. Germany normally supplies about 80 
per cent, most of the remainder being derived from England and 
France. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


1 

Ad 
Duty. ! valorem 
i rate. 


1918 


$5,275 
6,826 
52,099 
26,243 


$2,374 

3,072 

• 23,445 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45- 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Not recorded separately. 



ARTICLES OF ROCK CRYSTAL. 



(See Survey B-ll.) 



Description and uses. — Rock crystal is a clear and colorless quartz. 
Wedges and prisms in some optical instruments, ornamental jars, 
boxes, and vases are frequently made from it. Because of its purity, 
it is used in the manufacture of special glasses where cost is not 
considered. 

Production was valued at $4,046 in 1914 and at $2,022 in 1918. No 
statistics of the manufactured articles are available. 

Imports of articles made of rock crystal averaged about $4,000 until 
1913, when they increased to $19,982, falling to $1,846 in 1914. France 
and Germany usually supplied the greater part, but in 1913 over 
$11,000 worth came from England. More recently there have also 
been imports from China and Japan. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$62 
1,904 
3,989 
1,509 


$28 

857 

1,795 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 















Exports. — Not recorded separately. 



349 



OTHER SEMIPRECIOUS STONES. 



Description and uses. — There is no scientific differentiation between 
precious and semiprecious stones. . Specimens of the same mineral 
species vary so widely that one may be "precious" and another 
" semiprecious.' * Corundum, of which the ruby and sapphire are 
varieties, represents over 50 per cent of the value of all gems pro- 
duced in the United States. A large proportion of the corundum 
minerals finds industrial use as abrasive material and for mechanical 
bearings and pivot supports, especially in watches. 

Production statistics can not be given, as there is no definite classi- 
fication. 

Imports of u other semiprecious stones " were valued at $985 in 
1909, $18,528 in 1913, $3,405 in 1914. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$5,935 

4,752 ; 
14,038 ! 
8,987 I 


$2,671 
2,138 
6,317 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — Not recorded separately. 



PARAGRAPH 234. 



H. R. 7456. 



Pab. 234. Burrstones, manufactured 
or bound up into millstones. 13 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 113. Burrstones, manufactured Par. 438. Burrstones, manufactured 

or bound up into millstones, fifteen per or bound up into millstones [Free]. 
centum ad valorem. 



BURRSTONES, MILLSTONES, ETC. 
(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and uses. — Burrstones or millstones and the closely 
related quarry products, chasers and dragstones, are natural quarried 
stones which are used for grinding purposes. Millstones were for- 
merly used for grinding grain, but have been replaced by modern 
grain-milling machinery. This has been somewhat offset by the 
growing use of chasers and dragstones for grinding mineral prod- 
ucts, such as feldspar, quartz, and pigments. Chasers are similar in 
composition to millstones, but are larger in size and by being made 
to run on edge curl the material; millstones are run horizontally 
and the materials are ground between two stones. 

Production of millstones (burrstones) and related quarry prod- 
ucts has varied widely. New York and Virginia are the chief pro- 
ducers. 



350 



ST MAIABV OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The value of the output in successive vears has been as follows: 
1912, $71,414: 1917. $48,489: 1918, $92^14; 1919. $66^72; 1920, 
$63,325. 

Imports of millstones since 1913 have varied from $15,000 to 
$20,000; in 1917 they were about 40 per cent of the domestic pro- 
duction. Kecently, at least, the imports have come principally from 
France. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



'uantity 
r alue 



1918 



1919 1920 



143 



1921 

(9 months). 



873 



53.347! $17,360 $11,947 



45 

$9,678 



Exports not recorded separately. 

Important cluing es in classification. — Transferred from the free 
list, act of 1913 (par. 438). 



PARAGRAPH 235. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 235. Freestone, granite, sand- 
stone, limestone, lava, and all other 
stone suitable for use as monumental 
or building stone, except marble, brec- 
cia, and onyx, not specially provided 
for, hewn, dressed, or polished, or 
otherwise manufactured, 40 per centum 
ad valorem ; unmanufactured, or not 
dressed, hewn, or polished, 15 cents 
per cubic foot. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 114. Freestone, granite, sand- 
stone, limestone, and all other monu- 
mental or building stone, except 
marble, breccia, and onyx, not specially 
provided for in this section, hewn, 
dressed, or polished, or otherwise man- 
ufactured, fifty per centum ad valo- 
rem ; unmanufactured, or not dressed, 
hewn, or polished, ten cents per cubic 
loot. 

Par. 551. Curling stones. * * * 
I Free]. 



Par. 99. Freestone, granite, sand- 
stone, limestone, lava, and all other 
stone suitable for use as monumental 
or building stone, except marble, brec- 
cia, and onyx, not specially provided 
for in this section, hewn, dressed, or 
polished, or otherwise manufactured, 
25 per centum ad valorem ; unmanufac- 
tured, or not dressed, hewn, or pol- 
ished, 3 cents per cubic foot. 

Par. 470. Curling stones. * * * 
[Free]. 



sandstone and freestone. 



(See Survey B-ll.) 

Dcxcn 'pt/oii and use.— Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed 
of sand (usually accumulated under water) and a calcareous or 
silicious cement, deposited from subsurface waters. White, gray, and 
red are the principal color variations. The value varies with the 
color and the uniformity and size of the individual sand grains, 
freestone is a variety of sandstone, or sand-lime stone so called. 



gUlIM-AETC OF TARIFF !N FORMATION, L921. 



351 



because it can be cut and shaped easily. A mono- the important stones 
sandstone ranks third as a building stone, first for flagging, and 
second for paving and curbing! 

The following table shows the uses' of sandstone sold in the United 
States in 191* and 1920: 



Use. 


1918 


1920 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Building stone 


.cubic feet.. 


973,990 1 

75,650 . 

2,188,419 | 

21,900 . 

531,952 1 

43,800 i. 

798,934 

65,900 . 

882,831 

356,784 1 

105,022 i 

1,297,874 | 

8,355 j 


$536,474 


1,812,580 

149,890 

3,599,580 

37,650 

718, 150 

62,060 

688,890 

56,460 

1,394,270 

455,500 

86,770 

1,095,390 

5,010 


SI, 619, 724 






Paving blocks 


...number.. 


148,091 


304,476 


Curbing 


.cubic feet.. 


298,971 


518,677 


Flagging.. 


.cubic feet.. 


373, 729 


463,71* 


Crushed stone 


.short tons.. 
do... 


1,050,106 
305,308 
107,958 

1,688,334 
20,327 


2,043,621 


Riprap 


602,492 


Rubble 

Ganister 

Other 


do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

ort tons) — : 


153,298 

1,582,255 

22,029 


Total (approximate quantities, in sh 


2,858,100 


4,529,298 


3,343,000 


7,310,290 



Production statistics are given as follows : 





Quantity. 


Value. 


1916 


Short tons. 
4, 681, 590 
3, 880, 500 
2, 858, 100 
2,623,270 
3, 343, 000 


$5,603,778 


1917 


5, 512, 421 


1918 


4, 529, 298 


1919 


5,283,842 


1920 


7,310,290 







Imports of these stones suitable for building were valued at $72,207 
in 1914. Later statistics follow: v 

Freestone, sandstone, limestone, lava, and all other monumental or building 
stone, except granite, marble, breccia, and onyx, n. s. p. f. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. > Value. 
UNMANUFACTURED, OR NOT DRESSED, HEWN, OR POLISHED 



Equiva- 
Duty. lent ad 
valorem. 



19] v 


Cubic feet. 
13. 370 
13, 807 

! 10. 94(1 
46, 716 


OO OC t~- CO 

cwnc 
— i — a>W 


; Per cent. 
S401 J 2.85 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


414 2.91 
3,328 : 3.38 


" 



HEWN. DRESSED, OR POLISHED, OR OTHERWISE MANUFACTURED. 



1918 


$5. 990 


-SI, 497 
5, 361 
1, 405 


25.00 


1919... 


21,444 


25.01) 


1920 


17.622 


2.V do 


1921 (9 months) 


27, 947 











Exports. — Xot separately recorded. (See par. 232, p. 345. 



352 



SUMMARY OF 



TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



GRANITE. 



(See Survey B-ll.) 



Description and use. — Granite is an igneous rock, formed from 
liquid material after a long period of slow cooling. It consists of a 
mixture of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other minerals, and 
the color ranges from gray white to gray black. The combination 
of light and dark minerals gives the rock a mottled appearance that 
varies with the percentages of the different minerals and the size of 
the individual crystals. Granite is very durable, and takes a high 
polish that brings out the beauty of the crystal structure. It is the 
most important monumental and building stone. The quantity and 
value of granite sold for various uses in 1918 and 1920 are shown as 
follows : 



Use. 



Building stone (rough and dressed) cubic feet. . 

Approximate equivalent in short tons 

Monumental stone cubic feet. . 

Approximate equivalent in short tons 

Paving number of blocks. . 

Approximate equivalent in short tons 

Curbing and flagging cubic feet. . 

Approximate equivalent in short tons 

Rubble short tons. . 

Ri prap do 

Crushed stone do 

Other stone do 

«^^g est 
Total (quantities approximate, in short tons) 



191S 



Quantity. 



2,771,013 
232, 770 

3,358,431 
282, 000 
25,923,526 
272, 200 
382, 000 
33, 600 
140, 472 
624, 954 

2, 069, 473 
171,944 



3,827,400 



Value. 



$2,349,796 


6, 964, 879 


1, 547, 612 


324, 381 



151,408 

480, 666 

2,583,449 

64,232 



1920 



Quantity. 



4, 895, 880 

411,170 

3,379,330 

283,910 

32, 230, 270 

351,260 

997, 950 

62, 100 

90, 760 

525, 470 

3,016,960 

18,370 



14,466,423 j 4,760,000 



Value. 

$4, 492, 482 
"ll, 543*255 



2, 582, 934 
755,540 



154, 036 

478, 128 

4,831,776 

116,757 



24,954,908 



Production. — The granite deposits of present economic importance 
are located near the Appalachian continental plateau, the most valu- 
able occurring at the northern and southern extremities of this area. 
Another area of growing importance includes the western Lake 
States. Granite production was reported from 31 States in 1919; 
Vermont, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Maine, Wisconsin, Minne- 
sota, and New Hampshire produced the bulk of the supply. 

The following table gives statistics of production : 





Quantity. 


Value. 


1914 . 


Short tons. 


$11,225,179 
17,456.S38 
15, 544, 957 


1916... 


9,270,800 
5,564,200 
3, 827, 400 
4,221,220 


1917... 


1918 


14,466,423 
19,345,714 


1919 ". 







Imports in 1914 were valued at $157,211, nearly all hewn granite 
for monumental work, chiefly from Scotland. Later statistics 
follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 353 



Granite. 



Calendar vear. 




UNMANUFACTURED OR NOT DRESSED. HEWN, OR POLISHED. 



191$ 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Cubic feet. 
28. 240 
23,210 
43. SO.") 
26,916 



$14,554 j 
17.790 
42, L62 

22,441 . 



$S17 

697 

1.314 



Per cent. 
5.82 
3.92 
3.12 



HEWN, DRESSED, OR POLISHED OR OTHERWISE MANUFACTURED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$2, 0S6 

9.9S3 

108,193 

89, 296 



S521 

2,496 

27,048 



25. 00 

2:.. 00 
25. 00 



Exports. — Not separately stated. (See par. 232, p. 345.) 

LIMESTONE. 

[See par. 204. p. 262.] 



LAVA: TRAP ROCK (BASALT AND RELATED ROCKS). 

Description and use.— All rock of volcanic origin is lava, of which 
there are many varieties. (See also par. 206, p. 268.) 

Trap rock is an igneous rock formed by a rapid cooling of the 
molten lava. The rock is fine grained and shows little or no crystal 
structure. The color ranges from white to black. The name is ap- 
plied to any fine-grained lava or dike rock. 

The chief use of trap rock is in crushed form for road metal or 
ballast. Small amounts are used for rough building v stone, although 
not if other materials are available, as this rock has no definite 
cleavage planes and breaks with a jagged fracture. It finds some 
use in paving. 

Production. — Trap rock for building material is produced irregu- 
larly by several States, but Massachusetts and Connecticut are the 
only localities reporting continuous operation. 

Statistics of production of basalt and related rocks (trap rock) 
are given in the following table : 



Quantity. Value 



Short tons. '■ 

1916 10, 233, 640 

1917 9,103,580 " 

1918 i 6, 859, 200 

1919 1 7, 410, 770 

1920 i 9, 219, 200 



$7, 666, 297 
7, 570, 885 
7, 782, 280 
8, 944, 686 

12, 260, 14S 



Imports. — (See Sandstone and Freestone, p. 351.) 
Exports. — Not separately recorded. (See par. 232, p. 345.) 

82304—22 23 



354 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for curling 
stones, exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 470). has been 
dropped. 



PARAGRAPH 236. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 236. Grindstones, finished or 
unfinished, $2 per ton. 

ACT OE 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 115. Grindstones, finished or Par. 100. Grindstones, finished or 
unfinished, one dollar and seventy-five unfinished, $1.50 per ton. 
r<ents per ton. 

GRINDSTONES. 
( See Survey R-3. ) 

Description and uses. — The term Ci grindstone " usually refers to 
the natural quarried stone. Pulpstones are heavy grindstones used 
for grinding wood in making pulp and paper, and weigh from 2 to 4 
tons. 

Production. — The value of grindstones and pulpstones produced in 
1917 was $1,147,784 as compared with $766,140 in 1916. Ohio has 
always produced 85 to 90 per cent of the total. Grindstones have a 
serious competitor in grinding wheels made from artificial abrasive. 
(See par. 1415, p. 1121.) Later statistics of domestic production are 
as follows: 



- 






191S 


1919 


1920 


Quantity.. 




short tons. 


! 63, 339 
1 $1,776,282 


46, 865 
$1,336,015 


53, 484 
$1 707 004 











Imports were $139,386 in 1913. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 




Tons. 
2,134 


$o5, 283 
50, 551 

77, 046 
67, 633 


$3, 201 
2,442 
3, 114 




Per cent. 
5.79 


1919 




1.62S 


4.83 


1920 

1921 (9 months 


\\\'~.'.'.'.'.''~'~'.'.''.\'.''~.~'.~.'~.\~~ 


2, 076 

1 , 373 


4.04 











Exports largely to Canada and Cuba have been for calendar years 
as follows: 1918, $210,889: 1919, $297,068: 1920. $424,322: 1921, 
$222,349. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 355 

PARAGRAPH 237. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pak. 287. Slates, slate chimney 
pieces, mantles, slabs for tables, roof- 
ing slates, and all other manufactures 
of slate, not specially provided for, 17 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 116. Slates, slate chimney Par. 101. Slates, slate chimney 
pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, roof- pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, roof- 
ing slates, and all other manufactures ing slates, and all other manufactures 
of slate, not specially provided for in of slate, not specially provided for in 
this section, twenty per centum ad va- this section. 10 per centum ad valorem. 
lorem. 

SLATES. 

(Sec Survey R-.11 . ) 

Description and uses. — Slate is a fine, compact rock with easy 
parallel cleavage, much used where smooth slabs are. required. About 
three-fifths of the slate quarried in 1917 was used for roofing. Mill 
stock, slates 1 to 3 inches thick used for structural and sanitary 
purposes, is second in importance. Other uses are for electrical 
switchboards, blackboards, and billiard-table tops. Ground slate is 
made of slate-cutting wasteJ The granules are used as a coating for 
composition tar shingles, and the flour goes into linoleum, paint, and 
wall finishes. 

Production. — Domestic slate deposits are of a high grade, and 
besides supplying the home market furnish a considerable tonnage 
for export. Over 99 per cent of production originates in the States 
north and east of Virginia. The quarries require little machinery, 
as it is more economical to split the rough blocks by hand. The 
dressing sheds contain trimming knives for finishing shingles and 
rotary planers for truing the surfaces of thick slabs. The industry 
was formerly conducted by many small operators, but the present 
tendency is toward extensive organization. Although slate quarry- 
ing is a domestic industry in most countries, Welsh slates have long 
been exported. They meet active American competition, however, in 
the foreign markets. 

The value of the slate sold by quarrymen in 1920 was the largest 
yet recorded for this material, but this fact does not indicate any de- 
cided revival in the slate industry as a whole, for the quantity of 
roofing slate sold was only 8 per cent more than in 1879. the year 
of the lowest recorded sales (867,857 squares), and 72 per cent less 
than in 1902, the year of the largest recorded sales (1,435,168 
squares). The average value per square, however, was $3.35 in 
1879, $3.45 in 1902. and $8.90 in 1920. 

The total quantity of mill stock sold in 1920 was an increase of 33 
per cent over the quantity sold in 1919, but 24 per cent less than that 
sold in 1913. the record year. 

The slate sold in 1920 was produced at well-established quarries in 
Maine. Maryland. Xew York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Virginia. 



356 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Slate .sold in the United States, 1916-1920, by uses. 





Roofing slate. 


Mill stock.i 


Other 

uses 

(value). 




Year. 


Number of 

squares 

(100 square 

feet). 


Value. 


Average 
value per 
square. 


Quantity 

(square 

feet). 


Value. 


Average 

value per 

square 

foot. 


Total 
value. 


1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 


835, 873 
703, 667 
379, 817 
454, 337 
396, 230 


$3,408,934 
3, 411, 740 
2, 219, 131 
3, 085, 957 
3, 524, 658 


$4.08 
4.85 
5.84 
6.79 
8.90 


5, 782, 842 
5, 478, 151 
4, 841, 133 
7, 466, 000 
9, 910, 000 


$1, 177, 260 
1, 277, 249 
1, 498, 164 
1, 782, 793 
3,147,281 


SO. 20 
.23 
.31 
.24 
.32 


?752, 643 
1, 060, 977 
1, 123, 825 
1, 161, 898 
2, 054, 503 


$5,338,837 

5, 749, 966 
4, 841, 120 

6, 030, 648 
8, 726, 442 



1 For 1919 and 1920 total output of mill stock is given. Prior to 1919 bulletin, blackboard, and school 
slate material was included under -'Other uses;" 

Imports were greatest in 1912, $11,042. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



1918 ,. 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Value. 



Duty. 



$531 

691 

4,512 

2,864 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 





Per cent. 


$53 


10 


69 


10 


451 


10 



Exports of slate, other than roofing, for the year 1917 were valued 
at $204,590, over 80 per cent being for school slates and pencils. 
Exports of roofing slate, principally to Canada, Australia, and the 
United Kingdom, have been as follows: 1914, $188,057; (calendar 
years 1918-1921) 1918, $65,224; 1919, $55,164; 1920, $122,105; 1921 
(9 months), $64,818. 



PARAGRAPH 238. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pah. 238. Watch crystals, 40 per 
(umtnrn ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

i'ak. 192. * * * parts of watches, 

* * * forty per centum ad valorem ; 

* * * 



ACT OE 1913. 



1»ar. 161. * * ::: parts of w;itches, 
* * * 30 per centum ad valorem; 



WATCH CRYSTALS. 

(See Survey C-26.) 

Description and use. — Watch crystals are too familiar to require 
description. 

Production. — Before the European war watch crystals were not 
made in the United States, the American supply being received 
chiefly from France, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. After the 
war began they were received from Japan and Switzerland, the 
former country being the chief source of supply. 



1921. 357 

In 1915 the Macbeth-Evans Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., undertook 
the manufacture of watch crystals, but with poor success, and sub- 
sequently discontinued their manufacture. Shortly afterwards the 
Waterbury Clock Co., Waterbury, Conn., built a plant and began 
the manufacture of crystals, with fair success. The crystals made 
by this company are said to be accepted by the trade as equal to the 
European crystals and as better in quality than those imported from 
Japan. In 1918 the Waterbury Clock Co. manufactured 14,070,960 
Avatch crystals. 

There are said to be certain difficulties attending the production of 
watch cr} r stals that explain why the industry has never progressed 
in this country. 

" Glass is of such a nature that uniformity of product can not be 
counted on, making most uncertain the cost of the material itself. 

" The grinding and shaping of the crystal in its manufacture is 
not on such positive lines that the required size can be obtained. 

" The more extended the business the greater the opportunity of 
utilizing off sizes, otherwise valueless." 

Imports. — None separately recorded since 1918. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



SCHEDULE 3. -METALS AND MANUFACTURES OF. 



PARAGRAPH 301. 



H. H. 7458. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 301. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, 
spiegeleisen containing more than 1 per 
cent of carbon, wrought and cast scrap 
iron, and scrap steel, including scrap tin 
plate, $1.25 per ton: Provided, That 
spiegeleisen for the purposes of this Act 
shall be an iron manganese alloy con- 
taining les3 than 45 per centum of man- 
ganese: Provided further, That nothing 
shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel 
except secondhand or waste or refuse 
iron or steel fit only to be remanu- 
factured. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Schedule C- 



-Metals and Manufac- 
tures of. 



Par. 118. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, 
spiegeleisen, * * * two dollars and 
fifty cents per ton; wrought and cast scrap 
iron, and scrap steel, one dollar per ton; 
but iiothing shall be deemed scrap iron or 
scrap steel except waste or refuse iron or 
steel fit only to be remanufactured by 
melting, and excluding pig iron in all 
forms. 



Schedule C- 



-Metals and Manupac 

TURES OF. 



Par. 518. * * * iron in pigs, iron 
kentledge, spiegeleisen, wrought iron and 
scrap and scrap steel; but nothing 3hall 
be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except 
second-hand or waste or refuse iron or 
steel fit only to be remanufactured; 
* * * [Free]. 



PIG IRON, SCRAP AND SPIEGELEISEN. 



(See Surveys FL-21 and 0-1.) 

Description and use. — Pig iron is classified as Bessemer, basic, 
low phosphorus, foundry, malleable, forge, and the ferroalloys. 
The first three are usually manufactured into steel; the next three 
into castings or into wrought iron; and the last are used to purify 
and give certain desirable qualities to steel. Spiegeleisen is an 
alloy of iron and manganese, having a manganese content between 
10 and 45 per cent, the commercial grade in this country being 
about 20 per cent; a 10 to 12 per cent alloy, however, is also mar- 
keted in Europe. Iron kentledge is pig iron shipped on a vessel as 
ballast. Wrought iron is the purest form of iron used and can be 
forged,, rolled, or welded. It is made by puddling pig iron. Cast 
iron is pig iron run into molds when molten or reheated and al- 
lowed to cool. Waste or old wrought iron and old cast iron, as 
well as waste or old steel, constitute scrap. Scrap tin plate is old 
or waste tin plate, a form of steel scrap consisting mainly of clip- 
pings and valuable principally for the tin which may be recovered 

358 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



359 



from it. Scrap is largely used in open-hearth furnaces in the manu- 
facture of steel. 

Production. — Domestic pig-iron production in 1913 was 30,966,- 
152 long tons out of an estimated world total of 72,400,000 tons. 
In 1918 it was 39,054,644 long tons, valued at $1,180,759,565, and 
in 1920, 36,925,987 long tons. The leading States are Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and New York. The output of spiegel- 
eisen in 1913 amounted to 110,338 gross tons; in 1918, to 283,853 
gross tons; and in 1920, to 111,449 gross tons. 

In 1913 the pig-iron production of Germany was 18,987,039 
tons; of the United Kingdom, 10,316,265 tons; and of France 
5,227,378 tons. In 1917 the output of Germany was 12,932,338 
gross tons and of the United Kingdom 9,640,936 gross tons. These 
countries are also large producers of spiegeleisen and ferroman- 
ganese, Germany's output in 1917 aggregating 316,577 gross tons. 

Imports during the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows; 

r 



Pig iron (all other): > 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Iron kentledge: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Spiegeleisen: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Scrap iron and scrap steel: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Scrap tin.plate: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1918 



1919 



361 
,828 



20 
$326 



1,969' 
$228,012 

63, 218 
$1, 221, 765 

14,973,723 
$119,591 



1920 



58,171 

$1,651,185 



107,547 
$4,029,210 



1921 
(9 months). 



20,258 
$596,442 



27 

$1,018 

177,293 
$3,249,322 

11,771,218 
$91,281 



5,234 
$277,900 

134, 209 
$2,831,048 

2 6,436 

$84,541 



26ft 
$9, 260 

27,984 
$306, 922 

»962 
$8,635 



1 "All other" means pig iron proper— i. e., pig iron other than spiegeleisen, ferromanganese, iron kent- 
ledge, and during some years, fefrosilicon. 

2 Tons. v 

Imports of pig iron come chiefly from England and Canada; and 
scrap iron and steel, largely from Canada. 

Exports in the calendar years 1918-1921 of pig iron and of scrap 
iron and steel were as follows : 



Pig iron: 

Quantity (tons) 261, 891 

Value $10, 327, 178 

Scrap iron and steel: 

Quantity (tons) 2, 160 

Value $33, 620 



316,718 
$11,722,033 



27, 275 
$717, 325 



1920 



1921 
! (9 months). 



212,742 
$9, 390, 750 

219, 250 
$6,411,534. 



20, 801 
$666,405 



. 27,201 
$430, 479 



No exports of iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, or scrap tin plate are 
recorded. 

The pig iron goes mainly to Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, and 
Belgium, and the scrap iron and scrap steel, to Canada, the United 
Kingdom, China, Hongkong, and Japan. 

Important changes in classification. — Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, 
spiegeleisen, wrought iron and scrap iron and scrap steel are exempt 



/ 

360 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

from duty under paragraph 518 of the act of 1913. In the act of 
1913 ferromanganese as well as spiegeleisen was placed with pig 
iron, but in H. R. 7456 it has been transferred to the paragraph which 
deals with the ferroalloys. The dividing line between spiegeleisen 
and ferromanganese was fixed by the War Industries Board at 45 
per cent manganese content. This dividing line had never been 
definitely determined in trade practice, as standard spiegeleisen has 
a manganese content from 18 to 22 per cent and standard ferroman- 
ganese, a manganese content from 70 to 80 or 82 per cent. Tiemann, 
an authority, makes the dividing line 30 per cent manganese. 

Suggested changes. — Spiegeleisen is a ferroalloy as much as ferro- 
manganese and ferrosilicon, which are included in the paragraph 
devoted to the ferroalloys. It is suggested, therefore, that spiegeleisen 
be transferred from this paragraph to the following one. (See Ferro- 
manganese, par. 302, p. 367.) 

The Treasury Department held that the provision for scrap tin in 
paragraph 631 of the act of 1913 includes scrap tin plate. The pro- 
vision for scrap steel might be construed to include alloy steel, 
especially tungsten steel, a much more expensive material than ordi- 
nary scrap steel. In order to obviate this construction a proviso 
reading somewhat as follows might be inserted: u Provided further, 
That alloy steels valued at 7 cents per pound or more shall not be 
classed as scrap iron or scrap steel." 

Page 39, line 3, H. R. 7456: Change "per cent" to "per centum" 
to agree with usage elsewhere in H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 302. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 302. Manganese ore or concen- 
trates containing in excess of 30 per 
centum of metallic manganese, 1 cent 
per pound on the metallic manganese 
contained therein; molybdenum ore or 
concentrates, 75 cents per pound on the 
metallic molybdenum contained therein; 
tungsten ore or concentrates, 45 cents 
per pound on the metallic tungsten con- 
tained therein; ferromanganese contain- 
ing more than 1 per centum of carbon, 2\ 
cents per pound on the metallic manga- 
nese contained therein: Provided, That 
ferromanganese for the purposes of this 
Act shall be such iron manganese alloys 
as contain 45 per centum or more of man- 
ganese; manganese metal, manganese sili- 
con, manganese boron, and ferromanga- 
nese and spiegeleisen containing not more 
than 1 per centum of carbon, 2\ cents per 
pound on the manganese contained 
therein and 28 per centum ad valorem^ 
ferromolybdenum, metallic molybde- 
num, molybdenum powder, calcium 
molybdate, and all other compounds 
and alloys of molybdenum, $1.25 per 
pound on the molybdenum contained 
therein and 17 per centum ad valorem; 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



361 



H. R. 7456. 

Eerrotungsten, metallic tungsten, tung- 
sten powder, tungstio acid, and all other 
compounds of tungsten, 72 cents per 
pound on the tungsten contained therein 
and 15 per centum ad valorem; ferro- 
chromium tungsten, chromium tungsten, 
chromium cobalt tungsten, tungsten 
nickel, and all other alloys of tungsten 
not specially provided for, 72 cents per 
pound on the tungsten contained therein 
and 17 per centum ad valorem; ferro- 
silicon, containing 8 per centum or more 
of silicon and less than 30 per centum, 
2^ cents per pound on the silicon con- 
tained therein; containing 30 per centum 
or more of silicon and less than 60 per 
centum, 2\ cents per pound on the silicon 
contained therein; containing 60 per 
centum or more of silicon and less than 
80 per centum, 3£ cents per pound on the 
silicon contained therein; containing 80 
per centum or more of silicon and less 
than 90 per centum, 4 cents per pound on 
the silicon contained therein; containing 
90 per centum or more of silicon, and 
silicon metal, 8 cents per pound on the 
silicon contained therein; ferrochrome or 
ferrochromium containing 3 per centum 
or more of carbon, 3^ cents per pound on 
the chromium contained therein; ferro- 
chrome or ferrochromium containing less 
than 3 per centum of carbon, and chrome 
or chromium metal. 30 per centum ad 
valorem; ferrophosphorus, ferro titanium, 
ferro vanadium, ferrouranium, ferroce- 
rium, ferrozirconium, ferrosilicon, ferro- 
boron. titanium, zirconium, tantalum, 
chromium nickel, vanadium nickel, 
zirconium nickel, chromium vanadium, 
chromium silicon, zirconium silicon, cal- 
cium siiicide, and all alloys used in the 
manufacture of steel not specially pro- 
vided for, 30 per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 1S4. Chrome or chromium metal, 
ferrochrome or ferrochromium, ferro- 
molybdenum, ferrophosphorus, ferrotitan- 
ium, ferrotun^sten, ferrovanadium, mo- 
lybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, 
or wolfram metal, valued at two hundred 
dollars per ton or less, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
two hundred dollars per ton, twenty per 
centum ad valorem; ferrosilicon contain- 
ing not more than fifteen per centum of 
silicon, five dollars per ton; ferrosilicon 
containing more than fifteen per centum 
of silicon, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 183. * * * metals unwrought, 
whether capable of being wrought or not, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
twenty per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 102. Chrome or chromium metal, 
ferrochrome or ferrochromium, ferro- 
molybdenum, ferrophosphorus, ferroti- 
tanium, ferrotungsten, ferroA-anadium, 
molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tung- 
sten or wolfram metal, and ferrosilicon, 
and other alloys used in the manufacture 
of steel, not specially provided for in this 
section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 154. * * * metals unwrought, 
whether capable of being wrought or not, 
not specially proA'ided for in this section, 
10 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



/ 

362 SVMAIARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 118. * * * ferro-man«anese, Par. 518. * * * ferromanganese 

two dollars and fifty cents per ton; * * *. * * * [Free]. 

Par. 619. Manganese, oxide and ore Par. 540. Manganese, oxide and ore of 

of [Free]. [Free]. 

Par. 626. Minerals, crude * * * Par. 549. Minerals, crude * * * 

[Free]. [Free]. 

Par. 190. Tungsten-bearing ores of all Par. 633. Tungsten-hearing ores of all 

kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. kinds [Free]. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, Par. 5. * * chemical * * * 

mixtures and salts, * * * not spe- compounds, * * * mixtures and 

dally provided for in this section, twenty- salts, * * * not specially provide.! 

five per centum ad valorem; * * *. for in this section, 15 per centum ad 

valorem. 

FERROALLOYS AND ORES OF FERROALLOYS. 

(See Surveys C-l and FL-28.) 

MANGANESE ORES. 

Description and uses. — Manganese is not found in the metallic state 
in nature; it occurs only in combination with other elements as an 
oxide, carbonate, or silicate, oxides being the most common. Man- 
ganese ore is the raw material for ferromanganese and spiegeleisen, 
products employed in the manufacture of steel. Minor amounts of 
the ore are used in chemical and other industries, but 96 per cent 
goes into the making of steel. Practically all steel contains manga- 
nese, and of all alloys ferromanganese is used in the largest quantity. 
Manganese alloys when added to steel in proper proportions impart 
the essential qualities of toughness and hardness. 

Production. — Prior to the war we produced less than 1 per cent 
of our manganese requirements, the output rarely exceeding 4,000 
tons of high-grade ore. In 1915 production of high-grade ore (metallic 
content 35 per cent or more) increased to nearly 10,000 tons; in 1916, 
to "31,000 tons; in 1917, to 129,000 tons; and in 1918, to approximately 
305,869 tons. In 1919 it fell to less than 56,000 tons, but in 1920 
increased to about 94,000 tons. During the war the production 
of manganese ore was a profitable industry in many localities, but 
only because prices were from three to four times prewar quotations. 
Foreign ores are of a better general grade and more easily mined, 
averaging from 45 to 55 per cent manganese, as compared with 
domestic "high grade" running from 35 to 45 per cent. Operating 
costs here are much higher than abroad, American mines being 
situated far from points of consumption, and often at considerable 
distances from railroads. Domestic resources have been carefully 
estimated and found to be insufficient to supply our requirements 
for more than a few years. Under normal trade conditions, with a 
free movement of ore from foreign countries, domestic manganese 
mining can not continue except on a limited scale. 

Imports. — Before the war nearly all foreign manganese ore came 
from British India, Brazil, and Russia. In 1914 these countries sup- 
plied 99 per cent — British India, 40 per cent; Brazil, 25 per cent; and 
Russia, 34 per cent. After 1915 imports from Russia ceased, the 
British India supply was greatly reduced, and Brazil showed large 
increases. The mining of manganese ore in Cuba began in 1915; it 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



363 



was promoted by American capital, and the entire production was 
sent here, 550 tons in 1915 and 67,780 tons in 1918, one-ninth of our 
imports. Total imports in 1914 were 288,837 long tons, valued at 
$1,841,472. • Imports since 1917 by. calendar years have been as 
follows : 





191N 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


491, 157 
$15,09(\920 


333,933 
511,261,021 


600,937 
$12,230,922 


311,074 
$■3,025,533 







The imports during 1920 came from Brazil, India, and Russia. 

Exports. — None reported. 

Important changes in classification. — Manganese ore is exempt from 
duty under paragraph 540 of the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456, it is for 
the first time placed in the same paragraph with the ferro-alloys and 
alloying metals. 

Manganese oxide occurring as a natural mineral and exempt from 
duty under paragraph 540 of the act of 1913 is covered by the 
provision in this paragraph for manganese ore and concentrates. 
Manganese oxide made by chemical means, also exempt from duty 
under paragraph 540 of the act of 1913, is included in the suggestion 
under paragraph 44 that manganese salts and compounds be specially 
provided for. 



MOLYBDENUM ORE. 



Description and uses. — The most important molybdenum ore is 
molybdenite, a sulphide of molybdenum. It is a flaky mineral 
resembling graphite in appearance. Molybdenum is used in the 
steel industry in the manufacture of stainless steel and high-speed 
steel and in the chemical industry in the production of ammonium 
molybdate and other molybdenum compounds. v 

Wulfenite is another molybdenum ore containing 26.2 per cent 
molybdenum. It is rarer than 'molybdenite and is now relatively 
unimportant as a source of molybdenum. 

Production. — In 1918 there were sold in the United States 861,637 
pounds of molybdenum ore or concentrate, valued at $1,253,700, 
and in 1919, 297,926 pounds, valued at $341,814. 

Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 



1921 



(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds). 
V;i1i:p 



140, 222 
$123,924 









105,743 i 15,639 

377,572 §9,707 



24,218 
$9,959 



Exports. — None recorded. It is reported that some molybdenite 
concentrate is exported, but no figures are available. 

Important changes in classification. — Molybdenum ore is exempt 
from duty as a crude mineral under paragraph 549 of the act of 1913. 
In H. R. 7456 it is for the first time placed in the same paragraph 
with the ferro-alloys and alloying metals. 



/ 

364 SUMMAEY OF TAKIFF INFOKMATION, 1921. 

TUNGSTEN-BEARING ORES. 

Description and uses. — Tungsten metal is found only in the form 
of tungstates of iron, manganese, or calcium. Except in the United 
States it is usually accompanied by tin ore. There are four commer- 
cial tungsten minerals — scheelite, ferberite, huebnerite, and wolfram- 
ite. Scheelite is the tungstate of lime. The other three are fre- 
quently grouped together as the wolframite series, and range in com- 
position from ferberite (tungstate of iron) to huebnerite (tungstate of 
manganese). The pure minerals of the wolframite series contain 
over 76 per cent tungsten trioxide (W0 3 ); scheelite contains about 
80 per cent (W0 3 ). The tungsten ore of commerce, however, con- 
tains a certain amount of nontungsten-bearing material in addition 
to one or more of the above minerals. The standard ore contains 
60 per cent (W0 3 ), and this tenor is usually obtained by concentra- 
tion of low-grade ore. Although the occurrence of tungsten is wide- 
spread, the individual deposits are never of large extent. The ore 
comes in lenticular shoots and masses, in veins, or irregularly dis- 
tributed along contacts. The deposits of Boulder County, Colo., 
are narrow stringers; the lodes of the Southwest are usually wider 
and can be worked on a larger scale. Lode mining of tungsten does 
not differ essentially from the mining of other ores, except that 
tungsten rarely is found in sufficient amounts or in shoots regular 
enough to permit of systematic extraction. The ores are concentrated 
to 60 per cent or more tungsten-trioxide, but the recovery of so rich 
a product from ore, usually containing only 2 to 10 per cent, results 
in high losses and much waste of tungsten. To increase the extrac- 
tion, many mills make two grades of concentrate — a high-grade sand 
concentrate, containing approximately 60 per cent, and suitable for 
making ferrotungsten m the electric furnace, and a slime concentrate 
of lower grade, containing about 20 per cent and suitable only for 
chemical process. 

Of all the tungsten ore now produced, 90 to 95 per cent goes into 
the manufacture of tungsten powder and ferrotungsten for use in 
the manufacture of high-speed tool steels. The addition of tungsten 
to steel gives it the property of holding its temper at a much higher 
heat than that at which simple carbon steels and most other alloy 
steels become soft and worthless. Molybdenum has somewhat 
similar properties, and is used to some extent, especially in Europe, 
but it has never proved so satisfactory and is now generally used in 
conjunction with tungsten, which it replaces only in part. 

Production. — The maximum domestic production of tungsten ore 
was, in 1917, 6,144 short tons of concentrates, containing 60 per cent 
(W0 3 ), and in 1916, 5,923 short tons, valued, respectively, at 
$6,783,162 and $12,075,417. The 1918 output was 5,061 short tons. 
In 1920 the estimated production had dropped to 216 short tons. 
The tungsten industry was characterized by a large number of small 
independent producers with only a few well-financed companies. A 
considerable number of the stronger operators had connections with 
manufacturers or consumers of tungsten metal and ore. The largest 
producer, operating in California, had a prewar output about 30 per 
cent of the total. Fully 75 per cent of the prewar output was by four 
large companies, one in California and three in Boulder County, Colo. 
The remainder came from a large and constantly shifting group of 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



365 



small operators. Domestic production was slightly over 50 per cent 
of this country's requirements in 1917, about 30 per cent in 1918, and 
in 1919, less than 5 per cent. In 1916 and 1917 the combined produc- 
tion of Colorado and California was "4,582 and 5,488 short tons, 77 
and 89 per cent of the total output iu these years. Nevada came third 
with an output considerably less. Arizona was a small but regular 
producer. The small production in 1919 (330 short tons) was dis- 
tributed among the States of California, Arizona, Colorado, and South 
Dakota. 

The metallurgical treatment of tungsten ores is as efficient in this 
country as elsewhere and far in advance of most other countries, 
though the foreign ore is decidedly more easily mined. American 
labor is superior to that in any other large tungsten-producing region, 
and it is also much better paid. Where the output depends on 
a large amount of handwork, as in mines of the Boulder County 
type, there is no possibility of producing ore as cheaply as in countries 
of low wages. • The main dependence of the United States therefore 
is on the probably extensive but low-grade deposits of the Southwest. 

Imports of tungsten-bearing ores are large. Before the war Ger- 
many furnished about two-thirds, besides large amounts of tungsten 
metal and ferro-alloy; but most of these shipments were from ore of 
other countries, either made into metal or ferrotungsten in Germany, 
or better grades reshipped through brokerage to the United States. 
In 1913 (fiscal year) a total of 766 long tons of tungsten ore came in, 
600 long tons from Germany. In 1917 (calendar year) total imports 
were 4,876 short tons of 60 per cent (W0 3 ), or 44 per cent of the total 
consumption. Statistics for later calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




10,491 
811,552,218 


8, 400 
$6,261,190 


1,740 
V $779,593 


1 2*7 


Value 


123* 413 







Imported ore or concentrates came from Hongkong, China, Japan, 
and Bolivia. 

Exports. — No tungsten-bearing ores are exported. In the prewar 
period some ore was exported to Germany. 

Important changes in classification. — Tungsten-bearing ores of all 
kinds are exempt from duty under paragraph 633 of the act of 1913. 

In H. R. 7456, tungsten ore is, for the first time, placed in the same 
paragraph with the ferro-alloys and alloying metals. 

Suggested changes. — Page 39, line 16, of H. R. 7456: Tungsten ores 
and concentrates are customarily sold on the basis of their content 
of tungsten trioxide (W0 3 ) rather than on their content of metallic 
tungsten. The assessment of duties on the basis of the tungtsen 
trioxide content would, therefore, be more in accord with commercial 
practice. 

Tungsten trioxide contains 79.31 per cent of metallic tungsten. 
On the basis of tungsten trioxide the duty equivalent to 45 cents 
per pound on the metallic tungsten content would be forty-five times 
0.7931, or 35.7 cents per pound. 



866 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



FERROMANGANESE, 



Description and uses.- — Ferromanganese is an alloy of manganese- 
and iron, the content of the former being 45 per cent or more. Stand- 
ard ferromanganese contains from 70 to 80 per cent manganese. 

The bulk of the ferromanganese produced has a carbon content 
varying from 5 to 7 per cent, and is used in the manufacture of soft 
steel both as a deoxidizing and as an alloying agent. Ordinary carbon 
steel contains from 0.4 to 0.6 per cent manganese. Manganese steel, 
however, contains a much larger percentage of manganese (11 to 15 
per cent) and ferromanganese is largely used in adding the manganese 
to the steel. 

Ferromanganese containing less than 1 per cent carbon is much 
more expensive than the high carbon product and is made in smaller 
quantities. One grade with about 85 per cent manganese content 
is used in the manufacture of certain types of resistance wire for 
electric purposes, and also in the manufacture of certain nonferrous 
alloys. Another grade is called ferromanganese, but properly is 
"spiegeleisen," because it contains only 20 per cent manganese. It 
is employed in the manufacture of nickel silver. Both of these low 
carbon grades are high priced, ranging from about 60 to 80 cents per 
pound. 

Production in 1913 amounted to 119,495 long tons, and in 1918, to- 
333,027 tons. In 1920 the country's output of high carbon ferro- 
manganese was 295,447 gross tons, and of low carbon ferromanganese, 
about half a ton. 

Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 



Quantity (tons). 
Value 



1918 



1920 



26,906 J 33,022 59; 254 
$4,300,604 I $4,283,541 I $7,775,278 

I I 



1921 
(9 months). 



6,605 
$748, 194 



Imported ferromanganese comes mainly from England. During 
the years above tabulated, small amounts were contributed by 
Japan, Canada, British India, and Brazil. 

exports, which are small compared with imports, were, for the 
calendar years 1918-1921, as follows: 



Quantity (tons). 
Value 



1918 


1919 


3,577 

$806, 087 


2, 999 
$445, 840 



1920 



1921 



(9 months). 



3,454 
$642, 570 



604 
$88, 853 



The exported product goes largely to Canada, South America,, 
and Italy. 

Important changes in classification. — Ferromanganese is free under 
paragraph 518 of the act of 1913. In H. R. 7456 it is placed with 
the ferroalloys, instead of with "iron in pigs'' as heretofore. 

The dividing line between spiegeleisen and ferromanganese has- 
been fixed at 45 per cent manganese content. Iron-manganese alloys 
containing 45 per cent or more manganese, arc called ferromanganese,. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 367 

and those having a smaller percentage of manganese, spiegeleisen. 
There is also a division between low carbon (1 per cent and less), 
and high carbon (above 1 per cent) grades, the former having a 
higher rate of duty. 

Suggested changes. — Statements have been made to the Tariff Com- 
mission that 45 per cent is too high a percentage of manganese to 
distinguish ferromanganese and spiegeleisen. As the production of 
iron-manganese alloys containing over 25 and less than 70 per cent 
of manganese is small, the precise dividing line is unimportant. 
Forty-five per cent in H. R. 7456 is that adopted by the War Indus- 
tries Board. Tiemann, an authority, puts the dividing line at 30 
per cent manganese. 

MAXGAXESE METAL, MAXGAXESE-SILICOX, AND MANGANESE-BORON. 

Description. — Manganese metal ordinarily contains 90 to 97 per 
cent manganese with a small percentage of iron, carbon and other 
ingredients. It is used largely in the nonferrous industries. Man- 
ganese-boron is a high-priced alloy containing from 19 to 25 per cent 
boron. Its principal use is in deoxidizing bronzes and brasses. Man- 
ganese-silicon or silico-manganese has a manganese content ranging 
from 55 to 70 per cent and a silicon content averaging about 25 
per cent. Its use is practically the same as that of ferromanganese 
but it sells at a higher price per ton. It is made in Europe but its 
production in this country is very spasmodic. 

Production. — There are no statistics concerning this country's 
output of these metals and alloys. The production, however, is 
known to be very small. 

Imports. — Not separately recorded. Imports since the war, de- 
rived mainly from France, have not been large. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Manganese metal, manganese-' 
silicon and manganese-boron are specifically mentioned in H. R. 
7456 for the first time. Under the act of 1913 the second is governed 
by the provision referring to "other alloys used in the manufacture 
of steel" (par. 102), and the first and third, by the provision for 
"metals unwrought" (par. 154). 



MOLYBDENUM AND FERROMOLYBDENUM. 



Description. — Molybdenum is a heavy, white, malleable, tenacious 
metal, softer than steel, and with an exceptionally high melting point. 
Ferromolybdenum is an alloy of iron and molybdenum and is used 
in making molybdenum steel. Very little pure metal is used. Prac- 
tically all the molybdenum added to steel is first reduced to the form 
of ferro-alloy. Where pure molybdenum is used it is generally in 
the form of powder. Calcium molybdate is a compound of calcium 
and molybdenum generally containing approximately 40 per cent 
molybdenum; it may be used in the manufacture of steel. 

Uses. — Ferromolybdenum is added in definite proportions to steel 
in open-hearth, crucible, and electric furnaces in the production of 
molybdenum steel. It raises the elasticity and tensile strength of 
steel and gives it toughness. The addition of 0.25 per cent increases 
the elongation of steel from 4 per cent to 45 per cent. Molybdenum, 
either alone or in conjunction with tungsten, has been recommended 



368 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



for giving high-speed cutting qualities to steel, but many manufac- 
turers have found it unsatisfactory for this purpose. Considerable 
molybdenum steel is used for rear-axle and crank-shaft material in 
automobiles. Molybdenum and calcium molybdate are similarly 
used to add molybdenum to steel. 

Production. — The United States is probably the world's greatest 
producer of ferromolybdenum, but no adequate statistics are avail- 
able. The output, however, amounts to several hundred tons a 
year. 

Price. — Ferromolybdenum was quoted (November, 1921) at $2.25 
per pound of molybdenum content. 

Imports. — The imports of molybdenum and ferromolybdenum, 
which are small compared with the domestic production, were 
valued at $203 in 1916. Statistics for later years follow: 





Calendar year. 


1 
i Quantity. ' 


Value. 


• 
Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 

1919 




' Pounds. 

] 72,925 

1 102, 700 


?19, 280 

40. 759 
292 


82,892 
6.114 


Per ccvJ. 
15 
15 


1921 (9 months).. 




! 250 













Exports. — Some molybdenum is exported, the greater part in the 
form of molybdenite concentrate. 

Important changes in classification.- — In H. R. 7456 calcium molyb- 
date is specially provided for. 



TUNGSTEN AND FERROTUNGSTEN, 



Description. — Pure tungsten is almost white and is largely used in 
^powdered form. It is also employed as an alloy with iron (ferro- 
tungsten), with a tungsten content of about 70 per cent or over. 
The value of the ferroalloy rises as the tungsten content increases 
and the carbon content diminishes. In August, 1919, the quotations 
on ferro tungsten, 70 to 80 per cent grade, ranged from $1.35 to $1.60 
per pound of tungsten content. In November, 1921, the quoted price 
was 40 to 45 cents per pound of tungsten content. 

Tungstic acid is a chemically prepared oxide or hydroxide. The 
name, however, is often erroneously applied to tungsten trioxide 
(W0 3 ) contained in ore. 

Uses. — The principal use of ferrotungsten and tungsten metal is 
its addition to tool steel, especially for "high-speed" tools. When 
employed in small amounts (2 to 5 per cent), the steel becomes self- 
hardening; used in larger amounts (10 to 25 per cent), the steel 
remains hard even after becoming red-hot. 

Production. — In 1918 the United States was the largest producer 
of this important tool-steel alloy. Complete statistics are not avail- 
able, but six companies reported their production for 1917 as 1,270 
gross tons. For 1918 the Geological Survey reported shipments of 
Ferrotungsten of domestic manufacture amounting to 2,142 gross tons. 
In 1919, production declined to something over 1,000 tons. A 
further decline is reported for 1920. It is manufactured in France, 
England, and Germany. Prior to the war, the bulk of the world's 
output was made in Germany. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



369 



Price. — Ferro tungsten is a high-priced alloy, the standard grades 
selling (1917-1919) at over $2 per pound, a large part of which 
represents the price of the tungsten ore concentrate. In 1917 the 
average price (f. o. b. Pittsburgh) of ferro tungsten containing 75 to 
85 per cent tungsten was $2.37 per pound, the tungsten ore concen- 
trate alone costing $1.60. In December, 1920, the price of ferro- 
tungsten was between $0.68 and $0.79 per pound of contained 
tungsten and a year later had fallen to $0.40 and less per pound of 
metal content. The cost of the raw material — tungsten-bearing 
ores — is an important factor in the American competitive position. 

Imports. — The imports of tungsten metal and ferro tungsten have 
varied greatly during the period 1913-1921. The imports were 654 
long tons in 1 9 1 3 , and 3 1 long tons in 1 9 1 5 . Imports increased greatly 
after the close of the war and were as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


ii 

287, 981 

1,180,829 j 

180,371 


SI 
43, 197 
177, 124 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


896,460 

1, 997, 719 

507, 206 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports increased greatly during the war. In 1916 they were 
128,718 pounds, valued at $184, 876. During the calendar years 
1918-1921 exports were as follows: 



1918 



1919 



Quantity (poimds) i 1, 232, 260 

Value , j $2, 545, 087 



38, 130 
S113.276 



1920 



1921 
[(9 months). 



15.913 



Important changes in classification. 
is given special mention. 



-In H. R. 7456 tungstic acid 



OTHER TUNGSTEN ALLOYS. 



Description and uses. — Other alloys of tungsten mentioned in the 
proposed tariff law are ferrochromium tungsten, chromium tungsten, 
chromium cobalt tungsten, and tungsten nickel. These alloys when 
produced are made in limited quantities; while they may be em- 
ployed in making high-speed steel, their principal use is in making 
other alloys, e. g., stellite. Chromium cobalt tungsten which contains 
no steel is used as a substitute for tool steel. 

Production of these alloys is very small. 

Imports and exports not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The words " or wolfram metal' ' 
have been omitted after " tungsten" as unnecessary. The tungsten 
alloys above named are specifically mentioned for the first time in 
this act. 



82304—22- 



-24 



370 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



FERROSILICON. 



Description. — Ferrosilicon is an alloy of iron and silicon used in the 
manufacture of steel. The silicon acts as a deoxidizing agent, reduc- 
ing blowholes and purifying the steel. The silicon content varies 
from 10 to 90 per cent and determines the grade. Ferrosilicon con- 
taining 10 to 15 per cent silicon is largely manufactured in blast fur- 
naces, but is also produced in the electric furnace; the higher grades 
are produced only in electric furnaces. 

Where the percentage of silicon rises above 90 per cent, especially 
when over 95 per cent, the product is known as silicon metal. Silicon 
metal is employed in the manufacture of aluminum castings and to 
some extent in the manufacture of other nonferrous alloys. 

Production. — The production in 1918 was 297,940 gross tons and 
was larger than heretofore, owing to war demands. An estimate in 
May, 1918, for ferrosilicon with 50 per cent silicon content was from 
100,000 to 110,000 tons per annum. Production in 1920 amounted 
to 235,526 tons. Ferrosilicon is made in Canada, and much is 
exported to this country. It is also produced in France, Germany, 
Switzerland, Austria, Norway, and Sweden. 

Price. — Ferrosilicon with 50 per cent silicon content was quoted in 
1919 at an average price of $105.75 per gross ton. In 1920 the price 
averaged $85.50, and in November, 1921, it had fallen to about $58.00. 

Imports in 1917 were 8,715 long tons. For later years they were as 
follows : 





Calendar year. 


i 
Quantity. 


Value. 

i 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . . 




Tons. 

! 5,540 

i 10, 445 

'• 13,909 

3.883 


$424,932 
629,362 | 
719,446 
203,198 . 


$63, 740 
94, 404 
107,917 


Per cent. 
15 
15 
15 


i 







The bulk of the imported ferrosilicon comes from Canada. 
Exports, which are relatively small, are shown in the following 
table for the calendar years 1918-1921: 



• 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


4,107 


1,544 
$145, 310 


632 
$41, 057 


221 




$443,456 


$11,325 







The exported ferrosilicon goes principally to Chile, Argentina, 
Canada, and the United Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification. — Ferrosilicon has been graded 
according to silicon content with an increasing scale of duties. These 
grades are five in number. 

Conflicting provisions. — Ferrosilicon containing 8 per cent or more 
of silicon is provided for twice in this paragraph, once upon a graduated 
scale of specific duties and the other time at 30 per centum ad valorem. 
Possibly the latter is intended to be for zircon ium-ferrosilicon, for 
which no specific provision is made \n H. R. 7456. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



371 



CHROME AND FERROCHROME. 



Description. — Chrome or chromium occurs chiefly as an oxide in 
combination with iron or other elements. The pure metal is hard, 
steel-gray in color, and not readily oxidized. It alloys with iron in 
all proportions and is used principally in the form of ferrochrome 
which is sold on a basis of its chromium and carbon contents, the 
price increasing with the chromium and decreasing with the carbon 
content. 

Uses. — Ferrochrome is used extensively in the manufacture of 
armor-plate steel, armor-piercing projectiles, bullet-proof steel, high- 
speed steel and alloys, high-grade castings, stamp-mill shoes and dies, 
safe steel, wire, tires, springs, razors, file and cutlery steel, and for 
other minor purposes. Hardness and toughness are the principal 
characteristics of steels containing chromium. 

Production. — An incomplete outline by the Geological Survey of 
production of ferro-alloys in the United States gives sales of 3,524 
gross tons of ferrochrome, ferromolybdenum, ferro tungsten, and 
Ferro vanadium in 1916, and 6,066 gross tons of ferrochrome, ferro- 
molybdenum, ferrotitanium, ferrozirconium, and ferrovanadium in 
1919. These figures, however, include only a fraction of the pro- 
duction, as an incomplete survey made by the Tariff Commission 
showed an output in excess of the figures given. 

Price. — Ferrochrome containing 6 to 8 per cent carbon was quoted 
in August, 1919, at 32 to 40 cents per pound of chromium content, 
and ferrochrome containing 2 to 4 per cent carbon, at 70 cents per 
pound of contained chromium. The prices later declined, and in 
November, 1921, the high carbon grades were quoted as low as 11 
cents per pound of contained chromium. 

Imports of ferrochrome were 208 long tons in 1914 and 10 tons in 
1917. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


V 

Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1919 

1920.. 

1921 (9 months) . . 




Pounds. 

926, 616 
3,922,514 

999, 077 


$100,404 
428, 619 
104, 738 


815,061 
64, 293 


Per cent. 
15 
15 











Exports. — Some ferrochrome has been exported, but the figures are 
not available. 

Important changes in classification. — ferrochrome is classified with 
regard to carbon content in grades containing 3 per cent or more of 
that material and those containing less than 3 per cent. The latter 
grades become rapidly more expensive as the carbon content is re- 
duced. 



FERROPHOSPHORUS. 



Description and uses. — Ferrophosphorus is a chemical combina- 
tion of iron and phosphorus with smaller amounts of other ingre- 
dients. Its principal use is in making basic open-hearth pipe, screw 
stock, and sheet bars. Ferrophosphorus restores the phosphorus 
content in open-hearth steel to the point desired and increases the 
tensile strength and welding quality of pipe steel. In screw 
steel more uniform and cleaner cut threads are made possible by the 



372 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



addition of phosphorus. About 75 or 80 per cent of the ferrophos- 
phorus now used goes into sheet bars, tin plate, and sheets; manufac- 
turers find that the stripping or tearing apart of the plates or 
sheets can be accomplished with the minimum loss when ferrophos- 
phorus is used. 

Production. — No reliable figures are published concerning the pro- 
duction of ferrophosphorus in this or other countries. Sales, as re- 
ported by the Geological Survey, in 1916 aggregated 12,966 gross 
tons, and in 1919 6,706 gross tons. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


1 
Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
22,400 
170,806 
14,000 


$1,055 

5,846 

780 


$158 
877 
117 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 









Exports. — None recorded. 



TITANIUM AND FERROTITANIUM. 



Description. — Titanium is abundant in nature. Pure metallic tita- 
nium has found no domestic applications of commercial importance. 
Ferfotitanium, an alloy of iron and titanium, is the form generally 
used. The two most prominent varieties of this alloy, and the only 
ones of domestic maufacture, are ferrocarbontitanium, containing 
from 15 to 18 per cent titanium, and carbon-free ferro titanium, con- 
taining about 25 per cent titanium and some 5 to 6 per cent aluminum. 

Uses. — Titanium has been employed in the treatment of steel rails 
made by the Bessemer process, but since the increased use of open- 
hearth steel in heavy rails the demand for titanium for rail use has 
decreased. A much larger use, however, has been found in the making 
of- sheet steel, as steel treated with titanium is well suited for gal- 
vanizing. The estimated tonnage of steel treated with titanium 
was 2,200,000 in 1917. 

Production. — The United States is the chief producer of ferro- 
titanium and titanium. No statistics, however, are available. 

Before the war ferrotitanium was made by 15 manufacturers in 
Germany, 3 in Great Britain, and 2 in France. Switzerland and 
Sweden also manufactured some of this ferroalloy, and pure titanium 
was made in Norway. 

Imports and exports. — There are practically no exports of metallic 
titanium or ferrotitanium. The imports have been small and spo- 
radic. The maximum importation was 48 tons, valued at $21,656 
in 1912. Importation is principally from England. Later statistics 
follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




Pounds. 

10 

12,000 

1,367 

3,035 


$10 

3,317 

713 

801 


$1 

498 
107 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 373 



FKRROVANADIUM. 



Description. — Ferrovanadium is an alloy of iron and vanadium. 
American manufacturers report a product containing from 30 to 40 
per cent vanadium. 

Uses. — The vanadium in this ferroalloy acts as a cleanser and 
deoxidizer of a steel bath. It is employed after ferromanganese and 
ferrosilicon have been added and carries deoxidization beyond the 
point obtained by these alloys. Ferrovanadium is also used to add 
vanadium to the steel; in proportions up to 0.3 per cent the vanadium 
toughens and adds to the tensile strength of the steel. Steels so 
treated are unusually resistant to shock and alternate stresses, and 
hence are very useful for axles, cranks, piston rods, and similar steels. 
The automobile is a much stronger machine because of vanadium. 

Production.- — Schedules returned to the United States Tariff Com- 
mission by manufacturers show a yearly output of over 2,700 short 
tons during the period 1916 to 1918, inclusive, production having 
increased between 700 and 800 per cent since 1910. More ferro- 
vanadium is produced here than abroad, but some is manufactured 
in Germany and England. The world's Output is practically under 
American control. Vanadium deposits in Peru, Colorado, and Utah 
are controlled by American companies. South Africa has lately 
produced some vanadium. 

Price.— Ferrovanadium containing 30 to 40 per cent vanadium was 
quoted during 1919 at $5.50 to $7 per pound of vanadium contained, 
and during 1920 at $5.50 to $8.25 per pound. By November, 1921, 
the price ranged from $4.25 to $4.50 per pound of contained vana- 
dium. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Vclue. 


Duty. 

V 


Ad 
valorem 

rate. 


1919 

1920 


] K )tlV.r!s. 

11,200 

7 . 989 


•524,923 
14.331 


S3, 738 
2. i'O 


Per cent 
15 
ES 



Exports amounted to over 1,300 short tons in 1917. For the calen- 
dar years 1918 to 1921 they are shown in the following table: 



19 IS 1919 1920 



Qnsntitv (pounds) 1,512,737 J (54,626 387,060 

Val'ie.." ! $1,774,062 i 895,560 $705,385 



1921 
(9 months). 



192,933 
$388,378 



TANTALUM. 



Description. — Tantalum is a metallic element associated with 
columbium in the minerals tantalite, yttrotantalite, columbite, and 
other heavy rare minerals. It is obtained chiefly from tantalite. 
Tantalum is black in color, assuming an iron-gray luster under a 
burnisher. 



374 

Uses. — Wrought tantalum is exceedingly hard and tough and has 
been used in the manufacture of pen nibs. It resists all ordinary 
acids, even aqua regia, hence its great usefulness for chemical pur- 
poses. It was formerly employed for electric-light filaments. 

Production. — There are no published statistics, but the output is 
known to be very limited. Because of their close similarity, the 
separation of tantalum from columbium is a long and complicated 
process. 

Imports are small; in 1917 they were valued at $2,000. No imports 
are recorded for the calendar years 1918 and 1919. In 1920, 60 pounds 
valued at $54, were imported, and during nine months of 1921 there 
were received 1,229 pounds, valued at $788, from England. 

Exports. — There are no statistics. Exports are probably negligible 

OTHER ALLOYS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL. 

Description and uses. — Such alloys include a vast number of metals 
and alloys used either in very limited amounts or experimentally. 
Some allo}^s enumerated in the act are the following : 

Ferrouranium. — Uranium is a heavy and extremely active element. 
It is added to steel in the form of ferrouranium. The influence of 
uranium on steel is not completely known, but it is said to give 
a decided strengthening power and resistance to shock. The high 
price of uranium has deterred experimentation, uranium oxide hav- 
ing brought $3.25 to $3.60 per pound in 1918, and ferrouranium $7 
to $7.50 per pound of contained metal. Even in the fall of 1921 the 
latter was quoted at $6 per pound of metal content. 

Ferroboron. — The qualities of ferroboron are not fully determined. 
Boron occurs in the form of borax. Borax is very difficult to reduce 
to the elemental state, and only small quantities of ferroboron have 
been manufactured. Experiments in France showed that remarkably 
strong steels are made by using 0.5 to 2 per cent of boron. Its action 
is much like that of vanadium. 

- Ferrozirconium.— -This alloy carries 30 to 40 per cent zirconium 
metal and sells for $4 to $4.50 per pound of metal contained. Zir- 
conium-bearing steel is reported to be adapted for bullet-proof sheets, 
armor plate, and armor-piercing projectiles. Investigations of its 
steel-hardening qualities, its fitness for light armor plate on tanks, 
aeroplanes, etc., are still under way in the trade. 

Ferrocerium. — This alloy, 30 per cent iron and 70 per cent cerium, 
is employed as tinder in pocket cigar lighters, gas lighters, and as 
igniters for mine lamps. During the war it was also used in hand 
grenades and projectiles. Its domestic production probably runs from 
1,000 to 2,000 pounds per month — prior to 1917 under Austrian patents, 
now under licenses granted American manufacturers by the Alien 
Property Custodian. The manufacture of ferrocerium is part of the 
pyrophoric-alloy industry, of which the incandescent gas mantle is a 
widely known product. The use of ferrocerium for making stronger 
iron castings has been recommended. 

In addition to these alloys are chromium nickel, vanadium nickel, 
zirconium nickel, chromium vanadium, chromium silicon, zirconium 
silicon, and calcium silicide. None of these compounds are made in 
steady quantities since they are in an experimental stage of pro- 
duction. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



375 



Production is small and no reliable statistics exist. 

Imports of ferroalloys and metals used in making alloy steels other 
than those for which figures have been tabulated above, are grouped 
in the tables of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce under 
the caption "All other alloys used in the manufacture of steel, n. s. 
p. f." The largest single item is calcium silicide or silicon-calcium, 
which is imported from France by several concerns that are endeav- 
oring to introduce this alloy into American steel practice as a substi- 
tute for ferromanganese and ferrosilicon. Imports since 1917 have 
been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

31,920 

19, 178 

2 i 1,029 

134, 661 


So, 025 
2,504 
23, 093 
15.209 


$754 

376 

3,644 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











NOTE ON FERROALLOYS AND STEEL-ALLOYING METALS. 

Metals and alloys produced in steady quantities. — Many of the 
ferroalloys or alloying metals mentioned in this paragraph are pro- 
duced only spasmodically and for experiment. The following are 
manufactured in steady quantities: 

Ferromanganese (high and low carbon grades); ferrosilicon; ferro- 
chrome (high and low carbon grades) ; ferro tungsten; ferrovanadium; 
f erromolybdenum ; f errophosphorus ; ferro titanium; metallic man- 
ganese; calcium molybdate; manganeseboron; metallic tungsten; 
chromium tungsten; silicon metal; and ferrocerium. 

In addition to these, ferrouranuim is quoted regularly on the 
market and some authorities say that ferrozirconium is a coming 
alloy of importance. v 



PARAGRAPH 303. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 303. Muck bars and bar iron, 
square iron, rolled or hammered, com- 
prising flats not less than one inch wide 
nor less than three-eighths of one inch 
thick, round iron not less than seven- 
sixteenths of one inch in diameter, one- 
fourth of 1 cent per pound; round iron, 
in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths 
of one inch in diameter, and bars and 
shapes of rolled or hammered iron, not 
specially provided for, five-tenths of 1 
cent per pound; iron in slabs, blooms, 
loops, or other forms less finished than iron 
in bars, and more advanced than pig iron, 
except castings, two-tenths of 1 cent per 
pound: Provided, That all iron Oars, 
blooms, billets, slabs or loops in the manu- 
facture of which charcoal is used as fuel 
shall be subject to a duty of three-tenths 
of 1 cent per pound. 



376 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 119. Bar iron, muck bars, square Par. 103. Muck bars, bar iron, square 

iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats iron, rolled or hammered, round iron, in 
not less than one inch wide nor less than coils or rods, bars or shapes of rolled or 
three-eighths of one inch thick, round hammered iron not specially provided for 
iron not less than sev en-sixteenths of one in this section, 5 per centum ad valorem, 
inch in diameter, three-tenths of one cent 
per pound. 

Par. 120. Round iron, in coils or rods, Par. 518. * * * iron in slabs, 

less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in blooms, loops or other forms less finished 
diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled or than iron bars, and more advanced than 
hammered iron, not specially provided pig iron, except castings, not specially 
for in this section, six- tenths of one cent provided for in this section [Free], 
per pound: 

Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, 
loops, or other forms less finished than iron 
in bars, and more advanced than pig iron, 
except castings, shall be subject to a duty 
of four-tenths of one cent per pound: 
Provided further, That all iron bars, 
blooms, billets, slabs or loops, in the 
manufacture of which charcoal is used as 
fuel, shall be subject to a duty of eight 
dollars per ton. 

BAR IRON. 

(See Survey C-2.) 

Description. — Bar iron is wrought iron in the form of bars. The 
rough iron bloom coming from the puddling furnace is first rolled into 
a flat bar, known as a muck bar or puddle bar. It is then cut into 
short lengths and the pieces piled together to be reheated. After 
reheating and rer oiling the material is known as refined iron, refined 
bars, or, more commonly, merchant bars. There is sometimes a 
second and third reheating and rerolling to improve the grade. In 
the process of rolling iron is reduced to simple forms, such as squares, 
rounds, and flats. These forms resemble the cross sections of the 
material from which they are made — blooms, billets, or slabs — and 
their final section determines their nomenclature. 

The terms "slabs," "blooms," "loops," and "billets," as applied 
to wrought iron, represent earlier stages of production than those of 
bars and indicate the shapes the iron assumes before being made 
into bars. 

Where charcoal is used in the manufacture of bars, blooms, billets, 
etc., a purer product is usually obtained, but the cost is much greater. 

Production of merchant iron bars in 1917 amounted to 983,926 gross 
tons and in 1920 to 663,032 gross tons. Wrought-iron bars in recent 
years have maintained an unequal competition with soft steel, which 
is occasionally used in the place of wrought iron. The labor cost 
of iron bars is greater than that involved in the production of steel 
bars. 

Imports may be tabulated under three general heads: (1) Muck 
bars; (2) Bar iron, including flat and square iron and iron in rods or 
coils, and shapes or rolled or hammered iron, n. s. p. f. ; (3) Slabs, 
blooms, loops, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



377 



Calendar year. ! Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


MUCK BARS. 


1919 : 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Tons. 
760 
717 
347 


$122,078 
62,283 
37, 573 


$6, 104 
3,114 


Per cent. 
5 

5 








BAR IRON, INCLUDING FLAT, SQUARE, ROUND IRON, ETC. 


1919 


1,049 

3,906 

938 


$86,205 

562, 231 

87, 720 


$4,310 
28,111 
4,386 


5 


1920 


5 


1921 (9 months) 


5 






IRON SLABS, BLOOMS, LOOPS 


ETC. 






Pounds. 

1918 510, 684 

1919 401,263 


$15,607 
11,457 
13,733 




























Most of the imported iron entering the country in the form of bars 
comes from England, Sweden, and Canada. 

Exports of bar iron for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been 
as follows: 



1918 



Quantity (pounds) i 141, 942, 462 

Value $6, 576, 362 



1919 



1920 



135,624,896 
$5, 634, 398 



1921 
(9 months). 



104,445,766 26,195,249 
$1,143,736 



$4,651,224 



Exports go mainly to Japan, Canada, United Kingdom, Brazil, 
and Cuba. 

Important changes in classification. — Iron in the form of blooms, 
slabs, loops, etc., is transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 
(par. 518). A distinction is made between iron in the manufacture 
of which charcoal is used as a fuel and iron produced with the use of 
other fuel. 

Suggested changes. — All iron bars, blooms, billets, slabs etc., in the 
manufacture of which charcoal is used are subject to a duty of three- 
tenths of 1 cent per pound. Round iron in coils or rods less than 
seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diameter and bars and shapes of rolled 
or hammered iron not specially provided for are subject to a rate of 
five-tenths of 1 cent per pound. All charcoal iron coming under this 
paragraph is, therefore, subject to a lower rate of duty than certain 
kinds of wrought iron which are more cheaply manufactured. 

In order to obviate the imposition of higher duties on the cheaper 
than on the more expensive irons, the proviso in the paragraph might 
be made to read as follows: 

Provided, That all iron bars, blooms, billets, slabs, or loops in the manufacture of 
which charcoal is used as a fuel, shall be subject to a duty of not less than [rate] per 
pound. 



378 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 304. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 304. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, 
blooms and slabs, by whatever process 
made; die blocks or blanks; billets and 
bars; shafting; pressed, sheared, or 
stamped shapes, not advanced in value 
or condition by any process or operation 
subsequent to the process of stamping; 
hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel 
molds not in bars; alloys not specially 
provided for used as substitutes for steel 
in the manufacture of tools; all descrip- 
tions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or 
iron molded steel castings; sheets and 
plate3 and steel not specially provided for; 
all of the foregoing valued at not over 1 
cent per pound, two-tenths of 1 cent per 
pound; valued above 1 cent and not above 
14 cents per pound, three-tenths of 1 cent 
per pound; valued above \\ and nof 
above 2\ cents per pound, five-tenths of 
1 cent per pound; valued above 2| and 
not aboA 7 e 3^- cents per pound, eight- 
tenths of 1 cent per pound ; valued above 
3h and not above 5 cents per pound, 1 cent 
per pound; valued above 5 and not above 
8 cents per pound, 1£ cents per pound; 
valued above 8 and not above 12 cents 
per pound, 2 cents per pound; valued 
above 12 and not above 16 cents per 
pound. 2£ cents per pound; valued above 
16 and not above 20 cents per pound, 3£ 
cents per pound; valued above 20 and 
not above 24 cents per pound, 4 cents per 
pound: valued above 24 and not above 
32 cents per pound, 5 cents per pound; 
valued above 32 and not above 40 cents 
per pound. 6 cents per pound; valued 
above 40 cents per pound. 20 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That on steel circu- 
lar saw plates there shall be levied, col- 
lected and paid an additional duty of 
one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 131. Steel ingots, cogged ingots 
blooms, and slabs, by whatever process 
made; die blocks or blanks; billets and 
bars and tapered or beveled bars; mill 
shafting; pressed, sheared, or stamped 
shapes, not ad\anced in value or condi- 
tion by any process or operation subse- 
quent to the nrocess of stamping; hammer 
molds or swaged steel; gup-barrel molds 
not in bars; alloys used as substitutes for 
steel in the manufacture of tools: all de- 
scriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam 
or iron-molded steel castings; sheets and 
plates and steel not specially provided 
for in this section, all oi the abo\ e valued 
a1 three-fourths of one cent per pound or 
less, seven-fortieths of one ecu t per pound; 
valued above three- fourths of one cent 



Par. 613. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, 
blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks, 
and billets, if made by the Bessemer, 
Si em ens- Martin, open-hearth or similar 
processes, not containing alloy, such as 
nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, 
tungsten, or wolfram, molybdenum, ti- 
tanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, 
boron, and similar alloys, [Free]. 

Par. 110. Steel bars, and tapered or 
beveled bars; mill shafting; pressed, 
sheared, or stamped shapes, not advanced 
in value or condition by any process or 
operation subsequent to the process of 
stamping; hammer molds or swaged steel; 
gi in -barrel molds not in bars; all descrip- 
tions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or 
iron molded steel castings, sheets, and 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



379 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



and not above one and three-tenths cents 
per pound, three-tenths of one eent per 
pound: valued above one and three- 
tenths cents and not above one and eight - 
tenths cents per pound, five-tenths of one 
rent per pound: valued above one and 
eight-tenths rents and not above two and 
two-tenths cents per pound, six-tenths of 
one cent per pound: valued above two 
and two-tenths cents and not al ove three 
cenis per pound, eight-tenths of one cent 
per pound: valued above three cents per 
pound and not above four cents per 
pound, one and one-tenth cents per 
pound; valued above four cents and not 
above seven cents per pound, one and 
two-tenths cents per pound; valued above 
seven cents and not above ten cents per 
pound, one and n.ine-1enths cents per 
pound: valued above ten cents and not 
above thirteen cents per pound, two and 
three-tenths cents per pound; valued 
above thirteen cents and not above six- 
teen cents per pound, two and seven- 
tenths cents per pound: valued al ove 
sixteen cents and not a) ove twenty-four 
cents per pound, four and six-tenths cents 
per pound; valued above twenty-four 
cents and not above thirty-two cents per 
pound, six cents per pound; valued above 
thirty- two cents and not above forty cents 
per pound, coven cents per pound; valued 
above forty cents per pound, twenty pejf 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 137. * * on steel circular 

saw plates there shall be paid one-fourth 
of one cent per pound in addition to the 
rates provided in this section for steel 
plates. 

Par. 171. * * * ingots, cogged in- 
gots, bloom-, or blanks for the same, with- 
out regard to the degree of manufacture, 
one cent per pound: *•, *,p* ["The 
same" refers to wheels for railway pur- 
poses or parts thereof made of steel and 
sieel locomotive car or other railway tires 
or parts thereof.] 



plates: all the foregoing, if made by the 
Bessemer, Siemens- Martin, open-hearth, 
or-similar processes, not containing alloys, 
such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chro- 
mium, tungsten or wolfram, molyb- 
denum, titanium, iridium, uranium, 
tantalum, boron, and similar alloys, 8 per 
centum ad valorem; steel ingots, cogged 
ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks or 
blanks; billets and bars and tapered or 
beveled bars ; pressed , sheared, or stamped 
shapes not advanced in value or condition 
by any process or operation subsequent 
to the process of stamping; hammer molds 
or swaged steel; gun-barrel molds not in 
bars; alloys used as substitutes for steel 
in the manufacture of tools; all descrip- 
tions and shapes ot dry sand, loam, or 
iron molded castings, sheets, and plates; 
* * * and steel not specially provided 
for in this section, ah the foregoing when 
made by the crucible, electric, or ce- 
mentation process, either with or without 
alloys, and finished by rolling, hammer- 
ing, or otherwise, and all steels by what- 
ever process made, containing alloys such 
as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, 
tungsten, wolfram, molybdenum, tita- 
nium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, boron, 
and similar alloys, 15 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 105. * * * crucible plate steel 
and saw plates, cut or sheared to shape or 
otherwise, or unsh eared, * * * 12 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 109. * * * metal sheets, deco- 
rated in colors * * * 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

V 



CRUDE STEEL, ETC. 



(See Surveys C-4 and C-7.) 



Description. — The steel ingot is the first solid form wkjch pig iron 
takes when converted into steel. When made by the Bessemer or 
open-hearth process, it is usually a block about 6 feet long, 1^ feet 
wide, and 1^ feet thick. Blooms, billets, and slabs are usually modi- 
fications of the ingot after being subjected to rolling. Blooms and 
billets have a rectangular cross section and are square or nearly 
so. Slabs are rectangular, with a width at least twice their thickness. 
Blooms and billets are rolled into structural shapes, bars, and the 
like, and slabs, into plates and sheets. Ordinary steel bars are rolled 



380 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

products made from billets and are classified as rounds, flats, squares, 
hexagons, ovals, half rounds, or half ovals, according to section. A 
die block or blank is a mass of metal attached to a hammer which 
falls or is driven violently against a piece to be worked, or is the 
anvii block on which the piece is placed. Shafting, pressed and 
stamped shapes, and hammer and gun-barrel molds represent forms 
of finished iron and steel which have received little or no treatment 
beyond rolling, pressing, hammering, or stamping. Hammer molds 
or swaged steel is steel shaped by a hammer and swage. Steel cast- 
ings are steel forms shaped by molds into which the molten metal is 
poured and allowed to solidify. They may be annealed or machined, 
or both, but they do not receive any- rolling or forging. Alloys which 
can be used as substitutes for steel in the manufacture of tools are 
not at present numerous. The most promising is stellite, which is 
composed of cobalt, chromium, and tungsten (or molybdenum), al- 
ready provided for in paragraph 302. Sheets and plates are pieces 
of iron and steel ranging generally from 6 to 200 inches in width and 
cut to various lengths. Plates have a thickness of one hundred and 
forty-one thousandths of 1 inch. This thickness corresponds to No. 
10 wire gauge. Circular-saw plates are plates made under certain 
specifications, circular in form and intended for use as saws. 

Production. — The production of steel is usually given in terms of 
ingots and castings. In 1914 this production was 23,513,030 gross 
tons. The country's output of steel in 1920 amounted to 42,132,934 
gross tons, of which 40,881,392 tons constituted ingots and 1,251,542 
tons, castings. Over three-fourths of the steel output was open- 
hearth and about one-fifth Bessemer, the greater part of the remainder 
consisting of electric steel. Of the steel produced in 1920, 6,130,240 
gross tons were rolled into merchant bars and 9,337,680 gross tons 
were rolled into plates and sheets. The leading foreign producers of 
steel are Germany, the United Kingdom, and France, whose output 
in 1918 was 14,874,000 tons, 9,591,000 tons, and 1,912,000 tons, 
respectively. 

Imports. — Imports of articles enumerated in this paragraph are in 
some instances difficult to state, because they overlap articles men- 
tioned in other paragraphs. This is particularly true with reference 
to steel plate. Roughly speaking, imports may be divided into eight 
distinct classes: 

(1) Steel ingots made by the Bessemer and open-hearth processes. 

(2) Cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks and blanks, billets 

and bars, made by the Bessemer and open-hearth processes. 

(3) Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, made by the 

crucible, electric, or cementation process. 

(4) Shafting, hammer molds, gun-barrel molds, etc. 

(5) Sheets and plates not containing alloys, made by the Bessemer 

aria open-hearth processes. 

(6) Saw plate. 

(7) Sheets and plates, either with or without alloys, finished by 

rolling, hammering, or otherwise, made by the crucible, 
electric, or cementation process. 

(8) Crucible plate steel. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Statistics of imports since 1917 follow: 



381 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



STEEL INGOTS MADE BY THE BESSEMER AND OPEN-HEARTH PROCESSES. 



I Pounds. 

1919 410, 439 

1920 ! 10,606,891 

1921 (9 months ) 5, 205, 170 



315,793 
215,908 
59, 610 



Per cent. 



COGGED INGOTS, BLOOMS AND SLABS, DIE BLOCKS AND BLANKS, BILLETS AND BARS 
MADE BY THE BESSEMER AND OPEN-HEARTH PROCESSES. 



1918' 


75,287,681 
18,025,191 
10, 222, 858 
1, 562, 533 


$1,549,788 

'424,677 

346,637 

32, 462 




1919 






1920 






1921 (9 months') 













STEEL INGOTS, COGGED INGOTS, BLOOMS .AND SLABS MADE BY THE CRUCIBLE, 
ELECTRIC, OR CEMENTATION PROCESSES. 



1918 6, 028, 383 

1919 3 ; 318, 726 

1920 3, 208, 563 

1?>21 (9 months) 860, 232 



$1,489,695 

1,566,025 

837,889 

176, 157 



$223, 454 
234,904 
125,683 



SHAFTING. HAMMER MOLDS. GUN-BARREL MOLDS, ETC. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months)-. 



.1 9,829,641 $468,451 

.1 1,434,123 86,412 

.1 3,733,057 | 263,553 

.! 965,955 j 44,480 



$37, 476 
6,913 
21,084 



SHEETS AND PLATES NOT CONTAINING ALLOYS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


i 2,269,883 

| 1,248,931 

' 1,766,989 

390, 990 


$271,342, 
142, 784 ! 
184,240 
40, 354 


$21,707 
11,423 ! 
14,739 


8 

8 
8 







SAW PLATE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



96,416 

71,149 

236 

25 



$24,896 

12, 506 

429 

13 



$2,988 

1,501 

51 



SHEETS AND PLATES, EITHER WITH OR WITHOUT ALLOYS, FINISHED BY ROLLING, 
HAMMERING, OR OTHERWISE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



218,066 

531,322 

1,325,979 

232, 392 



CRUCIBLE PLATE STEEL 



$56, 639 
136,614 
251,737 
48, 262 



$8, 496 
20, 492 
37,761 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



41,893 
171, 59S 
191,256 

49,403 



$9,690 

38,904 

34,940 

4,306 



$1,163 
4,668 
4,193 



1 Includes stool ingots. 



382 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

In addition to the above there were imported into the United 
States a few tons of crucible-steel ingots in 1919 for the construction of 
vessels and in 1918 and 1920 similar amounts of shafting, shapes, etc., 
for the same purpose. 

The greater part of the imported steel in these forms comes from 
the United Kingdom, Canada, and Sweden. 

Exports. — The United States is a great exporter of steel but most of 
the exported material goes abroad in forms more highly finished than 
those enumerated in this paragraph. Exports of billets, ingots, and 
blooms in the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 



Quantity (tons). 
Value 



1918 1919 



1, 786, 189 
$150,568,151 



258,424 
819,370,787 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



216,873 ; 8,091 
512,645,950 $416,267 



During 1920 and 1921 the greater part of this steel went to the 
United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, Belgium, and Japan. In 1918-19 
much steel in these forms went also to France. 

Important changes in classification. — Steel ingots, cogged ingots, 
blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks, and billets, if made by the 
Bessemer, Siemens-Martin, open-hearth or similar processes, not 
containing alloys, are free under paragraph 613 of the act of 1913. 
In H. R. 7456 the distinction between steel made by the open-hearth 
and Bessemer processes and steel made by the crucible, electric- 
furnace, and cementation processes in the act of 1913 is no longer 
retained. A graduated scale of duties is employed for steels varying 
in quality. Specific mention of crucible plate steel is also omitted 
but is by implication retained in the provisions for the duties on 
high-grade plate steel. The specific provision for saw plate con- 
tained in the act of 1913 is limited in the proposed tariff act to steel 
''circular saw plates." 

Suggested changes. — The provisions for sheets and plates, including 
circular saw plates, in this paragraph might be transferred to a sepa- 
rate paragraph including all sheets and plates of the character desig- 
nated. Paragraph 304 deals with crude and half-finished steel mate- 
rial, and from the viewpoint of the steel manufacturer plates and 
sheets constitute finished material. 



PARAGRAPH 305. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 305. In addition to the rates of 
duty provided for in this title on steel in 
all forms and shapes, by whatever process 
made, and by whatever name designated, 
whether cast, hot or cold rolled, forged, 
stamped, or drawn, containing more than 
six-tenths of ] per centum of nickel, co- 
balt, vanadium, chromium, tungsten, mo- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 383 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

lybdenum, or any other metallic element 
used in alloying steel, there shall be 
levied, collected, and paid 15 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That manganese 
and silicon shall not be considered as . 
alloying material unless present in the 
steel in excess of 1 per centum manga- 
nese or silicon: Provided further. That an 
additional cumulative duty of $1.25 per 
pound on the molybdenum content in 
excess of 1^ per centum, and 72 cents per 
pound on the tungsten content in excess 
of l-£ per centum shall be levied, collected 
and paid on any articles containing mo- 
lybdenum and tungsten. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Far. 131. [Specific rates according to Par. 110. * * * and all steels by 
value up to 40 cents per pound, above whatever process made, containing alloys 
which 20 percentum ad valorem. No such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chrom- 
distinction between alloy steels and car- ium, tungsten, wolfram, molybdenum, 
bon steels of similar value.] titanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, 

boron, and similar alloys, 15 per centum 

ad valorem. 

ALLOY STEELS. 

(See Survey C-7.) 

Description and uses. — Certain elements or metals are capable 
of purifying steel, and when alloyed therewith, of giving it certain 
desirable qualities. These metals are generally rare but add mate- 
rially to the value of the steel. Alloy steels vary in character and 
value. The principal ones are the following: 

(1) Nickel steel, with a nickel content from 2 to 4 per cent, 

used mainly in the manufacture of high-class structural 
steel, forgings, and plates. 

(2) Chrome nickel steel, with a chromium content of 1-J- per cent, 

used in the manufacture of forgings like axles. 

(3) Tungsten steel, ordinarily containing either 14 or 18 per cent 

tungsten, used in the manufacture of high-speed steel tools, 
and with a smaller percentage of tungsten, in the manufacture 
of other tools. 

(4) Vanadium steel, containing less than 1 per cent vanadium, 

used for automobile parts, subject to repeated stresses. 

(5) Molybdenum steel, for the same uses as vanadium steel. 

(6) Chrome steel used in small quantities in the manufacture of 

ball bearings. 

(7) Manganese steel employed in the making of rolls and rails and 

other products subject to abrasion. 

In addition to these steels there are copper steels which resist 
corrosion, silicon steel employed in the manufacture of springs, elec- 
tric transformers, etc., and zirconium steel which may come into com- 
petition with vanadium steel. 

The production of alloy steels in 1920 amounted to 1,660,292 gross 
tons. The output in 1910 amounted to 567,819 gross tons or 



384 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



about one-third of that produced in 1920. Of the output in 1920, 
1,591,939 gross tons consisted of ingots and 68,353 gross tons of 
castings. In 1920, 1,283,646 gross tons were made by the open- 
hearth process and over half of the remainder by the electric furnace 
method. 

Imports. — Much of the imported alloy steels come into the country 
in the forms of bars, rods, plates and the like. Some alloy steel 
is imported under the general designation " steel in all forms 
and shapes by whatever process made, n. s. p. f.,' ; statistics of the 
importation of which are given in the table below. (This imported 
material, however, includes much steel that does not come under the 
designation of alloy.) 






Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
151, 424 
204, 457 


$55, 548 


S8 332 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


122,964 I 18,445 
371,147 KS fi79 


15 


1920 


883,740 
209,950 


15 


1921 (9 months) | 


60,049 






! 







Important changes in classification. — A new provision. 

Suggested changes. — Insert a comma after "collected", in line 17, on 
page 43 of H. R. 7456. 

In the second proviso, the word "articles" may apply to tools 
made from tungsten or molybdenum steels, and particularly high- 
speed steel twist drills, reamers, and milling cutters. These articles 
are not specially provided for and will therefore be dutiable as manu- 
factures of metal, n. s. p. f. under paragraph 393. They are sold by 
the piece and the value per pound varies between wide limits (say 
from $1 to $10 or more), and the actual percentage of tungsten may 
also vary from as low as 10 per cent to 18 per cent or more. The 
collection of a specific duty on the tungsten content would involve 
the weighing of the articles and the ascertainment of the percentage 
of tungsten. In order to secure a representative sample it would be 
necessary to destroy the article or at least injure it by drilling in such a 
manner as to lower materially the value of any part actually examined. 
The average value of these articles is probably considerably in excess 
of $3 per pound, hence the duty at 35 per cent would amount to more 
than $1 per pound of metal. The duty collected on the tungsten 
content (a maximum of about 18 per cent) would amount to less 
than 13 cents per pound, or, say, an additional 4 per cent ad valorem. 

There is some doubt concerning the scope of this paragraph. The 
expression "steel in all forms and shapes not specially provided 
for in this Act," is a catchall phrase in paragraph 135 of the act of 
1897, which was omitted from the acts of 1909 and 1913. Paragraph 
305 is evidently intended to embrace more than that provision in 
the act of 1897. If the intention is to limit the provision to the 
steels enumerated in paragraph 304, the words " the immediately 
preceding paragraph" might be substituted for "this title" in line 4, 
page 43. 

The word "articles" would make the second proviso applicable to 
any product whatsoever, whether unfinished or finished, containing 
more than 1£ per cent of tungsten or molybdenum. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



385 



PARAGRAPH 306. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 306. All metal produced from iron 
or its ores, which is cast and malleable, of 
whatever description or form, without 
regard to the percentage of carbon con- 
tained therein, whether produced by- 
cementation, or concerted, cast, or made 
from iron or its ores, by the crucible, 
electric, Bessemer, Clapp-Grimth, pneu- 
matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens- 
Martin, or open-hearth process, or by the 
equivalent of either, or by a combination 
of two or more of the processes, or their 
equivalents, or by any fusion or other pro- 
cess wdiich produces from iron or its ores 
a metal either granular or fibrous in struc- 
ture, which is cast and malleable, ex- 
cepting what is known as malleable-iron 
castings, shall be classed and denomi- 
nated as steel. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 139. All metal produced from 
iron or its ores, which is cast and malle- 
able, of whatever description or form, 
without regard to the percentage of 
carbon contained therein, whether pro- 
duced by cementation, or converted, 
cast, or made from iron or its ores, by the 
crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Griffith, pneu- 
matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens- 
Martin, or open-hearth process, or by the 
equivalent of either, or by a combination 
of two or more of the processes, or their 
equivalents, or by any fusion or other 
process which produces from iron or its 
ores a metal either granular or fibrous in 
structure, which is cast and malleable, 
excepting what is known as malleable- 
iron castings, shall be classed and denomi- 
nated as steel. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 117. All metal produced from 
iron or its ores, which is cast and malle- 
able, of whatever description or form, 
without regard to the percentage of 
carbon contained therein, whether pro- 
duced by cementation, or converted, 
cast, or made from iron or its ores, by the 
crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Grimth, pneu- 
matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens- 
Martin, or open-hearth process, or by the 
equivalent of either, or by a combination 
of two or more of the processes, or their 
equivalents, or by any fusion or other 
process which produces from iron or its 
ores a metal either granular or fibrous in 
structure, which is cast and malleable, 
excepting what is known as malleable- 
iron castings, shall be classed and denomi- 
nated as steel. 



STEEL, PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE. 

(See Survey C-7.) 

This paragraph is descriptive only, and its definition of steel is 
rather more inclusive than the usual trade acceptance. As defined 
in this paragraph, steel may have no carbon whatsoever, whereas 
in trade practice iron with a carbon content less than 2.2 per cent, 
generally less than 1.5 per cent, but more than a mere trace of that 
element constitutes steel. Steel is characterized by relative tough- 
ness, and, when tempered, by hardness and elasticity. It differs 
from cast iron in that it has a smaller percentage of carbon and 
from wrought iron by its freedom from slag. Ordinarily, steel has 
also a smaller percentage of silicon than pig iron, although in the 
case of certain alloyed steel the silicon content may be relatively 
high. 



82304—22- 



-25 



386 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

At the present time, there are five recognized processes in manu- 
facturing steel: The Bessemer, the open-hearth, the crucible, the 
electric-furnace, and the cementation processes. The Bessemer proc- 
ess consists in blowing air through molten pig iron contained in a 
suitable vessel, whereby its impurities are oxidized and removed. 
The open-hearth process consists in the oxidation and removal of the 
impurities contained in a bath of metallic iron lying on a hearth of a 
regenerative furnace, the product being tapped in a fluid condition. 
The crucible process produces a steel particularly free from imper- 
fections by melting in air-tight crucibles various grades of iron or 
steel with or without the addition of carbon, ore, or other metals. 
The electric-furnace process is distinguished by the use of electricity 
as the source of heat for the various reactions. The cementation proc- 
ess consists in impregnating bars of wrought iron or soft steel with 
carbon at a temperature below their melting point, and is used (chiefly 
in England) for the production of high-carbon bars for the manufac- 
ture of steel or shear steel. 

The Bessemer and open-hearth processes may each assume one of 
two forms — the acid or the basic — according to the lining of the 
furnace. In the acid process, the silicon, manganese, and carbon 
contained in the pig iron are acted upon, but not the phosphorus and 
sulphur. In the basic process, phosphorus is largely, and the sul- 
phur to a considerable extent, eliminated, as well as the silicon, 
manganese, and carbon. The basic-Bessemer process is seldom em- 
ployed in the United States, owing to the relatively low phosphorus 
content of American pig iron. For the acid-Bessemer process, the 
phosphorus content of the pig iron should not be greater than 0.1 per 
cent, whereas a typical analysis of pig iron adapted to the basic- 
Bessemer process would show a phosphorus content of about 2.5 per 
cent. Most of the non-Bessemer domestic pig iron is thus manufac- 
tured into steel by the basic open-hearth process, which does not 
require so high a phosphorus content. On account of the greater 
uniformity and reliability of the steel produced by the open-hearth 
process much of the pig iron suitable for the Bessemer process is now 
converted by the acid open-hearth method. Two or more of these 
processes may be combined. Thus in the duplex process the metal 
is partly purified in Bessemer converters and finally purified in basic 
open-hearth steel furnaces. 

The Clapp-Grifhth process is one Porm of the Bessemer, wherein the 
Clapp-Griffith converter is employed. The pneumatic process is an 
obsolete term for the Bessemer and is also applied to a special form 
of the Bessemer process for the making of wrought iron (the Cham- 
pion pneumatic process). The names "Thomas," "Thomas-Gil- 
christ," and "basic" are used in Europe synonymously with the 
basic-Bessemer process, although the term "basic," as has just been 
noted, is also used more broadly to include the basic open-hearth 
process. The Siemens-Martin process, as the term is ordinarily 
used, signifies open-hearth. 

Importance of steel. — At the present time most of the pig-iron out- 

Eut of the world is converted into steel, the domestic proportion 
eing between 80 and 90 per cent. 

In the calendar year 1920 the United States produced 42,132,934 
gross tons of steel. Of this output, 32,671,895 tons were made by the 
open-hearth process; 8,883,087 were made by the Bessemer; 72,265 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



387 



tons by the crucible; 502,152 tons by the electric furnace; and 3,535 
tons by miscellaneous processes or processes not named. 

Suggested changes. — In enumerating the methods of steel manufac- 
ture it is suggested that the five processes now used by commercial 
nations be named without the addition of the others. The terms 
"Clapp-Griffith/' " pneumatic/' and " Thomas-Gilchrist" represent 
certain specialized types of the Bessemer process, and the term 
11 Siemens-Martin" is synonymous with open-hearth. If these terms 
are included in the paragraph, there is no apparent reason for the 
omission of 30 or 40 other variations of the Bessemer, open-hearth, 
and other processes. The phrase "or by any fusion or other process 
which produces from iron or its ores a metal either granular or fibrous 
in structure, which is cast and malleable, excepting what is known as 
malleable-iron castings, shall be classed and denominated as steel" 
sufficiently provides for any other possible method of manufacturing 
steel. 



PARAGRAPH 307, 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 307. Boiler or other plate iron or 
steel, except crucible plate steel and saw 
plate steel, not thinner than one hundred 
and forty one-thousandths of one inch, 
cut or sheared to shape or otherwise, or 
unsheared, and skelp iron or steel sheared 
or rolled in grooves, valued at 1 cent per 
pound or less, seven-twentieths of 1 cent 
per pound; valued above 1 cent per pound 
and not above 3 cents per pound, five- 
tenths of 1 cent per pound; valued at over 
3 cents per pound, 20 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That all sheets or 
plates of iron or steel thinner than one 
hundred and forty one-thousandths of 
one inch shall pay duty as iron or steel 
sheets. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 122. Boiler or other plate iron or 
- steel, except crucible plate steel and saw 
plates hereinafter provided for in this 
section, not thinner than number ten 
wire gauge, cut or sheared to shape or 
otherwise, or unsheared, and skelp iron 
or steel sheared or rolled in grooves, val- 
ued at eight-tenths of one cent per pound 
or less, three-tenths of one cent per pound ; 
valued above eight-tenths of one cent and 
not above one cent per pound , four- tenths 
of one cent per pound ; valued above one 
cent and not above two cents per pound, 
five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued 
above two cents and not above three cents 
per pound, six-tenths of one cent per 
pound ; valued at over three cents per 
pound, twenty per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That all sheets or plates of iron 
cr steel thinner than number ten wire 
gauge shall pay duty as iron or eteei 
sheets. 



Par. 105. Boiler or other plate iron or 
steel, * * * not specially provided 
for in this section; sheets of iron or steel, 
common or black, of whatever dimensions, 
whether plain, corrugated or crimped, 
* * * and skelp iron or steel, whether 
sheared or rolled in grooves, or otherwise, 
12 per centum ad valorem. 



388 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



IRON AND STEEL PLATES AND SKELP. 

(See Survey C-4.) 

Description and uses. — Plates are pieces of iron or steel, principally 
steel, ranging in thickness from No. 10 wire gauge (approximately -fa 
inch) to 2\ inches, and in width over 7 inches, and cut to various 
lengths. No. 10 wire gauge has been used as a line of division 
between plates and sheets, the latter being the thinner, but No. 12 
wire gauge (^ inch) is probably the more common. These divisions, 
however, are not in all cases sharply drawn. The principal uses 
of plates are for boilers, tanks, steel cars, buildings, bridges, etc. 
Boiler plates may be subdivided into flange, fire-box, and extra-soft 
steel. Skelp iron or steel consists of long strips used in the manu- 
facture of tubes and pipes. 

Plates and sheets, before special preparation for their several uses, 
represent a relatively low stage of steel manufacture. Additional 
rolling, cutting, smoothing, polishing, galvanizing, etc., carry further 
the process of production. 

Production. — Statistics concerning plates and sheets included in 
this paragraph are not in all cases available. The production of 
plates and sheets, divided almost equally, exceeded 8,000,000 gross 
tons in 1917 and 1918. In 1920 production amounted to 9,337,680 
gross tons, of which 4,755,133 gross tons consisted of plate. In 
addition to this figure is a small amount of nail plate. A considerable 
part of this plate tonnage consists of material covered by other 
paragraphs. 

Imports of plates and sheets partly covered by this paragraph are 
insignificant compared with the domestic production. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

145,318 

6,596 

21,386 

16,472 


$10,832 

797 

2,548 

1,575 


$1,300 
96 
306 


Per cent. 
12 


1919 


12 


1920 


12 


1921 (9 months) 











In addition to the above there were imported into the United 
States for the construction and equipment of vessels 482,790 pounds 
valued at $26,318 in 1918, and in 1920, 58,620 pounds valued at 
$8,290. 

Exports in general far exceed imports. The export figures, however, 
do not divide plates and sheets according to use or degree of finish, 
except in the cases of galvanized and tinned sheets and plates. The 
exports of steel plates are shown for the calendar years 1918-1921 in 
the following table: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months.) 


Quantity (pounds) 


1,236,405,734 
$61,678,628 


1,590,428,674 
$56,701,651 


2,062,947,743 
$72,995,717 


679,537,763 


Value 


$21,780,121 







SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



389 



In addition to these exports are those of iron sheets and plates, 
amounting in 1920 to 72,032,603 pounds valued at $1,411,143. 

The exported material goes mainly to Japan, Canada and the 
United Kingdom. 

In addition to these exports ship and tank plates, punched and 
shaped, were shipped in the calendar years 1918-1921 as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




65, 519, 432 
$4,321,268 


30,661,005 
$1,497,202 


95,937,353 

$4,380,360 


19, 503, 683 


Value . 


$920,373 







The principal countries of destination of the above exports were 
Japan, Cuba, and Mexico. 1 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph excludes 
crucible plate steel and saw-plate steel. The proviso, omitted in the 
act of 1913, has been incorporated with the designated thickness 
given in fractions of an inch instead of by wire gauge. 

Suggested changes. — As plate iron and steel may be divided broadly 
into plates with specifications and plates without specifications, such 
a division might be made in this paragraph. Ordinary tank plate is 
plate without specifications. Boiler plate and saw plate are plates 
with specifications. These and other plates could be specifically 
mentioned with the duties applicable to each; and other plates pro- 
vided for under a general ad valorem duty. The most important 
plates made according to specifications are boiler plate, saw plate, 
crucible or electric furnace steel plates, and alloy plates. The last 
consist of material of greatly varying chemical constitution and 
value. 



PARAGRAPH 308. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 308. Sheets of iron or ateel, com- 
mon or black, of whatever dimensions, 
and skelp iron or steel, valued at 3 cents 
per pound or less, thinner than one 
hundred and forty one- thousandths and 
not thinner than thirty-eight one-thou- 
sandths of an inch, forty-five one-hun- 
dredths of 1 cent per pound; thinner than 
thirty-eight one-thousandths and not 
thinner than twenty-two one-thousandths 
of an inch, fifty-five one-hundredths of 
1 cent per pound; thinner than twenty- 
two one- thousandths and not thin ner than 
ten one-thousandths of an inch, seventy- 
five one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound; 
thinner than ten one-thousandths of an 
inch, eighty-five one-hundredths of a 
cent per pound; corrugated or crimped, 
seventy-five one-hundredths of 1 cent 
per pound ; all the foregoing when valued 
at more than 3 cents per pound, 20 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That all 
sheets or plates of common or black iron 
or steel not thinner than one hundred and 
forty one- thousandths of an inch shall 
pay duty as plate iron or plate steel. 



390 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 127. Sheets of iron or steel, com- 
mon or black, of whatever dimensions, 
and skelp iron or steel, valued at three 
cents per pound or less, thinner than 
number ten and not thinner than number 
twenty wire gauge, five-tenths of one cent 
per pound ; thinner than number twenty 
w re gauge and not thinner than number 
Twenty- five wire gauge, six-tenths of one 
cent per pound; thinner than number 
twenty-five wire gauge and not thinner 
than number thirty-two wire gauge, eight- 
tenths of one cent per pound; thinner 
than number thirty-two wire gauge, nine- 
tenths of one cent per pound; corrugated 
or crimped, eight-tenths of one cent per 
pound; all the foregoing valued at more 
than three cents per pound, thirty per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That all 
sheets or plates of common or black iron 
or steel not thinner than number ten wire 
gauge shall pay duty as plate iron or 
plate steel. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 105. Boiler or other plate iron or 
steel, ** * not specially provided forin 
this section; sheets of iron o/steel, common 
or black, of whatever dimensions, whether 
plain, corrugated or crimped, including 
crucible plate steel and saw plates, cut 
or sheared to shape or otherwise, or un- 
sheared, and skelp iron or steel, whether 
sheared or rolled in grooves, or otherwise, 
12 per centum ad valorem. 



IRON OR STEEL SHEETS, COMMON OR BLACK. 

(See Survey C-4.) 

Description and use. — Sheets are wide, thin pieces of steel (rarely 
iron) used for roofing, stovepipes, cans and other receptacles, etc. 
The ordinary thicknesses range from No. 10 wire gauge (^ inch) to 
No. 30 (^o inch). The term " black sheets" is used to differentiate 
uncoated sheets from sheets coated with zinc, tin, etc. 

Skelp iron or steel constitutes the material used for the manufac- 
ture of tubes and pipes. 

Production of iron and steel sheets in the United States in 1920 
amounted to 4,582,547 gross tons. The country's output of skelp 
during the same year was 3,220,289 gross tons. In 1912 the produc- 
tion of sheets aggregated 2,839,880 gross tons, and of skelp, 2,446,816 
gross tons. 

Imports may be divided into groups as given in the following table : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




COMMON OR BLACK SHEETS AND SKELP IRON OR STEEL. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 

6,610 

20,066 

217,621 

530 




CORRUGATED OR CRIMPED SHEETS OF IRON OR STEEL, COMMON OR BLACK, AND 

SKELP IRON OR STEEL. 


1919 513 Ji04 I S12 12 


1920 Ig7 33 4 | 12 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



391 



The imports of sheets of iron or steel come mainly from the United 
Kingdom, Sweden, and Canada. 

Exports of iron sheets are published by the Bureau of Foreign and 
Domestic Commerce with those of iron plate. These figures and those 
for steel sheets may be tabulated for the calendar years 1918-1921 
as follows : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Iron plates and sheets: 
Quantity (pounds) 
Value 

Steel sheets: 

Quantity (pounds) 
Value 



91,293,392 
$6,315,095 

366,062,623 
$25,646,749 



89,358,285 
$4, 837, 547 

397,525,194 
$21,214,529 



72,032,603 I 
$4,036,239 

379,105,922 | 
$21,199,524 



23,644,896 
$1,411,143 

226,664,879 
$11,489,281 



The exports of steel sheets and iron sheets and plates go mainly 
to Japan, Canada, and South America. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph covers a group 
of material which has been taken out of a paragraph in the act of 
1913 embracing comparatively unrelated articles. 

Suggested changes. — In the proviso contained in this paragraph, 
the dividing line between plates and sheets is fixed at one hundred 
and forty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness. This is approxi- 
mately equal to No. 10 wire gauge. There is no hard and fast line of 
division recognized in the steel trade between plates and sheets but 
there is a tendency to make the line of division No. 12 wire gauge 
or one hundred and nine one-thousandths of an inch in thickness. 
If it is desirable to follow what seems to be a general tendency in 
trade practice, it is suggested that the dividing line between plates 
and sheets be changed from one hundred and forty one-thousandths 
of an inch in thickness to one hundred and nine one-thousandths of 
an inch in thickness. In other words, the material having a thickness 
of one hundred and nine one-thousandths of an inch or over would, 
according to this suggestion, be designated as plates and material 
having a thickness less than one hundred and nine one-thousandths 
of an inch would be designated as sheets. The dividing line in this 
paragraph of H. R. 7456, however, was made in accordance with a 
Treasury decision rendered after some inquiry (T. D. 34694 of 1914). 
In the act of 1909 it was No. 10 wire gauge. (See pars. 122 and 127.) 



PARAGRAPH 309. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 309. All iron or steel sheets, 
plates, bars, and rods, and all hoop, band, 
or scroll iron or steel , excepting what are 
known commercially as tin plates, terne- 
plates, and taggers tin, when galvanized 
or coated with zinc, spelter, or other met- 
als, or any alloy of those metals, shall pay 
two-tenths of 1 cent per pound more duty 
than if the same was not so galvanized or 
coated; sheets or plates composed of iron, 
steel, copper, nickel, or other metal with 
layers of other metal or metals imposed 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



392 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. It. 7456. 

thereon by forging, hammering, rolling, 
or welding, 28 per centum ad valorem; 
sheets and plates of iron or steel, pol- 
ished, planished, or glanced, by whatever 
name designated, 1J cents per pound: 
Provided, That plates or sheets of iron or 
steel, by whatever name designated, 
other than polished, planished, or 
glanced, herein provided for, which have 
been pickled or cleaned by acid, or by 
any other material or process, or which 
are cold-rolled, smoothed only, not pol- 
ished, shall pay two-tenths of 1 cent per 
pound more duty than the rates provided 
on corresponding thicknesses of common 
or black sheet iron or steel. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 128. All iron or steel sheets or 
plates, and all hoop, band, or scroll iron 
or steel, excepting what are known com- 
mercially as tin plates, terneplates, and 
taggers tin, and hereinafter provided for, 
when galvanized or coated with zinc, 
spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of 
those metals, shall pay two-tenths of one 
cent per pound more duty than if the 
same was not so galvanized or coated; 
sheets or plates composed of iron, steel, 
copper, nickel, or other metal with layers 
of other metal or metals imposed thereon 
by forging, hammering, rolling, or weld- 
ing, forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 129. Sheets of iron or steel, pol- 
ished, planished, or glanced, by whatever 
name designated, one and one-half cents 
per pound : Provided, That plates or sheets 
of iron or steel, by whatever name desig- 
nated, other than the polished, planished, 
or glanced herein provided for, which 
have been pickled or cleaned by acid, 
or by any other material or process, or 
which are cold-rolled, smoothed only, 
not polished, shall pay two-tenths of one 
cent per pound more duty than the cor- 
responding gauges of common or black 
sheet iron or steel. 



Par. 109. All iron or steel sheets, 
plates, or strips, and all hoop, band, or 
scroll iron or steel, when galvanized or 
coated with zinc, spelter, or other metals, 
or any alloy of those metals; sheets or 
plates composed of iron, steel, copper, 
nickel, or other metal with layers of other 
metal or metals imposed thereon by forg- 
ing, hammering, rolling, or welding; 
sheets of iron or steel, polished, planished , 
or glanced, by whatever name designated, 
including such as have been pickled or 
cleaned by acid, or by any other material 
or process, or which are cold rolled, 
smoothed only, not polished, and such as 
are cold hammered, blued, brightened, 
tempered, or polished by any process to 
such perfected surface finish or polish bet- 
ter than the grade of cold rolled, smoothed 
only; * * * metal sheets * * * 
coated with nickel or other metals by 
dipping, printing, stenciling, or other 
process, 15 per centum ad valorem. 



GALVANIZED SHEETS, PLATES., ETC. 

(See Survey C-4.) 

Description and uses. — The greater part of the iron and steel rolled 
into sheets, plates, etc., goes through further stages preparatory to 
ultimate use. Sheets to be galvanized are annealed and pickled 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



398 



before being passed through the galvanizing pot. Tin plate passes 
through the processes of black pickling or first pickling, black anneal- 
ing or first annealing, cold, rolling, white annealing, and white pick- 
ling or second annealing and pickling before being coated with tin. 
Almost no sheets are marketed as they come from the hot rolls, but 
are annealed and sold as black plate or subjected to further treat- 
ment before being put on the market. 

In the process of annealing the material is heated to soften the 
steel and make it more ductile, to remove any strain set up by too 
rapid cooling, and to refine the grain. Pickling is a treatment with 
dilute acids to obtain a clean surface by removing the scale (oxide) . 
Cold rolling and cold hammering are forms of cold working by strain- 
ing the cold metal slightly beyond its elastic limit. It may consist in 
(1) slightly reducing the cross-sectional area by rolling, hammering, 
or drawing; (2) distorting the material by bending or twisting; and 
(3) punching or shearing. After cold rolling, the metal is sometimes 
again annealed to restore the original softness and ductility reduced 
by cold rolling. Polishing and planishing consist of applying vari- 
ous abrasives (such as emery, rouge, etc.) of successive degrees of 
fineness. 

Galvanized plates and sheets are those coated with zinc by passing 
through a bath of that metal molten. Layers of metal are also im- 
posed upon sheets and plates by forging, hammering, welding, etc. 
Certain brass-plated and nickel-plated steel sheets which are used, 
especially in Europe, for cooking utensils and for various other pur- 
poses (e. g., candy molds), together with the more costly thermo- 
static metal, come under this provision. 

Production. — The country's output of iron and steel galvanized 
sheets in 1920 amounted to 889,668 long tons, or 2,015,255,681 
pounds. About 7 per cent of this total includes sheets galvanized 
after first being stamped or formed into various shapes. Concerning 
the output of plates and sheets which have been pic^kled or cleaned 
by acid or by any other material or process or which are cold rolled 
and smooth only, no statistics are available, except in the case of tin 
and terneplate covered by paragraph 310. The production of gal- 
vanized sheets in 1914 amounted to 1,939,270,738 pounds, of which 
131,603,609 pounds consisted of galvanized formed products. 

Imports. — In 1913 the importation of plates, sheets, etc., covered 
by this paragraph amounted to 28,345,141 pounds, valued at 
$973,005, and in 1914 to 49,640,360 pounds, valued at $1,508,843. 
Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




GALVANIZED SHEETS, 


PLATES, HOOPS, ETC. 




1918 


- 




Pounds. 
386,580 ' $193,085 
158,614 | 41,432 
631,769 179,922 

3,649,125 1 20fi (Vtt 


$28,963 

6,215 

26,989 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 






' 







394 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar vear. 



Quantity. 




PLATES OR SHEETS, COLD-ROLLED, AND SMOOTH ONLY. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 






423,701 


$198, 453 


229,768 


317, 574 


94,958 


12,504 


188, 312 


43,139 


6,471 


75,867 


21,431 


3,215 



SHEETS AND PLATES OF IRON OR STEEL, POLISHED, PLANISHED, OR GLANCED. 



1918 


59, 151 

200, 431 

40, 903 

8,171 


$12,410 

49,373 

7,702 

846 


$1,862 
7,406 
1,155 


15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











PLATES OF IRON OR STEEL PICKLED OR CLEANED BY ACID OR BY ANY OTHER 

PROCESS. 



1920 , 

1921 (9 months) . 



445 
5,329 



$54 
765 



88 



METAL SHEETS DECORATED IN COLORS OR COATED WITH NICKEL OR OTHER 
METALS BY DIPPING, PRINTING, STENCILING, OR OTHER PROCESS.* 



1918 


650 

88 

147,699 


$424 

68 

13,669 


$64 

. 10 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) * 











SHEETS OR PLATES COMPOSED OF IRON, STEEL, COPPER, NICKEL, WITH LAYERS 
OF OTHER METAL OR METALS IMPOSED THEREON BY FORGING, HAMMERING, OR 
WELDING. 



1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



650 
6,796 



$65 
816 



$10 



15 



1 Includes other than iron and steel sheets with nickel or other metals, or decorated in colors, 
she ets under H. R. 7456 would be classed under par. 391 or 393. 



Sucb 



In addition to these imports and those of plates and sheets in para- 
graphs 304, 307, and 308, there were imported in 1919, 70,314 pounds 
of iron or steel plates or sheets made by the Bessemer and open- 
hearth processes for the construction of vessels. 

Exports greatly exceed imports. During the calendar years 
1918-1921, the exports of galvanized iron and steel sheets and plates 
have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


153,982.456 
$12, 609, 628 


227,669,237 
$15, 223, 289 


242, 745, 30S 
$16, 727, 590 


102, 074, 891 


Value 


$6,709,611 







The principal countries receiving this export material were Canada, 
Cuba, Argentina, and Mexico. In addition there are other exports 
not separately tabulated by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic 
Commerce. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 395 

Important changes in classification. — In this paragraph galvanized 
sheets are separated from tin and terne plate with which they are 
classified in the act of 1913. The provision in paragraph 109 of 
that act for " metal sheets decorated in colors' 7 has been omitted 
and the provision for metal sheets " coated with nickel or other 
metals by dipping, printing, stenciling, or other processes" is con- 
fined to iron and steel sheets in paragraph 309 and zinc sheets in 
paragraph 391. 

Suggested changes — The attention of the Tariff Commission has 
been called to the recent development of the manufacture of 
thermostatic metal in the United States. Under the act of 1913 and 
under H. K. 7456 this metal is " sheets or plates composed of iron, steel, 
copper, nickel, or other metal, with layers of other metal or metals, 
imposed thereon by forging, hammering, rolling, or welding." Ther- 
mostatic metal is composed of two plates, welded together, one of 
nickel steel (36 per cent nickel) and the other of brass. The prin- 
cipal use of thermostatic metal is the regulation of temperature in 
houses, gas ovens, electric ovens, hot water heaters, etc. It is also 
used for compensating for changes in temperature where changes in 
temperature would affect measurements, as in speedometers. The 
process of manufacture consists of welding the metals in thick plates 
and rolling them down to commercial thicknesses. The chief diffi- 
culty is in securing an absolutely perfect union of the dissimilar 
metals. This product is much more costly than other products 
within the foregoing provision, and might be specially provided for. 



PARAGRAPH 310. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 310. Sheets or plates of iron or 
steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with 

tin or lead, or with a mixture of which V 

these metals, or either of them, is a com- 
ponent part, by the dipping or any other 
process, and commercially known as 
tin plates, terneplates, and taggers tin, 
1 jfe cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 130. Sheets or plates of iron or Par. 109. * * * and sheets or plates 
steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with of iron or steel, or taggers iron or steel, 
tin or lead, or with a mixture of which coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture 
these metals, or either of them, is a com- of which these metals, or either of them 
ponent part, by the dipping or any other is a component part, by the dipping or 
process, and commercially known as tin any other process, and commercially 
plates, terneplates, and taggers tin, one known as tin plates, terneplates, and 
and two-tenths cents per pound. taggers tin, and tin plates coated with 

metal, and metal sheets * * * coated 
with nickel or other metals by dipping, 
printing, stenciling, or other process, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

TIN OR TERNE PLATE. 

(See Survey CM.) 

Description and uses. — Tin plate consists of black plate coated with 
tin; terneplate, of black plate coated with a mixture of tin and 
lead — generally in the proportion of one to two. Taggers tin, or 



396 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



"taggers," is tin plate which is undersized, i. e., below the gauge of 
the box. The amount of tin in tin plate will average about 2 per 
cent of the total weight. 

Production. — The production of tin and terne plates in 1917 
aggregated 1,512,145 long tons, less than 5 per cent consisting of 
terneplate. The country's output in 1920 was 1,436,686 long tons. 

The United States now leads the world in the production of tin 
and terne plate. England, the next greatest producer, formerly sup- 
plied the bulk of the world output. 

Imports. — The importation of tin and terne plate in 1913 amounted 
to 28,345,141 pounds (12,654 long tons), valued at $973,005. Im- 
ports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
71, 403 
541, 912 
878,073 
718, 905 


$5,964 
66,944 
127, 168 
103,332 


$895 
10, 041 
19,075 


Per ccr.t. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











The great bulk of this imported material comes from the United 
Kingdom and Canada. 

Exports of tin and terneplate and taggers tin in 1913 amounted to 
164,362,281 pounds (73,376 gross tons), valued at $5,767,043. Ex- 
ports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


579, 125, 457 
$55, 850, 294 


458,127,594 
$36,997,634 


507, 159, 211 
$40,545,291 


189 667 759 


Value 


$14,695,703 





A large part of this exported material went to Japan and Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — Tin and terne plates are 
classified separately from galvanized sheets and other sheets on which 
metal is imposed. 

Suggested changes. — As paragraph 311 is practically a proviso ,to 
paragraph 310, it is suggested that 311 be made a part of paragraph 
310. 



PARAGRAPH 311. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 311. No article not specially pro- 
vided for which is wholly or partly manu- 
factured from tin plate, terneplate, or the 
sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron 
or steel, or. of which such tin plate, terne- 
plate, sheet, plate, hoop, 1 and, or scroll 
iron or steel shall 1 e the material of chief 
value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than 
that imposed on the tin plate, terneplate, 
or sheet, plate, hoop, 1 and, or scroll iron 
or steel from which it is made, or of which 
it shall be the component thereof of chief 
value. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY- OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



397 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 136. No article not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, which is wholly 
or partly manufactured from tin plate, 
terneplate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, 
band, or scroll iron or steel herein pro- 
vided for, or of which such tin plate, 
terneplate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or 
scroll iron or steel shall be the material 
of chief value, shall pay a lower rate of 
duty than that imposed on the tin plate, 
terneplate, or sheet, plate, hoop, hand, or 
scroll iron or steel from which it is made. 
or of which it shall be the component 
thereof of chief value. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 115. No article not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, which is wholly 
or partly manufactured from tin plate, 
terneplate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, 
band, or scroll iron or steel herein pro- 
vided for, or of which such tin plate, 
terneplate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or 
scroll iron or steel shall be the material 
of chief value, shall pay a lower rate of 
duty than that imposed on the tin plate, 
terneplate, or sheet, plate, hoop, band, 
or scroll iron or steel from which it is 
made, or of which it shall be the com- 
ponent thereof of chief value. 



PARAGRAPH 312. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 312. Beams, girders, joists, an- 
gles, channels, car-truck channels, tees, 
columns and posts, or parts or sections of 
columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, 
and building forms, together with all 
other structural shapes of iron or steel, not 
assembled, manufactured, or advanced 
beyond hammering, rolling, or casting, 
seven-twentieths of 1 cent per pound; 
any of the foregoing if machined, drilled, 
punched, assembled, fitted, fabricated 
for use, or otherwise advanced beyond 
hammering, rolling, or casting, 25 per 
centum ad \alorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 121. Beams, girders, joists, angles, 
channels, car-truck channels, TT, col- 
umns and posts or parts or sections of 
columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, 
and building forms, together with all 
other structural shapes of iron or steel, 
not assembled, or manufactured, or ad- 
vanced beyond hammering, rolling, or 
casting, valued at nine-tenths of one cent 
per pound or less, three-tenths of one 
cent per pound; valued above nine-tenths 
of one cent per pound, four-tenths of one 
cent per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 104. Beams, girders, joists, angles, 
channels, car-truck channels, TT, col- 
umns and posts or parts or sections of 
columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, 
* * * and building forms, together 
with all other structural shapes of iron or 
steel, whether plain, punched, or fitted 
for use, or whether assembled or manu- 
factured, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



STRUCTURAL SHAPES. 



(See Survey C-3.) 

Description and uses. — Structural shapes are iron or steel rolled for 
structural purposes. They are classified into heavy and light — the 
latter being those with the leg or web less than 3 inches — and are 
given commercial names, e. g. ; I-beams, channels, joists, girders, 
angles, tees, and zees, names largely descriptive of their cross-section 
appearance. Nearly 90 per cent of the country's production consists 
of heavy structural shapes. They are used in buildings, bridges, 
ships, cars, etc. Light shapes are used in the manufacture of agri- 



398 



SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



cultural implements, bedsteads, fences, safes, automobiles, and other 
articles requiring light sections. 

Production. — The annual output of structural shapes in 1916 and 
1917 amounted to over 3,000,000 gross tons. In 1918 and 1919 pro- 
duction declined, but in 1920 it rose again to 3,306,748 gross tons. 
Germany, England, and France are important producers, Germany 
producing over 1,000,000 tons of girders in 1914. The output of 
Canada increased rapidly during the war, and in 1920 amounted to 
over 200,000 gross tons. 

The prices of light structural shapes are generally higher per unit 
of weight than those of heavy shapes, and under a system of specific 
duties the rate should ordinarily be higher to give the same ad 
valorem duty. Cost of transportation is a more important element 
in the prices of heavy than of light shapes. In remote markets the 
cost of shipping structural material may be an important factor in 
determining the relative competitive strength of American and foreign 
producers. Before the war ocean freight rates from western Europe 
to the Pacific coast of the United States were less than the rail rates 
from the steel-manufacturing States of the East to the same destina- 
tion, a circumstance which favored European producers in Pacific 
coast markets. During the war ocean freight rates increased 
enormously, altering this situation to the advantage of the home 
industry. 

Imports in 1913 amounted to 6,738 gross tons, valued at $245,156. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

7,766,735 

2,695,638 

3,771,611 

1,232,389 


$394,902 
131,669 
284, 167 
110,470 


$39,490 

13,167 

-28,417 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 













In 1918, 45,973,264 pounds, valued at $2,427,739, were imported 
for the construction and equipment of vessels; in 1919 there were 
32,220,604 pounds, valued at $1,881,019, imported for this purpose. 
In 1920 and 1921 the amounts were negligible. 

In addition to this imported material, a small amount of structural 
shapes entered the country free of duty under the Panama Canal act. 

Exports of structural shapes vastly exceed imports. In 1913 these 
exports amounted to 366,654 long tons, valued at $16,054,788. In 
the calendar years 1918-1921 exports have been as follows: 



Quantity (tons) . 
Value 



1918 



232, 729 
$21,468,452 



1919 



1920 



360, 787 
$28,956,816 



493,633 
$38,384,690 



1921 
(9 months). 



266, 00S 
$24,499,610 



The bulk of the exported material goes to Japan, Canada, and 
Cuba. 

Important changes in classification. — Sashes and frames are omitted 
because they are not structural shapes. (Aciierson v. United States } 
178 Fed., 1003, of 1910.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



399 



" Structural shapes of iron or steel, not assembled, manufactured, 
or advanced beyond hammering, rolling, or casting/' are separated 
from the material which is " assembled, fitted, fabricated for use, or 
otherwise advanced beyond hammering, rolling, or casting." 

The expression " tees " in line 21, page 46, of H. R. 7456, was " T-T " 
in the act of 1913 (par. 104), and "TT" in the act of 1909 (par. 121). 

Suggested changes. — Page 46, line 24, of H. R. 7456: Change "or" 
to "nor" before "advanced." 

Page 47, line 1: Strike out "if" before "machined," to agree with 
practice elsewhere. 

PARAGRAPH 313. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 313. Hoop, band, and scroll iron 
or steel, not specially provided for, valued 
at 3 cents per pound or less, eight inches 
or less in width, and thinner than three- 
eighths and not thinner than one hun- 
dred and forty one-thousandths of one 
inch, twenty-five one-hundredths of 1 
cent per pound; thinner than one hun- 
dred and forty one-thousandths and not 
thinner than thirty-eight one-thousandths 
of one inch, thirty-rive one-hundredths 
of 1 cent per pound; thinner than thirty- 
eight one-thousandths of one inch, fifty- 
five one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound: 
Provided, That barrel hoops of iron or 
steel, and hoop or band iron, or hoop or 
band steel, flared, splayed, or punched, 
with or without buckles or fastenings, 
shall pay no more duty than that imposed 
on the hoop or band iron or steel from 
which they are made, bands and strips 
of iron or steel, whether in long or short 
lengths, not specially provided for, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 124. Hoop, band, or scroll iron or 
steel, not otherwise provided for in this 
section, valued at three cents per pound 
or less, eight inches or less in width, and 
less than three-eighths of one inch thick 
and not thinner than number ten wire 
gauge, three-tenths of one cent per pound; 
thinner than number ten wire gauge and 
not thinner than number twenty wire 
gauge, four- tenths of one cent per pound; 
thinner than number twenty wire gauge, 
six-tenths of one cent per pound: Pro- 
vided, That barrel hoops of iron or steel, 
and hoop or band iron or hoop or band 
steel flared, splayed or punched, with or 
without buckles or fastenings, shall pay 
one-tenth of one cent per pound more 
duty than that imposed on the hoop or 
band iron or steel from which they are 
made; bands and strips of steel, exceeding 
twelve feet in length, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 



105. * * * strips of iron or 
steel, not specially provided for in this 
section; * * * 12 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 107. Hoop, band, or scroll iron or 
steel not otherwise provided for in this 
section, and barrel hoops of iron or steel, 
wholly or partly manufactured, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 



400 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



HOOPS AND BANDS. 

(See Survey C-4.) 

Description. — Hoops and bands are of great length compared with 
their width and thickness, the width being not more than 8 inches and 
the thickness less than three-eights of an inch. The term "hoop" is 
applied to flats having a thickness varying from No. 13 B. W. G. 
(fz inch) to No. 23 B. W. G. {-^ inch) and a width from three- 
eighths inch to 8 inches. Owing to their great length, they are coiled 
like wire rods. Subsequently they are annealed, cut to length, and 
shipped in bundles. If bent backward on itself like a flattened letter 
S, the material is called a scroll or scroll bundle. No clear line of 
distinction exists between hoops, bands, and strips. 

Hoop or band iron or steel, cut to length, wholly or partly manu- 
factured into hoops or ties used for baling cotton or any other com- 
modity, comes under paragraph 314. Paragraph 313 applies to 
barrel hoops of iron or steel and such hoops or bands as are not 
otherwise provided for. 

Production figures of hoops and bands described in paragraph 313 
are not available. In 1917 the entire output of hoops amounted to 
347,186 gross tons; of bands and cotton ties, to 490,893 gross tons. 
In 1920 the output of these products aggregated 333,440 and 388,862 
gross tons/respectively. 

Imports. — Imports of hoop, band, and scroll iron and steel are 
small. In 1913 they amounted to 2,004 gross tons, valued at 
$300,161. These figures include some galvanized material. Since 
1917 imports have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




HOOP, BAND, AND SCROLL IRON OR STEEL, N. s. P 


. F. 


1918 


Pounds. 

26,667 

55, 207 

5,410 

153, 719 


$2,086 

5,399 

718 

6,995 


$209 

540 

72 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 










STRIPS OF IRON OR STEEL, N. s. P. F. 


1918 


81, 085 

40,312 

315, 293 

272, 129 


$22, 478 

7,823 

64,460 

85,778 


$2,697 

939 

7,735 


12 


1919. . 


12 


1920.. 


12 


1921 (9 months) 











In addition to this imported material, there was a small amount of 
barrel hoops, fully or partly manufactured, coming into the country. 

Exports of hoop, band and scroll iron and steel in 1913 amounted 
to 41,019,908 pounds (6,259 gross tons), valued at $798,974. Exports 
in later calendar years have been as follows : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



113,508,597 
$7,711,195 



1919 



113,871,668 
$6,875,5S6 



1920 



119,725,535 
$6,445,155 



1921 
(9 months). 



35,376,925 
$1,656,892 



SUMMARY OE TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 401 

A large part of the exported material goes to Canada and British 
India. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 no line of 
demarcation with reference to width is drawn between hoop, band, 
and scroll iron or steel, on the one hand, and sheets and plates, on 
the other hand. In H. R. 7456 a graduated scale of specific duties 
is provided for in the case of hoop, band, and scroll iron or steel, 8 
inches or less in width. In the proviso of the paragraph 20 per centum 
ad valorem is imposed on bands and strips of iron or steel, whether 
in long or short lengths, not specially provided for, without any limi- 
tation as to width. 

Suggested changes. — Page 47, line 18, of H. R. 7456: Change comma 
to a semicolon after "made" to separate the provision for bands and 
strips from the proviso. 

Dividing lines between hoops, bands, and strips and sheets and 
plates are advisable for purposes of administration; there is none 
carefully drawn in the steel trade. 

It is also important to recognize the difference between hot-rolled 
strips and bands and cold-rolled strips and bands, the latter being 
a more expensive material. 

PARAGRAPH 314. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 314. Hoop or band iron, and hoop 
or band steel, cut to lengths, or wholly or 
partly manufactured into hoops or ties, 
coated or not coated with paint or any 
other preparation, with or without buck- 
les or fastenings, for baling cotton or any 
other commodity, one-fourth of 1 cent per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 125. Hoop or band iron, or hoop Par. 509. Hoop or band iron, or hoop 

or band steel, cut to lengths, or wholly or or band steel, cut to lengths, or wholly or 

partly manufactured into hoops or ties, partly manufactured into hoops or ties, 

coated or not coated with paint or any coated or not coated with paint or any 

other preparation, with or without buckles other preparation, with or without 

or fastenings, for baling cotton or any buckles or fastenings, for baling cotton or 

other.commodity, three-tenths of one cent any other commodity [Free], 
per pound. 

HOOPS AND BANDS CUT TO LENGTHS COTTON TIES, ETC. 

(See Survey C-4.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph applies particularly to the 
standard cotton tie, a strip of steel -j-J-inch wide by ^go -inch thick 
(20 gauge) and 11 J feet long, chiefly used in tying bales of cotton. 
Once used, they are rerolled and used again. 

Production is part of the output of rolling mills making also hoops, 
wire nails, smooth wire, barbed wire, woven-wire fence, bars, spikes, 
and similar products. Four plants are located in Pennsylvania, one 
in Georgia, and one in Alabama. The annual production is estimated 
at 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 bundles of 45 pounds each, approximately 
two-thirds of the world's output. England and Germany are the prin- 
cipal foreign producers. 

82304—22 26 



402 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports of hoop or band iron, etc., in 1915 were 1,416,538 pounds, 
valued at $22,552. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1920. 


Pounds. 

131,370 
1, 055, 366 


$5, 952 
32,883 


1921 (9 months) 





Exports are irregular; they depend almost entirely upon the cotton 
crop and English competition. It is roughly estimated that in recent 
years they have ranged somewhat over 1,500,000 pounds annually. 

Important changes in classification. — Hoop or band iron or steel 
used for baling cotton or any other commodity has been transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 509). 



PARAGRAPH 315. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 315. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, 
fence, and other iron or steel wire rods, 
whether round, oval, or square, or in any 
other shape, nail rods and flat rods up to 
six inches in width ready to be drawn or 
rolled into wire or strips, all the foregoing 
in coils or otherwise, valued at not over 
4 cents per pound, three-tenths of 1 cent 
per pound ; valued over 4 cents per pound, 
six-tenths of 1 cent per pound: Provided, 
That all round iron or steel rods smaller 
than twenty one-hundredths of one inch 
in diameter shall be classed and dutiable 
as wire: Provided further, That all iron 
or s'teel wire rods which have been tem- 
pered or treated in any manner or partly 
manufactured shall pay an additional 
duty of one-fourth of 1 cent per pound: 
Provided further, That on all iron or steel 
bars and rods of whatever shape or sec- 
tion which are cold rolled, cold drawn, 
cold hammered, or polished in any way 
in addition to the ordinary process of 
hot rolling or hammering, there shall be 
paid one-eighth of 1 cent per pound in 
addition to the rates provided on bars 
or rods of whatever section or shape 
which are hot rolled; and on all strips, 
plates, or sheets of iron or steel of what- 
ever shape, other than polished, plan- 
ished, or glanced sheet iron or sheet steel, 
which are cold hammered, blued, bright- 
ened, tempered, or polished by any 
process to such perfected surface finish 
or polish better than the grade of cold 
rolled, smoothed only, there shall be 
paid two-tenths of 1 cent per pound in 
addition to the rates provided on plates, 
strips, or sheets of iron or steel of com- 
mon or black finish of corresponding 
thickness or value. 



SUMMARY OF TABTFT mFORMATTON, 1921. 



403 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 134. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, 
fence, and other iron or steel wire rods, 
whether round, oval, flat, or square, or in 
any other shape, and nail rods, all the 
foregoing in coils or otherwise, valued at 
four cents or less per pound, three-tenths 
of one cent per pound; valued over four 
cents per pound, six-tenths of one cent 
per pound: Provided, That all round iron 
or steel rods smaller than number six wire 
gauge shall be classed and dutiable as 
wire: Provided further, That all iron or 
steel wire rods which have been tempered 
or treated in any manner or partly manu- 
factured shall pay an additional duty of 
one-half of one cent per pound. 

Par. 137. On all iron or steel bars or 
rods of whatever shape or section which 
are cold rolled, cold drawn, cold ham- 
mered, or polished in any way in addition 
to the ordinary process of hot rolling or 
hammering, there shall be paid one-eighth 
of one cent per pound in addition to the 
rates provided in this section on bars or 
rods of whatever section or shape which 
are hot rolled: and on all strips, plates, or 
sheets of iron or steel of whatever shape, 
other than the polished, planished, or 
glanced sheet iron or sheet steel herein- 
before provided for, which are cold ham- 
mered, blued, brightened, tempered, or 
polished by any process to such perfected 
surface finish or polish better than the 
grade of cold rolled, smoothed only, here- 
inbefore provided for, there shall be paid 
four-tenths of one cent per pound in 
addition to the rates provided in this 
section upon plates, strips, or sheets of 
iron or steel of common or black finish of 
corresponding gauge or value ; * * *. 

[No corresponding provision for horse- 
shoe nail rods.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 113. Rivet, screw, fence, nail, and 
other iron or steel wire rods, whether 
round, oval, or square, or in any other 
shape, and flat rods up to six inches in 
width ready to be drawn or rolled into 
wire or strips, all the foregoing in coils 
or otherwise, including wire rods and iron 
or steel bars, cold rolled, cold drawn, cold 
hammered, or polished in any way in 
addition to the ordinary process of hot 
rolling or hammering, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 10 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That all round iron 
or steel rods smaller than twenty one- 
hundredthe of one inch in diameter shall 
be classed and dutiable as wire. 

Par. 109. * * * sheets or plates 
composed of iron, steel, * * * and 
such as are cold hammered, blued, bright- 
ened, tempered, or polished by any pro- 
cess to such perfected surface finish or 
polish better than the grade of cold 
rolled, smoothed only; * * * 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 110. * * * rolled wire rods in 
coils or bars not smaller than twenty one- 
hundredths of 1 inch in diameter * * * 
when made by the crucible, electric, or 
cementation process, * * * and fin- 
ished by rolling, hammering, or other- 
wise, * * * 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



Par. 554. * * * horseshoe nail rods, 
* * * [Free]. 



WIRE RODS AND BLUED, BRIGHTENED, AND POLISHED PLATES AND 

SHEETS. 

(See Surveys C-8 and CM.) 

Description. — Iron and steel wire rods are produced by rolling, and 
generally serve as a raw material, chiefly for the drawing of wire; 
they are also used for rivets, horseshoe nails, and other articles. 
Strips, sheets, and plates which have been blued, brightened, tem- 
pered, or polished, etc., have been subjected to annealing or reheating. 

Production in 1918 of iron and steel wire rods was 2,562,390 long 
tons; in 1920, 3,136,907 long tons. Wire rods are but one among 
the numerous semifinished forms produced by the rolling mills 
located for the most part in the iron regions centering around Pitts- 
burgh; the industry is one of large-scale ownership. Germany, 
Great Britain, and France are the principal European producers. 

Imports of wire rods in the prewar period were much greater than 
during and since the war. In 1913 they amounted to 17,352 tons, 



404 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



valued at $837,326. Later imports of the articles grouped in this 
paragraph are shown as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



WIRE RODS, RIVET, SCREW, FENCE, AND OTHER. 



1918 


Pounds. 

16, 802, 840 

296, 655 

9, 111, 168 

870,697 


$578, 114 

22, 766 

527, 514 

50,441 


$57, 811 

2,277 

52, 751 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











ROLLED WIRE RODS IN COILS OR BARS. 



1918 


131,356 
20, 839 

738, 208 
41, 274 


$12,678 

3,732 

63, 247 

10, 445 


$1, 902 

560 

9,487 


15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











BARS AND RODS, COLD ROLLED, COLD DRAWN, COLD HAMMERED, 


OR POLISHED. 


1918 


255, 332 

449, 546 

2, 426, 461 

290, 023 


$31, 606 
37,074 

155, 887 
14, 251 


$3, 161 
3,707 
15, 589 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











HORSESHOE NAIL RODS. 



1920 


40 
1,276 


$2 
70 






1921 (9 months) 













IRON OR STEEL BARS, COLD ROLLED, COLD DRAWN, ETC. 



1918 


Tons. 
1 90 


S5, 060 
12, 5S5 
39, 225 
6,912 


$506 
1, 258 
3,923 


10 


1919 


131 


10 


1920 


275 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


. 34 












PLATES OR SHEETS, COLD HAMMERED, BLUED, BRIGHTENED, ETC. 



1918 


Pounds. 

13. SIS 

'506 

14,4S1 

2,083 


$5, S9S 

213 

5,651 

1 ; 354 


$?S4 

31 

848 


15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Imported wire rods come mainly from England, Sweden, and 
Canada. 

Exports of wire rods in 1913 aggregated 74,823 tons. Statistics for 
the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Wire rods, steel: 

Quantity (pounds) 


332,691,869 
$12,469,715 

1,297,517,621 
$64,575,140 


264,342,316 
$8,374,716 

. 1, 241, 433. 750 
$48, 297, 598 


261, .")7."). ."ils 
J84, 854 

1,409,07,">. LS3 
$53, 841, 518 


26, S23, 022 


Value 


362, S82, 607 


Bars and rods of steel, all other: 


Value 


$12, 662, 959 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 405 

The exports go principally to Japan, Canada, and the United 
Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification. — Horseshoe nail rods are exempt 
from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 554). Plates or sheets of iron 
or steel which are cold hammered, blued, brightened, tempered, or 
polished, of a grade better than that of cold rolled and smooth mate- 
rial have been placed in this paragraph with wire rods and bars. 

Suggested changes. — As this paragraph is concerned primarily with 
rods and bars, it is suggested that the provision with reference to 
strips, sheets, and plates be transferred to a paragraph devoted to 
such articles. See paragraphs 307, 308, 309, and 313, " Suggested 
changes." 

Page 48, line 9, of H. R. 7456: Change "classed" to "classified" 
to agree with practice elsewhere. 



PARAGRAPH 316. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 316. Round iron or steel wire, not 
smaller than ninety-five one-thousandths 
of one inch in diameter, three-fourths of 
1 cent per pound; smaller than ninety- 
five one-thousandths and not smaller than 
sixty-five one-thousandths of one inch in 
diameter, 1£ cents per pound; smaller 
than sixty-five one-thousandths of one 
inch in diameter, 1^ cents per pound: 
Provided, That all of the foregoing valued 
above 6 cents per pound shall pay a duty 
of 20 per centum ad valorem; all wire 
composed of iron, steel, or other metal, 
not specially provided for, except gold, 
silver, or platinum: all flat wires and all 

steel in strips not thicker than one- v 

quarter of one inch and not exceeding 
sixteen inches in width, whether in long 
or short lengths, in coils or otherwise, and 
whether rolled or drawn through dies or 
rolls, or otherwise produced, and all other 
wire not specially provided for, 20 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That all 
wire of iron, steel or other metal coated by 
dipping, galvanizing, sherardizing, elec- 
trolytic or any other process with zinc, 
tin, or other metal, shall pay a duty of 
two-tenths of 1 cent per pound in addi- 
tion to the rate imposed on the wire of 
wkich it is made; telegraph, telephone, 
and other wires and cables composed of 
iron, steel, or other metal except gold, 
silver, or platinum, covered with or com- 

f)osed in part of cotton, jute, silk, enamel, 
acquer. rubber, paper, compound, or 
other material, with or without metal 
covering. 30 per centum ad valorem; wire 
rope and wire strand, 30 per centum ad 
valorem ; spinning and twisting ring trav- 
elers, 30 per centum ad valorem; wire 
heddles and healds. 25 cents per thousand 
and 30 per centum ad valorem. 



406 



SUMMAKY OF TAEIFF INFOBMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 135. Round iron or steel wire, not 
smaller than number thirteen wire gauge, 
one cent pep pound : smaller than number 
thirteen and not smaller than number six- 
teen wire gauge, one and one-fourth cents 
per pound; smaller than number sixteen 
wire gauge, one and three-fourths cents 
per pound: Provided, That all the forego- 
ing shall pay duty at not less than thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem; all wire com- 
posed of iron, steel, or other metal except 
gold or silver, covered with cotton, silk, or 
other material, * * * and all flat wires, 
and steel in strips, not thicker than number 
fifteen wire gauge and not exceeding five 
inches in width, whether in long or short 
lengths, in coils or otherwise, and whether 
rolled or drawn through dies or rolls, or 
otherwise produced, and all other wire not 
specially provided for in this section, shall 
pay a duty of not less than thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem : on iron or steel wire 
coated by dipping, galvanizing, or similar 
process with zinc, tin, or other metal, 
there shall be paid two-tenths of one cent 
per pound in addition to the rate imposed 
on the wire of which it is made : Provided 
further, That articles manufactured wholly 
or in chief value of any wire or wires pro- 
vided for in this paragraph shall pay the 
maximum rate of duty imposed in this 
section upon any wire used in the manu- 
facture of such articles and in addition 
thereto one cent per pound : And provided 
further, That no article made from or com- 
posed of wire shall pay a less rate of duty 
than forty per centum ad valorem; tele- 
graph, telephone, and other wires and ca- 
bles composed of metal and rubber, or 
of metal, rubber, and other materials, 
forty per centum ad valorem; * * * 
wire heddles or healds, twenty-five cents 
per thousand, and in addition thereto, 
forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in part of * * * metal, 
* * * forty-five per centum ad valo- 
rem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 114. Round iron or steel wire ; wire 
composed of iron, steel, or other metal, ex- 
cept gold or silver, covered with cotton, 
silk, or other material ; * * * and all fiat 
wires and steel in strips not thicker than 
number fifteen wire gauge and not ex- 
ceeding five inches in width, whether in 
long or short lengths, in coils or otherwise, 
and whether rolled or drawn through dies 
or rolls, or otherwise produced ; telegraph, 
telephone, and other wires and cables 
composed of metal and rubber, or of metal, 
rubber, and other materials; iron and steel 
wire coated by dipping, galvanizing, or 
similar process with zinc, tin, or other 
metal; all other wire not specially pro- 
vided for in this section and articles man- 
ufactured wholly or in chief value of any 
wire or wires provided for in this section; 
all the foregoing 15 per centum ad valo- 
rem; wire neddles and healds, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; wire rope, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



Par. 167. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section; * * * if 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
* * * metal * * * 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 



WIRE AND WIRE PRODUCTS. 

(See Survey C-8.) 

Description and uses. — A large portion of the round iron and steel 
wire produced in this country is converted into some other form, such 
as wire nails, barbed wire, wire rope, etc. 

Of the wire made from nonferrous metals, that of copper is the 
most important. Bronze and brass wires also find extended use. 
Aluminum wire has to some extent been employed as a substitute for 
copper wire for electrical purposes. Examples of other wires and 
their many uses are wire of alloys containing nickel used for electrical 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 407 

resistance and for purposes in which resistance to corrosion is im- 
portant; tungsten wire for incandescent filaments of electric bulbs; 
and wire made of an alloy of platinum and rhodium used in 
pyrometers. 

Much of the wire of nonf errous metals is used in the manufacture of 
wire cloth. Wire with a cross section other than round is drawn for 
special purposes. Thus triangular and lozenge-shaped wire is used 
in wire rope to some extent and pinion wire is drawn wire that may 
be cut up into gears for clock mechanisms, etc. 

Telegraph, telephone, and other wires and cables include insulated 
wire and cables — submarine, underground and other — in which rubber 
insulation is used. 

Wire rope consists of several strands of wire and is used as guy rope 
in construction and engineering works and on shipboard. It is also 
employed in hoisting and hauling, and in the transmission of power. 
Construction work, mining, and logging are industries which con- 
sume large quantities, but nearly every industry of importance uses 
wire rope to some extent. American engineering has tended to throw 
the burden on the rope to a much greater extent than the more con- 
servative European practice would allow. 

Covered wire consists of ordinary metallic wire covered with cotton, 
silk, paper, or other materials and is used extensively in the manu- 
facture of millinery, novelties, tags, artificial flowers, clothing, and 
electrical manufactures. 

Spinning and twisting ring travelers are metal rings and bars of 
high resiliency used in cotton spinning. Wire heddles or healds are 
part of the harness of a loom, the mechanism by which some of the 
threads of the warp are raised and others lowered upon each passage 
of the shuttle. The heddles themselves are formed by wire or string 
attached at each end to the shafts of the hammers and having a loop 
in the center through which the warp threads are passed. It is esti- 
mated that about one- third of the loom harness in use in the United 
States is equipped with wire heddles. 

Production. — A preliminary statement of the 1920 census of manu- 
factures with respect to wire-drawing mills shows that the value of 
the output of 117 establishments for the year 1919 was $409,058,300. 
Of this output $401,376,400 represents wire and manufactures of wire. 
The value of the output of steel and iron wire and manufactures 
thereof was $264,778,000, and that of copper wire and its manu- 
factures $114,234,200. The output of brass wire was valued at 
$16,024,500. 

The total production of steel and iron wire in 1919 was 2,508,890 
short tons, an increase of but 3 per cent over that of 1914. The pro- 
duction of coated wire for sale as such in 1919, chiefly galvanized wire, 
was 392,925 tons as compared with 374,480 tons in 1914. The 
country's output of bare copper wire in 1919 was 193,370 tons. The 
total production of insulated wire and cable for the same year was 
valued at $129,623,100, of which the major portion was reported by 
insulating establishments that purchased the wire. The output of 
brass wire was reported in 1919 as 50,521,000 pounds, valued at 
$16,024,050, a quantity increase of 28 per cent. The output of wire 
of other metals amounted to 14,596,000 pounds, valued at $6,339,700. 
Included in this total are wires of copper-clad steel, Monel metal, 
nickel silver, other nickel alloys, zinc, etc. The production of wire 



408 



SUMMARY GF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



rope, cable, and strand in 1919 amounted to 103,010 tons, valued at 
$29,825,500. The production in 1914 aggregated 52,740 tons, valued 
at $7,973,500. 

Imports. — Imports of wire and wire manufactures included in this 
paragraph have been since 1917 as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



ROUND IRON OR STEEL WIRE. 



1918 

1919 

1920: 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 

58,787 

927, 744 

5, 326, 156 

3,361,389 



$35, 198 

88, 817 

479, 558 

385, 602 



$5, 280 
13,323 
71,934 



Per cent. 
15 
15 
15 



WIRE, N. s. p. F. 



1918 




$31, 654 

1, 586 

15,857 

21, 972 


$4,748 

238 

2,379 


15 


1919 




15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months) 















MANUFACTURES OF BRASS WIRE. 



1918 




$9,427 
12,676 
6,308 
9,259 


$1,414 

1,901 

946 


15 


1919 




15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months) 















BRONZE WIRE. 



1920 


404 
2,228 


$595 
1,422 


$89 


15 


1921 (9 months) 










. 


MANUFACTURES OF B 


RONZE W 


[RE. 









1918 


$5,977 


$897 
4/964 
6,061 


15 


1919 


J j 33,094 


15 


1920 


i 40, 406 


15 


1921 (9 months). 


19 184 






1 








COPPER WIRE. 



1918 




$3, 559 
27,088 
50, 640 
4,681 


$534 
4, 063 
7,596 


15 


1919 


77, 774 

208,844 

6,366 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











WIRE AND MANUFACTURES OF, N. s. p. F. 



1918 




$28, 219 
22, 381 
22, 356 
36,5!& 


$4, 233 
3,357 
3,353 


15 


1919 




15 


1920 : 




15 


1921 (9 months) 













ALUMINUM WIRE. 



1918 

1921 (9monl lis). 



$ii24 
4 



$94 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



409 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



MANUFACTURES OF ALUMINUM WIRE. 



1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 



$337 
1.065 



S51 



Per cent. 
15 



BRASS WIRE. 



1918 




$3, 087 

32 

2,283 

1,848 


$463 

5 

342 


15 


1919 


102 
4,010 
4,432 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











MANUFACTURES OF COPPER WIRE. 



1918 




$16, 447 
14, 956 
17,071 
34, 634 


$2,467 
2,243 
2,561 


15 


1919 




15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months) 















WIRE OF IRON OR STEEL OR OTHER METAL COATED BY DIPPING, GALVANIZING, ETC. 



1918 




$4,351 
3,817 

60, 932 
4,808 


$653 

573 

9,140 


15 


1919 ; 


29, 601 

483,523 

14, 542 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











TELEGRAPH, TELEPHONE, AND OTHER WIRES AND CABLES. 



1918 




$17,964 
44, 955 
59, 074 

138, 504 


$2, 695 
6,743 
8,861 


15 


1919 


174,981 
327, 169 
830, 085 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











WIRE OF IRON OR STEEL COVERED WITH COTTON, SILK, OR OTHER MATERIAL. 



1918 




$22, 815 

5,480 

18, 087 

31,571 


$3,422 
822 1 
2,713 


15 


1919 


5,767 1 
58,276 | 
39,433 j 

1 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 









WIRE ROPE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



100,932 

1,021,221 

47, 462 



$6, 740 

18, 577 

186,795 

6,597 



$2, 022 

5,573 

56,038 



ALL OTHER WIRE 


«, N. S. P. F. 








1918 




$55, 418 
63, 224 
203,029 
171,909 


$8,313 

9,484 

30, 454 


it 


1919 


766, 689 
2, 398, 923 
1,262,353 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF WIRE, N. s. P. F. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



218,767 
595. 138 
360, 501 



$116,016 $17,402 

161, 475 24, 221 

277,648 41,647 

208,085 



410 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 




WIRE HEDDLES AND HEALDS. 



1918 


Thousands. 

8,597 

34,965 

Pounds. 
78,701 
68,486 


$14,661 
72,313 

113, 184 
102,660 


$3,665 
18,078 

28,296 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 : 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











In addition to this imported material, there were some imports of 
wire and wire manufactures for use in the construction and equip- 
ment of vessels. 

A considerable part of the manufactures of wire come from the 
United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and France. 

Exports. — The exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 of w r ire 
and wire products have been as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



■Copper wire: 

Quantity (pounds) 

V alue -. 

Brass wire: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Wire rope 

Insulated wire and cables 

Wire, n. s.p.f.: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Other manufactures of wire, n. s. p. f. . 



15,689,554 
$4,750,942 

1,748,883 

$707, 287 

$4,225,019 

$5,604,929 

352,177,754 

$20, 704, 503 

$3,677,127 



55, 551, 602 
$14,810,357 

1,115,908 
$403, 899 

$4,379,478 
$8, 815, 212 

426,074,277 

$24,641,881 

$5,090,491 



41,812,713 
$10,191,273 

1,159,087 

$398,328 

$2,148,294 

$8,208,539 

427,769,910 

$25, 371, 776 

$6,765,429 



10,146,666 
$1,973,754 

368,874 

$132, 119 

$1, 203, 047 

$7,621,996 

130,554,482 
$7,730,872 
$2,541,442 



Of the exported material, copper wire goes largely to the United 
Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway, and some other European coun- 
tries; brass wire, to the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Brazil; 
wire rope, to Mexico, Canada, and Cuba; wire, n. s. p. f., to Argentina, 
Canada, Australia, and Brazil; and other manufactures of wire to 
Canada, Cuba, Argentina, and the United Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification. — Corset clasps, corset steels, etc., 
which are included in the corresponding paragraph of the act of 1913 
(par. 114), are omitted here, and given a separate paragraph (336). 
Spinning and twisting ring travelers mentioned in this paragraph are 
not in the wire paragraph of the act of 1913 (par. 114). The provi- 
sion for "wire strand" is also new, as are also the enumerations of 
various materials, including " compound," in connection with 
cables, etc. 

Suggested changes. — As there is no fixed line of division between 
hoops, bands, and strips of iron and steel, and as strips of iron and 
steel are mentioned in the proviso to paragraph 313, it is suggested 
that the difference between the strips included in this paragraph and 
those mentioned in paragraph 313 be more clearly indicated. (See 
"Suggested changes," par. 313.) 

There is a provision in this paragraph for "all wire composed of 
iron, steel, or other metal, not specially provided for, except gold 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



411 



silver, or platinum/ ' and another for " and all other wire not specially 
provided for." These provisions may be in conflict; in any event, 
as the rate of duty is the same, no necessity is seen for both. 

Page 49, lines 19 and 20, of H. R. 7456:' Insert a comma after the 
word " steel" in line 19 and after " electrolytic" in line 20. 



PARAGRAPH 317. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 317. All galvanized wire not 
specially provided for, not larger than 
twenty one-hundredths and not smaller 
than eight one-hundredths of one inch in 
diameter, of the kind commonly used for 
fencing purposes, galvanized wire fencing 
composed of wires not larger than twenty 
one-hundredths and not smaller than 
eight one-hundredths of one inch in 
diameter; and all wire commonly used 
for baling hay or other commodities, one- 
half of 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 135. * * * all other wire not 
specially provided for in this section, 
shall pay a duty of not less than thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem; on iron or steel 
wire coated by dipping, galvanizing or 
similar process with zinc, tin, or other 
metal, there shall be paid two-tenths of 
one cent per pound in addition to the rate 
imposed on the wire of which it is made : 
Provided further. That articles manufac- 
tured wholly or in chief value of any wire 
or wires provided for in this paragraph 
shall pay the maximum rate of duty im- 
posed in this section upon any wire used 
in the manufacture of such articles and 
in addition thereto one cent per pound: 
And provided further, That no article made 
from or composed of wire shall pay a less 
rate of duty than forty per centum ad 
valorem; * * * 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 645. * * * galvanized wire 
not larger than twenty one-hundredths of 
one inch in diameter and not smaller than 
eight one-hundredths of one inch in 
diameter of the kind commonly used for 
fencing purposes, galvanized wire fencing 
composed of wires not larger than twenty 
one-hundredths of one inch in diameter 
nor smaller than eight one-hundredths of 
one inch in diameter, and wire commonly 
used for baling hay or other commodities 
[Free]. 



GALVANIZED WIRE FOR FENCING AND WIRE FOR BALING HAY. 



(See Survey C-8.) 

Description and uses. — Wire provided for in this paragraph is that 
used for fencing purposes and for baling hay and other commodities. 
The fencing wire is limited to galvanized, while the baling wire may 
or may not be galvanized. Barbed wire is provided for in paragraph 
1680 and hence is not included in this paragraph. 

Production. — The country's output of woven wire fencing and 
poultry netting, plain and coated, in 1919, amounted to 312,150 
tons, valued at $30,527,000. In 1914 the corresponding figures were 
411,460 tons, and $19,795,800. 



412 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports. — Imports of wire included in this paragraph have been, 
since 1917 by calendar years as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Galvanized wire: 

Quantity (pounds). 

Value 

Galvanized- wire fencing 

Quantity (pounds). 

Value 

Baling wire: 

Quantity (pounds). 

Value 



63, 645 
$4,839 



62, 657 
$3, 368 



3,050 

$185 



392, 526 
$17, 989 



78, 733 
$3,366 



85, 175 

$5, 069 



392,978 
$23, 222 



140,095 
$6, 865 



421, 849 
$25, 532 



500 
$31 

7,200 
$510 

13, 790 
$1,022 



Exports. — Exports of woven wire fencing since 1917 by calendar 
years have been as follows: 1918, $1,036,730; 1919, $933,143; 1920, 
$903,272; 1921 (9 months), $451,823. The principal destinations of 
this exported material were Cuba, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, and 
New Zealand. 

Important changes in classification. — Wire coming within this para- 
graph has been transferred from the free list (par. 645) of the act 
of 1913. 



PARAGRAPH 318. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 318. Woven-wire cloth: Gauze, 
fabric, or screen, made of wire composed 
of steel, brass, copper, bronze, or any 
other metal or alloy, not specially pro- 
vided for, with meshes not finer than 
thirty wires to the lpLneal inch in warp or 
filling, 20 per centum ad valorem; with 
meshes finer than thirty and not finer 
than ninety wires to the lineal inch in 
warp or filling, 30 per centum ad valorem; 
with meshes finer than ninety wires to 
the lineal inch in warp or filling, 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- Par. 114. * * * and articles manu- 
cially provided for in this section, com- factured wholly or in chief value of any 
posed wholly or in part of * * * wire or wires provided for in this section; 
metal, * * * forty-five per centum all the foregoing 15 per centum ad va- 
ad valorem. lorem; * * *. 

Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section; 
* * * if composed wholly or in chief 
value of * * * metal, * * * 20 
per centum ad valorem. 

WOVEN-WIRE CLOTH. 

(See Survey C-8.) 

Description and uses. — Woven-wire cloth consists of gauze fabrics, 
screens, etc., composed of wire with fine meshes and is used largely 
for straining and for protection against insects and the like. " Four- 



1921. 413 

drinier wires, " or wire cloth used in paper making, are one of the most 
important items. 

Production. — In the figures of the Federal Census the country's out- 
put of woven-wire cloth is included with that of other woven-wire 
products. Excluding woven-wire fencing and poultry nettings, the 
output of woven-wire products in the United States in 1919 amounted 
to 26,610 short tons, valued at $4,274,200. In 1914 the country's 
output was 22,720 tons, valued at $2,822,700. 

Imports and exports. — The imports and exports of woven-wire cloth 
are not separately tabulated by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic 
Commerce. 

Important changes in classification. — Woven-wire cloth was not sep- 
arately specified in the act of 1913, but was classified among " articles 
manufactured wholly or in chief value of any wire or wires provided 
for" in this section under paragraph 114, or as " articles or wares not 
specially provided for * * * if composed wholly or in chief value 
f * * * metal" under paragraph 167. 



PARAGRAPH 319. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 319. Iron or steel anchors and 
parts thereof; forgings of iron or steel, or 
of combined iron and steel, not machined, 
tooled, or otherwise advanced in condi- 
tion by any process or operation subse- 
quent to the forging process, not specially- 
provided for, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 123. Iron or steel anchors or parts Par. 106. Iron or steel anchors or parts 
thereof, one cent per pound; forgings of thereof; forgings of^iron or steel, or of 
iron or steel, or of combined iron and combined iron and steel, but not ma- 
steel, but not machined, tooled, or other- chined, tooled, or otherwise advanced in 
wise advanced in condition by any condition by any process or operation 
process or operation subsequent to the subsequent to the forging process, not 
forging process, not specially provided specially provided for in this section, 12 
for in this section, thirty per centum ad per centum ad valorem; * * *. 
valorem; * * *. 

ANCHORS. 

(See Survey C-5.) 

Description. — The making of anchors, once a formidable piece of 
smith work, is a simple operation with the use of the steam hammer. 
The shank of a large anchor is built up by welding together bars of 
iron. Although many anchors are forged, cast-steel anchors are used 
to a considerable extent. 

Production. — There are no reliable statistics as to output, but even 
during the war-time expansion in shipbuilding domestic needs were 
amply supplied by American plants. Certain manufacturers reported 
to the Tariff Commission that the output in 1920 was only about one- 
quarter the quantity and only one-seventh the value of the 1918 total. 
England is the largest producer. 



414 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports for consumption are small, amounting in 1917 to about 
48,133 pounds (about 21.5 gross tons), valued at $2,611. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
37,344 

84, 4S3 
51, 064 
5,323 


$1,616 
7,216 
3,127 
2,036 


$194 
866 
375 


Per cent. 
12 


1919 


12 


1920 


12 


1921 (9 months) 











In addition to these imports there was a larger importation of 
anchors for vessel supplies, construction and equipment of vessels, 
and a small amount for the repair of vessels. In 1918, 105,971 
pounds, valued at $4,420, were imported as supplies of vessels; 501,420 
pounds, valued at $35,936, for the construction and equipment of 
vessels; and 120 pounds, valued at $20, for the repair of vessels. 
These were imported duty free. In 1919 such importations fell off 
greatly, but 456,449 pounds, valued at $51,432, were imported for 
the construction and equipment of vessels. 

Exports. — None recorded. Certain firms, however, do some, 
export business — especially in smaller anchors — with the Far East, 
Latin America, and even in Europe. 

FORGINGS. 

(See Survey C-5.) 

Description and uses. — Forgings are metals which have undergone 
the process of hammering or pressing into special shapes while hot. 
Originally forging was solely a hammering process, but with large 
masses to be treated, pressing has come into use, especially for mak- 
ing heavy forgings of steel. 

Many small articles of common use, such as balls, screws, rivet 
blanks, nuts, nails, etc., are forged by machinery. Many articles of 
intricate patterns are drop-forged, i. e., a heated piece of metal is 
put on a lower die placed on the anvil of a drop hammer which, fall- 
ing from a height, carries the upper die and stamps the plastic 
metal into shape. Such drop forgings are largely used in motor 
vehicles for levers, treadles, connecting rods, and the like. 

The "finishing process" consists in annealing or tempering the 
forged material and then machining it. 

Production. — Forgings represent a vast variety of articles. Accord- 
ing to the American Metal Market the country's output of forged 
work done in rolling mills and steel works amounted to 1,295,566 
gross tons in 1918 and to 534,346 gross tons in 1919. This product 
involves such items as anchors, armor plate, axles, eyebars, gun 
carriages, etc. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



415 



Imports of ordinary forged iron and steel, i. e., not finished or ad- 
vanced beyond the forging process, are not large. In 1917 they 
amounted to only $37,302. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$394, 566 
51,312 
35, 103 
23, 618 


$47,348 
6,157 
4,212 


Per cent. 
12 


1919 


351,045 
184, 096 
141, 364 


12 


1920 . 


12 


1921 (9 months) ... 











In addition to these imports other forgings for the construction and 
equipment of vessels, for the United States Government and for 
diplomatic officers came into the country free of duty. In 1919, 
485,777 pounds, valued at $79,152, were imported for the construc- 
tion and equipment of vessels; 6,583,124 pounds, valued at $754,706, 
for the Government of the United States; and in 1918, 43,383,685 
pounds, valued at $2,576,831, for diplomatic officers. 

Exports. — Exports since 1917, by calendar years, have been as fol- 
lows: 1918, $27,679,680; 1919, $1,881,814; 1920, $1,833,925; 1921 (9 
months), $358,299. Some of the important countries receiving this 
exported material are Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Japan, 
Italy, Spain, and Mexico. 



PARAGRAPH 320. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

1'ar. 320. Electric storage batteries and 
parts thereof, storage battery plates and 

storage battery plate material, wholly or ^ 

partly manufactured, all the foregoing not 
specially provided for, 30 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

[Classable according to component ma- 
terial of chief value.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

[Classable according to component ma- 
terial of chief value.] 



ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERIES AND PARTS. 

(See Survey C-13.) 

Description and uses. — An electric battery is an apparatus, consist- 
ing of one or more cells, used for the generation of voltaic electricity. 
A storage battery — also called secondary battery and accumulator — is 
for the so-called storage of electricity. In storage batteries the elec- 
trodes are commonly lead plates surrounded by dilute sulphuric acid. 
During the discharge lead sulphate is formed on the plates, the action 
being similar to that of the primary battery. The action of the 
storage battery is, however, reversible, since, by passing a current 
through the battery in the opposite direction, the plates are restored 
to their original state, and are again capable of delivering a current. 



416 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

One cell usually contains several plates . The automobile industry is a 
large user of storage batteries. The manufacture of plates and con- 
nections for storage batteries has become a very important outlet for 
lead. 

In the storage cell invented by Edison the plates are perforated cases 
of nickel, containing nickel oxide and finely divided iron, surrounded 
by an alkaline solution. 

Production. — In 1919 the production of storage batteries was valued 
at $56,648,347, and of parts for storage batteries, at $3,387,805. The 
corresponding figures for 1914 were $10,615,150 and $2,465,814. 

Imports. — None recorded. 

Exports. — Exports of batteries for recent calendar years were as 
follows: 1918, $3,178,437; 1919, $5,998,337; 1920, $6,633,542; and 
1921 (9 months) , $3,267,726. This exported material goes principally 
to the United Kingdom, Argentine, Australia, and Cuba. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision; the 
rate of duty under the act of 1913 depends upon the component 
material of chief value. 

Suggested changes. — Page 51, line 5, of H. K. 7456: Insert comma 
after " plates." 

PARAGRAPH 321. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 321. Antifriction balls and rollers, 
metal balls and rollers commonly used in 
ball or roller bearings, metal ball or roller 
bearings, and parts thereof, whether fin- 
ished or unfinished, for whatever use in- 
tended, 10 cents per pound and 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 123.* * * antifriction balls, Par. 106. * * * antifriction balls, 

ball bearings, and roller bearings, of ball bearings, and roller bearings, of iron 

iron or steel or other metal, finished or or steel or other metal, finished or un- 

unfinished, forty-five per centum ad finished, and parts thereof, 35 per centum 

valorem. ad valorem. 

ANTIFRICTION BALLS AND BEARINGS. 

(See Survey C-5.) 

Description and uses.— Antifriction bearings consist of metal balls 
or rollers fitted between two metal cases in such a way that a shaft 
may be inserted into the inner case, and the outer case into the bearing 
frame, the contact between the two cases being through balls or 
rollers. This arrangement substitutes a rolling contact for the sliding 
contact of the ordinary bearing and thus reduces friction. 

The automobile industry is the largest consumer of ball and roller 
bearings; the bicycle affords examples of the use of ball bearings. 
Some antifriction bearings are used in screw jacks, many machine 
tools, elevators, etc. 

Production. — The domestic industry has gone extensively into both 
types of bearing — roller and ball. The European industry has given 
attention chiefly to the ball bearing. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



417 



Imports. — Imports of antifriction bearings in 1917 amounted in 
value to over $1,500,000, of which over $1,488,000 consisted of ball 
bearings as distinguished from balls, parts, and roller bearings. Later 
statistics follow: 




ANTIFRICTION BALLS. 



191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$27,619 
23, 817 

474, 176 
10,344 



Per cent. 

$9,667 | 35 

8,336 t 35 

165,962 i 35 



"\ 





BALL BEARINGS. 






1918 .... 




$519,486 
49, 222 
784,030 
101,671 


$181,820 

17,228 

274,410 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 














ROLLER BEARINGS. 


1918 


• 


$18,636 

248 

9,679 


$6,523 


35 


1920 




87 


35 


1921 (9 months) 














ANTIFRICTI 


3N BEARINGS, ETC., PARTS THEREC 


F. 




1918 




$33,439 
S, 950 

177, 589 
9,638 


$11, 704 
3,132 
62, 156 


35 


1919 J ... 


35 


1920 


35 


1 921 (9 months) 









_, 



Some of the most important contributing nations were Sweden, 
Canada, and lately Germany. 
&. i Exports. — None recorded. 

1 Important changes in classification. — Antifriction balls and bearings 
are treated in a single paragraph instead of being combined as in the 
act of 1913 with anchors and lorgings of iron or steel. 



PARAGRAPH 322. 



H. R. 7456, 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 322. Hallway fishplates or splice 
bars, made of iron or steel, one-fourth of 
1 cent per pound; all other railway bars 
made of iron or steel, and railway bars 
made in part of steel, T rails, and punched 
iron or steel flat rails, seven-fortieths of 
1 cent per pound. 

82304—22 27 



. 



418 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 126. Railway bars, made of iron 
or steel, and railway bars made in part of 
steel, T rails and punched iron or steel 
flat rails, seven-fortieths of one cent per 
pound; railway fish-plates or splice-bars, 
made of iron or steel , three-tenths of one 
cent per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 108. Railway fishplates or splice 
bars made of iron or steel, 10 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 587. Railway bars, made of iron 
or steel, and railway bars made in part of 
steel, T rails, and punched iron or steel 
flat rails [Free]. 



RAIL SPLICE BARS AND BRACES. 

(See Survey C — 6.) 

Description and uses. — Splice bars, fishplates, tie plates, etc., are 
used for connecting endwise and holding in place rails on a roadbed. 
They embrace the general group of rail joints and fastenings, but not 
spikes, bolts, nuts, and similar material. 

Production in 1917 amounted to 528,403 gross tons, and in 1920 to 
575,830 gross tons. 

Imports in 1917 of railway fishplates and splice bars amounted to 
350 gross tons, valued at $13,116. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem ' 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

127, 080 

1,033,031 

1,731,787 

14,980 


$5,678 

29,831 

51,385 

1,142 


$568 
2,983 
5,138 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are much larger. In 1917 the exports of railway track 
material, excluding rails and spikes, amounted to $9,108,617. Sta- 
tistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918, 
$5,582,860; 1919, $9,280,725; 1920, $7,570,236; 1921 (9 months), 
$5,751,897. The principal countries of destination were Cuba, 
Japan, France, Brazil, and European Russia. 

Suggested changes. — In view of the importance of tie plates, these 
should be mentioned, as well as railway fishplates or splice bars, 
and " all other railway bars made of iron or steel," designated by the 
term "rail braces." The latter term is more specific than the phrase 
"all other railway bars made of iron or steel," and is sufficiently 
inclusive to describe with precision what is intended to be covered 
in this part of the paragraph. 



RAILS. 

(See Survey C-6.) 

Description and uses. — Rails for steam and electric railways are 
heavy or light, the former 50 pounds or more per linear yard, and the 
latter less than 50 pounds. Rails with a weight of 85 to 125 pounds 
are standard for the leading railroads: light rails go mostly into 
mining, lumbering, and other industrial operations. Practically all 
rails are now made of steel. The raw material of heavy rails is the 
steel ingot; and of light rails, largely old heavy rails. Old heavy 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, l!)21. 



419 



rails constitute the raw material for splice bars. Most rails, light and 
heavy, are T rails. About 3 to 5 per cent of the production of the 
rail mills of the United States consists of girder and high T rails for 
electric and street railways. 

Production of rails in 1913 amounted to 3,502,780 gross tons, and 
in 1920 to 2,604,116 gross tons, nearly 90 per cent heavy rails. For- 
merly Germany manufactured over 1,000,000 tons of rails per year, 
and Great Britain between 800,000 and 1,000,000 tons, France, Bel- 
gium, Russia, and Canada following. 

Imports. — Imports of bars and rails for railways, small compared 
with exports, are shown for the period 1918-1921 as follows: 



Iron rails and bars for railways: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value — 

Rails and bars for railways, steel or part steel: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 



1918 



3 
$96 

8,336 
$319,380 



1919 



200 
$14,014 



17,008 
$651,830 



1920 



$28, 183 

44,798 
$1,894,226 



1921 

(9 months). 



167 

$5,522 

17,455 
$697,926 



Imported rails come mainly from Canada, a few from Mexico. 
Exports.- — Exported rails consist of steel. For the calendar years 
since 1917 exports have been as follows: 



Quantity (tons). 
Value 



1918 



453,537 
$26,402,864 



1919 



652,443 
$38,986,855 



1920 



594, 628 
$36,193,689 



1921 
(9 months) 



282, 162 
$16, 863, 894 



These exports went mainly to Japan, the Dutch East Indies, Brazil, 
and China. During the war period a large tonnage of steel rails was 
shipped to France and Russia. In the fiscal year 1916 over half the 
steel rails exported from the United States were shipped to European 
and Asiatic Russia. 

Important changes in classification. — Rails, including railway bars 
made of iron or steel, have been transferred from the free list of the 
act of 1913 (par. 587). 



PARAGRAPH 323. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 323. Axles and parts thereof, axle 
bars, axle blanks, and forgings for axles, 
of iron or steel, without reference to the 
stage or state of manufacture, not specially 
provided for, valued at not more than (J 
cents per pound, six-tenths of 1 cent per 
pound: Provided, That when iron or steel 
axles are imported fitted in wheels, or 
parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall 
be dutiable at the same rate as the wheels 
in which thev are fitted. 



420 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 142. Axles, or parts thereof, axle 
bars, axle blanks, or forcings for axles, 
whether of iron or steel, without reference 
to the stage or state of manufacture, not 
otherwise provided for in this section, 
valued at not more than six cents per 
pound, three-fourths of one cent per 
pound: Provided, That when iron or steel 
axles are imported fitted in wheels, or 
parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall 
be dutiable at the same rate as the wheels 
in which they are fitted. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 121. Axles, or parts thereof, axle 
bars, axle blanks, or forcings for axles, 
whether of iron or steel, without reference 
to the stage or state of manufacture, not 
otherwise provided for in this section, 10 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
when iron or steel axles are imported 
fitted in wheels, or parts of wheels, of 
iron or steel, they shall be dutiable at 
the same rate as the wheels in which they 
are fitted. 



AXLES AND AXLE BLANKS. 

(See Survey C-10.) 

Description and use. — Iron and steel axles for every purpose are 
included. Axles inserted in wheels come under paragraph 324 or 
other paragraphs covering wheels. 

Production of 89,436 long tons, valued at $3,407,271, reported in 
1914, relates to that of rolling mills. Of this amount 1,160 tons 
were of axles other than car and locomotive. In 1919 the output of 
axles, rolled or forged, amounted to 97,800 gross tons, valued pt 
$9,753,000. Railway axles are rolling-mill products. A small pei 
cent of automobile axles was thus made in 1914. These axles, bi- 
cycle axles, and wagon and carriage axles of iron and steel are made 
chiefly in factories manufacturing the vehicles. 

Imports of iron and steel axles in 1914 were 136 long tons, valued 
at $17,083. They decreased steadily after 1911 until 1918. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


i 
Quantity, i 

! 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


191s 


Pounds. 
785 
. r >6,286 ! 
316.936 i 
767 


S50 

2,113 

107, 119 

109 


$5 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 . 


21 1 10 


1 920 


10, 712 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 324. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 324. Wheels for railway purposes, 
and parts thereof, of iron or steel, and 
steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, 
wholly or partly finished, and iron or 
steel locomoti e, car, or other railway 
tires aud parts thereof, wholly or partly 
manufactured, I cenl per pound: Pro- 
vided, That when wheels for railway pur- 
poses, (»• parts thereof, of irof) or steel, are 
imported with iron or si eel axles fitted in 
them, the wheels and axles together shall 
he dutiable al I he same rate as is provided 
for the wheels when imported separately. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



421 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 171. Wheels for railway purposes, 
or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and 
steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, 
whether wholly or partly finished, and 
iron or steel locomotive, car, or other rail- 
way tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly 
manufactured, one and one-fourth cents 
per pound; ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, 
or blanks for the same, without regard to 
the degree of manufacture, one cent per 
pound: Provided, That when wheels for 
railway purposes, or parts thereof, of iron 
or steel, are imported with iron or steel 
axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles 
together shall be dutiable at the same 
rate as is provided for the wheels when 
imported separately. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 142. Wheels for railway purposes, 
or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and 
steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, 
whether wholly or partly finished, and 
iron or steel locomotive, car, or other rail- 
way tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly 
manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That when wheels for railway 
purposes, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, 
are imported with iron or steel axles fitted 
in them, the wheels and axles together 
shall be dutiable at the same rate as is 
provided for the wheels when imported 
separately. 



WHEELS FOR RAILAVAY PURPOSES. 

(See Survey C-15.) 

Description. — The car wheels in general domestic use are either of 
chilled cast iron, cast steel, or rolled steel. A car wheel made with 
a cast or forged center piece, about which a steel tire is shrunk, is 
used to some extent. Locomotive drive wheels are of this type. 

Production. — It has been estimated that 3,000,000 chilled cast-iron 
wheels, valued at $40,000,000, were produced in 1917. According to 
the 1920 Census there were produced in 1919, 117,700 gross tons of 
car and locomotive wheels, rolled or forged, valued at $17,044,700. 

Pennsylvania has a larger number of manufacturers than any other 
State; Michigan, New York, and Ohio follow. European concerns 
have not developed the chilled cast-iron or rolled-steel wheels which 
are the predominant types here. The bulk of foreign production 
has been the steel-tired wheel. Such wheels are likewise made here, 
and (according to report) before the war could be produced as 
cheaply as in Europe. 

Imports of wheels for railway purposes in 1918 (fiscal year) were 
valued at $194,316, over five times the value of the imports in 1914. 
These figures include wheels, tires, and axles inserted in wheels. 
Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. ; 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 




Pounds. j 
• 1 358 263 


$69, 444 
32, 440 

S. 392 
821 


$13, 889 
0,488 
1,678 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 




936 006 


o 


1920 




258 360 ; 


20 


1921 (9mo.iths).. 




7, 520 ! 

i 











Exports. — Exports of car wheels have been as follows 1 : 1916, 
$741,542: 1917, $2,384,973; 1918, $6,889,084; 1919, $11,843,738; 
1920, $9,061,305; and 1921 (9 months), $2,577,671. These exports 
went chiefly to France, Cuba, Canada, Japan, and Italy. 



1916 and 1917, fiscal years; 1918-1921, calendar years. 



422 



SUJ MMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 325. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 325. Anvils of iron or steel, or of 
iron and steel combined, by whatever 
process made, or in whatever stage of 
manufacture, If cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 140. Anvils of iron or steel, or of 
iron and steel combined, by whatever 
process made, or in whatever stage of 
manufacture, one and five-eighths cents 
per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 118. Anvils of iron or steel, or of 
iron and steel combined, by whatever 
process made, or in whatever stage of 
manufacture, 15 per centum ad valorem. 



ANVILS. 



(See Survey C-9.) 



Description.— Anvils may be either cast or wrought (forged). 
They are of several types, the ordinary blacksmith's anvil, the small 
anvils used by jewelers, and heavy blocks for power hammers. 

Production of wrought anvils in 1911 was estimated at 2,600,000 
pounds. An increase in domestic production has followed the declin- 
ing imports since the beginning of the war and the demand created 
by military operations. Columbus, Ohio is the center of manufacture 
in this country. England, Germany, and Sweden are the principal 
foreign producers. 

Imports of anvils were 727,502 pounds in 1914. A considerable 
portion of the imports consists of Swedish cast anvils. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

10,863 

88,961 

275, 805 

34,650 


-SI, 161 
14, 458 
33,820 
3,471 . 


S174 
2,169 
5,073 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 mouths) 













Exports. — None recorded. 

Suggested changes. — Duty at the rate of If cents per pound on 
jewelers' anvils would be practically negligible. 



PARAGRAPH 326. 



H. R, 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. :}2G. Blacksmiths' hammers, tongs, 
and pledges, track tools, wedges, and 
crowbars, of iron or steel, \\ cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pah. 1.43. Blacksmit h\s hammers and 
Bledges, track tools, wedges, and crow- 
bars, whether of iron or steel, one and 
Ihree-eighths cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

]\\u. J22. Blacksmiths' hammers, tongs, 
and sledges, track tools, wedges, and 
crowbars, whether of iron or steel, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



423 



BLACKSMITHS TOOLS. 
(See Survey C-9.) 



Production. — No data are available as to the domestic output of 
blacksmiths' hammers, tongs, and sledges, track tools, wedges, and 
crowbars, but these manufactures are known to have been large. 

Imports are small, aggregating in 1914, 23,340 pounds, valued at 
SI, 661. Later statistics are as follows: 





Calendar year. 


1 
: Quantity. I 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 




' Pounds. ! 
i 9,66S ; 


$751 

593 

5,318 

1,502 


$75 

59 

532 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 




! 2,911 


10 


1920 






10 


1921 (9 months) . . 




::::::::::i::::::::::::i 








i 







Exports. — Exports of hammers and hatchets are large compared 
with imports. During the calendar years 1918-1921 they were as 
follows: 1918, $484,679; 1919, $973,547; 1920, $1,303,185; 1921 
(9 months), $597,793. The principal countries of destination were 
Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia. 



PARAGRAPH 327. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 327. Cast-iron pipe of every de- 
scription, cast-iron andirons, plates, stove 
plates, sadirons, tailors' irons, hatters' 
irons, but not including electric irons, 
and castings and vessels wholly of cast 
iron, including all castings of iron or 
cast-iron plates which have been chiseled, 
drilled, machined, or otherwise advanced 
in condition by processes or operations 
subsequent to the casting process but 
not made up into articles, or parts thereof, 
or finished machine parts; castings of 
malleable iron not specially pro\ided for; 
cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or 
tinned, but not including enameled 
ware or hollow ware containing electrical 
elements, 10 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 146. Cast-iron pipe of every de- 
scription, one-fourth of one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 147. Cast-iron andirons, plates, 
stove plates, sadirons, tailor's irons, hat- 
ter's irons, and castings and vessels wholly 
of cast iron, eight-tenths of one cent per 
pound. All castings of iron or cast-iron 
plates which have been chiseled, drilled, 
machined, or otherwise advanced in con- 
dition by processes or operations subse- 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 125. Cast-iron pipe of every de- 
scription, cast-iron andirons, plates, stove 
plates, sadirons, tailor's irons, hatter's 
irons, and castings and vessels wholly of 
cast iron, including all castings of iron or 
cast-iron plates which have been chiseled, 
drilled, machined, or otherwise advanced 
in condition by processes or operations 
subsequent to the casting process but not 
made up into articles or finished machine 
parts; castings of malleable iron not spe- 



424 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



cially provided for in this section; cast 
hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, 10 
per centum ad valorem. 



quent to the casting process but not made 
up into articles, shall pay two-tenths of 
one cent per pound more than the rate 
imposed upon the castings of iron and 
cast-iron plates hereinbefore provided for. 

Par. 148. Castings of malleable iron 
not specially provided for in this section, 
seven- tenths of one cent per pound. 

Par. 149. Cast hollow ware, coated, 
glazed, or tinned, one and one-half cents 
per pound. 

IRON CASTINGS. 

(See Survey C-ll.) 

Description and uses. — These articles include (1) a variety of 
familiar commodities made of cast iron, (2) castings of malleable 
iron, and (3) cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned. Malleable 
cast iron is a crude form of wrought iron obtained by decarbonization. 
The castings are made in the ordinary way from low silicon iron with 
little phosphorus and sulphur; they are embedded in oxide of iron or 
peroxide of manganese and heated to a red heat until most of the 
carbon is removed from the surface. 

Production. — Available statistics cover only cast-iron pipe, includ- 
ing fittings, with an output in 1913 of 1,266,245 net tons; in 1916 of 
1,214,333 tons; in 1918 of 619,673 tons; and in 1920 of 886,515 tons. 

Imports. — During the fiscal year 1918 the imports of iron castings 
amounted to 3,324,002 pounds, or 1,662 short tons, valued at $181,258. 
More than one-half of this imported material consisted of cast-iron 
plates, stove plates and irons, sadirons, tailors' irons, hatters' irons 
and castings, and vessels wholly of cast iron. Only a little over 10 
per cent consisted of cast-iron pipe and about 25 per cent of malleable 
iron castings, n. s. p. f. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 


Value. Duty. 



Ad 

! valorem 

rate. 



CAST-IRON PIPE. 



1918.... 


Pounds. 

269, 364 

164,945 

670,224 

27, 294 


$5,074 
6,226 

41,074 
2,052 


$507 

623 

4,107 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


18 


1920 


16 


1921 (9 months) 











CAST-IRON ANDIRONS, PLATES, STOVE PLATES, ETC. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 






1,631,225 

1,559,012 

2,383,842 

739, 783 



$103, 309 
147,607 
225, 863 
61,719 



$10, 331 
14, 761 
22,586 



IRON OR CAST IRON PLATES, CHISELED, DRILLED, ETC. 




1918 


381,592 
47,247 

129, 181 
12, 724 


$24,8S4 $2,488 

4,307 431 

13,147 1,315 

861 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 






! 








SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



425 



- 

Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valrrom 

rate. 


CAST-IRON HOLLOW WARE, COATED, GLAZED, OR TINNED. 

• 


191S 


Pounds. 

5,317 

3,575 

214,632 

12, 690 


$461 

425 

15,066 

1,702 


$46 

42 

1,507 


Per cent. 

10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 










CASTINGS OF MALLEABLE IRON, J> 


. s. r. f. 






191S 


' 681,423 
1,319,233 
6,696,068 
1,867,154 


$71, 235 
107, 163 
658,331 
186,416 


$7, 123 
10,716 
65, 833 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Exports, a large proportion of which is in the form of 
cast-iron pipe and fittings, are much greater than imports. Statistics 
for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 





1918 


1919 1920 

1 


1921 
(9 months). 


Cast-iron pipe fittings: 

Quantity (pounds) 


125,352,066 
$6,665,597 
$4,535,553 


I 

88,379,704 | 153,254,227 
$5,177,752 i $9,753,446 
$4,508,044 1 $6,810,511 

! 


96,080,663 




$6,617,832 
$3,414,253 


Iron and steel castings, n. e. s 



The principal countries of destination are Cuba, Mexico, and 
Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — The exclusion of electric irons 
and the limitation relative to electrical elementsNare new. 

Suggested changes. — Page 52, line 25, and page 53, line 1, of H. 
R. 7456: If the word "or" connecting " enameled ware" and " hollow 
ware" is not intended to make the words " enameled ware" and 
"hollow ware" apply to the same thing, it should be changed 
to "and." 



PARAGRAPH 328. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 328. Lap-welded, butt-welded, 
seamed, or jointed iron or steel tubes, 
pipes, flues, and stays, not thinner than 
sixty-five one-thousandths of an inch, if 
not less than three-eighths of an inch in 
diameter, three-fourths of 1 cent per 
pound ; if less than three-eighths and not 
less than one-fourth of an inch in diam- 
eter, 1} cents per pound; if less than one- 
fourth of an inch in diameter, If cents 
per pound ^Provided, That no tubes, 
pipes, flues, or stays made of charcoal 
iron shall pay a less rate of duty than 1{ 
cents per pound; cylindrical and tubular 
tanks or vessels, for holding gas, liquids, 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



426 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



H. R. 7456. 

or other material, whether full or empty; 
welded cylindrical furnaces, tubes and 
flues made from plate metal, whether 
corrugated, ribbed, or otherwise rein- 
forced against collapsing pressure, and 
all other finished or unfinished iron or 
steel tubes not specially provided for, 
20 per centum ad valorem ; flexible metal 
tubing or hose, whether covered with 
wire or other material, including any 
appliances or attachments affixed thereto, 
not specially provided for, and rigid iron 
or steel tubes or pipes prepared and lined 
or coated in any manner suitable for use 
as conduits for electrical conductors, 25 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 151. Lap -welded, butt-welded, 
seamed, or jointed iron or steel tubes, 
pipes, flues, or stays, not thinner than 
number sixteen wire gauge, if not less 
than three-eighths of an inch in diameter, 
one cent per pound; if less than three- 
eighths of an inch and not less than one- 
fourth of an inch in diameter, one and 
one-half cents per pound; if less than 
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, two 
cents per pound: Provided, That no tubes, 
pipes, flues, or stays, made of charcoal 
iron, shall pay a less rate of duty than one 
and one-half cents per pound; cylindrical 
or tubular tanks or vessels, for holding 
gas, liquids, or other material, whether 
full or empty, thirty per centum ad 
valorem; flexible metal tubing or hose, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
whether covered with wire or other mate- 
rial, or otherwise, including any appli- 
ances or attachments affixed thereto, 
thirty per centum ad valorem; welded 
cylindrical furnaces, tubes or flues made 
from plate metal, and corrugated, ribbed, 
or otherwise reinforced against collapsing 
pressure, two cents per pound; all other 
iron or steel tubes, finished, not specially 
provided for in this section, thirty per 
centum ad valorem. 

TUBES, PIPES, AND TANKS. 

(See Survey C-12.) 

Description. — This paragraph covers pipes, tubes, cylinders, tanks, 
etc., made of iron and steel, excepting cast-iron pipes. While cast- 
iron pipes are cast in molds and the center is cored out, welded 
pipes are made from narrow plates of steel or wrought iron called 
skelp, which is rolled into shape and the edges welded together. 
When the edges simply come together, the welding is called butt- 
welding, and when they overlap, lap-welding. Riveted pipe, ordi- 
narily made only in large sizes, is frequently formed in spirals of 
sheet iron or steel or by simply curling the sheet so as to make a 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 127. Lap -welded, butt -welded, 
seamed, or jointed iron or steel tubes, 
pipes, flues, or stays; cylindrical or 
tubular tanks or vessels, for holding gas, 
liquids, or other material, whether full or 
empty; flexible metal tubing or hose, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
whether covered with wire or other mate- 
rial, or otherwise, including any appli- 
ances or attachments affixed thereto; 
welded cylindrical furnaces, tubes or 
flues made from plate metal, and corru- 
gated, ribbed, or otherwise reenforced 
against collapsing pressure, and all other 
iron or steel tubes, finished, not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021, 



427 



horizontal joint, the overlapping edges, in either case, being riveted 
together. 

Production. — The domestic output of wrought iron and steel pipe 
and boiler tubes in 1916 amounted to 2,651,058 gross tons and in 1920 
to 3,002,725 gross tons. In 1914 there were 36 establishments 
engaged in the manufacture of wrought-iron pipe alone, with an 
aggregate capital of $39,407,625, employing 8,745 wage earners 
whose output was valued at $37,655,229. In 1919 there were 51 
establishments with an output valued at $84,011,000. Other great 
iron and steel producing countries, like Great Britain and Germany, 
also have a large output. 

Imports. — Imports are insignificant compared with production and 
exports. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



TUBES, PIPES, FLUES AND STAYS, LAP WELDED, BUTT WELDED, ETC. 



1918 


Pounds. | 
778, 798 

2,076,179 
527, 122 
63,508 


$45, 458- 

87, 519 

39,886 

9,272 


$9, 092 
17, 504 

7,977 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) .. . . 











TANKS OR VESSELS, CYLINDRICAL OR TUBULAR, ETC. 



1918 


Number. 


£148,587 
263, 878 
535, 156 
162, 054 


$29,649 
52, 775 
107, 031 




1919 


26, 235 




1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) . . . 
















FURNACES, WELDED, CYLINDRICAL, ETC. 



1918.. 


Pounds. 

103,474 

92,806 

59, 580 

6,793 


815, 237 

17, 103 

8,777 

2,035 


$3, 047 
3,421 
1,755 


20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 













ALL OTHER FINISHED IRON OR STEEL TUBES, N. s. 


P. F. 




1918 i 


817,471 


$3, 494 

15 

2,795 


20 


1919 


119 


76 
13, 976 
46,031 


20 


1920 


104,012 


20 


1921 (9 months). 


295. 050 













FLEXIBLE METAL TUBING, 


HOSE 


, ETC. 






1918 






$1,221 1 
231 1 
25,458 
21,392 ... 


$244 

46 

5, 092 


20 


1919... 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) . 











In addition to these, there were some importations of furnaces, 
welded, cylindrical, etc., and flexible metal tubing or hose, for the 
equipment of vessels. In 1919, 627,071 pounds, valued at $151,041 
of trie former were imported; in 1920 the imports amounted to 
59,580 pounds, valued at $8,777. 



428 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports. — Exports in the form of boiler tubes have been since 1917 
(calendar year) as follows: 1918, $6,405,728; 1919, $7,916,665; 1920, 
$6,077,930; 1921 (9 months), $3,149,345. Exports of pipes and fit- 
tings have been as follows: 





1918 1919 1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Pipes and fittings, wrought: 

Quantity (pounds) 


201,560,061 I 528,819,507 637,888,077 
$14,993,957 j $35,229,750 ! $43,774,296 


689 031 930 


Value 


$44J889'023 





The principal countries of destination were Canada, Japan, Cuba, 
Mexico, and France. 

Important changes in classification. — A minimum rate is fixed for 
tubes, pipes, flues, or stays made of charcoal iron, as in the act of 
1909. Special mention is also made of " rigid iron or steel tubes or 
pipes prepared and lined or coated in any manner suitable for use 
as conduits for electrical conductors." 

Suggested changes. — The Tariff Commission has received sugges- 
tions that a special provision should be made for large pipes of 25 
inches or more in diameter which are made by curling sheets and 
plates and welding the joint. These articles are distinctly different, 
both as regards method of manufacture and even uses, from the usual 
forms of pipes and tubes. As regards manufacture they are doubt- 
less more similar to tanks, which are dutiable in this paragraph at 
20 per cent ad valorem. Such articles could be provided for by in- 
serting "less than 25 inches in diameter and" after "if" in line 5, 
page 53, and by inserting the words " pipes and" after "tubes" in 
line 17, page 53. 

In lines 4 and 10, page 53, tubes, pipes, flues, and stays, are named, 
whereas in line 14, tubes and flues, in line 17, tubes, and in line 21, 
tubes or pipes only are mentioned. "Or" between "tubes" and 
"pipes" in line 21 indicates the use of two terms for one class of mer- 
chandise, but this inference is negatived by the absence of "or" be- 
tween "tubes" and "pipes" in line 4. 

If tubes and pipes are to be treated as distinct articles for tariff 
purposes, and the foregoing recommendation for a special provision 
for pipes of 25 inches or more in diameter, should be adopted, the 
words " and pipes" should be inserted in line 17 at page 53. 

On page 53, lines 5, 7, and 8, of H. R. 7456, strike out "if" to agree 
with similar provisions elsewhere. 



PARAGRAPH 329. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 329. Chain and chains of all kinds, 
made of iron or steel, not less than three- 
fourths of one inch in diameter, 1 cent per 
pound; less than three-fourths and not less 
than three-eighths of one inch in diameter, 
1| cents per pound; less than three- 
eighths and not less than five-sixteenths 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



429 



H. R. 7456. 

of one inch in diameter, 2\ cents per 
pound; less than five-sixteenths of one 
inch in diameter, 4 cents per pound; 
chain and chains of all kinds, of iron or 
steel, not specially provided for, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; sprocket and ma- 
chine chains, of iron or steel, and parts 
thereof, 30 per centum ad valorem; anchor 
or stud link chain, two inches or more in 
diameter, 1$ cents per pound; less than 
two inches in diameter, 2 cents per pound: 
Provided, That all articles manufactured 
wholly or in chief value of chain shall not 
pay a lower rate of duty than that im- 
posed upon the chain of which it is made, 
or of which chain is the component 
material of chief value. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 150. Chain or chains of all kinds, 
made of iron or steel, not less than three- 
fourths of one inch in diameter, seven- 
eighths of one cent per pound; less than 
three-fourths of one inch and not less than 
three-eighths of one inch in diameter, one 
and one-eighth cents per pound; less than 
three-eighths of one inch in diameter and 
not less than five-sixteenths of one inch in 
diameter, one and six-eighths cents per 
pound; less than five-sixteenths of one 
inch in diameter, three cents per pound; 
but no chain or chains of any description 
shall pay a lower rate of duty than forty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 126. Chain or chains of all kinds, 
made of iron or steel, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; sprocket and machine chains, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 



CHAINS. 



(See Survey C-12.) 



Description and uses. — Structurally, chains made of iron or steel 
may be divided into (1) those with each link a single piece of metal 
and (2) those with each link made of several pieces of metal. The 
first are used generally for fastening objects together or support- 
ing or lifting weights. Such chains, if small, are chiefly made by 
machinery, but larger sizes are usually handmade. Chains for cranes, 
ships' cables, dredges, etc., have each link welded by hand, often both 
formed and welded from the rolled bar iron. Those of the second 
class are known as sprocket or driving chains and are used for trans- 
mitting power. In certain of these each link is made of several 
pieces of metal connected by rivets, bolts, or steel screws, and so 
iormed as to engage with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. The bicycle 
chain is a familiar example. 

Stud-link chains are those with a bar or rod across the width of the 
link. 

Production. — The United States is a large producer of chains made 
of iron or steel, but statistics are not available. A representative of 
an important producer estimated the investment in the chain in- 
dustry in 1918 at $5,000,000 and the country's normal output at 
$10,000,000. 



430 



Imports. — Imports of chains are small compared with exports. 
During the years 1918 and 1919 there was a large importation for the 
construction and equipment of vessels. In the tabulation below 
imports are given both by kinds and uses : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



CHAIN AND CHAINS, OTHER THAN SPROCKET AND MACHINE, OF IRON OR STEEL, 

N. S. P. F. 



1918 

1919... 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 
517,927 
141,885 
449,403 
165,547 


$40,936 
16, 704 
44, 555 
20,257 


$8, 187 
3,341 
8,911 


Per cent. 


20 
20 







CHAIN AND CHAINS, OTHER THAN SPROCKET AND MACHINE, FOR THE CONSTRUC- 
TION AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS. 


1918 


5, 595, 583 

9, 507, 189 

827,486 

9,934 


$553,612 

785,869 

69,503 

595 






1919 






1920 






1921(9 months) 












CHAIN AND CHAINS, OTHER THAN SPROCKET AND MACHINE FOR SUPPLIES OF 

VESSELS. 


1918 


81, 848 
341, 221 


$5, 155 
26,160 






1919 













CHAIN AND CHAINS, ETC., FOR THE UNITED STATES, N. E. s. 


1919 


2,103,508 $172,624 


1 




1 


SPROCKET AND MACHINE CHAINS OF IRON AND STEEL AND PARTS THEREOF. 


1918 


129,237 
42,447 
61, 774 
32, 257 


$16,763 
11, 827 
24,802 
19,035 


$4,191 

2, 957 
6,200 


25 


1919 


25 


1920 : 


• 25 


1921 (9 months) 










SPROCKET AND MACHINE CHAINS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT OF 

VESSELS. 


1918 


50,687 $3,634 
26,844 ! 2.850 


| 




. 








' I 



Exports. — Exports of chains have been since 1917 bv calendar years 
as follows: 1918, $1,940,000; 1919, $3,318,565; 1920, $3,335,637; 
1921 (9 months), $1,950,797. The principal countries of destination 
were Canada, Japan, and Cuba. 

Important changes in classification. — There is special mention of 
anchor or stud-link chain and a minimum duty for articles manufac- 
tured wholly or in chief value of chain. 

Suggested changes. — Sprocket and machine chains and parts thereof, 
and anchor and stud-link chain, being provided for eo nomine, would 
naturally precede chain and chains of all kinds in the order of arrange- 
ment of the articles in this paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



4*1 



A provision for weldless chains might be advisable unless it is 
intended that they should come within the specific provisions for 
chain and chains of all kinds of certain diameters at specific rates of 
duty. 

If specific provision should be made for weldless chains, it should 
follow the provision for anchor or stud-link chain. 



PARAGRAPH 330. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 330. Xuts, nut blanks, and 
washers, of wrought iron or steel, six- 
tenths of 1 cent per pound; bolts, with or 
without threads or nuts, and bolt blanks, 
of iron or steel, 1 cent per pound; spiral 
nut locks, and lock washers, of iron or 
steel. 30 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 144. Bolts, with or without 
threads or nuts, or bolt blanks, * * * 
whether of iron or steel, one and one- 
eighth cents per pound. 

Par. 162. * * * nuts, and wash- 
ers, * * * of wrought iron or steel, 
three-fourths of one cent per pound. 



Par. 123. Nuts or nut blanks, and 
washers, 5 per centum ad valorem; bolts 
of iron or steel, with or without threads or 
nuts, or bolt blanks, * * * 10 per 
centum ad valorem; spiral nut locks and 
lock washers, whether of iron or steel, 30 
per centum ad valorem. 



BOLTS, NUTS, AND WASHERS OF TRON OR STEEL. 

(See Survey C-ll.) 

Description and uses. — These articles — nuts, bolts, washers, spiral 
nut locks, etc. — and their uses are for the most part well known. 
The word 'blank" used in connection with nuts^and bolts signifies 
a piece of metal that has been prepared for manufacture into these 
various forms. The term " washer" denotes a ring of metal or per- 
forated plate used to distribute pressure to prevent motion or play. 
Spiral nut locks are special devices for locking a nut, as on a bolt, 
so that it may not be loosened by jarring. 

Production. — In 1914 the output of bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 
was valued at $23,403,000, in addition to that of builders' hardware 
which was valued at $24,280,000. 

Imports. — Imports are small compared with exports, and since 1917 
have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. ; Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



NUTS, NUT BLANKS, AND WASHERS OF WROUGHT IRON OR STEEL. 



1918 


Pounds. 

36,338 
65,399 
78,924 
147,734 


! 

$11,512 
15,207 
12,601 
9,075 .. 


1576 
760 
630 


Per cent. 
5 


1919 


5 


192J 


5 


1921 (9 months) 











432 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



BOLTS, WITH OR WITHOUT THREADS OR NUTS, OR BOLT BLANKS, AND FINISHED 
HINGES OR HINGE BLANKS, ETC. 


1918 


Pounds. 
110.306 
147,369 
618,444 
310, 205 


$8,253 
17,433 
57,761 
32, 194 


$825 
1,743 
5,776 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 . 


10 


1921 (9 months) 













SPIRAL NUT LOCKS AND LOCK WASHERS. 






1918... 




200 1 

700 : 


$18 

28 

761 

219 


$5 

8 
228 


30 


1919 


■ 


30 


1920 


1,566 i 
816 j 


30 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Exports of bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers have been 
since 1917 by calendar years as follows: 



Quantity (pounds) — 
Value 



1918 



1919 



63,465,111 89,023,056 
$5,687,998 $7,769,893 



1920 



87,235,028 
$7, 274, 411 



1921 
(9 months). 



47,974,367 
$4,468,912 



The principal countries of destination were Canada, the United 
Kingdom, Cuba, Argentina, Mexico, and British India. 

Important changes in classification. — Hinges and hinge blanks, 
which are included in the corresponding paragraph of the act of 
1913 (par. 123), are omitted. The phrase "of wrought iron or steer' 
is added and applied to "nuts, nut blanks, and washers.'' 

Suggested changes. — Hinges and hinge blanks might.be classified 
with the articles mentioned in this paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 331. 



H. B. 7456. 



Par. 331. Cut nails and cut spikes, of 
iron or steel, exceeding two inches in 
length, four-tenths of 1 cent per pound; 
cut tacks and brads, hobnails and cut 
nails, of iron or steel, not exceeding two 
inches in length, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; horseshoe nails, and other iron 
or steel nails, not specially provided for, 
2 cents per pound; nails, spikes, tacks, 
brads, and staples, made of iron or steel 
wire, not less than one inch in length 
nor smaller than sixty-five one-thou- 
sandths of one inch in diameter, four- 
tenths of 1 cent per pound; less than one 
inch in length and smaller than sixty- 
five one-thousandths of one inch in 
diameter, three-fourths of 1 cent per 
pound; spikes, tacks, brads, and staples, 
not specially provided for. six-tenths of 
1 cent per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



433 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 159. Cut nails and cut spikes of 
iron or steel, four-tenths of one cent per 
pound. » 

Par. 160. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, 
and all other wrought-iron or steel nails 
not specially provided for in this section, 
one and one-half cents per pound. 

Par. 161. Wire nails made of wrought 
iron or steel, not less than one inch in 
length and not lighter than number 
sixteen wire gauge, four-tenths of one 
cent per pound; less than one inch in 
length and lighter than number sixteen 
wire gauge, three-fourths of one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 162. Spikes, * * * of wrought 
iron or steel, three-fourths of one cent per 
pound. 

Par. 163. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, 
not exceeding sixteen ounces to the 
thousand, five-eighths of one cent per 
thousand; exceeding sixteen ounces to 
the thousand, three-fourths of one cent 
per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 554. Cut nails and cut spikes of 
iron or steel, horseshoe nails, * * * 
hobnails, and all other wrought-iron or 
steel nails not specially provided for in 
this section; wire staples, wire nails made 
of wrought iron or steel, spikes, * * * 
of iron or steel, and cut tacks, brads, or 
sprigs [Free.] 



NAILS, TACKS, AND SPIKES. 

(See Survey C-8.) 



CUT NAILS AND SPIKES. 



Production of cut nails during the past three decades has been 
decreasing with the extending use of wire nails. In 1918 it amounted 
to 418,811 kegs of 100 pounds each, and in 1920 to 844,583 kegs. 

Imports are small, and since 1917 by calendar years have been 
as follows : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value.: 



683, 167 
$39, 380 



1, 142, 970 
$56, 216 



1,331,678 
$74,699 



90, 253 
$8,745 



Exports in the fiscal year 1918 were 116,406 kegs (100 pounds each) ; 
for 1915-1918 they were 16 per cent of production; for the four 
preceding years, 20 per cent. Later statistics for calendar years 
follow : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



1919 



8,566,751 6,542,341 
$440,281 $393,284 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



8,642,668 1,456,058 



$573,990 



$91,498 



The principal countries of destination were Chile, Cuba, China, 
and Mexico. 

82304—22 28 



434 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



HORSESHOE NAILS. 



Description. — The tariff classification embraces horseshoe nails, 
the product of a distinct industry (the horseshoe nail manufac- 
turers generally make no other nail product), hobnails, and shoe 
nails to a great extent made in tack mills. 

Production of horseshoe nails in 1904 was valued at $2,345,762. 
In 1918 there were six factories located in New York, Connecticut, 
Pennsylvania, and Illinois. The raw material used is nail rods or 
wire of soft steel or iron. One company has imported nail rods 
from Sweden, an important producer of horseshoe nails. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1918 amounted to 310,295 pounds, 
valued at $39,279; in 1913, approximately one-eighth of this amount. 
Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


656,465 
$59,008 


275, 792 
$35, 753 


1,224,343 

$81,975 


251,878 


Value 


$10. 768 






Exports were not reported. 

WIRE 


STAPLES. 









Production. — The census heretofore did not specify wire staples 
separately. In 1914 the production of wire tacks, brads, and 
staples, made in establishments drawing wire, was valued at $1,- 
324,948. A portion of the product oi wire staples is manufactured 
in the tack mills. In the 1920 census wire staples figures were 
separated from those of wire tacks and brads and the 1919 output 
was shown as 68,221,300 pounds,, valued at $2,745,000. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1918 were 97,559 pounds, valued at 
$14,590. For the calendar years 1918-1921 they were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 
months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


250 
$35 


6,830 
$735 


129,960 
$7,954 


105 


Value 


$29 






Exports were not reported. 

WIRE NA 


ILS. 









Production in 1920 was 10,449,506 kegs (100 pounds) of wire 
nails, as against 13,559,727 in 1913 and 13,132,814 in 1917. Wire 
nails are merely one product of the wire industry. In 1914 only 
6.6 per cent of the total value produced was made by establish- 
ments which did not draw wire; 69 per cent was made in the wire 
departments of rolling mills, and other concerns. In 1914 Penn- 
sylvania led in the annual capacity of its wire-nail machines; Ohio, 
Illinois, Colorado, Alabama, and Indiana followed. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



435 



Imports for 1914-1917 averaged 4,314 kegs (100 pounds); since 
1917 by calendar years they were as follows: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



6,797,442 
$372^ 629 



1919 



1920 



6, 810, 813 27, 856, 608 
$346,636 ; $L 088, 774 



1921 

(9 months). 



606,678 
$39, 299 



Exports in the fiscal year 1918 were 2,440,098 kegs (100 pounds), 
the bulk going to Asia and Europe. Later figures for calendar years 
follow : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



176,346,045 
$9,921,123 



1919 



1920 



201,104.501 
$10,744,696 



208, 719, 508 
$11,880,398 



1921 
(9 months). 



43,020,325 
$2, 445, 515 



The principal countries of destination were Japan, United Kingdom, 
and China. 

SPIKES. 

Description and use. — Spikes are, in general (1) large nails, or, more 
specifically (2) nails produced by forging from a bar. Cut spikes are 
included with cut nails in the tariff specification; wire spikes are not 
so included, but, together with forged spikes, fall under the designa- 
tion " spikes." The bulk of the forged spikes made are railway-track 
spikes. N 

Production in 1914 by rolling mills was 1,389,145 kegs (200 pounds) 
of forged spikes. They are sometimes handmade — in hand forges 
as required. In 1914 Pennsylvania was the chief producer. In the 
census report for 1919 (preliminary report) the figures for wire nails 
and spikes are given together, and were 12.429,200 N kegs (100 pounds) . 
The greater part of this output, however, consisted of wire nails. 

Imports for 1915-1917 averaged 142 kegs (200 pounds). Later 
statistics for calendar vears follow; 





! 

1918 1919 

1 


1920 1(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


523, 222 86. 699 
$16,778 $3,020 


120, 968 
$4, 742 


0,585 


Value 


$344 







Exports in the fiscal year 1918 of railway- track spikes amounted to 
174,160 kegs (200 pounds). Later statistics for calendar years 
follow : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



Quantity (pounds) 22, 330, 104 

Value : $1 , 229, 083 



55,487,231 \ 37,185,246 
$2,896,073 ; $1,607,672 



1921 
(9 months). 



15,600,713 
$819, 387 



The bulk of the exports went to Cuba, Japan, and Brazil. 



436 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



CUT TACKS, BRADS, AND SPRIGS. 

Description and use. — Tacks and brads are of two kinds, cut and 
wire. Cut tacks and brads fall under this designation; those of 
wire (if of iron or steel) are included under " all other wrought-iron 
and steel nails." " Sprig" is an obsolete word in the trade, formerly 
applied to sharp-pointed shoe-heel nails. 

Production of cut tacks and small nails in 1918 was estimated at 
from 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 pounds, valued at approximately 
$6,600,000. The establishments making cut tacks also manufacture 
small nails cut from sheets, and to some extent wire tacks. Massa- 
chusetts leads in production of cut tacks. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1918 amounted to 97,049 pounds, valued 
at $14,512. In the calendar years 1918-1921 they were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) . 


Quantity (pounds) 


151,252 
$19, 493 


151,138 
$19,352 


160, 410 
$21,028 


72, 755 


Value 


$8, 161 





Exports in 1913 were estimated as 10 per cent of the production 
Most of these exports were shoe nails, going to South America 
principally Argentina. Later statistics for the calendar years 1918- 
1921 follow: 



l ! 

1918 1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 mouths). 


Quantity (pounds) 


26,414,285 


36, 364, 528 
$4,638,093 


27,857,043 

$3, 068, 120 


8, 403, 07 . 


Value 


I S3. 336. 570 


$972,04: 







These exports went mainly to Argentina, France, Brazil, and Aus- 
tralia. 

Important changes in classification. — Most of the articles enumer- 
ated in this paragraph have been transferred from the free list of 
the act of 1913 (par. 554) ; spikes, tacks, brads and staples, n. s. p. f . 
are exceptions. It will be noted that most classes of upholstery 
nails and other nails and tacks made of or plated with brass or other 
metal not iron or steel are still provided for only as manufactures of 
metal, n. s. p. f. Such nails and tacks covered with leather or other 
material would be classable according to the component of chief value. 

There is uncertainty concerning thumb tacks. 



PARAGRAPH 332. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 332. Rivets, studs, and steel 
points, lathed, machined, or 1 lightened, 
and rivets or studs for nonskidding auto- 
mol ile tires, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
rivets of iron or steel, not specially pro- 
vided for, 1 cent per pound. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



437 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 167. Rivets, studs, and steel 
points, lathed, machined, or brightened, 
and rivets or studs for nonskidding auto- 
mobile tires, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem; rivets of iron or steel, not 
specially provided for in this section, one 
and one-fourth cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 138. Rivets, studs, and steel 
points, lathed, machined, or brightened, 
and rivets or studs for nonskidding auto- 
mobile tires, and rivets of iron or steel, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 



RIVETS, STUDS, AND STEEL POINTS. 

(See Survey C-ll.) 

Description. — A rivet is a headed pin or bolt of metal used to unite 
two or more pieces by passing it through them and heading the plain 
end. Ordinary bolts of iron or steel are provided for in paragraph 
123. A stud is a small pin or rod for holding members together or 
fitting parts to one another. The term steel points is nontechnical 
and self-explanatory. 

Production. — In Government statistical publications statistics of 
rivets, studs, etc., are not separated from the general class of bolts, 
nuts, washers, and rivets. (See par. 330, p. 431 for census figures 
for 1914.) 

Imports.— Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Putj 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




RIVETS, STUDS, STEEL POINTS, ETC. 




1918 




Pounds, i 

1,519 j $344 

60,355 1 3,709 

3,330 I - 681 

3, 900 | v 325 

1 


$69 
742 
136 


Per can. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


°0 


J921 (9 months) 












RIVETS OF IRON OR STEEL, N. s. P. F. 




i«ns 


48,381 $4,887 
65,901 ! 5,928 
25,600 2,718 
6,566 544 


$977 

1,186 

544 


20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 










Export s.- 


-None separately recorded. 









PARAGRAPH 333. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 333. Horse, mule, or ox shoes, of 
wrought iron or steel, six-tenths of 1 cent 
per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pah. 162. * ' * * horse, mule, or ox 
shoes, of wrought iron or steel, three- 
fourths of one cent per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 054. * * * horse, mule, or ox 
shoes, of iron or steel , * * * [Free], 



438 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



HORSE, MULE, AND OX SHOES. 

Description. — The factory horse or mule shoe usually requires fur- 
ther working by the horseshoer to fit it to the hoof. Formerly he 
made the entire shoe from a bar; some shoes are still so produced. 

Production of horse and mule shoes by rolling mills, etc., was val- 
ued at about $9,000,000 in 1914. Hand production from bar iron 
(not recorded) was very small. In 1917 horse and mule shoes were 
produced by nine establishments, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New 
York, Illinois, and other States, as their principal or only product, 
two large companies (one iron and one steel) are included in this 
number. Horse and mule shoes are formed by a series of rolling, 
bending, and pressing operations, and, to a lesser extent and at a 
higher cost, by drop forging. The latter method is used chiefly in 
France, Belgium, and Great Britain. Germany and Canada man- 
ufacture by a process similar to ours. 

Imports of horse, mule, and ox shoes were valued at $16,517 in 
1917. They came from Canada. Statistics of imports since 1917 
by calendar years follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



52,994 
$4, 185 



25,674 
$2, 796 



43,776 
$3,496 



7,945 
$629 



Exports. — Exports of horseshoes for the calendar years 1918-1921 
are as follows : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



6,399,934 
$424,208 



7, 581, 585 
$539,452 



4,108,908 I 1,048,461 
$260,583 ; $83,791 



The principal countries of destination were, in 1919, Asiatic 
Kussia, Belgium, British South Africa, Canada; in 1920, Canada, 
Cuba, British South Africa, and Mexico. 

Important changes in classification. — Transferred from the free list 
in the act of 1913 (par. 554) and separated from cut nails, etc. 



PARAGRAPH 334. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 334. Stool wool, 10 cents per 
pound; steel shavings, 5 cents per pound; 
and in addition thereto, on all of the 
foregoing, 30 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided That in computing the duty 
the weight and value of the package shall 
be included and the net weight of the 
contents shall be plainly marked upon 
each package. 

ACi' OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pah. L32. Steel wool or steel shavings, Par. 111. Steel wool or steel shavings, 
foi i . per cent mn ad valorem. 20 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



439 



STEEL WOOL AND SHAVINGS. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and use. — Steel wool consists of long steel fibers resem- 
bling curled hair. The fibers are of triangular cross section, and are 
graded according to fineness from coarse shavings to wool. Steel wool 
is used as an abrasive, and is a substitute for sandpaper and emery 
cloth or pumice stone, being regarded as superior to them for certain 
purposes. It is used in shipbuilding, in other building, in factories, 
and in the household. 

Production. — No accurate figures of production are available. In 
1917 the yearly consumption was estimated at between 1,000,000 and 
1,500,000 pounds, which (imports being cut off) virtually represented 
domestic production. Germany and Switzerland are also producers. 

Imports. — During the war very little steel wool was imported. In 
1913 imports were 41,436 pounds, valued at $5,177, and in 1914, 
27,113 pounds, valued at $3,698. 

During recent years there have been no importations of steel 
wool, with the exception of a small amount, valued at $116, which 
was imported during the first nine months of 1921. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The proviso is new. 



PARAGRAPH 335. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 335. Grit, shot, and sand of iron 
or steel, in any form, 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 133. Grit, shot, and sand made of 
iron or steel, that can be used only as 
abrasives, one cent per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 112. Grit, shot, and sand made of 
iron or steel, that can be used as abrasives, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 



GRIT, SHOT, AND SAND OF IRON AND STEEL. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and uses. — Grit, shot, and iron sand are chilled iron 
shot made by heating scrap or pig iron to a fluid state and spraying 
it with steam as it runs into a large vat of water. The grit is used 
in grinding rough surfaces of granite, marble, and other stones. 

Production figures are not available. Before the war domestic con- 
sumption was estimated at 3,200 tons. England is an important 
producer of these abrasives. 

Imports of grit, shot, and sand in 1914 amounted to 228,454 
pounds. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
489,015 

1,020,804 
893,804 
192,800 


»13,389 
17,718 
16,320 

4,774 


$4,017 
5,315 
4,896 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 


30 









440 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The limitation "that can be 
used as abrasives" has been omitted, and the words "in any form" 
have been added. 



PARAGRAPH 336. 



H. It. 7456. 



Par. 336. Corset clasps, corset steels, 
and dress steels, whether plain or covered 
with cotton, silk, or other material, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 135. * . * * corset clasps, cor- 
set steels, dress steels, * * * shall 
pay a duty of not less than thirty-five per 
cent ad valorem; * * * . 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 114. * * * corset clasps, cor- 
set steels, dress steels, * * * all the 
foregoing 15 per centum ad valorem; 



CORSET CLASPS, STEELS, ETC. 

(See Survey C-8.) 

Description and uses. — A corset-clasp consists of two short pieces 
of flat steel, one having a flat metal eyelet and the other having 
firmly affixed a small metal post so arranged that the eyelet can 
be hooked over it. Corset steels and dress steels are short strips of 
flat steel wire covered with cotton gauze or other material. The 
former is employed as a stiffening for corsets; the latter as a stiffening 
for dresses. Flat wire and strip steel are used for making springs 
and hands of watches and clocks, corset and dress steels, m the 
manufacture of pens, and for many other purposes. 

Production. — Approximately 15 establishments manufacture these 
products. The large industrial centers of New York, Pennsylvania, 
Connecticut, and Massachusetts are the important producers. 

Imports for the fiscal year 1918 were valued at $17,238; they were 
over four and one-half times that amount in 1914. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$206, 389 
159, 190 
809,745 
450, 069 


$30, 958 
23,878 
121,462 




Pfr cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921(9months) 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The articles in this paragraph 
are classified with round iron or steel wire, etc., in the act of 1913. 
The words "whether plain or covered with cotton, silk, or other 
material" have been added. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1931. 



441 



PARAGRAPH 337, 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 337. Card clothing not actually 
and permanently fitted to and attached 
to carding machines or to parts thereof at 
the time of importation, when manufac- 
tured with tempered or untempered round 
iron or steel wire, or with plated wire, or 
other than round iron or steel wire, or with 
felt face, wool face, or rubber-face cloth 
containing wool, 35 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 145. Card clothing not actually 
and permanently fitted to and attached 
t > carding machines or to parts thereof at 
the time of importation, when manufac- 
tured with round iron or untempered 
round steel wire, twenty cents per square 
foot; when manufactured with tempered 
round steel wire, forty-five cents per 
square foot; when manufactured with 
plated wire or other than round iron or 
stee! wire, or with felt face, wool face, or 
rubber-face cloth containing wool, fifty- 
five cents per square foot. 



Par. 124. Card clothing not actually 
and permanently fitted to and attached 
to carding machines or. to parts thereof at 
the time of importation, when manufac- 
tured with round iron or untempered 
round steel wire, 10 per centum ad valo- 
rem ; when manufactured with tempered 
round steel wire, or with plated wire or 
other than round iron or steel wire, or with 
felt face, or wool face, or rubber-face cloth 
containing wool, 35 per centum ad valo- 
rem. 



CARD CLOTHING. 



(See Survey C-8.) 



Description and use. — Card clothing is a wire- toothed cloth or 
leather used for covering the cylinders, rollers, doners, etc., of a card- 
ing machine. Carding is the process of cleaning and disentangling 
the fibers of cotton or wool by action of wire- toothed cylinders, and is 
the first important mechanical operation in the --treatment of fibers 
preparatory to yarn making. The cloth is measured by the square 
foot in the trade. 

Production. — The carding machines (including card clothing) used 
in cotton-spinning mills are for the most part of domestic production, 
but no statistics are available. Much of the carding machinery for 
woolen yarn is imported from England, although more than one-half 
of that used by domestic manufacturers is produced at home. 

Imports for the fiscal year 1918 amounted to 200,035 square feet, 
valued at $307,343. England and the United States are the main 
producing countries, the former the only important source of imports. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



CARD CLOTHING MANUFACTURED WITH UNTEMPERED ROUND IRON OR STEEL 

WIRE. 



1018 

1919 

1920 

192. (9 mouths) 



Square feet. 

583 
1,860 
4,241 

984 



$448 
3,495 
11,863 
4,299 



$45 

349 

1,186 



Per cent. 
10 
10 
10 



442 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1 

Calendar year. ( Quantity. 

! 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


MANUFACTURED WITH TEMPERED WIRE. 




1918 


Square feet. 
207, 153 
176,169 
258,837 
208,153 


$344, 520 
356,546 
490,405 
394, 189 


$120,582 
124,791. 
171,642 


Per cent. 
35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) : 










CARD CLOTHING * * * WHEN MANUFACTURED WITH PLATED WIRE. 


1918 


22,062 
35,020 
48,887 
43,689 


$48,336 
48,379 
82,275 
84,943 


$16,918 
16,933 
28,796 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes of classification. — Card clothing of all kinds is 
classified in a single paragraph in H. R. 7456 instead of in two 
brackets, as in the act of 1913 (par. 124). 



PARAGRAPH 338. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 338. Screws, commonly called 
wood screws, of iron or steel, more than 
two inches in length, 10 cents per gross; 
over one inch and not over two inches in 
length, 8 cents per gross; over one-half 
inch and not over one inch in length, 5 
cents per gross; one-half inch and less in 
length, 3 cents per gross: Provided, That 
each package or carton shall have con- 
spicuously marked thereon the number 
of screws contained therein and the duty 
shall not be assessed upon a less number 
than so marked. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 140. Screws, commonly called 
wood screws, made of iron or steel, 25 
per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 169. Screws, commonly called 
wood screws, made of iron or steel, more 
than two inches in length, three cents per 
pound; over one inch and not more than 
two inches in length, five cents per pound ; 
over one-half inch and not more than one 
inch in length, eight cents per pound; 
one-half inch and less in length, 10 cents 
per pound. 

WOOD SCREWS. 

(See Survey C-8.) 

Description and use. — Screws known in- the trade as " wood screws/' 
because intended for use in wood, are of mild steel or iron; or of 
brass, copper, and zinc when protection from rust is desirable. 

Production. — In 1914 wood screws, including those made of brass 
and bronze, were valued at $6,217,000, the output of 12 establish- 
ments. In 1919 the value was $16,462,000, the output of the same 
number of establishments. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



443 



Imports of wood screws are small compared with production. Since 
1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
11,411 
1,798 
9,945 
5,481 


$927 

507 

2,595 

1,781 


$232 
127 
649 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Exports for the calendar years 191§-1921 are as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (gross) 


8,876,249 
$2,368,264 


10,461,923 
$2,737,716 


9,002,439 
$1,968,496 


4,106,472 
$932,603 


Value 





Important changes in classification. — H. R. 7456 divides screws into 
four groups according to the length, with a specific rate of duty for 
each group. The proviso is new. 



PARAGRAPH 339, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 339. Table, household, kitchen, 
and hospital utensils, and similar hollow 
or flat ware, not specially provided for; 
composed of iron or steel and enameled 
or glazed with vitreous glasses, 5 cents 
per pound and 30 per centum ad valorem ; 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
aluminum, 28 per centum ad valorem; 
and in addition thereto, upon any of the 
foregoing articles containing electrical 
heating elements as constituent parts 
thereof, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 158. Table, kitchen, and hospital 
utensils, or other similar hollow ware, of 
iron or steel, enameled or glazed with 
vitreous glasses, but not ornamented or 
decorated with lithographic or other 
printing, forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in part of * * * alumi- 
num, or other metal, * * * forty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 134. Table, kitchen, and hospital 
utensils or other similar hollow ware com- 
posed of iron or steel, enameled or glazed 
with vitreous glasses; table, kite hen, and 
hospital utensils or other similar hollow 
ware composed wholly or in chief value 
of aluminum; all the foregoing not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



444 Sl'.MUARY OF TARIFF IX FORM ATfOX, I02t. 

HOUSEHOLD AND HOSPITAL UTENSILS AND HOLLOW WARE. 

(.See Surveys C-15 and C-16.) 

Description and use. — The names of the articles enumerated in this 
paragraph sufficiently indicate their description and uses. 

Production statistics indicate production of enameled ware to the 
value of about $20,000,000 in 1914, consisting mainly of enameled 
kitchen ware and similar articles. 

Aluminum articles, other than castings, manufactured in the 
United States in 1914 were valued at $19,597,465, and nearly the 
whole amount was consumed at home. 

Imports. — From 1910 to 1913 the imports of table, kitchen, and 
hospital utensils of iron and steel declined, but after the passage 
of the act of 1913 increased nearly 25 per cent — from $667,831 in 
1913 to $833,251 in 1914. After 1914 imports again decreased, due 
probably to the blockade of Germany and Austria-Hungary, whence 
came three-fourths of the imports in previous years. 

Imports in the last nine months of 1914 (fiscal year) of the above 
articles made of aluminum were $507,349, but decreased rapidly until 
1918. The war demand by European countries for aluminum metal 
was largely responsible for the decreased importation. Imports have 
come from Germany, Great Britain, France, and Switzerland — 
mostly from Germany. Imports since 1917 are shown below. 

Calendar year. Value. \ Duty. I ^ rate! 



ENAMEL WARE, TABLE, HOUSEHOLD, KITCHEN, AND HOSPITAL UTENSILS, ETC. 



1918 

1919...-. 

1920 

1921 (9 months ) 



$19,497 
65,823 
366,238 
249,295 


$4,874 
16,457 
91,559 


Per cent. 
25 
25 
25 









TABLE, HOUSEHOLD, KITCHEN. AND HOSPITAL UTENSILS, * 
WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF ALUMINUM 


* * COMPOSED 


1918 '■ $1, 049 


$262 

464 

105,506 


25 


1919 1, 855 


25 


1920 422,024 


25 


1921 (9 months) 551 , 214 











Exports of "enamel ware, all other," were valued at $448,789 in 
1913. They declined to $271,426 in 1915, and then rose sharply to 
$1,282,262 in 1916 and to $2,266,641 in 1917. The leading countries 
of destination in 1913 were Canada, Argentina, Mexico, England, 
and Cuba. During the war period England became less important 
in the export trade. 

Domestic exports of aluminum utensils are not reported sepa- 
rately. Exports of all aluminum manufactures other than ingot 
metal, plates, and sheets amounted to $1,804,632 in the fiscal vear 
1918 and to $2,563,164 in the calendar year 1920. More than 'half 
of the exports during the latter year was destined to American 
countries. Included in these exports are motor castings, rods, leaf, 
wire, and other forms not properly belonging to this paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 445 

Exports of electrical heating and cooking apparatus during recent 
calendar years were as follows: 1918, $686,339; 1919, $1,579,757; 
1920, $1,801,127; 1921 (9 months), $1,419,175. 

Important changes in classification. — All the articles in this para- 
graph were classified together in the act of 1913. H. R. 7456 clas- 
sifies the articles in two groups: The first, those composed of iron or 
steel, enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, and second, those 
composed wholly or in chief value of aluminum, "Household," 
in the first line, and "flatware," in the second line, and the words 
"and in addition thereto, upon any of the foregoing articles con- 
taining electrical heating elements as constituent parts thereof, 10 
per centum ad valorem," are new. 



PARAGRAPH 340. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 340. Crosscut saws, mill saws, pit 
and drag saws, circular saws, steel band 
sa^s, finished or further advanced than 
tempered and polished, hand, back, and 
all other saws, not specially provided for, 
15 per centum ad valorem; jewelers' or 
piercing saws, 40 cents per gross. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 16S. Crosscut saws, five cents per Par. 139. Crosscut saws, mill saws, pit 
linear foot; mill saws, eight cents per linear and drag saws, circular saws, steel band 
foot; pit and dra*? saws, six cents per saws, finished or further advanced than 
linear foot; circular saws, twenty per tempered and polished, hand, back, and 
centum ad valorem; steel band saws, fin- all other saws, not specially provided for 
ished or further advanced than tempered in this section, 12 per centum ad valorem, 
and polished, five cents per pound and 
twenty per centum ad valorem; hand, 
back, and all other saws, not specially 
provided for in this section, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

SAWS. 

(See Survey C-4.) 

Description and uses. — Crosscut saws of the hand-manipulated 
type vary greatly in character. They are used in logging and in saw- 
ing wood for fuel. Drag-saws are similar to crosscut saws, but are 
operated by machinery, and are usually used in mills for cutting de- 
fective logs or for cutting logs into shorter lengths. Pit saws are 
handsaws used for sawing boards directly from the log. Mill saws 
are upright saws operated by machinery and used for rift sawing. 
The circular saw of disk shape is commonly used in sawmills and for 
sawing wood for fuel. Band saws are continuous bands run over 
pulleys and used in sawmills; they require the highest grade of steel 
and the greatest care in manufacture of any of the saws mentioned. 
A backsaw is a small variety of handsaw. It is used for very fine 
cutting requiring a straight or even saw cut. The blade is so thin 
that a strip of metal, usually steel or brass, is necessary along the 
back to prevent its buckling. Handsaws, broadly speaking, include 



446 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



such saws as buck, hack, keyhole, plumbers', back, pruning saws, and 
many others for special purposes. The most common is the familiar 
handsaw used by carpenters and other woodworkers. A jeweler's 
saw has a very thin blade, tempered hard throughout, for cutting 
metal, and is used in a frame. Metal-splitting saws, whether of car- 
bon or high-speed tool steel, are classed as saws, although they more 
closely resemble thin milling cutters. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 100 establishments manufacturing 
saws in the United States. Wage earners numbered 4,560; capital 
was $15,860,000; wages paid, $3,019,000; cost of materials, $4,714,000; 
and value of product, $12,517,000. In 1919 there were 112 estab- 
lishments, and the value of the product was $31,473,000. The States 
leading in production in 1914 were Illinois, New York, Ohio, and 
Pennsylvania.. 

Imports of saws embraced in this paragraph were valued at $63,570 
in 1914. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


$18, 473 
51,645 
126,906 

78,075 


$2,217 
6 196 


Percent. 
12 


1919 


12 


1920 


15, 228 


12 


1921 (9 mouths) 











Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,474,077, more than half of 
which went to Canada, Australia, England, and Germany, the rest 
being widely distributed. Later exports by calendar year have been 
valued as follows: 1918, $3,790,416;1919,$4,851,791; 1920, $4,455,639; 
1921 (9 months), $2,020,723. The principal countries of destination 
were, in 1919, United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Brazil; in 1920. 
United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Australia. 

Important changes of classification. — Jewelers' or piercing saws are 
added. 



PARAGRAPH 341. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 341. Steel plates, stereotype 
plate3, electrotype plates, halftone 
plates, photogravure plates, photo-en- 
graved plates, and plates of other ma- 
terials, engraved for printing, and plates 
of iron or steel engraved or fashioned for 
use in the production of designs, patterns, 
or impressions on glass in the process of 
manufacturing plate or other glass, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; lithographic plates 
of stone or other material engraved, 
drawn, or prepared, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



447 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 166. Steel plates engraved, stereo- 
type plates, electrotype plates, and plates 
of other materials, engraved for printing, 
twenty per centum ad valorem; plates of 
iron or steel engraved or fashioned for use 
in the production of designs, patterns, or 
impressions on glass in the process of 
manufacturing plate or other glass, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 
lithographic plates of stone or other 
material, engraved, drawn, or prepared, 
* * * fifty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 137. Steel plates engraved, stereo- 
type plates, electrotype plates, halftone 
plates, photogravure plates, photo- 
engraved plates, and plates of other 
materials, engraved for printing, plates 
of iron or steel engraved or fashioned for 
use in the production of designs, patterns, 
or impressions on glass in the process of 
manufacturing plate or other glass, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; lithographic plates 
of stone or other material engraved, 
drawn, or prepared, * * * 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 612. Steel engraved forms for 
bonds, debentures, stock certificates, 
negotiable receipts, notes and other securi- 
ties; and engraved steel plates, * * * 
suitable for use in engraving or printing 
bonds, stock certificates or other securities 
[Free]. 



STEEL PLATES FOR PRINTING, DESIGNS, ETC. 



(See Survey C-15.) 

Description and uses. — These articles include plates engraved or 
prepared for printing or used for making impressions on glass in 
process of manufacture. They may be divided into three classes: (1) 
Steel plates engraved for printing and plates of iron and steel en- 
graved or fashioned for use in the production of plate or other glass; 
(2) plates, electrotyped, stereotyped, photo-engraved, etc, and plates 
of other material than steel engraved for printing; and (3) litho- 
graphic plates, drawn or prepared, and wet transfer paper prepared 
wholly or partly with glycerin and containing imprints taken from 
lithographic plates. v- 

Production. — The latest available figures cover only part of these 
materials. In 1914 the country's output of engraved steel and copper 
plate, including plate printing, amounted to $13,786,000; photoen- 
graved plates not done in printing establishments, to $15 359,000; 
and stereotype and electrotype plates, to $8,154,000. The figures 
for the output of lithographic plates include so much other material 
as to be valueless in this connection. England and Germany are 
large producers of the several articles embraced in this paragraph. 

Imports in 1914 approximated $50,000. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Value. 



Duty. 



ENGRAVED PLATES, STEEL, N. E. s. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



1918 


*5, 139 
587 
600 
2.55 


$771 
88 
90 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) , 











448 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year 




ENGRAVED PLATES OF IRON OR STEEL, ENGRAVED OR FASHIONED FOR USE IN THE 
PRODUCTION OF DESIGNS, PATTERNS, OR IMPRESSIONS ON GLASS, ETC. 



1918 


m 


$44 

58 

990 

2X0 


87 

9 

148 




rcr cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 









ENGRAVED STEEL PLATES, DIES, AND ROLLS, FOR USE IN ENGRAVING OR PRINTING 
BONDS, STOCK CERTIFICATES, ETC. 


1918 ... $15 946 




1919 18, 920 




1920 28. 761 


::::::::::::;:::::::::: 


1921 (9 months) 41010 










PLATES, ELECTROTYPE, STEREOTYPE, HALFTONE, PHOTOGRAVURE, PHOTO- 
GRAVED, AND PLATES OF OTHER MATERIAL THAN STEEL, ENGRAVED FOR PRINT- 
ING. 



1918 


.j .$15 369 


$2,305 | 
4,847 ! 
10,880 i 


15 


1919 


32,312 


15 


1920 


' 72, 535 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


. . i 26 546 




I 


... 

1 



LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES OF STONE OR OTHER MATERIAL ENGRAVED, ETC. 



1918 


$979 

482 

16,474 

1,903 


S245 

120 

4,118 


25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports in 1914 amounted to $72,752. Exports of plates and cuts, 
electrotype, stereotype, or engraved, for later calendar years have 
been valued as follows: 1918. $181,020; 1919, $389,048; 1920, 
$535,597; 1921 (9 months), $299,431. # The principal countries of 
destination were, in 1919, Canada, United Kingdom, Cuba, Brazil; 
in 1920, Canada, United Kingdom, Cuba, Argentina. 

Important changes in classification. — Steel engraved forms for bonds, 
stock certificates, etc., now included in this paragraph are exempt 
from duty under paragraph 612 of the act of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — The plates named in this paragraph are not 
strictly engraved plates. The words "or otherwise prepared " might 
be inserted in line 6, page 57, of. H. R. 7456, after "engraved." 
The provision is evidently intended to apply to plates, irrespective 
of material, for printing; a specific provision, therefore, for steel plates 
and the words "and plates of other materials" appear to be un- 
necessary. 

PARAGRAPH 342. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 342. Umbrella and parasol ribs 
and stretchers, composed wholly or in 
chief value of iron, steel, or other metal, 
in frames or otherwise, and tubes for um- 
brellas, wholly or partly finished, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



449 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 170. Umbrella and parasol ribs 
and stretchers, composed in chief value 
of iron, steel, or other metal, in frames or 
otherwise, and tubes for umbrellas, 
wholly or partially finished, fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 141. Umbrella and parasol ribs 
and stretchers, composed in chief value 
of iron, steel, or other metal, in frames or 
otherwise, and tubes for umbrellas, 
wholly or partially finished, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 



UMBRELLA RIBS AND TUBES. 



(See Survey C-8.) 



Description and uses are indicated by the articles themselves. 

Production. — The United States is a large producer of umbrella and 
parasol ribs and tubes. The value of the annual production is esti- 
mated at from $1,250,000 to $2,000,000. Although figures regarding 
the extent of the output of parts are not available, the production of 
umbrellas, parasols, and canes in 1914 was valued at $13,813,353, and 
in 1919 at $22,199,000. These completed articles are provided for 
in paragraph 1454. 

imports. — In the calendar year 1918 the imports of metallic ribs, 
stretchers, and tubes for umbrellas and parasols were valued at $14, 
the smallest annual importation on record since 1884. In the fiscal 
year 1914, the amount was $28,985. After that year the annual im- 
ports decreased steadily until 1918. 

Statistics for the years 1919-1921 are as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1919 




$7,809 

18,063 

x 26,539 


$2,733 
6,322 


Per cent. 
35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — The total amount and value of the annual exportation 
of umbrella hardware is difficult to ascertain. It is known, nowever, 
that exports of the domestic product to foreign markets have in- 
creased since 1914. 



PARAGRAPH 343. 



H. B. 7456. 



Par. 343. Spring-beard needles, and 
other needles for knitting, sewing, shoe, 
or embroidery machines of every descrip- 
tion, not specially provided for, and cro- 
chet needles, $1.15 per thousand and 25 
per centum ad valorem; latch needles, 
>'2 per thousand and 35 per centum ad 
valorem; tape, knitting, and all other 
needles, not specially provided for, bod- 
kins of metal, and needle cases or needle- 
books furnished with assortments of 
needles or combinations of needles and 
other articles, 30 per centum ad valorem. 



S2304— 22- 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



-20 



450 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 164. Needles for knitting or sew- Par. 135. Needles for knitting or sew- 
ing machines, one dollar per thousand ing machines, latch needles, crochet 
and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; needles, and tape needles, knitting and 
latch needles, one dollar and fifteen cents all other needles not specially provided 
per thousand and thirty-five per centum for in this section, bodkins of metal, and 
ad valorem; crochet needles and tape needle cases or needle books furnished 
needles, knitting and all other needles, with assortments of needles or combina- 
not specially provided for in this section, tions of needles and other articles, 20 per 
and bodkins of metal, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; but no articles other 
centum ad valorem; but no articles other than the needles which are specifically 
than the needles which are specifically named in this section shall be dutiable as 
named in this section shall be dutiable needles unless having an eye and fitted 
as needles unless having an eye, and and used for carrying a thread, 
fitted and used for carrying a thread. Par. 555. * * * needles for shoe 
Needle cases or needle books furnished machines [Free], 
with assortments of needles or combina- 
tions of needles and other articles, shall 
pay duty as entireties according to the 
component material of chief value 
therein. 

NEEDLES. 

(See Survey C-15.) 

Description and uses. — The dutiable needles used in the largest 
quantities are knitting-machine needles, sewing-machine needles, 
hand-crochet and hand-knitting needles, and tape needles or bodkins. 

The latch and the spring-beard are the two important kinds of knit- 
ting-machine needles. A knitting-machine needle has no eye. The 
latch needle carries the thread by a tiny hook over which the latch, 
a proportionately small piece of metal held in place by a rivet, 
alternately opens and closes to form each stitch or loop in the opera- 
tion of knitting. The spring-beard needle is made of one piece of 
wire, one end of which is drawn out extremely fine and bent back 
along the shank, forming a hook much longer and more delicate than 
the hook on a latch needle. 

Sewing-machine needles are sufficiently familiar. 

Crochet needles have at one end a small hook with which the 
thread is pulled through successive loops. Hand-knitting needles 
have neither eye nor hook. These needles are frequently made of 
other material than steel. 

Tape needles, made with an elongated eye through which the tape 
may be easily threaded, have a blunt end designed merely to carry 
the tape in and out of holes already provided. The term u bodkin " is 
also applied to tape needles, but may mean a small puncher or stiletto 
without an eye, used simply to puncture the material. 

Shoe-machine needles are extensively used in this country and are 
of two kinds — wax-thread and dry-thread — which differ widely. 
The wax-thread needle is eyeless, curved to almost a half circle, and 
has a hook near the point, closely resembling the hook of a crochet 
needle. It is used exclusively in a machine for sewing the sole to the 
upper with a waxed thread. The dry-thread needle is straight, with 
an eye near the point, and closely resembles an ordinary sewing- 
machine needle in appearance and use. The machine using this 
needle differs from the ordinary sewing machine only in the shape of 
the table holding the article. A dry or unwaxed thread is used 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



451 



ordinarily, hence its name. The use of this needle is confined, prac- 
tically, to the sewing of uppers of shoes; it is not employed for sewing 
soles to uppers. 

Production. — The two principal classes of knitting-machine needles 
involve so many differences in construction — chiefly in labor and 
factory equipment — that they are distinct industries. In 1914 the 
domestic production of latch needles amounted to 46,165,000, valued 
at $492,387, while spring-beard needles amounted to 47,934,000, 
valued at $129,397; in 1919 latch needles- amounted to 121,000,000, 
valued at $3,845,000, and spring-beard needles amounted to 43,000,- 
000, valued at $341,000. Reports of manufacturers of spring-beard 
needles show production for 1919 to have been over 80,000,000 
needles, valued at more than $600,000. Germany is the largest 
producer of knitting-machine needles. 

The Census includes sewing-machine needles in "all other needles," 
and gave the production for 1914 as 74,635,000, valued at $656,660; 
for 1919, as 100,000,000 valued at $1,829,000. According to figures 
submitted by manufacturers, this is less than one-half the actual pro- 
duction in 1914. Returns made by three of these companies, not 
included in the Census reports, added to those figures, give a total 
for 1914 of 173,214,000 needles, with an estimated value of $1,500,000. 
This represents closely the entire domestic output of sewing-machine 
needles in 1914 The United States, Germany, and England produce 
practically the world supply. Some crochet hooks are manufactured 
here. England and Germany are the leading manufacturers of hand 
crochet and knitting needles, but nearly all the shoe machine needles 
are a domestic product. 

Imports. — The largest annual importation since 1910 was in 1913 
(fiscal year), 26,751,000 needles, and in 1917 (fiscal year) imports 
were less than 1,000,000 needles. Prewar imports averaged about 
50 per cent of the domestic output and were increasing. Spring-beard 
needles have been imported less extensively, ^iost knitting needles 
imported come from Germany. 

Imports of sewing-machine needles are small, estimated in 1914 as 
about 5 per cent of domestic production. 

Hand-crochet needles, hand-knitting needles, and tape needles or 
bodkins are grouped together with "all other" in statistics of imports 
which in 1918 (fiscal year) showed a value of $139,455. The largest 
annual importation since 1908 was in 1917 (fiscal year), $171,983, 
and the smallest in 1908 (fiscal year), $50,044. 

Imports of shoe-machine needles in 1918 (fiscal year) amounted to 
$3,038, and in 1915 (fiscal year) to $3,217, the maximum. 

Imports since 1917 of the various kinds of needles have been as 
follows : 





Calendar year. 


1 Quantity. 

i 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 






NEEDLES, ALL KINDS. 








1918 




$388,432 
507,301 
538, 057 
276,803 


$77,686 
101,460 
106, 375 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 




20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 















452 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




LATCH NEEDLES. 



1918 


' 


Thousands. 
1,432 
2,022 ! 
5,301 
3,467 j 


! 

834,136 
44,937 
95,538 ! 
43,936 ;... 


$6,827 

8,987 

19, 108 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 





20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 













KNITTING OR SEWING-MACHINE NEEDLES.* 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



36,238 
28,527 
41,362 
22, 824 




CROCHET NEEDLES— CROCHET AND TAPE NEEDLES, KNITTING AND ALL OTHER, 
N. S. P. F., AND BODKINS OF METAL.* 




SHOE-MACHINE NEEDLES (FREE). 



1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



5% 
1,282 



$6,184 
4,727 






NEEDLE CASES OR NEEDLE BOOKS, ETC. 



1918 


Number. 


$12,063 
19,937 
38,536 
38, 468 


$2,413 
3,987 
7,707 




20 


1919 


130,901 
285, 160 
275,402 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) . . 












1 Spring-beard needles and other needles for knitting, sewing, shoe, or embroidery machines. 

Exports. — It is estimated that somewhat less than one-half of the 
domestic sewing-machine needles are exported; other classes of needles 
exported are insignificant. Some domestic shoe-machine needles are 
exported, but the extent is unknown. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 are valued as follows: 
1918, $321,651; 1919, $535,656; 1920, $548,783; 1921 (9 months), 
$270,749. Principal countries of destination were, in 1918, Canada, 
Brazil, Argentina; in 1919, Canada, Brazil, Mexico; in 1920, Canada, 
Argentina, Brazil. 

Important changes in classification. — Shoe-machine needles are 
transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par.. 555), and spring- 
board needles and needles for embroidery machines are specifically 
mentioned. The provision in paragraph 135 of the act of 1913 for 
needles not specifically named, having an eye and fitted and used 
for carrying A thread, has been omitted. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



453 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 344. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 344. Fishhooks, fishing rods and 
reels, artificial flies, artificial baits, snelled 
hooks, leaders or casts, and all other fish- 
ing tackle and parts thereof, fly books, fly 
boxes, baskets or creels, finished or unfin- 
ished, not specially provided for, except 
fishing lines, fishing nets, and seines, 35 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
any prohibition of the importation of 
feathers in this Act shall not be construed 
as applying to artificial flies used for fish- 
ing, or to feathers used for the manufac- 
ture of such flies. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 165. Fish hooks, fishing rods and 
reels, artificial flies, artificial baits, 
snelled hooks and all other fishing tackle 
or parts thereof, not specially provided 
for in this section, except fishing lines, 
fishing nets and seines, forty-five per 
centum ad valorem . 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 136. Fishhooks, fishing rods and 
reels, artificial flies, artificial baits, 
snelled hooks, and all other fishing tackle 
or parts thereof, not specially provided 
for in this section, except fishing lines, 
fishing nets and seines, 30 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That any prohibition 
of the importation of feathers in this sec- 
tion shall not be construed as applying to 
artificial flies used for fishing. 



FISHING TACKLE. 

(See Survey C— 15.) 

Description and uses. — This includes the equipment of the man who 
fishes for diversion or on a limited scale. Fishing nets and seines 
used for more extensive operations are provided for in paragraph 1006. 

Practically tne only items in this paragraph that are used in quan- 
tity by commercial fishermen are hooks, especially those used in 
marine fisheries for trawling and hand-lining. 

Production. — The United States, like Canada, England, and some 
other countries of a considerable fishing industry, is a large producer 
of fishhooks, fishing rods and reels, and similar equipment. Statistics 
are not available. 

Imports. — The average annual imports during the five-year period, 
1910 to 1914, were valued at $160,101. Over 95 per cent of the total 
foreign fishing tackle sold in the United States comes from the United 
Kingdom and Norway. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



FISHHOOKS, FISHING RODS AND REELS, ARTIFICIAL FLIES, ETC. 




1918 $202, 21 1 

1919 227, 307 

1920 313, 234 

1921 (9 months) 434, 365 



$60,663 
68, 192 
93,970 



Per cent. 
30 
30 
30 



FISHHOOKS, ETC.— FOR THE EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS, ETC. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



P,342 . 
1,332 . 

3, 052 ( . 



454 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports. — None reported. 

Important changes in classification. — Leaders or casts, fly books, fly 
boxes, baskets or creels, finished or unfinished, are added. Feathers 
used for the manufacture of flies, prohibited in former acts, are 
specifically exempted from the prohibition. 

Suggested changes. — Page 58, line 3: Insert "fishing" before "bas- 
kets'' to prevent a conflict with paragraph 413. 



PARAGRAPH 34,5. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 345. Saddlery and harness hard- 
ware: Buckles, rings, snaps, bits, swivels, 
and all other articles of iron, steel, hrass, 
composition, or other metal, commonly 
or commercially known as saddlery or 
harness hardware, 35 per centum ad 
valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



ACT OF 1909. 

[No corresponding provision.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] 



SADDLERY AND HARNESS HARDWARE. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — The phrase "saddlery and harness hard- 
ware" is applied to buckles, rings, etc., made of metal and used on 
bridles, saddles, and harness. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 58 establishments in the United 
States manufacturing saddlery hardware, with an output valued at 
$4,040,000. In 1919 the number of establishments had declined to 
37, but the value of the product had increased to $14,137,000. 

Imports and exports. — No separate statistics. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 346. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 346. Belt buckles, trouser buckles, 
and waistcoat buckles, shoe or slipper 
buckles, and parts thereof, made wholly 
or partly of iron or steel, valued at not 
more than 20 cents per hundred, 5 cents 
per hundred; valued at more than 20 and 
not more than 50 cents per hundred, 10 
cents per hundred; valued at more than 
50 cents per hundred, 15 cents per hun- 
dred; and in addition thereto, on all of 
the foregoing, 20 per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



455 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 425. Trousers buckles and waist- 
coat buckles, made Avholly or partly of 
iron or steel, or parts thereof, valued at 
not more than fifteen cents per hundred, 
five cents per hundred; valued at more 
than fifteen cents per hundred and not 
more than fifty cents per hundred, ten 
cents per hundred; valued at more than 
fifty cents per hundred, fifteen cents per 
hundred; and in addition thereto on each 
and all of the above buckles or parts of 
buckles, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for belt 
buckles, shoe and slipper buckles; class- 
able according to kind or component ma- 
terial of chief value.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 151. Belt buckles, trousers buckles, 
waistcoat buckles, * * * any of the 
foregoing made wholly or in chief value of 
iron or steel; * * * all the foregoing 
and parts thereof, not otherwise specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for shoe or 
slipper buckles; classable according to 
kind or component material of chief 
value. 1 



BUCKLES. 



(See Survey C-20.) 



Description and uses. — These articles include various kinds of 
fastening devices used chiefly on men's clothing. Other fasteners 
belonging to this general group are provided for in paragraph 349. 

Production. — No separate figures are published for buckles, but 
production of garment buckles amounts to approximately $1,000,000 
annually. 

Imports in 1908 of buckles — belt, trouser, and waistcoat — made 
wholly or partly of iron or steel, amounted to $19,304, and decreased 
until 1918. Germany, Austria, and France are the principal countries 
exporting to this country. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have 
been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


v Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


Gross. 


$484 

17, 880 

7,349 

793 


Per cent. 
$73 15 


1919 


2,524 

14, 688 

642 


2,682 15 


1920. 


1,095 15 


1921 (9 months) 







Exports are not reported. 

Important changes in classification. — Hooks and eyes, etc.; snap 
fasteners, etc.; and steel trouser buttons, etc., which are classified 
with belt buckles, etc., in the act of 1913 with an ad valorem rate of 
duty, have each been given a separate paragraph, 347, 348, and 349, 
respectively, in H. R. 7456. 

Shoe and slipper buckles have been inserted in this paragraph, 
and all articles have been classified into groups according to value 
with a specific rate of duty and an additional ad valorem duty. 

Suggested changes. — Page 58, line 17: Substitute a comma for "or" 
between "iron" and "steel" and add the words "of other base 
metal" after "steel" to make the paragraph include buckles, etc., 
made of any base metal. 



456 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 347. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 347. Hooks and eyes, wholly or 
in chief value of metal, whether loose, 
carded, or otherwise, including weight 
of cards, cartons, and immediate wrap- 
pings and labels, 4£ cents per pound and 
15 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 180. Hooks and eyes, metallic, 
whether loose, carded, or otherwise, in- 
cluding weight of cards, cartons, and im- 
mediate wrappings and labels, four and 
one-half cents per pound and fifteen per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 151. * * * hooks and eyes, 
metallic ; * * * all the foregoing and 
parts thereof, not otherwise specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 



HOOKS AND EYES. 

(See Survey C-20.) 

Description and uses. — Hooks and eyes are used as dress fasteners. 

Production in 1914 of hooks and eyes amounted to 1,076,177 great 
gross, valued at $1,394,745; and in 1919 to 4,098,000 great gross, 
valued at $2r,354,000, according to the census report. An important 
manufacturer of hooks and eyes estimates the value of production in 
1914 at $4,000,000. 

Imports. — No imports of hooks and eyes are reported for 1918, but 
in 1917 they amounted to 1,061 pounds, valued at $374; and in 1914 
to 86,710 pounds, valued at $27,878. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1919 ...\ 


Pounds. 
16 


$50 
3,401 
3,533 


$8 
510 


Per cent. 
15 


1920 


IS 


1921 (9 months) 










1 



Exports. — None reported. 

Important changes in classification. — Hooks and eyes are classified 
with belt buckles, etc., in the act of 1913 with an ad valorem rate of 
duty. 

H. R. 7456 provides a specific and an ad valorem rate of dutv on the 
articles, whether loose, carded, or otherwise, including weight of 
cards, cartons, and immediate wrappings and labels as in 1909. 



PARAGRAPH 348. 



H. R. 7450. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 348. Snap fasteners and clasps, 
and parts thereof, by whatever name 
known, or of whatever material composed, 
not plated with gold, silver, or platinum, 
and not mounted on tape, 40 per centum 
ad valorem; mounted on tape, 45 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, L921. 



457 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 427. * * * snap fasteners, or 
clasps, or parts thereof, by whatever 
name known, fifty per centum ad valo- 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 151. * * * snap fasteners and 
clasps by. whatever name known, any of 
the foregoing made wholly or in chief 
value of iron or steel; * * * all the 
foregoing and parts thereof, not otherwise 
specially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

[Snap fasteners and clasps composed of 
metal other than iron or steel, dutiable 
as manufactures of metal, Par. 167, 20 
per centum ad valorem.] 



SNAP FASTENERS AND CLASPS. 



(See Survey C-20.) 



Description and uses. — These articles are fastening devices chiefly 
for clothing, and are used as a substitute for buttons, hooks, and eyes, 
buckles, and pins. 

Production. — In 1914 snap fasteners and clasps, or parts of, 
amounted to 91,957 great gross, valued at $714,492. Production 
was estimated by a well-informed manufacturer in July, 1919, to be 
at the rate of about 1,500,000 great gross annually, valued at approxi- 
mately $6,000,000. 

Imports. — The value of imports increased steadily from $11,064 
in 1910 to $130,078 in 1914. Then came a sharp drop to $18,994 
in 1915, a slight further decline in 1916, and a recovery to $34,315 
in 1917. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity, j Value. 

1 v 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


SNAP FASTENERS AND CLASPS, AND PARTS THEREOF, ETC. 


1918 


Number. 


i 
51,513 ! $227 
778 i 117 
28,351 ! 3.953 


Per cent. 
15 


1919. 




15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months) 




7,000 














BRASS SNAP FASTENERS AND CLASPS, OR PARTS OF. 


1918 




$524 

18 

11,114 

05,578 


$105 

4 

2,223 


20 


1919 -l 


864 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 















Exports. — Official statistics of exports are lacking, but it is stated in 
Commerce Reports, March 1, 1918, that exports to Brazil reached a 
large volume in 1917. 

Important changes in classification. — Snap fasteners and clasps are 
classified with belt buckles, etc., in the act of 1913 (par. 151), with a 
limitation to such as are made wholly or in chief value of iron or steel. 

The restriction to mounting on tape is new. 

Suggested changes. — If snap fasteners mounted on tape are dis- 
tinguished from those in bulk, it is suggested that snap fasteners 



458 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



mounted on cards be similarly distinguished. The mounting on 
cards is common with respect to the style of fasteners imported in 
the past. The mounting of the cheaper grades abroad is done by 
machinery while in the United States all mounting is done by hand. 



PARAGRAPH 349. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 349. Metal trouser buttons, ex- 
cept steel and nickel bar buttons, one- 
twelfth of 1 cent per line per gross; steel 
trouser buttons, one-fourth of 1 cent per 
line per gross; buttons of metal, not 
specially provided for, three-fourths of 
1 cent per line per gross; and in addition 
thereto, on all of the foregoing, 10 per 
centum ad valorem; metal buttons em- 
bossed with a design, device, pattern, 
or lettering, 35 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That the term "line" as used 
in this paragraph shall mean the line 
button measure of one-fortieth of one 
inch. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 427. * * * metal trousers but- 
tons (except steel), and nickel bar but- 
tons, one-twelfth of one cent per line per 
gross; * * * steel trousers buttons, 
one-fourth of one cent per line per gross; 
* * * buttons of * * * metal, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
three-fourths of one cent per line per 
gross, and in addition thereto, on all the 
foregoing articles in this paragraph, 
fifteen per centum ad valorem; * * * 
buttons of metal, embossed with a design, 
device, pattern, or lettering, forty-five 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 151. * * * steel trousers but- 
tons, and metal buttons; all the foregoing 
and parts thereof, not otherwise specially 
provided for in this section, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 



METAL BUTTONS, 



(See T. I. S.-4.) 

Description and use. — The industry includes practically every kind 
of metal button, from the most ordinary button of sheet iron, made 
automatically, to the expensive gold button, made by hand. There 
are sew-on trouser buttons; tack buttons, put on by machine; 
bachelor buttons, put on by hand; uniform buttons; and buttons for 
women's and children's clothing. 

Production. — Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, 
and Rhode Island are the leading States in the manufacture of metal 
buttons. Production in 1914 of steel trouser buttons amounted to 
535,207 gross, valued at $307,802; other metal trouser buttons, to 
252,248 gross, at $44,150; metal buttons, not including trouser or 
collar or cuff buttons, to 872,563 gross, at $455,485. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



459 



Imports. — Before the war trouser buttons were imported from 
Germany and Austria. They were inferior in quality and work- 
manship, but were 30 per cent cheaper than the domestic product. 
Gold-plated collar and link buttons were also imported from Germany. 
Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 

• 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


METAL BUTTONS, TOTAL, ALL KINDS. 


1918... 


Gross. 

7,49.5 

4,150 

70,746 

31,877 


SI,. 567 
4,141 
27,684 
17, 765 


$235 

622 

4,153 


Per ce 


it. 
15 


1919. . 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 




K mo " ; ' 






METAL TROUSER BUTTONS, EXCEPT STEEL AND NICKEL BAR BUTTONS, ETC. 

METAL. 


, OTHER 


1918 


2,400 

23 

16, 299 

22 


$60 

37 

4,335 

13 


$9 

6 

650 




15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) .... 










STEEL TROUSER BUTTONS. 


1918 




445 

344 

895 

2,269 


$201 
291 
644 

1,560 


$30 

44 
97 




15 


1919 


;••; :::::*''::: 


15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months).. 
















ALL OTHER METAL BUTTONS, n. 


S. P. F. 








1918 


3,738 

3,783 

53,552 

29,586 


$1,094 
3, 813 
22, 705 
16, 192 


$164 

572 

3,406 




15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports.— All kinds of metal buttons were being exported in 1918, 
but doubt was expressed as to whether this trade could be held in 
competition with the cheaper foreign goods after the war. In 1918 
(fiscal year) exports of buttons, other than pearl, amounted to 
$1,503,865. These figures, of course, cover more than metal buttons. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision in the act of 
1913 (par. 151) has been enlarged. 

Suggested changes. — "Except steel" should be put in parentheses 
as in paragraph 427 of the act of 1909, unless nickel bar buttons are 
also intended to be .excepted, as appears by paragraph 427 of the act 
of 1909 not to be the case. 

The duties on some embossed buttons might be less than the duty 
on plain buttons under this paragraph. In the absence of a specific 
provision therefor in this paragraph, parts of buttons of metal 
would come within paragraph 1411 which imposes a rate of 38 per 
centum ad valorem. This rate might be more than the rates imposed 
in paragraph 349 on finished metal buttons. 



460 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 350. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 350. Pins with solid heads, with- 
out ornamentation, including hair, safety, 
hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; and brass, 
copper, iron, steel, or other basic metal 
pins, with heads of glass, paste, or fusible 
enamel; all the foregoing not plated with 
gold or silver, and not commonly known 
as jewelry, 28 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 188. Pins with solid heads, with- 
out ornamentation, including hair, safety, 
hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; any of the 
foregoing composed wholly of brass, cop- 
per, iron, steel, or other base metal, not 
plated with gold or silver, and not com- 
monly known as jewelry, thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 158. Pins with solid heads, with- 
out ornamentation, including hair, safety, 
hat, bonnet, and shawl pins; any of the 
foregoing composed wholly of brass, cop- 
per, iron, steel, or other base metal, not 
plated with gold or silver, and not com- 
monly known as jewelry, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 



PINS. 

(See Survey C-8.) 

Production of common or toilet pins in 1914 amounted to 641,121 
pounds plus 1,825,673 packs of 3,360 pins of steel wire, and 1,186,397 
pounds plus 1,638,035 packs of 3,600 pins of brass wire, with a com- 
bined value of $1,248,757. Some firms report output in pounds and 
others in packs. Production of hairpins was 9,242,012 gross, valued 
at $528,362; and of safety pins, 4,744,303 gross, valued at $936,663. 
Production of common or toilet pins in 1919 amounted to 2,799,000 
pounds plus 1,342,000 packs of 3,360 pins of steel wire, valued at 
$1,521,000; and 741,000 pounds plus 1,089,000 packs of 3,600 pins 
of brass wire, valued at $1,269,000. 

Production of hair pins was 24,310,000 gross, valued at $1,481,000; 
and of safety pins, 8,428,000 gross, valued at $2,977,000. 

The total value of common pins, hairpins, and safety pins produced 
in 1914 was $2,713,782, and in 1919 was $7,248,000.- Connecticut 
leads in the manufacture of articles covered by this paragraph. 
The leading foreign producers are France, Germany, and England. 

Imports of all pins covered by paragraph 350 amounted to $235,571 
in 1914. Imports have been mainly from England and Germany. 

Imports of pins with solid heads, without ornamentation, etc., 
have been, since 1917, as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$104,081 
130, 1(15 
161,142 

156. 175 . 


$20, 816 

20,033 
32, 22S 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 : 


30 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — Before the war American manufacturers produced some 
pins lor export, but England and Germany held most of the export 
trade. After 1915 there was a better foreign market for American 
pins, but American producers had difficulty in supplying the domes- 
tic demand and made little effort to develop the foreign trade. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



461 



Important changes in classification. — The first clause of this para- 
graph enumerates pins, but does not mention the material or ma- 
terials of which they are made. The second clause classifies brass, 
copper, iron, steel, or other " basic' ' metal pins with heads of glass 
in the same group. 

Suggested changes.— P 'age 59, line 20 of H. R. 7456: Change " basic" 
to "base/' 



PARAGRAPH 351, 



H. B. 7456. 

Par. 351. Pens, metallic, not specially 
provided for, 12 cents per gross; with nib 
and barrel in one piece, 15 cents per gross. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 186. Pens, metallic, except gold 
pens, twelve cents per gross; with nib 
and barrel in one piece, fifteen cents per 
grose. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1*913. 

Par. 156. Pens, metallic, not specially 
provided for in this section, 8 cents per 
gross; with nib and barrel in one piece, 
12 cents per gross. 



PENS. 

(See Survey C-24.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph relates to metallic pens 
other than gold. Pens are made principally of steel, but there is a 
growing demand for gold pens, because more flexible and of greater 
durability. ." Fountain pens" have attained wide use in recent years. 

Production. — The domestic manufacture of steel pens began in 1860, 
when the knowledge of the quality of metal best adapted for their 
manufacture was acquired. Most of the steel used has been imported 
from England and Sweden. Five establishments, with a capital of 
$870,601 and 573 wage earners, manufactured steel pens in 1914. 
Materials used were worth $117,113, wages amounted to $243,043, 
and the value of the product was $513,498. Steel pens valued at 
$160,068 were also produced by establishments classified under other 
industries. The value of the product of five establishments in 1919 
was $1,706,000. A prewar estimate credited domestic production 
with 2,500,000 gross. 

Imports. — Imports of metallic pens, n. s. p. f., in 1914 were 698,642 
gross, valued at $174,044. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 




PENS, METALLIC, WITH NIB AND BARREL IN ONE P 


[ECE. 




1918 


Or oss. 

942 

12,006 

5, 142 

1,740 


$2,839 
12, 202 
9,091 
3,770 


$113 

1,448 

617 


Per cent. 
3.98 


1919 


11.87 


1920 ..- 


6.79 


1921 (9 months) 












■ 




ALL OTHER METALLIC PENS, fc s. p. F. 






1918 




546,969 $193,040 
572,604 265,066 
923,597 | 390.920 
384,169 1fifi 03fi 


$43,758 
45,808 
73,888 


22.67 


1919 


17.28 


1920 J - 


18.90 


1021 (9 months) 












— , — 







462 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports in 1914 were 295,525 gross, valued at $116,501, going to 
the United Kingdom, British India, Germany, and Canada. Later 
exports of metallic pens (except gold) have been as follows (calendar 
years) : 



1918 



Quantity (gross) . 
Value 



1919 



]q20 1921 (9 

1920 ! months). 







465,028 1,098,677 
$231,345 ! $569,239 



968,809 
$489, 826 



129,740 
$83, 165 



The principal countries of destination were : In 1919, United King- 
dom, British India, Brazil, Cuba; in 1920, United Kingdom, Brazil, 
British India, and Cuba. 



PARAGRAPH 352. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 352. Penholder tips, penholders 
and parts thereof, gold pens, combina- 
tion penholders comprising penholders, 
pencil, rubber eraser, automatic stamp, 
or other attachments, 25 cents per gross 
and 20 per centum ad valorem; mechan- 
ical pencils made of base metal and not 
plated with gold, silver, or platinum, 45 
centi per gross and 20 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That pens and pen- 
holders shall be assessed for duty sepa- 
rately. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 187. Penholder tips, penholders 
and parts thereof, five cents per gross and 
twenty -five per centum ad valorem; gold 
pens, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 
* * * combination penholders, com- 
prising penholder, pencil, rubber eraser, 
automatic stamp, or other attachment, 
forty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That pens and penholders shall be 
assessed for duty separately. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pau. 157. Penholder tips, penholders 
and parts thereof, gold pens, * * * 
combination penholders, comprising pen- 
holder, pencil, rubber eraser, aulomatic 
stamp, or other attachment, 25 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided. That pens 
and penholders shall be assessed for duty 
separately. 



PENHOLDERS, ETC. 

(See Survey C-24.) 

Description and uses. — A penholder tip is the end of a penholder 
designed for holding a pen, and made as a separate part of the pen- 
holder. 

Gold pens are superior to steel pens in flexibility and durability 
and are essential in fountain pens, the gold being alloyed with silver 
and copper and protected by an iridium point. 

Combination penholders consist of tubes made to hold a reversible 
tube at either end, in one of which is a penholder tip with or without 
pen and in the other a lead pencil, rubber eraser, or other attachment. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



463 



Mechanical metal pencils have a hollow center throughout the 
length for insertion of pencil lead, one end of which protrudes to 
form the point of the pencil which may be regulated mechanically. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 12 manufacturers of gold pens, 
with 246 wage earners, a capital of $408,228, wages of $174,209, cost 
of materials $301,893, and value of product $642,461. In 1919 there 
were 15 manufacturers, with an output valued at $1,801,000. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports of penholder tips were 15,420 gross, 
valued at $16,615; and of combination penholders, $11,257. Imports 
since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


PENHOLDER TIPS, PENHOLDERS, AND PARTS THEREOF. 


1918 


Gross. 
8,054 
8,141 
9,515 
8,133 


$4,419 
6,505 
9,737 
7,224 


11. 105 

1,626 
2,434 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 










COMBINATION PENHOLDERS COMPRISING PENHOLDERS, PENCIL, RUBBER, 

ERASER, ETC. 


1918 


Gross. 


$1, 424 

357 

2,589 

606 


$356 

89 

647 


Per cent . 
25 


1919 


310 

1,441 

361 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











Very few gold pens are imported. In 1920 there were but 19 
recorded, valued at $362. 

Exports. — In 1914 exports of penholders were 79,648 gross, valued 
at $88,056, of which $57,446 worth went to Europe (mainly Eng- 
land), $19,914 to North America, $7,576 to South America, and 
$3,120 to all other countries. Exports of penholders for the cal- 
endar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 



Quantity (gross). 
Value 



1918 



1919 



59,666 
$114,031 



112,674 
$200,354 



1920 



107,042 
$223,376 



1921 (9 
months). 



59, .542 
$146,045 



The principal countries of destination were: In 1919, United 
Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, Argentina; in 1920, United Kingdom, 
Canada, Argentina, British India. 

Important changes in classification. — A provision for mechanical 
pencils, not plated with precious metals, is added. (Other mechani- 
cal pencils are dutiable under par. 1449 or par. 1428.) 



464 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



PARAGRAPH 353. 

H. R. 7456. j SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 353. Fountain pens, fountain- 
pen holders, stylographic pens, and 
parts thereof, valued at not more than 
$2 per dozen, 72 cents per dozen; valued 
at more than $2 and not more than $6 
per dozen, $1.50 per dozen; and in addi- 
tion thereto, on all of the foregoing, 25 
per cent ad valorem: Provided, That the 
value of cartons and fillers shall be in- 
cluded in the dutiable value. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 187. * * * fountain pens, 
stylographic pens, thirty per centum ad 
valorem; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 157. * • * * 
stylographic pens; 
centum ad valorem: 



fountain pens, and 

* , ,* M * 25 per 

■ * * 



FOUNTAIN PENS, ETC. 



(See Survey C-24.) 



Description and uses. — Stylographic pens, like fountain pens, 
have a reservoir to hold the ink. The point of a stylographic pen 
is tubular and pencil shaped, with a needle playing in it which 
releases the ink when pressed on the paper. This form of pen is 
especially useful for manifolding with carbon paper. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 55 manufacturers of fountain 
and stylographic pens, with 1,154 wage earners, a capital- of $3,- 
269,809, wages of $717,533, cost of material $1,614,145, and value 
of product $6,865,074. In 1919 there were 56 manufacturers with 
an output valued at $15,997,000. 

Imports in 1914 of fountain and stylographic pens were valued at 
$51,526; later imports of fountain pens, fountain-pen holders, 
stylographic pens, and parts thereof have been as follows : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Gross. 


$4,408 
12, 169 
70,0S3 
51,482 


$1,102 
3,042 
17,521 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


817 
1,861 
2,360 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — In 1914 the exports of fountain pens were 332,935, 
valued at $326,966, about two-thirds going to England and most 
of the rest to Canada, France, and Brazil. Exports of fountain 
pens for the calendar years, 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



• 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months) 


Quantity (number) 


161,399 
$123,852 


423,906 
$409, 517 


465,300 
$513, 410 


147, 02o 


Value 


$197, 569 





SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 465 

The principal countries of destination were, in 1919, Canada, 
British India, Denmark, Spain; in 1920 ; Italy, British India, France, 
Spain. 

Important changes in classification. — Fountain-pen holders, are 
specifically provided for, also "parts". Cartons and fillers are 
included in the dutiable value. The value of these pens has been 
limited to $6 per dozen. 

Suggested changes. — No provision has been made for fountain 
pens, etc. valued at more than $6 per dozen. 



PARAGRAPH 354. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS 

Par. 354. Penknives, pocketknives, 
clasp knives, pruning knives, budding 
knives, erasers, manicure knives, and all 
knives by whatever name known, includ- 
ing such as are denominatively men- 
tioned in this Act, which have folding or 
other than fixed blades or attachments, 
valued at not more than 40 cents per 
dozen, 40 per centum ad valorem; valued 
at more than 40 and not more than 50 
cents per dozen, 1 cent each and 30 per 
centum ad valorem ; valued at more than 
50 cents and not more than $1.25 per 
dozen, 5 cents each and 30 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than $1.25 and 
not more than $3 per dozen, 10 cents each 
and 30 per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than $3 and not more than $8 per 
dozen, 20 cents each and 30 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than $8 per 
dozen, 30 cents each and 30 per centum 
ad valorem; blades, handles, or other v 

parts of any of the foregoing knives or 
erasers shall be dutiable at not less than 
the rate herein imposed upon knives and 
erasers valued at more than 50 cents and 
not. exceeding $1.25 per dozen; cuticle 
knives, corn knives, nail files, tweezers, 
hand forceps, and parts thereof, finished 
or unfinished, by whatever name known, 
40 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That any of the foregoing, if imported in 
the condition of assembled, but not fully 
finished, shall be dutiable at not less than 
the rate of duty herein imposed upon fully 
finished articles of the same material and 
quality, but not less in any case than 15 
cents each and 35 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided further, That all the articles 
specified in this paragraph, when im- 
ported, shall have the name of the maker 
and beneath the same the name of the 
country of origin die sunk conspicuously 
and indelibly on the shank or tang of at 
least one or, if practicable, each and every 
blade thereof. 

82304—22 30 



466 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 128. Penknives, pocketknives, 
clasp knives, pruning knives, budding 
knives, erasers, manicure knives, and all 
knives by whatever name known, in- 
cluding such as are denominatively men- 
tioned in this section, which have fold- 
ing or other than fixed blades or attach- 
ments, * * * all the foregoing, whether 
assembled but not fully finished or 
finished; valued at not more than $1 
per dozen, 35 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than $1 per dozen, 55 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
blades, handles, or other parts of any of 
the foregoing knives, * * * or erasers 
shall be dutiable at not less than the rate 
herein imposed upon the knives, * * * 
and erasers, of which they are parte. 
* * * Provided further, That all arti- 
cles specified in this paragraph shall, 
when imported, have the name of the 
maker or purchaser and beneath the same 
the name of the country of origin die- 
sunk conspicuously and indelibly on the 
blade, shank, or tang of at least one or, 
if practicable, each and every blade 
thereof. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pae. 152. Penknives, pocketknives, 
clasp knives, pruning knives, budding 
knives, erasers, manicure knives, and all 
knives by whatever name known, in- 
cluding such as are denominatively men- 
tioned in this section, which have folding 
or other than fixed blades or attachments, 
valued at not more than forty cents per 
dozen, forty per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than forty cents per 
dozen and not exceeding fifty cents per 
dozen, one cent per piece and. forty per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
fifty cents per dozen and not exceeding 
one dollar and twenty -five cents per 
dozen, five cents per piece and forty per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
one dollar and twenty-five cents per 
dozen and not exceeding three dollars 
per dozen, ten cents per piece and forty 
per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than three dollars per dozen, twenty 
cents per piece and forty per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That any of the fore- 
going knives or erasers, if imported in the 
condition of assembled, but not fully fin- 
ished, shall be dutiable at not less than 
the rate of duty herein imposed upon 
fully finished knives and erasers of the 
same material and quality, but not less 
in any case than ten cents each and forty 
per centum ad valorem: Provided further, 
That blades, handles, or other parts of any 
of the foregoing knives or erasers shall be 
dutiable at not less than the rate herein 
imposed upon knives and erasers valued 
at more than fifty cents per dozen and 
not exceeding one dollar and twenty -five 
cents per dozen; * * * Provided further, 
That on and after October first, nineteen 
hundred and nine, all the articles speci- 
fied in this paragraph shall when imported 
have the name of the maker or purchaser 
and beneath the same the name of the 
country of origin die-sunk conspicuously 
and indelibly on the shank or tang of at 
least one or. if practicable, each and 
every blade thereof. * * *. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 

PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, ETC. 

(See Survey C-13.) 

Description and uses. — The distinctive feature of the pocketknife 
is that the blade folds into the handle. All such knives, as well as 
other knives named, are included under paragraph 354. 

Production of penknives and pocketknives was valued at $4,177,000 
in 1914. Domestic manufacturers ordinarily specialize in a par- 
ticular article, and generally all stages in manufacturing are per- 
formed in the same establishment, though there is some trade in 
parts. Factories in Germany and Great Britain, on the other hand, 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



467 



specialize in the parts, and the final manufacturer is often simply an 
assembler of parts. The structure of these knives is complicated . and 
they are demanded in almost endless . variety. In addition, the in- 
dustry is one requiring highly skilled hand labor which commands 
higher wages than are paid in Europe. The nature of the product, 
which largely resists the use of machine processes, renders inappli- 
cable our characteristic advantages in production. 

New York, Connecticut, Ohio, and Penns}dvania lead in the 
domestic manufacture of penknives and pocketknives. Germany, 
Great Britain, and France, each sending some output to our market, 
are the principal foreign producers. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at over $1,300,000 (31 per cent of the 
domestic production), and at $57,000 in 1918. Preceding the war 
Germany furnished 80 per cent and Great Britain 16 per cent of 
these imports. Very cheap knives, retailing from 5 to 10 cents, form 
the bulk of the imports. Importation of the best grades, penknives 
particularly, is also important. Imports since 1917 have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, i Value. 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, ETC., FINISHED— TOTAL, ALL KINDS. 



1918 


Dozen. 
85,641 
97, 156 
314, 424 
421,603 


S82, 189 
139, 217 
581, 831 
606,549 


$37,975 
68,443 
299, 034 




Per cent. 
46.20 


1919 


49.16 


1920. . . 


51.40 


1921 (9 months) 








.... 



PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, CLASP KNIVES, ETC., FINISHED, VALUED AT MORE 

THAN 81 PER DOZEN. 



1918 


14,661 
28, 986 
165, 342 
179, 619 


$46,041 

98, 588 

476,970 

460, 878 


$25,323 

54,223 

262,333 




1919 


55 


1920 




1921 (9 months) . .. 









PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, CLASP KNIVES, PRUNING KNIVES, BUDDING KNIVES, 
ETC., FINISHED, VALUED AT NOT MORE THAN $1 PER DOZEN. 



1918 . 70,980 $36,148 

1919 68, 170 ' 40, 629 

1920 149,082 104,861 

1921 (9 months) ; 241,984 145,671 . 



$12,652 35 
14,220 35 
36,701 i 35 



PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, 


ETC., ASSEMBLED, BUT 
TOTAL, ALL KINDS. 


NOT FULLY FINISHED— 


1918 : . 


7,160 

6 

838 

128 


$6,699 

21 

1, 573 

770 


$2, 805 
12 
864 


41.-87 


1919 


55.00 


1920 


54. 93 


1921 (9 months) 









PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, CLASP KNIVES, ETC., ASSEMBLED, BUT NOT FULLY 
FINISHED, VALUED AT MORE THAN $1 PER DOZEN. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



474 


$2,301 


6 


21 


827 


1,565 


128 


770 



$1, 266 
12 



468 



Calendar year. 




Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



PENKNIVES, POCKETKNIVES, CLASP KNIVES, PRUNING KNIVES, BUDDING KNIVES, 
ETC., ASSEMBLED BUT NOT FULLY FINISHED, VALUED AT NOT EXCEEDING $1 
PER DOZEN. 



191S. 
1920. 




KNIFE BLADES, HANDLES, OR OTHER PARTS OF— TOTAL, ALL KINDS. 



191S 


1 
693 j 
107 

3,928 ! 

5,692 | 


$2, 853 

204 

1,972 

4,237 


SI, 534 
112 

808 


53.77 


1919 


54. 93 


1920 


40.97 


1921 (9 months) 











KNIFE BLADES, HANDLES, OR OTHER PARTS OF, VALUED AT MORE THAN $1 PER 

DOZEN. 



1918 


444 
107 
176 
402 


$2, 678 

204 

587 

1,611 


51, 473 
112 
323 


55 


1919 


55 


1920 


55 


1921 (9 months) . . 











KNIFE BLADES, HANDLES, OR OTHER PARTS OF, VALUED AT NOT EXC EEDING $1 

PER DOZEN. 



1918 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



249 
3,750 
5,290 



$175 
1,385 
2,626 



$61 
485 



Exports. — Exports are very small and statistics are not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The articles are separated into 
six classes, according to value, and compound rates of duty are pro- 
vided which increase with the value of each class. Cuticle knives, 
corn knives, nail files, tweezers, hand forceps, and parts thereof, are 
specifically provided for. Razors and razor blades and handles have 
been classified in a separate paragraph (358). Scissors and shears, 
and blades also have been classified in a separate paragraph (357). 
A provision has been made that if any of the articles in this para- 
graph be imported in the condition of assembled, but not fully 
finished, they shall be dutiable at not less than the rate of duty herein 
imposed upon fully finished articles of the same material and quality, 
but not less in any case than 15 cents each and 35 per centum ad 
valorem. There is also a provision that blades, handles, or other 
parts of the knives and erasers enumerated in this paragraph shall be 
dutiable at not less than the rate imposed upon knives and erasers 
valued at more than 50 cents and not exceeding $1.25 per dozen, 
while the act of 1913 provides that these articles shall be dutiable at 
not less than the rate imposed upon the knives and erasers, of which 
they are parts. Provision in the second proviso for the name of the 
purchaser has been omitted. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



469 



PARAGRAPH 355. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 355. Table, butchers', carving, 
cooks', hunting, kitchen, bread, cake, pie, 
slicing, cigar, butter, vegetable, fruit, 
cheese, canning, fish, carpenters' bench, 
curriers', drawing, farriers', fleshing, hay, 
sugar-beet, beet-topping, tanners', plumb- 
ers', painters', palette, artists 1 , shoe and 
similar knives, forks, and steels, and 
cleavers, all the foregoing, finished or un- 
finished, not specially provided for, with 
or without handles of mother-of-pearl, 
shell, ivory, deer, or other animal horn, 
silver, nickel silver, or other metal than 
iron or steel, 16 cents each; with handles 
of hard rubber, solid bone, celluloid, or 
any pyroxylin, casein, or similar mate- 
rial, 8 cents each; with handles of any 
other material, if less than four inches in 
length, exclusive of handle, 3 cents each; 
if four inches in length or over, exclusive 
of handle, 8 cents each; and in addition 
thereto, on all of the foregoing, 35 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That all 
articles specified in this paragraph when 
imported, shall have the name of the 
maker and beneath the same the name of 
the country of origin die-sunk legibly and 
indelibly upon the blade in a place that 
shall not be covered. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 154. Table, butchers', carving, 
cooks', hunting, kitchen, bread, butter, 
vegetable, fruit, cheese, carpenters' 
bench, curriers', drawing, farriers', flesh- 
ing, hay, tanners', plumbers', painters', 
palette, artists', and shoe knives, forks 
ind steels, finished or unfinished; if im- 
ported with handles of mother-of-pearl, 
.shell, ivory, silver, nickeled silver, or 
other metal than iron or steel, fourteen 
cents each; with handles of deerhorn, ten 
cents each; with handles of hard rubber, 
solid bone, celluloid, or any pyroxyline 
material, four cents each; with handles 
of any other material than those above 
mentioned, one cent each, and in addi- 
tion, on all the above articles, fifteen 
per centum ad valorem; any of the 
knives, forks or steels, enumerated in this 
paragraph, if imported without handles, 
forty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That none of the above-named articles 
shall pay a less rate of duty than 40 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That all 
the articles specified in this paragraph 
when imported on and after October 
first, nineteen hundred and nine, shall 
have the name of the maker or pur- 
chaser and beneath the same the name 
of the country of origin indelibly stamped 
or branded thereon in a place that shall 
not be covered thereafter. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 130. Table, butchers', carving, 
cooks', hunting, kitchen, bread, butter, 
vegetable, fruit, cheese, carpenters' 
bench, curriers', drawing, farriers', flesh- 
ing, hay, tanners', plumbers', painters', 
palette, artists', and shoe knives, forks 
and steels, finished or unfinished, with- 
out handles, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
with handles, 30 per centum ad valorem : 
Provided, That all the articles specified 
in this paragraph, when imported, shall 
have the name of the maker or pur- 
chaser, and beneath the same the name 
of the country of origin indelibly stamped 
or branded thereon in a place that shall 
not be covered thereafter. 



470 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



TABLE AND OTHER CUTLERY. 



(See Survey C-13.) 



Description and uses. — The name of the article indicates its use. 

Production. — The Census recorded the production of "table" and 
" other" cutlery at $8,863,000 in 1914. Later figures for these classes 
of cutlery are not yet available. Preliminary Census figures for all 
classes of cutlery and edge tools for 1919 show an output valued at 
$62,526,000. About 30 or 40 per cent of this value is covered by 
articles in this paragraph. New York, Connecticut, and Massachu- 
setts are important producing States. 

Steel cutlery is largely superseded by plated ware, for the manufac- 
ture of which the American factory methods are better adapted than 
to that of steel table cutlery. Domestic production of the latter does 
not supply the entire market. 

Imports in 1914, of which table cutlery formed the bulk, were 
valued at $333,576. Prior to the war Germany and Great Britain 
together (about equally) furnished 80 per cent and France almost all 
the rest of the imports. In 1920 these ratios were not greatly differ- 
ent, except that Japan furnished a rather considerable amount. Later 
imports of cutlery have been as follows : 



Calendar vear. 




Ad 
Quantity. | Value. J Duty. | valorem 

rate. 



TABLE, CARVING, COOKS', 


KITCHEN, ETC., 


WITH HANDLES. 




191S .... 


Dozen. 

13, 031 

7,759 

96, 191 

174, 040 


$45,867 
43,210 ! 
235, 705 

173, S37 '.. 


$13, 760 

12,963 

. 70,711 


Per cent. 


1919 


30 


1 920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 











TABLE, CARVING, COOKS', KITCHEN, BREAD, BUTTER, VEGETABLE, FRUIT, AND 
CHEESE KNIVES, FORKS, AND STEELS— WITHOUT HANDLES. 



1918 


57 i 

241 J 

5,323 ! 

13,249 j 

1 


$112 ! 
225 ] 
6, 127 | 
18,221 .. 


$28 

56 

1,532 


25 


L919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 













BUTCHERS', HUNTING, CARPENTERS', BENCH KNIVES, ETC.— WITH HANDLES. 



lyis 


16, 823 
11,693 
45,600 
45,531 


$45,893 
45,376 
97,818 
87, 913 


$13, 768 
13,613 
29,345 


30 


1919 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 moiiihs) 











BUTCHERS', HUNTING, CARPENTERS', BENCH, CURRIERS', DRAWING, FARRIERS* 
FLESHING, HAY, TANNERS', PLUMBERS', PALETTE, ARTISTS', AND SHOE KNIVES— 
WITHOUT HANDLES. 



1918 


69 

267 

5,791 

1,358 


$214 

721 

6,354 

2,672 


$53 

180 

1,588 


25 


1919 


25 


1 920 


25 


1921 1 9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



471 



Exports of table cutlery were valued at only $168,623 in 1914. 
Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months) . 



Table cutlery . . . 
All other cutlery 



$831,744 
2,499,775 



$2,379,848 
3,606,376 



$3,458,756 
3,999,082 



$1,082,660 
1,072,282 



The principal countries of destination of table cutlery were, in 
1919, Brazil, Argentina, and Norway; in 1920, Brazil, Argentina, and 
Sweden. 

The principal countries of destination of all other cutlery were, 
in 1919, Canada, Brazil, Argentina; in 1920, Canada, Cuba, Brazil. 

Important changes in classification. — Cake, pie, slicing, cigar, 
canning, fish, sugar-beet, beet topping, and similar knives, and 
cleavers are added. The articles are divided into four classes, 
according to kind or length of handles, and compound, instead of 
ad valorem, rates of duty are given to each class; provision for the 
name of the purchaser is omitted, and the name of the maker is 
required to be die sunk, instead of stamped or branded, on the 
article. 



PARAGRAPH 356. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 356. Planing-machine knives, 
tannery and leather knives, tobacco 
knives, paper and pulp mill knives, 
roll bars, bedplates, and all other stock- 
treating parts for pulp and paper ma- 
chinery, shear blades, circular cloth 
cutters, circular cork cutters, circular 
cigarette cutters, meat slicing cutters, 
and all other cutting knives and blades 
used in power or hand machines, 35 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

[Xo corresponding provision.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

[Xo corresponding provision.] 



POWER, OR HAND MACHINE KNIVES. 

Description and uses. — Planing-machine knives are used mainly 
on wood-working machines, and rarely for metalworking. Tannery 
and leather knives are employed to remove the flesh and hair from 
leather skins, and to split leather. These knives are known as 
fleshing, shaving, whitening blades, and bark knives. Paper and 
pulp mill knives are made of a straight piece of steel and used on 
"roll" or "fly" bars of beater engines, and on chippers and cutters. 
Slitter knives are of circular form and used in paper machines for 
slitting, or cutting, the paper lengthwise. A roll bar is a metal 



472 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



cylinder about 4 or 5 feet in diameter with heavy knives parallel 
with the shaft fitted into its face. A bedplate is a series of steel 
plates standing on edge and bolted together. The "stock," or 
rough paper material, passes between the revolving "roll bar" and 
the stationary "bedplate" to be cut up. The names of the other 
kinds of knives mentioned in the paragraph indicate the kinds and 
their uses. 

Production, imports, and exports. — No data available. 

Important changes in classification. — A new provision. 



PARAGRAPH 357. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 357. Steel laid scissors and shears, 
and blades for the same, finished or unfin- 
ished, 10 cents each and 30 per centum 
ad valorem; all other scissors and shears, 
and blades for the same, finished or unfin- 
ished, valued at not more than 50 cents 
per dozen, 3 cents each and 35 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than 50 
cents and not more than $1.75 per dozen, 
15 cents each and 35 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than $1.75 per 
dozen, 20 cents each and 35 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That all articles 
specified in this paragraph, when im- 
ported, shall have the name of the maker 
and beneath the same the name of the 
country of origin die-sunk conspicuously 
and indelibly on the outside of the blade 
between the screw or rivet and the handle. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 152. * * * Provided further, That 
on and after October first, nineteen hun- 
dred and nine, all the articles specified in 
this paragraph shall when imported have 
the name of the maker or purchaser and be- 
neath the same the name of the country of 
origin die-sunk conspicuously and indel- 
ibly on the shank or tang of at least one 
or, if practicable, each and every blade 
thereof. Scissors and shears, and blades 
for the same, finished or unfinished, 
valued at not more than fifty cents per 
dozen, fifteen cents per dozen and fifteen 
per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than fifty cents and not more than one 
dollar and seventy-five cents per dozen, 
fifty cents per dozen and fifteen per cen- 
tum ad valorem; valued at more than one 
dollar and seventy-cents per dozen, sev- 
enty-five cents per dozen and twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 128. * * * Scissors and shears, 
and blades for the same, finished or un- 
finished, 30 per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided further, That all articles specified 
in this paragraph shall, when imported, 
have the name of the maker or purchaser 
and beneath the same the name of the 
country of origin die-sunk conspicuously 
and indelibly on the blade, shank, or tang 
of at least one or, if practicable, each and 
every blade thereof. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



473 



SCISSORS AND SHEARS. 



(See Survey (M3.) 



Description and use. — Shears are distinguished from scissors only 
by their greater length. 

Production of scissors and shears, including clippers, was valued at 
$2,500,000 in 1914. Manufacturers are located in Connecticut, New 
Jersey, New York, and other States. The domestic producers of 
shears supply the domestic market and export as well. The making 
of "laid" shears — attaching a steel cutting edge to backs and han- 
dles of malleable iron — is an American process, not successfully 
applied abroad. Of scissors, except cheap cast scissors, domestic 
manufacturers supply only a small portion of the market. Germany 
was the most important producer of scissors prior to the war. 

Imports were valued at $775 ; 000 (31 per cent of domestic produc- 
tion) in 1914. Before the war Germany was the source of 96.5 per 
cent of the imports, while 83 per cent of the 1918 imports, largely 
scissors, came from Japan. In 1920 (calendar year), however, 90 
per cent of the quantity and 87.5 per cent of the value of the total 
imports came from Germany. Recent imports of all kinds of scissors 
and shears, and blades for the same, finished or unfinished, have been 
as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


Dozen. 

25,350 

71,330 

211,969 

404,632 


$91,317 
168,340 
518, 153 
787, 105 


$27,395 
50, 502 
155,446 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports.- — American-made shears are exported to all parts of the 
world. No figures are available. 

Important changes in classification. — Steel-laid scissors and shears, 
and blades for the same, are separately provided for. Other kinds 
are divided, according to value, into three classes. The act of 1913 
fixes a straight ad valorem rate of duty on scissors and shears, and 
parts thereof, regardless of kind or class. The requirements concern- 
ing marking are different. 

Suggested changes. — Nail clippers, barbers' clippers, animal clippers, 
sheep shears, and pruning shears might be added. 

Was it intended to impose a specific rate on each of the two blades 
constituting a part of scissors or shears while the same specific rate 
would be imposed on the finished article? In other words, was it 
intended to make the specific duties on the blades alone twice that 
on the scissors or shears ? 

Does "outside of the blade," in lines 12 and 13, page 63, mean 
one blade or both blades? 



474 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 358. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 358. Razors, finished or unfin- 
ished, valued at less than $2 per dozen, 
10 cents each; valued at $2 and less than 
$3 per dozen, 12 cents each; valued at $3 
and less than $4 per dozen, 16 cents each; 
valued at $4 or more per dozen, 20 cents 
each; and in addition thereto, on all of 
the foregoing, 30 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That handles, unfinished razors 
and blades (except for safety razors), 
safety razors, and safety-razor handles 
and frames, shall pay no less duty than 
that imposed on finished razors valued 
at $2 per dozen: Provided further, That 
finished or unfinished blades for safety 
razors shall pay a duty of 1 cent each and 
30 per centum ad valorem: Provided fur- 
ther, That all articles specified in this 
paragraph, when imported, shall have 
the name of the maker and beneath the 
same the name of the country of origin 
die-sunk conspicuously and indelibly on 
the blade or shank or tang of each and 
erery blade and on safety razors and 
parts thereof. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 152. * * * razors, finished, 
valued at less than one dollar per dozen, 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
valued at one dollar and less than one 
dollar and fifty cents per dozen, six cents 
each and thirty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem; valued at one dollar and fifty 
cents and less than two dollars per dozen, 
ten cents each and thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem; valued at two dollars and 
less than three dollars per dozen, twelve 
cents each and thirty-five per centum ad 
A^alorem; valued at three dollars or more 
per dozen, fifteen cents each and thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That blades (except for safety razors), 
handles, and unfinished razors shall pay 
no less duty than that imposed on finished 
razors valued at two dollars per dozen: 
Provided further, That on and after Oc- 
tober first, nineteen hundred and nine, 
all the articles specified in this para- 
graph shall when imported have the 
name of the maker or purchaser and 
beneath the same the name of the country 
of origin die-simk conspicuously and 
indelibly on the shank or tang of at least 
one or, if practicable, each and every 
blade thereof. * * * 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 128. * * * razors, all the fore- 
going, whether assembled but not fully 
finished or finished; valued at not more 
than $1 per dozen, 35 per centum ad va- 
lorem; valued at more than $1 per dozen, 
55 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That blades, handles, or other parts of 
any of the foregoing * * * razors, 
* * * shall be dutiable at not less 
than the rate herein imposed upon 
the * * * razors, * * * of which 
they are parts. * * * Provided further, 
That all articles specified in this para- 
graph shall, when imported, have the 
name of the maker or purchaser and 
beneath the same the name of the country 
of origin die-sunk conspicuously and 
indelibly on the blade, shank, or tang of 
at least one or, if practicable, each and 
every blade thereof. 



RAZORS. 



(See Survey C-13.) 

Production of razors (safety and straight) was valued at over 
$5,000,000 in 1914, New York leading among manufacturing States. 
Germany and Great Britain are the chief foreign producers. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



475 



The best German and English straight razors have a reputation for 
superiority, which rests on the great technical proficiency of Solingen 
and Sheffield. Since the war, however, American manufacturers have 
produced a razor of comparable quality. But the safety razor, by 
methods of quantity production not fully applicable to the straight 
razor, has offset any disadvantage America has suffered in producing 
the latter. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $473,000. The bulk of these in 
quantity was of the cheapest grades, not manufactured here; in 
point of value, the imports of the highest grades were of more im- 
portance. Both the cheap and the better grades come from Ger- 
many, but only the better grades from Great Britain. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


RAZORS, FINISHED AND UNFINISHED— TOTAL, ALL KINDS. 


1918 


Dozen. 

5,318 

9,312 

73, 296 

101,411 


$24,085 

47,583 

380, 132 

357,886 


$13, 243 

26,011 

208,181 


Per cent. 
54.98 


1919 


54.73 


1920 


54.77 


1921 (9 months) 










RAZORS, FINISHED— VALUED AT MORE THAN $1 PER DOZEN. 


1918 


5,294 

8,358 
67,516 
87,687 


$24, 066 

46, 889 

375, 675 

345, 108 


$13, 236 

25, 789 
206,621 


55 


1919 


55 


1920 


55 


1921 (9 months) 










RAZORS, FINISHED— VALUED AT NOT MORE THAN $1 PER DOZEN. 


1918 


1 
24 ! $19 ! $7 
954 | 634 ! 222 
5,780 ! 4,457 1-560 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


13,724 j 12,778 

j 












RAZOR HANDLES, UNFINISHED RAZORS, AND BLADES, ETC.— TOTAL, ALI 


, KINDS. 


1918 


9,469 344,436 
6,724 22,939 
15,943 1 48,832 
33,181 15,691 


$24,300 
12,224 
26,604 


54.69 


1919 


53.29 


1920 


54.48 


1921 (9 months) 










HANDLES, UNFINISHED RAZORS, AND BLADES, ETC.— VALUED AT MORE 

PER DOZEN. 


THAN $1 


1918 


8,489 
4,480 
10, 192 
3,226 


$43,739 
20,979 
47, 566 
11,489 


$24,056 
11,538 
26, 161 


1 ■ 

55 


1919 


55 


1920 


! 55 










HANDLES, UNFINISHED RAZORS, AND BLADES, ETC.— VALUED AT NOT MOI 

$1 PER DOZEN. 


IE THAN 


1918 


980 

2,244 

5, 751 

29, 955 


$697 
1,960 
1,266 
4,202 


$244 
686 
443 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 




• 








I 



476 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports. — Exports in 1914 were valued at $472,000; in 1918, at 
$2,355,000, largely of safety razors. Although straight razors are 
exported, production in the United States does not satisfy the domes- 
tic demand. The values of exports for the calendar } 7 ears 1918 to 
1921 are as follows: 1918, $1,905,385; 1919, $4,150,803; 1920, 
$5,715,089; 1921 (9 months), $1,134,956. The principal countries of 
destination in 1920 were France, Belgium, United Kingdom, and 
Denmark. 

Important changes in classification. — Razors are divided, according 
to value, into four classes, as against two classes in the act of 1913. 
Safety razors and safety-razor handles and frames have been included 
in this paragraph and shall pay no less duty than that imposed on 
finished razors valued at $2 per dozen. Blades for safety razors are 
classified separately. There is a provision that " handles, unfinished 
razors, and blades," etc., shall pay no less duty than that imposed 
on finished razors valued at $2 per dozen, while the act of 1913 pro- 
vides that blades, handles, or other parts shall be dutiable at not less 
than the rate imposed upon the razors of which they are parts. 

Suggested changes. — Page 64, line 3: Insert "or indelibly etched" 
after the words " die-sunk" because if the name of the maker and 
country of origin is die-sunk on a safetj^-razor blade, it spoils the 
blade. Strike out hyphen between die and sunk to agree with para- 
graphs 354 and 361. 



PARAGRAPH 359. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 359. Surgical and dental instru- 
ments, or parts thereof, composed wholly 
or in part of iron, steel, copper, brass, 
nickel, aluminum, or other metal, fin- 
ished or unfinished, valued at not more 
than $5 per dozen, 60 cents per dozen; 
valued at more than $5 per dozen, 12 
cents per dozen for each $1 per dozen of 
such value; and in addition thereto, on all 
of the foregoing, 35 per centum ad valorem : 
Provided, That all articles specified in this 
paragraph, when imported, shall have 
the name of the maker and beneath the 
same the country of origin die-sunk con- 
spicuously and indelibly on the outside, 
or if a jointed instrument on the outside 
when closed. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, com- 
posed wholly or in part of iron, steel, 
lead, copper, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, 
silver, platinum, aluminum, or other 
metal, and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. X(57. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in. this section; if 
composed wholly or in part of platinum, 
gold, or silver, and articles or wares plated 
with gold or silver, and whether partly 
or wholly manufactured, 50 per centum 
ad valorem; if composed wholly or in 
chief value of iron, steel, lead, copper, 
brass, nickel, pewter, zinc, aluminum, or 
other metal, but not plated with gold or 
silver, and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 477 

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

(See Survey, C-30.) 

Description and use. — The bulk of the surgical instruments made 
in the United States prior to 1914 was what is known as soft-metal 
goods, i. e., those composed of brass, copper, or nickel silver. Steel 
instruments were never produced in this country in quantities before 
the war. 

Production. — Manufacturers of surgical instruments must pi'oduce a 
large number of different styles of each class of instrument and, 
therefore, can not place production of any one type on a quantity 
basis. Surgical instruments in 1914 were produced by about 40 
establishments, and the total value of the production was 
roughly $1,400,000; of this amount $1,000,000 represents the value 
of soft-metal goods and $400,000 the value of steel instruments. 
The war caused a great expansion in the industry in this country, 
as no German instruments had been received since the early 
months of 1916. The product of American factories in 1917 was 
valued at $3,385,000, of which $1,927,000 represented soft-metal goods 
and $1,458,000 steel instruments. The number of workmen employed 
increased from 958 in April, 1914, to 2,128 in April, 1918. 

Imports. — Practically 80 per cent of the steel instruments used in 
the United States were of foreign manufacture, chiefly German. The 
war caused a shortage which has been somewhat relieved since the 
beginning of 1917 by the importation of steel instruments from Japan. 
Japanese instruments are on the whole of inferior quality and often 
are defective. 

Exports. — In the fiscal year 1914 exports of surgical and medical 
instruments amounted to $206,421, of which nearly three-fourths 
went to Canada. During the war there was at times a considerable 
demand from Europe for certain classes of instruments, and exports 
to other parts of the world also increased rarjidly. Statistics for the 
calendar years 1918 to 1921 follow: 

1918 $771, 282 

1919 854, 279 

. 1920 848, 370 

1921 (9 months) 422, 516 

About one-half of the exports have gone to Canada; the remainder 
has been rather widely distributed. 

DENTAL INSTRUMENTS. 

(See Survey B-10.) 

Description and use. — Dental instruments are made almost ex- 
clusively of steel and include a large number of standard tools. 
Although there is some demand for instruments of special design, 
it is not comparable to that for surgical instruments. 

Production. — The dental appliance, instrument, and supply industry 
produces sufficient material to furnish the home market, and exports 
large quantities of its products to all the world's markets. Dental 
instruments are more nearly standardized than surgical instruments 
and can therefore be manufactured in quantity. 

Imports. — There is practically no importation of dental instruments. 



478 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports. — The export business absorbs a considerable proportion 
of the entire production, a proportion which is estimated at over 35 
percent. These exports amounted to over $1,100,000 "in- 1913, 
and to almost $10,800,000 in 1919. 

Important changes in classification. — A new provision. 

Suggested changes. — It has been represented that because of 
different competitive positions surgical and dental instruments might 
be separated. 

"The country of origin die sunk" should be made to read 
"the name of the country of origin die sunk." 

To assure the classification in this paragraph of scissors and other 
surgical instruments, specially provided for elsewhere in H. K. 7456. 
it is suggested that the words "of all kinds whatsoever" be in- 
serted after the word "instruments" and before the comma in line 
6 at page 64. 

Page 64, line 6: Change "or" to "and" before "parts." 

Page 64, line 15: Strike out hyphen between die and sunk to agree 
with paragraphs 354 and 361. 



PARAGRAPH 360. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 360. Philosophical, scientific, and 
laboratory instruments, apparatus, uten- 
sils, appliances (including drawing, sur- 
veying, and mathematical instruments), 
and parts thereof, composed wholly or in 
chief value of metal, and not plated with 
gold, silver, or platinum, finished or un- 
finished, not specially provided for, 40 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
all articles specified in this paragraph, 
when imported, shall have the name of the 
maker and beneath the same the country 
of origin die-sunk conspicuously and in- 
delibly on the outside, or if a jointed in- 
strument on the outside when closed. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 650. Philosophical and scientific 
apparatus, utensils, instruments, and 
preparations, 2 including bottles and 
boxes containing the same, specially im- 
ported in good faith for the use and by 
order of any society or institution incor- 
porated or established solely for religious, 
philosophical, educational, scientific, or 
literary purposes, or for the encourage- 
ment of the fine arts, or for the use and by 
order of any college, academy, school, or 
seminary of learning in the United States, 
or any state or public library, and not for 
sale, subject to such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe 
[Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 573. Philosophical and scientific 
appatarus, utensils, instruments, and 
preparations, 2 including bottles and boxes 
containing the same, specially imported 
in good faith for the use and by order of 
any society or institution incorporated or 
established solely for religious, philosoph- 
ical, educational, scientific, or literary 
purposes, or for the encouragement of the 
fine arts, or for the use and by order of any 
college, academy, school, or seminary of 
learning in the United States, or any State 
or public library, and not for sale, and 
articles solely for experimental purposes, 
when imported by any society or institu- 
tion of the character herein described, 
subject to such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury shall prescribe [Free]. 



Preparations classable under H. R. 7456 according to component materials. 



SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



479 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pae. 653. * * * vases, retorts, and 
other apparatus, vessels, and parts there- 
of, composed of platinum, for chemical 
uses [Free]. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, cop- 
per, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, 
platinum, aluminum, or other metal, and 
whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
forty-five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 578. * * * vases, retorts, and 
other apparatus, vessels, and parts there- 
of, composed of platinum, for chemical 
uses [Free]. 

Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section; if com- 
posed wholly or in part of platinum, gold, 
or silver, and articles or wares plated with 
gold or silver, and whether partly or 
wholly manufactured, 50 per centum ad 
valorem; if composed wholly or in chief 
value of iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, 
nickel, pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other 
metal, but not plated with gold or silver, 
and whether partly or wholly manufac- 
tured, 20 per centum ad valorem. 



PHILOSOPHICAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS. 

(See Survey B-10.) 

Description and uses. — The term " scientific instruments" covers a 
large variety of articles intended for the accurate observation and 
measurement of natural phenomena. Most important among them 
are engineering, physical, chemical, and medical instruments of 
various kinds, used for the measurement of weight, volume, length, 
heat, temperature, light, color, and time. 

Production in 1914, excluding medical and surgical instruments, 
was reported as valued at $15,000,000. In general those instruments 
which before the war had a sufficiently large market to permit large- 
scale production were produced here successfully; but certain instru- 
ments of high precision, for which the demand was not large and for 
which skillful hand labor was necessary, were imported. Germany, 
with a world-wide reputation based upon skilled hand labor trained 
for generations, was the chief producer. During the war, however, 
foreign competition was removed and domestic production expanded 
in volume and variety. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $704,496. These figures include 
certain articles in addition to scientific instruments, such as chemical 
ware and exclude scientific instruments not admitted free; hence they 
can not properly be used in comparison with production and export 
figures. Of the imports in 1914, 80 per cent came from Germany; the 
remainder mainly from England and France. In 1918 about 84 per 
cent of the imports came from England, Japan, and Canada. In 
1914 imports of vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts 
of, composed of platinum, for chemical uses were valued at $82,000; 
total imports of platinum and manufactures of platinum, including a 
small quantity of ore, were valued at $3,982,708. Later imports have 
been as follows (calendar years) : 



Platinum vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, 
and parts of, for chemical use: 

Quantity (ounces, Troy) 

Value 

Philosophical and scientific apparatus, etc., all other, 
value 



1918 



$2, 750 
$51,972 



1919 



22 

$2,672 

$71,453 



1920 



781 
$78,697 



$151,334 



1921 
(9 months). 



$6, 718 
$142, 314 



480 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports of scientific instruments, other than those used for medical, 
surgical, and optical purposes, in 1914, amounted to $689,366, more 
than one-half of which went to Canada; the remainder was widely 
distributed. In 1918 the exports were destined mainly to Canada, 
England, France, Kussia, Chile, Japan, and Spain. 

Exports of manufactures of platinum in 1914 were valued at 
$71,172, about 75 per cent of which went to Canada, and nearly all 
the rest to Germany. Exports of scientific instruments for recent 
calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, $2,921,474; 1919, 
$3,550,261 ;1920, $3,995,484; 1921 (9 months), $2,266,598. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph makes duti- 
able philosophical or scientific instruments for institutions. Labo- 
ratory instruments, apparatus, and appliances (including drawing, 
surveying, and mathematical instruments), and parts thereof, com- 
posed of metal, finished or unfinished, and not plated with gold, 
silver, or platinum, have been added. The proviso is new. 

Conflicting provisions. — Surveying instruments are mentioned in 
both paragraphs 228 and 360; parts of surveying instruments are 
provided for only in paragraph 360. 

Suggested changes. — " Surveying " might be stricken out of para- 
graph 360. This might, however, restrict the specific provision for 
surveying instruments to those that are optical. If it should be 
desired to have all surveying instruments wholly or in chief value 
of metal specially provided for, the word " surveying" should be 
taken out of paragraph 228 and left in paragraph 360. 

"The name of" should be inserted just before " the country of 
origin." 

Under the wording of this paragraph, philosophical, scientific and 
laboratory instruments, etc., wholly or in chief value of gold, silver, 
or platinum, would be included although such instruments, etc., 
plated with precious metals are excluded. If it should be desired 
to make the exclusion complete, insertion of the word "base" before 
11 metal" in line 21, page 64, would accomplish the purpose. 

Page 65, line 1 : Strike out the hyphen between die and sunk to 
agree with paragraphs 354 and 361. 



PARAGRAPH 361. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 361. Pliers, pincers, and nippers 
of all kinds, finished or unfinished, four 
inches in length and under, 8 cents each ; 
over four and not over six inches in length, 
10 cents each; over six inches in length, 
"12 cents each; and in addition thereto on 
all of the foregoing 25 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That all articles speci- 
fied in this paragraph, when imported, 
shall have the name of the maker and 
beneath the same the name of the country 
of origin die sunk conspicuously and in- 
delibly on the outside of the joint. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



481 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 198. Nippers and pliers of all 
kinds (except blacksmiths' tongs, surgical 
and dental instruments or parts thereof), 
wholly or partly manufactured, eight 
cents per pound and forty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 166. Nippers and pliers of all 
kinds wholly or partly manufactured, 30 
per centum ad valorem. 



NIPPERS AND PLIERS. 



(See Survey C-9.) 



Description and 'Mses.— Nippers and pliers are tools ordinarily 
having two lever handles and two jaws working on a pivot, for grasp- 
ing or cutting small objects. Pliers have numerous forms and sizes 
for many purposes. Two of the most important uses are in bending 
and cutting wire and in screwing or unscrewing gas burners or gas 
pipes. They are much employed by linemen, electricians, plumbers, 
mechanics, farmers, and in the household. Weavers' nippers are 
composed of two narrow strips of steel welded together at one end 
and having sharp cutting jaws on the other, and are used by weavers 
while the cloth is in the loom or to clear the cloth of loose ends after 
it comes from the loom. Nippers differ from pliers generally in 
having cutting jaws approximating semicircles in form and meeting 
only at the ends. A pincer differs but little in form from a nipper, 
but is commonly distinguished from it in trade. A pincer is designed 
only for grasping and not for cutting, as, for example, carpenters' 
pincers and farriers' pincers. Pincers and nippers are less exten- 
sively used than pliers. 

Production. — There are, according to nonofficial report, 32 firms 
manufacturing pliers and 16 firms making pincers, but no official 
figures of output are available. The value of domestic production 
has been estimated at from $2,000,000 to $$,000,000 for 1914, and 
$8,000,000 to $10,000,000 for 1918. 

Imports in 1914 of nippers and pliers of all kinds amounted to 
$144,818. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 




Number. 

166,"io3" 


$10,065 

40, 302 

194,445 

226, 457 


$3, 019 
12,091 
58, 333 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


30 
30 











Exports. — Export statistics are lacking, but all classes of nippers, 
pliers, and pincers have been exported in recent years. It is estimated 
that 2\ per cent of domestic production is exported. 

Important changes in classification. — Pincers are added. Pliers, 
pincers, and nippers are divided into three groups, according to 
length. The proviso is new. 



82304—22- 



-31 



482 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 362. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 362. Files, file blanks, rasps, and 
floats of all cuts and kinds, two and one- 
half inches in length and under, 25 cents 
per dozen; over two and one-half and not 
over four and one-half inches in length. 
47^ cents per dozen; over four and one- 
half and under seven inches in length, 
62£ cents per dozen; seven inches in 
length and over, 77 '\ cents per dozen. 

^ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 155. Files, file-blanks, rasps, and Par. 131. Files, file blanks, rasp3, and 
floats, of all cuts and kinds, two and one- floats, of all cuts and kinds, 25 per centum 
half inches in length and under, twenty- ad valorem, 
five cents per dozen; over two and one- 
half inches in length and not over four and 
one-half inches, forty-seven and one-half 
cents per dozen; over four and one-half 
inches in length and under seven inches, 
sixty- two and one-half cents per dozen; 
seven inches in length and over, seventy- 
seven and one-half cents per dozen. 

FILES, FILE BLANKS, RASPS, AND FLOATS. 

(See Survey C-13.) 

Description and uses. — Files are made in varying sizes. Those with 
raised points, instead of lines, are technically known as rasps, and 
are used by carpenters, horseshoers, and shoemakers. 

Files grade according to fineness. The "cuts" in general use for 
12-inch files are classified as follows: First, or coarsest, rough; 
second, middle; third, bastard; fourth, second cut; fifth, smooth; the 
finest, dead smooth. Files are used for abrading, reducing, or 
smoothing metal, ivory, wood, marble, or other resistant materials. 

Floats are single cut files of the coarse grades for use on soft 
metals, wood, or ivory. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 48 establishments manufacturing 
files, with 4,349 wage earners, a capital of $11,327,000, wages of 
$2,135,000, cost of materials $1,595,000, and value of product 
$5,608,000. In 1909 there were 57 establishments and the value of 
product $5,691,000. In 1919 there were 50 establishments and the 
value of product $17,617,000. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and 
New Jersey are among the leading producing States. 

Imports. — Imports have been small compared with domestic 
production and exports. The greatest from 1907 to 1920 were in 
1914, when imports amounted to $101,949, which was 1.82 per cent 
of domestic production. Most of the files entered at New York 
during the six months from July to December, 1919, came from 
Switzerland, which country is admittedly the source of files of high 
quality. Sweden and, more recently, Germany, are also important 
sources of imports. Later imports of files, file blanks, rasps, and 
floats of all cuts and kinds have been as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



483 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 k 


Dozen. 
31,713 
33, 129 
83, 197 
83, 396 


$41,384 
49, 855 

100, 471 
96, 278 


$10, 346 
12, 464 
25,118 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 . 


25 


1920 . . 


25 


1921 (9 months) . . . 











Exports for many years have been large. Official statistics are not 
available prior to the fiscal year 1918, when exports of files and 
rasps were valued at $3,681,457, of which $1,653,933 went to Europe. 
The five leading countries of destination were: Italy, British India, 
Australia, England, and Russia in Europe. Exports of files and 
rasps for recent calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, 
$3,285,385; 1919, $5,181,792; 1920, $5,550,619: 1921 (9 months), 
$2,155,940. The principal countries of destination were, in 1919, 
British India, Australia, United Kingdom, Brazil; in 1920, Brazil, 
United Kingdom, Denmark, British India. 

Important changes in classification. — H. R. 7456 divides files into 
four groups. 



PARAGRAPH 363. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 363. Sword blades, and swords 
and side arms, irrespective of quality or 
use, wholly or in part of metal, 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 153. Sword blades, and swords Par. 129. Sword blades, and swords 

and side arms irrespective of quality or and side arms, irrespective of quality or 

use, in part of metal, fifty per centum ad use, in part«of metal, 30 per centum ad 

valorem. valorem. 

SWORDS AND SWORD BLADES. 

(See Survey C-13.) 

Description and uses. — The term swords, sword blades, and side 
arms includes bayonets, daggers, foils and foil blades for fencing, 
and other small arms, but not revolvers and parts thereof, which 
are specifically enumerated in the provision in paragraph 366 for 
" pistols, whether automatic, magazine or revolving, or parts thereof 
and fittings therefor. " 

Production. — Figures for production are not available. The most 
essential of these articles is the bayonet. 

Imports have been continuous, but small — in 1914 (fiscal year) 
valued at $15,212. Later imports have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valorem 
rate. 


1918. . . 




Number. 


$2, 737 

969 

8,084 

20, 543 


$821 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


460 
6,641 
39, 026 


289 I 30 
2,425 30 




! 



Exports. — Not recorded. During the war there were large exports 
of bayonets to Europe. 



484 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 364. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 364. Muzzle-loading muskets, 
shotguns, rifles, and parts thereof, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 156. Muskets, muzzle-loading Par. 132. Muskets, * * * muzzle- 
shotguns, rifles, and parts thereof, twenty- loading shotguns and rifles, and parts 
five per centum ad valorem. thereof, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

MUZZLE-LOADING GUNS AND RIFLES. 

(See Survey C-14.) 

Description, uses, and production. — The musket, muzzle-loading 
shotgun, and muzzle-loading rifle are old forms of firearms whose 
domestic manufacture has been practically discontinued. 

Imports. — Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


$821 

1,214 

12,670 

3,691 


$123 

182 

1,900 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 . 


15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months) 

















Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Air rifles were included in the 
corresponding paragraph (132) of the act of 1913, and are classified 
with toys in paragraph 1414 of H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 365. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 365. Double or single barreled 
sporting breech-loading and repeating 
shotguns, rifles, and combination shot- 
guns and rifles, valued at not more than 
$5 each, $1.50 each; valued at more than 
$5 and not more than $10 each, $4 each; 
valued at more than $10 and not more 
than $25 each, $6 each; valued at more 
than $25 each, $10 each; and in addition 
thereto, on all of the foregoing, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; barrels for sporting 
breech-loading shotguns and rifles, further 
advanced in manufacture than roiigh 
bored only, $4 each; stocks for sporting 
breech-loading shotguns and rifles, wholly 
or partly manufactured, $5 each; and in 
addition thereto, on all of the foregoing, 
40 per centum ad valorem; on all parts of 
such guns or rifles, and fittings for such 
stocks or barrels, finished or unfinished, 
45 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That all sporting breech-loading shotguns 
and rifles imported without a lock or locks 
or other fittings shall be subject to a duty 
of $10 each and 40 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



485 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 157. Double-barreled, sporting, 
breech-loading shotguns, combination 
shotguns and rifles, valued at not more 
than five dollars, one dollar and fifty 
cents each and in addition thereto 
fifteen per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than five dollars and not more then 
ten dollars, four dollars each and in 
addition thereto fifteen per centum 
ad valorem each; valued at more than 
ten dollars, six dollars each; double 
barrels for sporting breech-loading shot- 
guns and rifles, further advanced in 
manufacture than rough bored only, 
three dollars each; stocks for double- 
barreled sporting breech-loading shot- 
guns and rifles wholly or partially manu- 
factured, three dollars each; and in addi- 
tion thereto on all such guns and rifles, 
valued at more than ten dollars each, and 
on such stocks and barrels, thirty-five per 
centum ad A^alorem; on all other parts of 
such guns or rifles, and fittings for such 
stocks or barrels, finished or unfinished, 
fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That all double-barreled sporting breech- 
loading shotguns and rifles imported 
without a lock or locks or other fittings 
shall be subject to a duty of six dollars 
each and thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem; single-barreled breech-loading 
shotguns, or parts thereof, except as 
otherwise specially provided for in this 
section, one dollar each and thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem; * * * 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 133. Breech-loading shotguns 
and rifles, combination shotguns and 
rifles, and parts thereof and fittings 
therefor, including barrels further ad- 
vanced than rough bored only; * * * 
35 per centum ad valorem. 



BREECH-LOADING SHOTGUNS AND RIFLES. 

(See Survey C-14.) 

Description and use. — Commercial firearms may be divided broadly 
into three classes — rifles, shotguns, and pistols. Rifles fire a single 
bullet and may be equipped with a magazine carrying a number of 
cartridges, which are fed into the firing chamber by the return motion 
of the breech mechanism after the exploded cartridge case is ejected. 
Their distinguishing feature is the spiral grooving of the barrel. 

Shotguns fire a charge of several small shot. They may be single- 
barreled, double-barreled, or magazine repeating, and are used almost 
entirely for sporting purposes. 

Production of shotguns, rifles, pistols, and parts thereof, in 1914 
amounted to $10,544,000, and is known to have increased enormously 
during the war. Exports alone in 1918 were valued at nearly five 
times the entire domestic output in 1914. The value of firearms pro- 
duced doubled in the 15 years previous to 1914 and increased 25 per 
cent in the 10 years prior to 1914. At the beginning of the war 
practically all production of commercial firearms was stopped, and 
during its progress the supply became exhausted. Practically the 
entire industry is located in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New 
York. 



486 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports. — Imports in general have decreased since 1902, at which 
time they reached a maximum. Since 1917 they have been as fol- 
lows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



DOUBLE-BARRELED AND COMBINATION SHOTGUNS AND RIFLES. 



1918 

1919 

1920.... 

1921 (9 months) . 



Number. 






22 


$1,619 


$567 


184 


9,195 


3,218 


2,423 


53, 607 


18, 762 


1,021 


58, 376 







Per cent. 
35 
35 
35 



SINGLE BARRELED, ETC. 


1918 


18 

244 

7,678 

2,179 


$228 *8ft 


35 


1919 


5,907 
68, 535 
39, 719 


2,067 
23, 987 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 










ALL OTHER PARTS OF GUNS, PISTOLS, OR RIFLES, AND FITTINGS FOR STOCKS, ETC 


1918 




$10, 931 
1,969 
6,041 
9,884 


$3, 826 

689 

2,114 


35 


1919 




35 


1920 




35 


1921 (9 months) 














BARRELS FOR SPORTING BREECH-LOADING SHOTGUNS AND RIFLES, FURTHER 
ADVANCED IN MANUFACTURE THAN ROUGH-BORED ONLY. 


1919 


72 $601 

3 | 253 

4 1 9 


$210 
89 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 










STOCKS FOR SPORTING BREECH-LOADING SHOTGUNS AND RIFLES, WHOLLY OR 

PARTLY MANUFACTURED. 


1920 


125 $91 

48 ! 30 


i 
$32 1 35 


1921 (9 months) ... 













Exports. — Exports during the four years previous to the war 
amounted to between three and four million dollars annually, of 
which approximately one-half went to Latin American countries. 
In the fiscal year 1914, the exports amounted to over 30 per cent of 
the production. Exports of rifles and shotguns for the fiscal year 
1918 amounted to $37,299,450, and those of all other firearms were 
valued at $11,541,913. Statistics for the calendar years 1918 to 
1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Rifles and shotguns .... 


$21, 014, 509 
8,635,963 


$13,414,932 
419,221 


$3,456,431 
711,697 


$980,639 


All other firearms 


321,098 







The principal countries of destination of rifles and shotguns were, 
in 1918, England, Russia in Asia, France; in 1919, Russia in Asia, 
Russia in Europe, Belgium, Canada; in 1920, Canada, Australia, 
Argentina, and Brazil. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



487 



Important changes in classification. — Shotguns, rifles, and combina- 
tion shotguns and rifles are divided into four classes according to 
value, with specific duties for each class and an additional ad valorem 
duty on all classes. 

Repeating shotguns and stocks for shotguns and rifles are mentioned 
in H. R. 7456, and pistols, which are in the same paragraph with shot- 
guns and rifles in the act of 1913, are provided for in paragraph 366 
of H. R. 7456. The. provision for repeating shotguns is new. 

Suggested changes. — Provision is made for shotguns and repeating 
rifles and combination shotguns and rifles, and for barrels for sporting 
breech-loading shotguns and rifles, but none for barrels for repeating 
shotguns, etc. Nor is provision made for shotguns, rifles, and com- 
bination shotguns and rifles that are not sporting. If it should be 
desired to have the paragraph apply as well to arms of those descrip- 
tions, the word " sporting " should be omitted from page 66 of H. R. 
7456, lines 1, 8, 10, and 15. 

There is doubt whether "repeating" embraces more than shotguns. 



PARAGRAPH 366. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 366. Pistols: Automatic, magazine, 
or revolving, and parts thereof and fittings 
therefor, valued at not more than $4 each, 
$1.25 each; valued at more than $4 and 
not more than $8 each, $2.50 each ; valued 
at more than $8 each, $3.50 each; and in 
addition thereto, on all of the foregoing, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 157. * * * pistols, automatic, 
magazine, or revolving, or parts thereof, 
seventy-five cents each and twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 133. * * * pistols, whether 
automatic, magazine, or revolving, or 
parts thereof and fittings therefor, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 



PISTOLS. 

(See Survey C-14.) 

Description and uses. — Pistols fire a single bullet and are rifled. 
They may be single shot (used chiefly for target practice) , revolving 
(called revolvers), or automatic, in which the used shell is ejected, a 
new cartridge inserted from the magazine, and the arm cocked auto- 
matically by the action of the recoil. 

Production. — There are no separate figures of production of pistols. 

Imports of pistols and parts thereof for the calendar years 1918 to 
1921, have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Number. 

21 

2,270 

36, 597 

127, 703 


$165 

13,421 

169, 217 

452, 302 


$58 

4,697 

59,226 


Per cent. 
35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 











488 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

In 1921, Spain supplied the bulk of the imports and smaller quan- 
tities came from Germany and Belgium. 

Exports of revolvers and pistols for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 
have been as follows: 1918, $592,078; 1919, $512,145; 1920, $1,337,- 
400; 1921 (9 months), $446,059. The principal countries of destina- 
tion were, in 1918, Italy, England, Canada; in 1919, Canada, United 
Kingdom, Argentina, Brazil, Japan; in 1920, Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, 
Uruguay, and Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 pistols were 
included with shotguns and rifles at the same rate of duty. They are 
divided into three classes according to value, with a specific rate of 
duty for each class and an additional ad valorem duty. 



PARAGRAPH 367. 
H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 367. Watch movements, whether 
imported in cases or otherwise, assembled 
or knocked down for reassembling, if hav- 
ing less than seven jewels, 75 cents each; 
having seven and not more than eleven 
jewels, $1.25 each; having more than 
eleven and not more than fifteen jewels, 
$2 each; having more than fifteen and not 
more than seventeen jewels, unadjusted, 
$2.75 each; having seventeen jewels and 
adjusted to temperature, $3.50 each; hav- 
ing seventeen jewels and adjusted to 
three positions, $4.75 each; having seven- 
teen jewels and adjusted to five positions, 
$6.50 each; having more than seventeen 
jewels, adjusted or unadjusted, $10.75 
each; watchcases and parts of watches, 
chronometers, box or ship, and parts 
thereof, 35 per centum ad valorem: all 
jewels for use in the manufacture of 
watches, clocks, meters, or compasses, 10 
per centum ad valorem; enameled dials 
for watches or other instruments, 3 cents 
per dial and 35 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That all watch and clock dials, 
whether attached to movements or not, 
when imported shall have indelibly- 
painted or printed thereon the name of 
the country of origin, and that all watch 
movements and plates, lever clock move- 
ments with jewels in the escapement, 
assembled or knocked down for reassem- 
bling, and cases shall have the name of 
the manufacturer and the country of 
manufacture cut, engraved, or die-sunk 
conspicuously and indelibly on the plate 
of the movement and the inside of the 
case, respectively, and the movement and 
plates shall also have marked thereon by 
one of the methods indicated the number 
of jewels and adjustments, said numbers 
to be expressed both in words and in 
Arabic numerals, and if the movement is 
not adjusted, the word "unadjusted" 
shall be marked thereon by one of the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



489 



H. R. 7456 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



methods indicated, and none of the afore- 
said articles shall be delivered to the im- 
porter unless marked in exact conformity 
to this direction: Provided further, That 
only the number of the jewels which serve 
a mechanical purpose as frictional bear- 
ings shall be marked as herein provided. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 192. Watch movements, includ- 
ing time-detectors, whether imported in 
cases or not, if having not more than 
seven jewels, seventy cents each; if 
having more than seven jewels and not 
more than eleven jewels, one dollar and 
thirty-five cents each; if having more 
than eleven jewels and not more than 
fifteen jewels, one dollar and eighty-five 
cents each: if having more than fifteen 
and not more than seventeen jewels, one 
dollar and twenty-five cents each and 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem; if 
having more than seventeen jewels, three 
dollars each and twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem; watch cases and parts of 
watches, chronometers, box or ship, and 
parts thereof, forty per centum ad val- 
orum; * * * all jewels for use in the 
manufacture of watches or clocks, ten per 
centum ad valorem; enameled dials for 
watches or other instruments, three cents 
per dial and forty per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That all watch and clock dials, 
whether attached to movements or not, 
shall have indelibly painted or printed 
thereon the country of origin, and that all 
watch movements, lever clock move- 
ments with jewels in the escapement, and 
cases of foreign manufacture shall have 
the name of the manufacturer and coun- 
try of manufacture cut, engraved, or die- 
sunk conspicuously and indelibly on the 
plate of the movement and the inside of 
the case, respectively, and the move- 
ments shall also have marked thereon by 
one of the methods indicated the number 
of jewels and adjustments, said number 
to be expressed both in words and in 
Arabic numerals; and none of the afore- 
said articles shall be delivered to the im- 
porter unless marked in exact conformity 
to this direction. 



Par. 161. Watch movements, whether 
imported in cases or not, watch cases and 
parts of watches, chronometers, box or 
ship, and parts thereof * * * all 
jewels for use in the manufacture of 
watches, clocks, or meters, 10 per centum 
ad valorem; * * * enameled dials 
and dial plates for watches or other in- 
struments, 30 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That all watch and clock dials, 
whether attached to movements or not, 
shall have indelibly painted or printed 
thereon the name of the country of origin, 
and that all watch movements, and plates, 
lever clock movements with jewels in the 
escapement, whether imported assem- 
bled or knocked down for reassembling, 
and cases of foreign manufacture, shall 
have the name of the manufacturer and 
country of manufacture cut, engraved, or 
die -sunk conspicuously and indelibly on 
the plate of the movement and the inside 
of the case, respectively, and the move- 
ments and plates shall also have marked 
thereon by one of the methods indicated 
the number of jewels and adjustments, 
said numbers to be expressed either in 
words or in Arabic numerals; and if the 
movement is not adjusted, the word 
"unadjusted" shall be marked thereon 
by one of the methods indicated; and 
none of the aforesaid articles shall be 
delivered to the importer unless marked 
in exact conformity to this direction. 



WATCHES, CHRONOMETERS, DIALS, AND PARTS. 

(See Survey C-26.) 



WATCHES AND CHRONOMETERS. 



Description and uses.- — The chronometer, a timepiece of great 
accuracy, is used on ships or wherever precise measurements of time 
are required. It differs from the watch in its escapement, which is so 
constructed that the balance is free from the wheels during the 



490 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



greater part of its vibration; and also in being fitted with a compensat- 
ing adjustment to prevent expansion by heat or contraction by cold 
from affecting the movements. Its balance spring is helicoidal; 
that of the watch is spiral. 

The watch is a small portable timepiece or timekeeper that may be 
worn on the person. It is operated by power stored in a coiled spring, 
and is capable of keeping time when held in any position. 

Modern watch movements require the use of gold, nickel, brass, 
steel, and jewels of sapphire, ruby, and garnet. Watch cases are made 
of gold, silver, nickel, brass, and gun metal, and of various alloys 
known under trade names as silveroid, nickel silver, and the like. 

Production. — The principal watch-producing centers are in Massa- 
chusetts and Illinois; most of the clocks are manufactured in Con- 
necticut and New York. In 1914 there were 119 establishments, em- 
ploying 23,328 wage earners, manufacturing watches and clocks and 
their parts. The capital invested was $62,470,000, and the value of 
the product $35,237,431, of which $23,267,620 represented the value 
of watches and parts. Of the 119 establishments, 15 were engaged 
primarily in the manufacture of watches with a total capital invested 
of $36,388,700, 31 establishments were engaged in the manufacture of 
watch cases with a total capital invested of $11,220,024, and 25 estab- 
lishments were engaged in the manufacture of parts of watches and 
clocks with a total capital invested of $1,296,290. The consumption 
of watches in 1914 was approximately $1,200,000 more in value than 
the domestic production. 

Imports of watches and parts of watches for 1911-1915 averaged 
$2,729,898 annually. The largest importation of chronometers 
since 1907 was in 1914, amounting to $11,109, and the smallest in 
1907, valued at $1,738. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


WATCHES, COMPLETE. 


1918 


Number. 


1 

$3,532,570 | $1,059,771 
3,195,335 | 958,608 
3,284,498 985 34fl 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


1,084,123 

1, 252, 325 
847,075 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 


1, 758, 500 












Vv r ATCH MOVEMENTS. 


1918 




$4, 191, 237 
6. 505. 267 


$1,257,371 
1,951,580 
2,344,033 


30 


1919 


2, 316, 262 


30 


1920 


2,100,131 | 7,813,445 
821,007 1 3,220,200 

1 


30 


1921 (9 months) .. 










WATCH CASES AND PARTS OF WATCHES, EXCEPT DIALS. 


1918 




$1,191,743 

1,180,301 
1,308,989 
1,088,781 


$357,523 
354, 108 
392, 697 


30 


1919 




30 


1920 . .. 




30 


1921 (9 months) 















SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



491 



Calendar vear. 



Quantity. Value. 

i 



Datv. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 





CHRONOMETERS, BOX OR SFUP, \ND 


PARTS OF 






1918 




Number. 


$G, 5 tO 

13, ()07 

20, fi27 

9,276 


$1,954 
4,082 
<}, 188 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 




30 


1920 . 




30 


192f (9 months) 















CHRONOMETERS, ETC 



FOR THE SUPPLIES, CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, AND RE- 
PAIRS OF VESSELS. 



1918 1 $21,974 

1919 j I 56, 151 

1920 | 46, 932 

1921 (9 months) i | 23, 759 



Foreign watches come chiefly from Switzerland. 

Exports. — From 5 to 7 per cent of American-made watches is 
exported, chiefly to the United Kingdom and Canada. Exports 
increased a little -In 1919 and 1920, but fell off in 1921. 

Exports since 1917 of watches and parts thereof have been by 
calendar years as follows: 1918, $1,804,388; 1919, $2,273,045; 1920, 
$2,145,463; 1921 (9 months), $659,999. The principal countries of 
destination were: In 1918, Canada, England, Australia; in 1919, 
Canada, United Kingdom, Argentina, China, Australia; in 1920, 
Canada, United Kingdom, Cuba, Argentina, and Australia. 



JEWELS. 



Description. — Jewels used in the manufacture of watches, clocks, 
and meters include various kinds of stones — agate, garnet, sapphire, 
diamond, ruby, and also the synthetic or^manufactured ruby and 
sapphire. 

Production. — Scarcely any jewels are produced in the United 
States, chiefly because of the lack of skilled workers and experience 
in jewel manufacture. Fully 95 per cent of the consumption of 
watch and clock jewels is imported, principally from Switzerland, 
Germany, and Italy. 

Imports are from England and France in addition to the countries 
mentioned. The annual average for the 12-year period 1907-1918, was 
$707,932. Imports in later years of jewels for use in the manu- 
facture of watches, clocks, meters, or compasses have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918.. . 


$943,077 
1,341,473 
1,853,115 
1, 217, 772 


$94,308 
134, 147 
185,311 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 ... 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — None recorded, 



492 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



DIALS. 



Description and uses. — A dial is the plate or face on which the 
pointer or index moves for the purpose of indicating time, revolutions, 
pressure, points of the compass, etc. 

Production. — Most domestic dials are produced in Waltham, Mass. 

Imports. — Between 70 and 95 per cent of the annual imports come 
from Switzerland. 

Imports since 1917 of enameled dials for watches or other instru- 
ments have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


Number. 


$7, 286 
14, 035 
18,487 
44,559 


$2,186 
4,211 
5,546 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


38, 108 
52, 784 
139, 594 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — -None recorded. 



WATCH CRYSTALS. 

[For discussion see par. 238, p. 



356.] 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456, watch move- 
ments, whether imported in cases or otherwise, assembled or knocked 
down for reassembling, have been divided into eight classes, according 
to the number of jewels and adjustment of each movement, with 
specific rate of duty on each class and an additional ad valorem rate 
of duty; watchcases and parts of watches, chronometers, box or 
ship, and parts thereof, are classed together. 

Lever clock movements, etc., which were classed with the above 
articles in the act of 1913, have been provided for in paragraph 368 
of H. R. 7456. 

Time detectors have been omitted from paragraph 367 of H. R. 
7456, but might be said to be covered by paragraph 368. 

Jewels for compasses are specifically mentioned in H. II . 7456 
(par. 367). 

H. R. 7456 has an additional provision that only the number of 
jewels which serve a mechanical purpose as frictional bearings shall 
be marked. 

Conflicting provisions. — Paragraphs 367 and 368: The provisos to 
these two paragraphs contain in part similar provisions, but differing 
in some requirements. 

Suggested changes. — This paragraph includes in the first proviso 
" lever clock movements with jewels in the escapement, assembled or 
knocked down for reassembling," but omits them from the purview 
of the paragraph. Paragraph 368 relates to clock movements. 

Page 67, lines 4-8 of page 67 of H. R. 7456: There is apparently 
no provision for 16 jewels adjusted. If it is intended to include them 
witn the 17 jewels, ' 'having seventeen jewels and" might be stricken 
out in lines 6, 7, and 8. 

"For reassembling" requires determination of use, which is difficult 
"assembled or knocked down" appears sufficient for the purpose 
in view. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



493 



PARAGRAPH 368. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS, 



Par. 368. Clocks and clock move- 
ments, and clockwork mechanisms, cased 
or uncased, whether imported complete 
or in parts, and any device or mechanism 
having an essential operating feature in- 
tended for measuring time, or the flowage 
of water, gas, electricity, or similar uses, 
or for regulating or controlling the speed 
of arbors, drums, disks, or similar uses, or 
for recording, indicating, or performing 
any operation or function at a predeter- 
mined time or times, any of the foregoing 
whether wholly or partly complete or 
knocked down for reassembling (in which 
condition they shall be appraised at the 
valuation of the complete article) ; cases 
and casings for clockwork mechanisms im- 
ported separately ; all the foregoing, 35 
per centum ad valorem; and in addition 
thereto, upon any of the foregoing articles 
or parts thereof, having jewels, but not 
more than two j ewels, in the escapement, $1 
each ; having more than two but not more 
than four jewels, S2 each; having more 
than four jewels, $4 each;' if without jew- 
els in the escapement and valued at not 
over $1.10 each. 35 cents each; valued at 
more than $1.10 and not more than $2.25 
each, 70 cents each; valued at more than 
$2.25 but not more than $5 each, $1 each; 
valued at more than $5 but not more than 
$10 each, $2 each; valued at more than 
$10 each, $3 each; all parts and materials 
for use in any of the foregoing if imported 
separately, and not specially provided for, 
40 per centum ad valorem : Provided, That 
all dials and the front or back plate of the 
movement frame of any of the foregoing 
when imported shall have the name of the 
maker, the country where manufactured, 
and the number of jewels, if any, indeli- 
bly stamped on the most visible part of 
same; but if such markings are in whole 
or in part sufficiently similar to the trade 
name of an established American manu- 
facturer as to be liable to deceive the user 
in the United States, entry thereof shall 
be denied if such trade name or trade- 
mark has been placed on file with the col- 
lector of customs. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 192. * * * lever clock move- 
ments having jewels in the escapement, 
and clocks containing such movements, 
one dollar each and forty per centum ad 
valorem; all other clocks and parts there- 
of, not otherwise provided for in this sec- 
tion, whether separately packed or other- 
wise, not composed wholly or in chief 
value of china, porcelain, paiian, bisque, 
or earthenware, forty per centum ad va- 



Par. 161. * * * lever clock move- 
ments having jewels in the escapement, 
and clocks containing such movements, 
all other clocks and parts thereof, not 
otherwise provided for in this section, 
whether separately packed or otherwise, 
not composed wholly or in chief value of 
china, porcelain, paiian, bisque, or 
earthenware, 30 per centum ad valorem; 
* * * time detectors, 15 per centum 



494 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

lorem; * * * enameled dials for ad valorem; enameled dials and dial 
watches or other instruments, three cents plates for watches or other instruments, 
per dial and forty per centum ad valorem: 30 per centum ad valorem: * * *. 

[See proviso to par. 367, H. R. 7456.] [See proviso to par. 367, H. R. 7456.] 

CLOCKS. 

(See Survey C-26.) 

Description and use. — Modern clock movements require the use of 
gold, nickel, brass, steel, and jewels of sapphire, ruby, and garnet. 
Clock cases are made of wood, metal, china, porcelain, pari an, bisque, 
marble, earthenware, stoneware, and crockery ware. 

Production. — Most of the clocks are manufactured in Connecticut and 
New York. In 1914 there were 48 establishments engaged in the man- 
ufacture of clocks, with a total capital invested of $13,564,482, and 25 
establishments engaged in the manufacture of parts of watches and 
clocks, with a total capital invested of $1,296,290. The production 
of clocks and parts for 1914 amounted to $11,969,811. The produc- 
tion of clocks exceeded the consumption by about $600,000. In 1919 
there were 46 establishments with a total output valued at $23,380,000. 

Imports. — Before the war clocks were received chiefly from Ger- 
many, and since the war mainly from France, Switzerland,, and the 
United Kingdom. The importation of clocks and parts of clocks 
during the five year period 1911 to 1915 shows an annual average of 
$794,389; of this amount clocks and parts received from Germany 
averaged $586,407, or 73 per cent. After 1915 the imports decreased 
rapidly until the fiscal year 1918. The imports from Germany in 1918 
were valued at only $12. However, by 1920 the imports from that 
country increased to $115,023. Statistics for the years 1918 to 1921 
follow : 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



LEVER CLOCK MOVEMENTS HAVING JEWELS IN THE ESCAPEMENT, AND CLOCKS 
CONTAINING SUCH MOVEMENTS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Number. 

602 

81 

1,520 

2,691 



Per cent. 




ALL OTHER CLOCKS AND CLOCK MOVEMENTS, ETC., AND PARTS OF (EXCEPT DIALS). 


1918 




$48, 223 
140, 537 
500,831 
739, 886 


$14, 467 
42, 161 
150, 249 


30 


1919. . 




30 


1920 




30 


1921 (9 months) 















SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



495 



Ex-ports. — A large percentage of the exports of clocks and parts of 
clocks has gone to the United Kingdom and Canada. The exports 
from 1910 to 1915 averaged about $1,500,000, and from 1916 to 1918 
about $2,500,000. Exports since 1917 have been bv calendar years 
as follows: 1918, $2,147,980; 1919, $3,920,514; 1920, $4,897,972; 
and 1921 (9 months), $2,136,505. 

Exports of gas and water meters were: 1918, $473,001; 1919, 
$763,691; 1920, $705,037; 1921 (9 months), $629,269; and of elec- 
trical meters and measuring instruments, 1918, $1,887,925; 1919, 
$2,891,307; 1920, $2,676,538; 1921 (9 months), $2,347,921. 

The principal countries of destination for clocks and parts of clocks 
were Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Argentina. Elec- 
trical meters and measuring instruments went principally to Japan, 
Canada, the United Kingdom, Brazil, and Australia. 

Important changes in classification , etc. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

TIME DETECTORS. 

Description and use. — A time detector is a watch or clock used for 
obtaining time records of watchmen's rounds. 

Production. — Time detectors are largely made by hand. The 
variety in styles and sizes, and the small number sold, preclude the 
use of automatic machinery in their manufacture. 

Imports. — During the nine months October 4, 1913, to June 30, 
1914, imports were valued at $27,476. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Number: 


$5,058 

527 

1,324 

35, 251 


$759 
79 
199 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


19 

151 

4,601 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Lever clock movements having 
jewels in the escapement, and clocks containing such movements, all 
other clocks and parts thereof, etc., are classified with watch move- 
ments, etc., in paragraph 161 of the act of 1913. Clocks and clock 
movements are given a separate paragraph in H. R. 7456, with the 
special mention of cases and casings for clockwork mechanisms, 
which were omitted in the act of 1913. The following clause is also 
inserted in this paragraph: "any device or mechanism having an 
essential operating feature intended for measuring time, or the flow- 
age of water, gas, electricity, or similar uses, or for regulating or con- 
trolling the speed of arbors, drums, disks, or similar uses, or for 
recording, indicating, or performing any operation or function at a 
predetermined time or times." 

Clock movements, which were all in one class in the act of 1913, 
have been divided into three groups according to the number of jewels 
in the movement; and of movements without jewels, into five groups 



496 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



according to value. Each, group or class has in addition to an ad 
valorem rate of duty, a specific rate of duty. 

The provision in the proviso "but if such markings are in whole 
or in part sufficiently similar to the trade name of an established 
American manufacturer as to be liable to deceive the user in the 
United States, entry thereof shall be denied if such trade name or 
trade-mark has been placed on file with the collector of customs" is 
new. 

Suggested changes. — The proviso states that " dials, etc., * * * 
when imported shall have the name of the maker, the country 
where manufactured, and the number of jewels, if any, indel- 
ibly stamped on the most visible part of same; * * V This 
clause might be as follows: " Provided, That all dials, whether 
attached to movements or not, when imported, shall have indelibly 
painted, printed, or stamped thereon the name of the country of 
origin, and the front or back plate of the movement frame of any of 
the foregoing, when imported, shall have the name of the maker, the 
name of the country where manufactured, and the number, of jewels, 
if any, indelibly stamped on the most visible part of same; but if 
such markings are in whole or in part sufficiently similar to the trade 
name of an established American manufacturer as to be liable to 
deceive the user in the United States, entry thereof shall be denied, 
if such trade name or trade-mark has been placed on file with the col- 
lector of customs." 

If the name of the maker and name of country of origin are to be 
marked upon clock cases, provision should also be made therefor. 

"For reassembling" requires determination of use, which is diffi- 
cult; "assembled or knocked down" appears sufficient for the pur- 
pose in view. 



PARAGRAPH 369. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 369. Automobiles, automobile 
bodies, automobile chassis, and parts of 
automobiles, not including tires, 25 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That if 
there be imported into the United States 
any of the foregoing articles manufactured 
in or exported from any country which 
imposes a duty greater than 25 per centum 
ad valorem upon similar articles exported 
from the United States, there shall be 
levied, paid, and collected upon such ar- 
ticles a duty equal to the duty imposed 
by such country upon such articles im- 
ported from the United States, but not 
to exceed in any case 50 per centum ad 
valorem. 



&CT OF 1909. 

Par. 141. Automobiles, * * * and 
finished parts of any of the foregoing, not 
including tires, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 119. Automobiles, valued at 
$2,000 or more, and automobile bodies. 45 
per centum ad valorem; automobiles 
valued at less than $2,000. 30 per centum 
ad valorem; automobile chassis, and fin- 
ished parts of automobiles, not including 
tires, 30 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



497 



AUTOMOBILES. 






(See Survey C-10.) 

Description and use. — Automobiles may be divided into two general 
classes — passenger and commercial. Unofficial reports gave registered 
motor vehicles in the United States (Dec. 1, 1921) as 10,000,000, of 
which 1,000,000 were trucks or commercial cars, and the remainder 
passenger cars. In 1921, 83 per cent of the cars in use in the world 
were in the United States. The license fees paid amounted to 
$102,034,000. The domestic gasoline production for 11 months of 

1918 is officially given as 3,278,568,498 gallons. 

Production. — The summary of the Census Bureau concerning the 
automobile industry for 1919 states that reports were received in 

1919 from 315 establishments with products valued at $2,387,- 
834,000, as compared with 300 establishments in 1914 with products 
to the amount of $503,230,000. Of the total value of products in 
1919, about 56 per cent, or $1,332,076,000, was reported by the 68 
establishments located in Michigan. The total number of automo- 
biles manufactured in 1919 was 1,683,938, valued at $1,555,129,000, 
as compared with 537,039 in 1914, valued at $465,058,000, an increase 
nearly three fold in number and more than that in value. In 
1919 the total number of automobiles included only 3,034 electric 
and 406 steam propelled machines, while in 1914 there were 4,669 
electric and 401 steam automobiles manufactured. The $533,068^000 
reported as the value of bodies and parts represents only such bodies 
and parts as were produced for sale by establishments engaged in the 
manufacture of complete automobiles, and does not include the value 
of bodies and parts made by establishments making no automobiles. 
Relative production figures are given in the following table: 



Type. 


1914 > 


1919 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


Passenger vehicles 


534,438 
24, 172 

5,429 


$413, 696, 000 
40,278,000 
11,084,000 


1, 553, 349 

120, 914 

9,675 


$1,318,038,000 


Business vehicles 


212, 204, 000 
14, 887, 000 






Total 


573,039 S465.058.000 


1,683,938 


$1,555,129,000 






503, 230, 000 


2,387,834,000 











Furthermore, in 1919, the manufacture ' of 5,012 automobiles and 
80 trailers to the value of $8,067,562, and in 1914, 4,258 automobiles 
valued at $6,296,558, were reported by establishments engaged 
primarily in other industries. 

Imports. — The imports of automobiles and parts reached a maximum 
in 1907; thereafter it declined until 1918. Since 1918 imports have 
increased rapidly, amounting in 1920 to over $2,000,000, which, 
nevertheless, is only about one-tenth of 1 per cent of the domestic 
production for that year. Before the war the principal sources of 

82304—22 32 



498 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



imports were France (which furnished about half), Great Britain, 
Germany, and Italy. Imports for later years have been as follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




AUTOMOBILES, VALUED AT LESS THAN $2,000. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Number. 

72 

97 

811 

222 



$21, 134 

32, 130 

659, 975 

233, 302 



Per cent. 
30 
30 
30 



AUTOMOBILES VALUED AT $2,000 OR OVER. 


1918 


3 

18 
93 
90 


$8, 175 

79,907 

297,428 

346, 392 


$3, 679 
35,958 
133, 843 


45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 










AUTOMOBILE BODIES. 


1918 


11 

1,004 

380 

9 


$2, 355 
52, 066 
81, 397 
15,545 


$1,060 
23,430 
36,629 


45 


1919. 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 










AUTOMOBILE CHASSIS. 


1918 


20 

37 

240 

176 


$35, 890 
113,983 
855,156 
579,952 


$10,767 

34, 195 

256,547 


30 


1919 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) . . 










PARTS OF AUTOMOBILES, NOT INCLUDING TIRES. 


1918. 




313,141 
115, 822 
238, 781 
152, 585 


$3,942 
34, 747 
71,607 


30 


1919 . 




3a 


1920 




30 


1921 (9 months) 













In 1920 Canada supplied about one-third of the imports: one- 
third came from England, and consisted almost entirely of parts. 
A considerable portion of the remainder was from France. 

The importations of automobile engines are small, being in 1919 
and 1921 as follows: 1919, 3 valued at $185; 1921 (9 months), 2 
valued at $1,232. 

Exports. — Exports for the year 1916, the last year before the United 
States entered the war, were $122,633,710, amounting to about 13 
per cent of the domestic production. In the fiscal year 1918 they 
had declined to $114,266,875, or about 9 per cent of the production. 
In the fiscal year 1920 exports had increased to $298,219,875, 
or 13 per cent of production. Parts of automobiles, other than 
engines and tires, exported in the calendar year 1920, show a value of 
$86,198,013, as compared with $6,624,232 in 1914. Export statistics 
for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



499 



Commercial automobiles : 

Quantity (number) , 

Value 

Passenger automobiles: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Commercial chassis: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Passenger chassis: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Automobile engines, gasoline: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Parts of automobiles (not including engines 
and tires) 



1918 



10,308 
$26,814,952 



$36,278,292 

0) 



V) 



30,813 
$4,188,675 

$33,607,050 



1919 



15,585 
$35,425,437 

67,145 
$73,700,527 



31,358 
$4,738,341 



$42,562,186 



1920 



17,686 
$27,588,544 

130,711 
$152,694,024 

11,450 
$19,187,2-37 

11,797 
$12,561,897 

30,581 
$5,031,856 



1921 
(9 months). 



3,. 541 
$5,033,362 

21,401 
$24,138,756 

2,404 
$3,681,261 



$2,239,856 

6,577 
$1,390,148 



$86,198,013 , $31,126,453 



1 Included in "automobiles, parts of," prior to 1920. 

The principal countries of destination in 1920 were, in order of 
magnitude, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zea- 
land, Cuba, Argentina, and Brazil. 

Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456, " automobiles, 
automobile bodies, automobile chassis, and parts of automobiles, 
not including tires/' are classed together. A new proviso is as follows : 
If there be imported into the United States any of the foregoing 
articles manufactured in or exported from any country which imposes 
a duty greater than 25 per centum ad valorem upon similar articles 
exported from the United States, there shall be levied, paid, and 
collected upon such articles a duty equal to the duty imposed by 
such country upon such articles imported from the United States, 
but not to exceed in any case 50 per centum ad valorem. 

The word " finished" in paragraph 119 of the act of 1913 is omitted 
before " parts of automobiles." v 

Suggested changes. — Page 70, lines 1 and 2, of H. R. 7456: Change 
"levied, paid, and collected," to "levied, collected, and paid" to 
agree with usual practice. 

If it shall be desired to have unfinished bodies and other parts of 
automobiles come within this paragraph instead of being classified 
according to component material of chief value, it is suggested that 
the words "all the foregoing, whether finished or unfinished," be 
inserted after the word "automobiles" in line 21, page 69. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 370. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 370. Airplanes, hydroplanes, 
motor boats, and parts thereof, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

[No corresponding provision; classable 
according to component material of chief 
value.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

[Xo corresponding provision; classable 
according to component material of chief 
value.] 



500 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



AIRPLANES. 

Production. — Statistics of the Bureau of the Census show that 
reports were received from 31 establishments engaged in the aircraft 
industry in 1919 with products valued at $14,372,643, as compared 
with 16 establishments in 1914 with products valued at $789,872. Of 
the 31 establishments reporting for the year 1919, 10 were located in 
New York, 4 in Ohio, 2 each in California, Massachusetts, and 
Missouri. 

Summary of statistics of the aircraft industry, 1919. 

Number of establishments 31 

Total value of products $14, 372, 643 

Airplanes: 

Number 432 

Value $3, 466, 452 

Seaplanes: 

Number 230 

Value $4, 580, 016 

Value of work done during year on airplanes and seaplanes not completed. $1, 658, 670 

All other products, including parts and repair work $4, 667, 505 

MOTOR BOATS. 

In 1919 there were built by private establishments 1,159 motor 
boats of 5 gross tons or less, valued at $1,797,000, as compared with 
3,706 boats, valued at $2,001,284 in 1914. The production of motor 
boats in 1919 was as follows: 



Number 
launch- 
ed. 



Gross 
tonnage. 



Value. 



Motor boats of over 5 gross tons, including sailing vessels equipped with 

auxiliary motor power 

Motor boats of less than 5 gross tons 



195 
1,159 



32, 400 



$4, 773, 000 
1, 797, 000 



Imports. — Imports of airplanes for the fiscal year 1918 were valued 
at $423,980. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 




Ad 
valorem 

rate. 



AIRPLANES. 



1918 


Number. 
3 
7 

78 
14 


$119,218 

18, 202 

178,028 

30, 495 


§23,844 

3,640 

35,606 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











PARTS OF AIRPLANES, METAL CHIEF VALUE. 



1918 




§437,897 
44,090 
140, 270 

17,467 


$87, 579 
8,818 
29, 254 


20 


1919 




20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 













SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



501 



Calendar-car. Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 
valorem- 
rate. 


PARTS OF AIRPLANES, METAL— FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT OF 

VESSELS. 


1918 


S20, 500 

5,062 


Per cent- 


1919 






1 


AIRPLANES AND PARTS OF, FOR THE UNITED STATES, x. e. s. 


1918 ' 


■$1,658,148 

'467,061 




1919 .! 








AIRPLANES AND PARTS OF. FOR DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS (C. R. ART. 377). 


1918 




830,966 














AIRPLANES AND PARTS OF, WOOD CHIEF VALUE. 


1918 




1 
$72,151 $10,823 15 
419,481 62,922 15 

61,567 i 9,235 15 

17,749 


1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months') * 













In addition, there were imported "parts of airplanes, wood chief 
value," valued at $51,275 for the construction and equipment of 
vessels. 

Imports of motor boats are not separately classified; they are 
probably small. 

Export statistics for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Airplanes: 

Quantity ("number) . 

Value. 

Parts of airplanes . . 

Motor boats: 

Qu-.mtity (number) . 

Value 



48 

S607.255 

$14,670,259 

206 
§3,663,912 



44 

$215,300 

S3, 219, 226 

140 
$358, 851 



65 

$598, 274 
$554,375 

298 
$1,008,872 



43 
$271,940 
$132, 534 

146 
$656,069 



The principal countries of destination in 1920 were as follows: Of 
airplanes, Peru, Brazil, France, and Argentina; of airplane parts, 
the United Kingdom, Hongkong, Brazil, and Canada; of motor boats, 
about one-half went to Latin-American countries. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new paragraph. Un- 
der the act of 1913 they are classified according to the component 
material of chief value. 

Suggested changes. — The word " thereof" in line 7, page 70, might 
be changed to "of the foregoing" to prevent possible restriction to 
motor boats, the immediately preceding commodity. Consideration 
might also be given to the discussion of finished and unfinished parts 
under paragraph 369 and paragraph 371. 



502 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 371. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 371. Bicycles, motor cycles, and 
finished parts of bicycles and motor cy- 
cles, 30 per centum ad valorem : Provided, 
That if there be imported into the United 
States any of the foregoing articles manu- 
factured in or exported from any country 
which imposes a duty greater than 30 per 
centum ad valorem upon similar articles 
exported from the United States, there 
shall be levied, paid, and collected upon 
such articles a duty equal to the duty im- 
posed by such country upon such articles 
imported from the United States, but not 
to exceed in any case 50 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 141. * * * bicycles, and motor- Par. 120. Bicycles, motor cycles, and 

cycles, and finished parts of any of the finished parts thereof, not including tires, 

foregoing, not including tires, forty-five 25 per centum ad valorem, 
per centum ad valorem. 

BICYCLES AND MOTOR CYCLES. 

(See Survey C-14.) 

Description and uses. — Bicycles and motor cycles are used to a con- 
siderable extent by workmen and others as a means of transportation 
to and from work. Both are used commercially for the delivery of 
messages and small parcels of merchandise, and by police organiza- 
tions for patrol and special duty. Motor cycles are of great value for 
military as well as police purposes. Four-cylinder machines of 20 
horsepower are made, and side cars are provided with a seating capac- 
ity of two or more, and are equipped with tops, wind shields, and 
upholstery. 

Production of bicycles in 1914 was 398,899 machines, valued at 
$5,361,230. The output in the year ended August 31, 1918, was esti- 
mated by the War Industries Board as 507,207. The production of 
motor cycles for the same period was estimated as 53,700. In the 
calendar year 1914 the output was 62,793 machines, valued at 
$12,306,447. The production of bicycles in 1919 was 470,675 ma- 
chines, valued at $12,277,341, and the number of motorcycles was 
59,214, valued at $16,176,055. During the period 1914 to 1919 the 
bicycle industry again showed rapid growth, much greater than that 
of the motor cycle. The total value of the product of the bicvcle 
industry was $22,234,262 in 1914 and $53,105,995 in 1919. Other 
industries produced $4,647,798 in 1914 and $2,205,743 in 1919. 

Imports. — Imports of bicycles increased up to the time of 
the war; they were chiefly from England, but a portion came from 
Germany. 

Imports in 1914 of bicycles and finished parts were valued at 
$205,062, motor cycles and finished parts at $55,869. 

Later statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



503 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


BICYCLES AND FINISHED PARTS THEREOF, NOT INCLUDING TIRES. 


1918 


$3,920 
10,953 
48, 193 
38, 695 


$980 
2,738 
12,048 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 








MOTOR CYCLES AND FINISHED PARTS THEREOF, NOT INCLUDING TIRES. 


1918 


i 
$1,278 i $319 
2,016 505 
15,472 ! 3.868 


25 


1919 


25 


1920. . 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


6,658 








1 





Exports. — Exports of bicycles, tricycles, etc., in the fiscal year 1918 
amounted to $1,366,747 and in 1914 to $608,931, which was 10 per 
cent of domestic production. Motor cycles exported in 1918 num- 
bered 10,599, valued at $2,364,785, having increased from 6,410, 
valued at $1,234,194, in 1914. The exports in 1914 equaled 10 per 
cent of the domestic production. In the year 1919, 42 per cent of 
the domestic production of motorcycles and about 21 per cent of 
domestic production of bicycles were exported. Exports of bicycles, 
tricycles, etc., for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been valued 
as follows: 1918, $1,540,920; 1919, $3,234,915; 1920, $4,725,643; 1921 
(9 months), $1,353,234. The principal countries of destination were, 
in 1918, Japan, Norway, Canada, Italy; in 1919, United Kingdom, 
Japan, Denmark, Netherlands, in 1920, Japan, Sweden, United King- 
dom, Netherlands. Exports of motorcycles for the calendar years 
1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (number) , 
Value 



9,212 
$2,169,385 



24,481 
$6,687,436 



37,622 
$10,756,580 



9,240 
$3,011,286 



The principal countries of destination were, in 1918, Australia, 
Italy, British South Africa; in 1919, Netherlands, Australia, Nor- 
way, British South Africa; in 1920, Sweden, Netherlands, Australia, 
United Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification. — The words "not including 
tires are omitted, and the proviso is new. 

Suggested changes.— Page 70, line 14, of H. R. 7456 : Change " levied, 
paid, and collected'' to " levied, collected, and paid" to agree with 
usual practice. 

If the suggestion under paragraph 369 that both finished and 
unfinished parts of automobiles be specially provided for should be 
adopted, there is a question whether unfinished parts of bicycles and 
motor cycles should not be specially provided for in this paragraph. 

Bicycles and motor cycles in line 9, page 70, might be changed 
to " the foregoing," if the suggestion under paragraph 370 should be 
adopted. 



504 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



PARAGRAPH 372. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 372. Steam engines and steam 
locomotives, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
machine tools and parts of machine tools, 
embroidery machines, including shuttles 
for sewing and embroidery machines, 
lace-making machines, machines for 
making lace curtains, nets and nettings, 
and all other machines or parts thereof, 
finished or unfinished, not specially pro- 
vided for, 35 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That machine tools as used in 
this paragraph shall be held to mean any 
machine operating other than by hani 
power which employs a tool for work on 
metal. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 197. * * ; f jute manufacturing 
machinery, * * * machine tools, 
printing presses, sewing machines, * * * 
and all steam engines, thirty per centum 
ad valorem; embroidery machines and 
lace-making machines, including ma- 
chines for making lace curtains, nets, or 
nettings, forty-five per centum ad valo- 
rem: Provided, however, That all em- 
broidery . machines and Lever or Go- 
through lace-making machines, machines 
used only for the weaving of linen cloth 
from flax and flax fiber, * * * shall, 
if imported prior to January first, nine- 
teen hundred and eleven, be admitted 
free of duty. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 165. All steam engines, steam lo- 
comotives, printing presses, and machine 
tools, 15 per centum ad valorem; em- 
broidering ^ machines, and lace-making 
machines, including machines for making 
lace curtains, nets, or nettings, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; machine tools as used 
in this paragraph shall be held to mean 
any machine operated by other than 
hand power which employs a tool for 
working on metal. 

Par. 441. *..* * sewing machines, 
cream separators valued at not exceed- 
ing $75, * * *, whether imported in 
whole or in parts, * * *. [Free]. 3 

_ Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section; * * * 
if composed wholly or in chief value of 
iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, nickel, 
pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other metal, 
but not plated with gold or silver, and 
whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
20 per centum ad valorem. [Covering 
parts of machine tools.] 



STEAM ENGINES, STEAM LOCOMOTIVES, MACHINE TOOLS, ETC. 

Description. — Steam engines may be described as prime movers 
which utilize the heat energy, pressure, or kinetic energy of steam to 
generate power; reciprocating and rotary engines and steam turbines 
are included in this designation. Steam locomotives are of two 
general classes, standard railroad engines and industrial locomotives. 
Railroad engines are further distinguished as passenger, freight, and 
switching engines. The machines enumerated in this paragraph are 
certain specialized types producing widely varying commodities or 
utilities. The term " machine tools'' has no very definite or fixed 
meaning. One class of power-driven machines is designed to pro- 
duce a single type of article in great numbers with a considerable 



'•' Fvempt under Par. 1504 if held to be agricultural implements: otherwise possibly dutiable as machines 
uot specially provided for, Par. 372, H. R. 7456. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 505 

degree of automatic action, i. e. screw-making machines, bolt thread- 
ers, nut tappers, gear cutters, and spring-making machines. These 
are styled " special" machines. They usually turn out a com- 
pleted product or one requiring little subsequent finishing. The other 
class, properly called machine tools, consists of power-driven forming 
or shaping machines which are not special, but are adaptable for all 
kinds of work within their sphere on all shapes of metal stock or raw 
material. Machine tools are so defined in the act of 1913 as to 
include both the above classes. 

" Metal-working machinery" is a term applied to power-operated 
machines for working metals in the form of bars, rods, wire, plates, 
sheets, or casting, but excluding machinery used in the production of 
the metal in the forms mentioned. Metal- working machinery, as 
ordinarily understood, does not include machines or tools for use in 
the hand trades, like plumber's and tinsmith's tools and watch- 
maker's lathes, nor rolling-mill machinery, cranes, hoists, etc. 

Embroidering and lace-making machines and machines for making 
lace curtains, nets, or net curtains are highly specialized forms of 
textile machinery. Other kinds of textile machinery which are 
provided for under the basket clause' and constitute one of the 
largest imports in the machinery group, are included in the new 
paragraph under "All other machines." Printing machinery, calcu- 
lating machines, electrical machinery, cream separators, cigarette ma- 
chinery, baker's machinery, and candy-making machinery may also 
be mentioned as of competitive interest in this group. 

Production. — In 1914 steam l'ocomotives, valued at $46,968,144, 
were manufactured in 33 establishments, and all other steam engines, 
valued at $30,498,638, in 243 establishments. The value of all 
steam engines made in 1919 was $72,047,000. The production of 
printing presses in 1914 amounted to $8,396,508, the output of 88 
establishments. Manufactured metal- working machinery for 1914 
was valued at $48,866,186, of which $31,446,660 represented machine 
tools. The census figures for 1919 show an output of metal-working 
machines valued at $212,225,000. The census reports a production 
of textile machinery valued at $30,437,689 in 1914 and $121,006,000 
in 1919, but gives no separate figures for embroidering and lace- 
making machinery and machines for making lace curtains, nets, or 
net curtains. Lace and embroidery machines are not made in the 
United States. 

Both England and Germany are important producers of the 
articles in this paragraph. Before the war Germany had a large 
foreign trade in machine tools and exported to the United States. 
England was a great producer and exporter of textile machinery. 

Imports. — The imports of steam engines in recent years have been 
negligible as compared with the domestic production. Imports 
were $183,539 in 1912 and $13,945 in 1917. Imports of steam 
locomotives have been negligible, ranging from 1, valued at $3,324, 
in 1915 to 21, valued at $170,037, in 1918 (fiscal year). Imports of 
machine tools were $306,096 in 1914 and $100,685 in 1915. Imports 
of embroidery and lace-making machines, etc., were $1,792,216 in 
1911 and $434,041 in 1914. Imports of printing presses were 



506 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



$88,301 in 1914 and $3,305 in 1917. Later imports are shown in the 
tables below: 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



LOCOMOTIVES. 



1918 


Number. 
14 
6 
6 
6 


$98, 953 
37,785 
63,739 
20,050 


$14,843 
5,668 
9,561 


Per cent. 
15 


1919. . . 


15 


1920. . 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











ALL OTHER STEAM ENGINES. 



1918 




$758,501 

344, 092 

148, 878 

3,529 


$113,775 
51,614 
22,332 


15 


1919 


52 

60 

2 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











•STEAM ENGINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, AND REPAIR OF VESSELS. 



1918 




$85,970 

198,441 

7,322 

1,217 






1919 


54 
2 
1 






1920. ' 






1921 (9 months) 








1 



MACHINE TOOLS. 



1918 . 




$300, 572 
139, 619 
432, 581 
178, 546 


$45,086 
20,943 
64, 887 


15 


1919 


3,438 
9,507 
2,547 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) ... 











EMBROIDERY AND LACE-MAKING MACHINES, ETC. 



1918 




$58, 843 
245, 758 
554, 436 
578, 192 


$14,711 
61, 439 
138, 609 


25 


1919 . 


283 
1, 308 
2,118 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











JUTE-MANUFACTURING MACHINERY. 



1918 




$46, 261 
57, 048 
49, 362 

148, 807 


$9, 252 
11, 410 
9,872 


20 


1919. . 




20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 















ALL OTHER TEXTILE MACHINERY. 



1918 




! 

$583,174 


$116,635 
152, 214 
433, 776 


20 


1919 




766,069 | 
2,168,879 ! 

2,738,391 ! . 


20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 















CREAM SEPARATORS, VALUED NOT OVER $75. 



1918 


16, 884 
23,641 
42, 904 
9,437 


$273, 419 

667, 903 

1, 344, 287 

334, 230 






1919 






1920 






1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



507 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



PARTS OF CREAM SEPARATORS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Number. 



$38, 402 
59,091 

211,624 
50,381 



Per cent. 



PRINTING PRESSES. 


1918 




$22, 118 
20,999 
18,994 
22. 126 


$3, 318 
3,150 
2,849 


15 


1919 


171 
58 
63 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) ... . 












MACHINES, MACHINERY, AND PARTS OF N. s. p. f. 


1918 




$2,116,935 
1,311,115 
3, 033, 902 
3, 189, 440 


$423, 387 
262, 201 
605, 871 


20 


1919... 




20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 














MACHINES, ETC., FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT, SUPPLY, AND REPAIR OF 

VESSELS. 


1918 


$1,010,341 

1, 208, 817 

1, 097, 537 

382, 615 






1919 1 






1920 






1921 (9 months) 1 






! 






MACHINES, ETC., FOR THE UNITED STATES, N. E. s. 


1918 










1919 




$3, 419, 509 

500, 041 

23,982 






1920 








1921 (9 months) 










£ 







Exports. — Exports of steam engines were $2,112,337 in 1913, and 
$594,916 in 1915. Exports of steam locomotives were $6,442,674 in 
1913, and $2,115,866 in 1915. Those of machine tools were 
$14,011,359 in 1914, and $84,835,410 in 1917. Exports of printing 
presses were $2,487,277 in 1914. In 1914 the exports of textile 
machinery aggregated $1,611,279. There were no exports of em- 
broidery and lace-making machines, etc. Exports have been as 
follows : 




1921 
(9 months). 



Steam locomotives: 
Quantity (number) . 
Value 



Machine tools 

Textile machinery 

Cotton carding and spinning machinery. 
Cotton looms: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Textile machinery, all other 

'Cream separators: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Printing presses 

All other machinery and parts of 



1,062 959 1,711 

$27,064,042 | $30,275,728 $53,629,847 



$11,626,360 
$7,296,607 



$12,490,600 
$14,986,369 



$13,961,243 



$7,314,511 

2,569 

$840,788 
$12,764,335 



21,822 , 22,480 i 24,915 

$841,171 $1,093,821 | $1,106,298 

$1,462,834 '■ $3,827,038 $9,253,711 

$42,299,866 , $73,426,726 $96,657,650 



794 
$25,449,500 



$4, 140, 439 



$6,987,331 

786 

$281, 210 

$7,590,714 

7,342 

$374,417 

$6, 515, 123 

$5S, 503, 723 



508 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The exports of steam locomotives have been principally to the Far 
East and Latin America, but some number has been sent to France, 
and formerly both Spain and Kussia were important customers. 
Machine tools are exported to most of the manufacturing centers of 
Europe and to Canada and Japan. Textile machinery is exported 
to China and Japan and also (special types) to Canada and the 
United Kingdom. Canada, Argentina, France, Australia, and New 
Zealand are the principal markets for the cream separators exported. 
In addition to the above classes of machine^, there are a great many 
different kinds of machinery that figure largely in our export trade, 
but which are not imported in sufficient quantity to warrant the pub- 
lication of separate statistics. The destinations of these different 
classes vary, of course, according to the nature of the machine, but 
most of the items listed in the following table of exports by calendar 
year are consigned to Canada, Great Britain, Japan, or France : 

Miscellaneous machinery. 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Electrical machinery: 1 

Dynamos or generators 

Magnetos, spark plugs, etc 

Motors 

Rheostats and controllers 

Switches and accessories 

Telegraph apparatus, including wireless.... 

Telephones 

Transformers 

All ether 

Machinery, n. e. s.: 

Adding and calculating machines 

Air-compressing machinery 

Brewers' machinery 

Concrete mixers 

Elevators and elevator machinery 

Engines and parts of— 

, Electric locomotives 

Internal-combustion engines— 

Gas-stationary 

Gasoline — 

Marine 

Stationary 

Traction 

Kerosene engines. ; 

Traction 

All other , 

Steam engines- 
Marine 

Stationary 

Traction 

All other engines 

Parts of engines — 

Boilers 

All other 

Excavating machinery 

Flour and grist mill machinery 

Laundry machinery- 
Power machines 

All other 

Lawn mowers 

Metal-working machinery- 
Lathes " 

Sharpening and grinding machines 

All other 

Mining machinery — 

Oil-well machinery 

All other 

Paper and pulp mill machinery 

Pump and pumping machinery 

Refrigerating machinery * 

Windmills 



83,353,349 

2, 749, 705 

8, 225, 197 

288, 757 

2,195,300 

378,806 

2,687,483 

3,528,673 

17, 845, 641 

1, 974, 250 

2, 694, 755 

130, 357 

315,337 

2,214,537 

183,200 

478,871 

2,790,833 

3,332,184 

24, 401, 779 

8, 536, 113 



1,337,349 
1,056,884 
1,408,977 
5, 450, 418 

4,415,467 

24,420,286 

1, 274, 926 

1,435,211 

420, 696 
269, 136 
239, 836 

9, 853, 507 

6,161,876 

23, 978, 554 

2, 759, 2SG 
.x.730,33> 
L, 667, 622 
6.00S.010 
1,435,110 
772, 003 



§5, 799, 885 

3,034,775 

10, 635, 476 

514, 760 

3,564,772 

830, 887 

3, 783, 398 

3, 787, 851 

27,827,128 

3, 863, 217 

3, 761, 290 

213, 590 

246,631 | 

2,601,543 



835,978 

692,584 j 

4,363,538 
3,671,972 i 
20, 026, 172 
7,824,599 



1,228,845 
1,321,247 
1,096,294 I 
3,406,891 ! 

6,361,229 

26, 872, 412 

1, 165, 763 

2,375,802 

796,053 
399, 736 
478, 583 

10, 136, 877 

5, 494, 060 

30,386,405 

3, 013, 91 :. 
9,265,319 
3,958 873 

9,067.458 
2,141.110 
1,091,543 



$7,796,305 
3,601,419 
13,421,550 
707,719 
4, 438, 773 
713, 798 
3, 898, 987 

4, 803, 158 
32, 868, 433 

6, 790, 407 

5, 490, 397 I 
522, 194 
967,440 : 

1, 517, 537 

880,430 ! 

817,925 

3,283,032 

5,651,479 

21,965,937 



8,319,004 
2, 270, 783 

819, 535 
2,381,445 

808, 245 
4,431,019 

8,006,288 

22, 159, 874 

2, 042, 727 

1,886,201 

1,136,770 
903, 978 
455,921 

7,575,123 
3,945,490 
18,830,37? 

6, 229, 28 I 
8,990;9W 
3,048,697 
13,684, 168 
3,820,062 
2.250.750 



$6, 105, 247 

1, 129, 733 

13,472,631 

886,628 

3,670,045 

893, 297 

4,073,155 

6,979,976 

23,419,052 

2, 325, 498 

3. 431, 129 

' 23S, 004 

510, 802 

1, 772, 407 

1, 506, 877 

268, 357 

1, 283, 891 
1,901,406 
3,314,473 



2,328,813 
1, 410, 576 

370, 869 

950, 173 

105, 558 

1,804,985 

4,320,854 

10, 222, 849 

2, 044, 264 

1,365,S32 

787, 213 
312,401 
395, 073 

2, 643, 649 
1, 000, 958 
9, 724, 201 

'J, 978, 887 
6,683,540 
2,262,015 
10,690,224 

1.415.789 
1.574,731 



1 Includes in addition to ma miaes :i lew items (e. g., telepnones and electrical apparatus) that are sf. icily 
not classed a; machines but rather as manufactures of metal (par, 393). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



509 



Miscellaneous i 


nachinery — 


Continued. 








1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Machinery, n. p. s.— Continued. 
Woodworking machinery — 

Sawmill 

All other 


1, 154, 789 
1,049,595 

349, 403 

480,914 
20, 432, 996 


1,141,218 
2, 603, 407 

492,543 

774, 280 
33,345,238 


1, 220, 028 
3, 754, 823 

317, 137 

1,528,217 
8,963,724 


953,948 
2, 290, 279 

229,385 

755, 901 
3 696 559 


Cars, automobiles, and other vehicles- 
Motor, warehouse and motor-station 

trucks 

Wheelbarrows, pushcarts, and hand 

trucks 

All other vehicles and parts of. . 







Important changes in classification. — The provisions for parts of 
machine tools, for shuttles for sewing or embroidery machines, and 
for all other machines or parts thereof, are new. Printing presses, 
which are specially provided for in paragraph 165 of the act of 1913, 
and cream separators valued at not exceeding $75, which are specially- 
provided for in paragraph 441 of that act, are not mentioned in 
H. R. 7456. Shuttles for sewing machines have been transferred 
from the free list (parts of sewing machines) . 

There is doubt as to how far-reaching the term " all other machines 
or parts thereof, finished or unfinished/' is intended to be. Many- 
inquiries have been received in regard to the inclusion of certain 
articles in the provision, such as printing presses, combination type- 
writer and adding machine, and cream separators. 

Electrical, telegraph, and telephone apparatus, appliances, etc., 
have also been the subject of numerous inquiries. In the absence 
of a more specific enumeration such articles will come within para- 
graph 393 of H. R. 7456 as manufactures wholly or in chief value of 
metal, unless classable as machines within this paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 373. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 373. Shovels, spades, scoops, and 
drainage tools, and parts thereof, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of iron, 
steel, lead, copper, brass, nickel, alumi- 
num, or other metal, whether partly or 
wholly manufactured, 25 per centum ad 
valorem . 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, com- 
posed wholly or in part of iron, steel, 
lead, copper, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, 
silver, platinum, aluminum, or other 
metal, and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem . 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section; * * * 
if composed wholly or in chief value of 
iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, nickel, 
pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other metal, 
* * * and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, 20 per centum" ad valorem. 

Par. 391. * * * all other agricul- 
tural implements of any kind and descrip- 
tion, whether specifically mentioned 
herein or not, whether in whole or in 
parts, including repair parts [Free]. 4 



* Exempt under Par. 1504 if held to be agricultural implements; otherwise possibly dutiable as ma- 
chines not specially provided for, Par. 372, H. R. 7456. 



510 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

SHOVELS, SPADES, SCOOPS, ETC. 

Production. — Statistics of the Bureau of the Census as to the pro- 
duction of these articles are not available, although the production 
of shovels, spades, scoops, and hoes was estimated at $4,714,000 
in 1914. The following figures were obtained from the tariff hearings 
in 1921 before the Committee on Ways and Means. The productive 
capacity of the 20 plants scattered throughout the country is from 
1,000,000 to 1,250,000 dozens per annum, which at the present 
average market price of shovels would amount to between $10,000,000 
and $12,000,000. 

Imports. —Statistics are not available. Apparently there has been 
some importation from Canada, as Canadian shovels when polished 
are admitted free of duty as agricultural implements. (Tariff hear- 
ings, W. &M., 1921.) 

Exports. — The principal countries of destination of exports of 
shovels and spades were: In 1918, Chile, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, 
Cuba; in 1919, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico; in 1920, Argentina, 
Mexico, Cuba, and the Philippine Islands. Exports since 1917 
by calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, $680,591; 1919, 
$1,398,101; 1920, $1,294,291; 1921 (9 months), $500,030. 

Important changes in classification. — A new provision. 



PARAGRAPH 374. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 374. Aluminum, aluminum scrap, 
and alloys of any kind in which aluminum 
is the component material of chief value, 
in crude form, 5 cents per pound; in 
plates, sheets, bars, rods, circles, disks, 
blanks, strips, rectangles, and squares, 9 
cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 172. Aluminum, aluminum scrap, Par. 143. Aluminum, aluminum scrap, 

and alloys of any kind in which aluminum and alloys of any kind in which aluminum 

is the component material of chief value, is the component material of chief value, 

in crude form, seven cents per pound; in in crude form, 2 cents per pound; alumi- 

plates, sheets, bars, and rods, eleven num in plates, sheets, bars, strips, and 

cents per pound; * * *. rods, 3£ cents per pound; * * *. 

ALUMINUM. 

(See Survey C-16.) 

Description and uses — Aluminum is the lightest of the common 
metals. It is white, strong, very malleable, slightly softer than silver, 
and can be drawn, punched, rolled, extruded, or spun into almost any 
form. Highly noncorrodible, it is but slightly affected by the atmos- 
phere or by vegetable acids. One of the important uses of aluminum 
is as a deoxidizer in steel manufacture; another is in the form of 
wire for transmission lines and other electrical purposes. Large 
quantities are consumed in automobile manufacture, partly as sheet 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 511 

and partly in the form of castings. Aluminum vessels and utensils 
are used in the household and in breweries , sugar refineries, and 
chemical works. There is a considerable consumption in the making 
of novelties. Aluminum foil is used to some extent as a substitute 
for tin. The metal is used in important alloys, notably, with mag- 
nesium, tin, copper, zinc, and nickel. 

Production. — All the aluminum now manufactured is made from 
purified bauxite (see par. 207) in electric furnaces. The production 
is a matter of companies rather than of nations. The North American 
output comes from one American company, which developed its 
process of manufacture, introduced the metal on the market, and has 
built up an enormous business. Three large financial groups, in- 
volving French, British, and German capital, control some 14 pro- 
ducing companies in Europe. There is also a small independent com- 
pany in Italy and another in Norway. Prior to the war the European 
producers were well organized and controlled production and prices 
on the Continent. The outstanding feature of the present situation 
is the war-time expansion in all producing countries, and especially 
in Germany. 

The successful production of aluminum involves heavy expenditure 
for plant and requires dependable supplies of raw materials (espe- 
cially bauxite) , adequate transportation facilities, and cheap electric 
power. The American company has all these essentials, but is at 
some disadvantage compared with the foreign companies in the cost 
of assembling its bauxite and coal at East St. Louis for purification 
and the subsequent transportation of the purified material to the 
various eastern reduction works, where it is made into metal. In 
addition to its large holdings of bauxite deposits in Arkansas, the 
Aluminum Co. of America owns extensive deposits in Guiana. Utili- 
zation of these South American ores, which may be refined at Bal- 
timore, should reduce the disadvantage of the domestic producer as 
regards the supply of raw material. Extensive deposits of high-grade 
bauxite in southern France afford cheap raw material for most of the 
European plants, whose operating cost in many works is probably a 
little less than in the United States. 

The war demand for aluminum resulted in an expansion of capacity 
here, which now exceeds normal demands. Prior to the war the 
domestic consumption exceeded production. Continental countries, 
notably France and Great Britain, are equipped to produce in excess 
of European requirements. 

There is a large quantity of secondary metal produced from scrap, 
amounting in 1917 to about 25 per cent of the total consumption. 

Plates, sheets, bars, strips, and rods can be grouped together as 
semifinished shapes obtained either by rolling or extrusion. 

The production of aluminum grew from 60,000 pounds in 1890 to 
7,000,000 pounds in 1900, 40,000,000 pounds in 1910, 90,000,000 
pounds in 1915, 110,000,000 pounds in 1916, and approximately 
130,000,000 pounds in 1920. The value of the product amounted 
to $2,000,000 in 1900, about $30,000,000 in 1915, and approximately 
$40,000,000 in 1920. This exceptionally rapid increase in production 
placed the United States far in the lead of all the aluminum-producing 
countries. Fully one-half of the world's output is produced in this 
country. 



512 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports prior to 1914 were largely from Canada and represented 
merely interplant relations of the one American large-scale producer. 
Most of this was ultimately exported with benefit of drawback. 
There was also some importation of competitive metal from European 
countries. During the war imports of all classes of aluminum were 
cut off, except for a small amount of scrap derived from near-by 
countries and exported, after remelting, with benefit of drawback. 
Imports of plates, sheets, bars, strips, and rods, chiefly from Ger- 
many and England, reached 2,775,804 pounds, valued at $654,765, 
in 1914. Those of ingot were 113,113,755 pounds in 1908 and 
26,958,354 pounds, valued at $4,315,233, in 1913. Since the armi- 
stice imports of aluminum have increased fairly steadily except for a 
few months in 1919 and early in 1920 when European requirements 
temporarily expanded so as to exceed production and leave no 
surplus for export. Imports of aluminum metal since 1918 have been 
derived principally from England and France ; small quantities come 
from Switzerland, Norway, and Germany. Germany has furnished 
the bulk of the more or less highly manufactured forms of aluminum. 
Total imports from all countries since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


ALUMINUM, 


IN CRUDE FORM, SCRAP, AND ALLOYS OF 


ANY KIND 


, ETC. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1,690,146 
13, 326, 595 
35,971,122 
26,014,687 


$532,754' 
4,290,749 
10,788,414 
6,002,674 


$33,780 
266, 525 


1919 


1920 


719, 422 


1921 (9 months) 








ALUMINUM IN BARS, STRIPS, AND RODS. 


1918 


432 

44, 149 

345,367 

265,036 


$315 
21, 133 
165,981 
79, 549 


$15 


1919 


1,545 


1920 


12,088 


1921 (9 months)... 








ALUMINUM PLATES AND SHEETS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



10 $11 

481,321 I 218,697 $16,846 

2,982,160 1,229,496 104,376 

1,632,425 579,300 



In addition to the imports listed above a fair amount of aluminum 
circles are imported from Germany. These are, however, included 
in the statistics of "All other manufactures of aluminum" as given 
under paragraph 393. 

Exports. — Aluminum in crude or semifinished form was not ex- 
ported in any considerable quantity prior to 1914. In that year the 
exports of all kinds of aluminum metal and manufactures were valued 
at $1,101,920. The enormous demand and high prices abroad resulted 
in a large increase in exports during the war. In the fiscal year 1918, 
21,207,628 pounds of aluminum " ingot, metal, and alloys," valued 
at $8,611,447, were exported. The exports of plates and sheets 
amounted to 1,633,854 pounds, with a value of $783,836, and of all 
other manufactures of aluminum, $1,804,632. Practically all the 
ingot metal was sold to the allied Governments. 



SUMMARY Ol' J AIM! I INFORMATION, 1921. 



51 3 



Later export figures for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 are given 
in the tables below. 



Alaminum, ingot metal and alloys: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Aluminum, plates and sheets: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1918 


1919 


1920 


20,152,798 
$7, 478, 149 

3,982,173 
$1,500,903 


4,458,195 
$1, 495, G59 

562, 157 
$249, 237 


7,381,874 
$2, 244, 559 

2, 025, 757 
$823,058 



1921 
(9 months). 



1,024,346 
$293,696 

927, 873 
$423, 758 



The principal countries of destination were as follows: Of ingot 
metal and alloys — in 1918, France, Italy, Japan; in 1919, Japan, 
France, Canada, Italy; in 1920, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, 
Netherlands. Of plates and shee'ts — in 1918, Italy, France, Canada; 
in 1919, Denmark, France, British India, Brazil; in 1920, United 
Kingdom, British India, Germany, Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — Aluminum in circles, disks, 
blanks, rectangles, and squares has been added. 

Suggested changes. — -No provision is made for aluminum foil, which 
is imported in large quantities. This product is thinner than sheets 
but not so thin as leaf (provided for in par. 379) and is used for 
wrapping chocolate, etc. 



PARAGRAPH 375. 



H. R. 7458. 



Par. 375. Metallic magnesium and 
metallic magnesium scrap, $1 per pound; 
magnesium alloys, powder, sheets, rib- 
bons, tubing, wire, and all other articles, 
wares, or manufactures of magnesium, 
not specially provided for, SI per pound 
on the metallic magnesium content and 
20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 172. * * * magnesium, * * * 
and alloys of which said metals are the 
component material of chief value, three 
cents per pound and twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 143. * * * magnesium, * * * 
and alloys of which said metals are the 
component material of chief value, 25 
per centum ad valorem. 



METALLIC MAGNESIUM, METALS AND ALLOYS. 

Description and uses. — Magnesium is the lightest of the known 
metals that withstand atmospheric corrosion. It is silver-white, 
tough, malleable, and, when heated, ductile. There are three forms 
on the market: (1) A silvery powder or gray granular substance, (2) 
narrow ribbon, and (3) round or square sticks. Flashlight powder 
used in photography comes in the first class, and powdered mag- 
nesium, on account of its intense white light, rich in chemical rays, 



S2304— 22- 



-33 



514 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



is much used in various pyro technical mixtures and in explosives. 
Ribbon is used chiefly in chemical laboratories and for the ignition 
of thermite. Magnesium in stick form is used in allo}^, both as a 
constituent and as a deoxidizer or scavenger (especially for nickel- 
copper alloys), as a dehydrating agent for oils and coal-tar deriva- 
tives, and in various electrolytic processes (as cathode) . The growth 
in the quantity and diversity of the consumption has been very 
rapid, and is likely to continue with the lessening of production cost. 
The most important alloys of magnesium are those containing 
aluminum, widely used in airplane and automobile construction. 
Elektron metal, an alloy containing nearly 95 per cent magnesium 
and a little zinc, has found a variety of applications in Germany and 
has been introduced into the United States. 

Production of metallic magnesium is a new industry in America. 
Prior to the war the limited demand was supplied from Germany, the 
sole producer on a commercial scale. Domestic production by three 
firms began in 1915, with 87,500 pounds, valued at $440,000, and 
sold at an average price of $5 per pound. The price declined a little 
in the following year, and production decreased slightly. But in 
1917 the quantity increased to 115,813 pounds, and in 1918 to 
284,188 pounds, valued at $615,217. The latter output included con- 
siderable magnesium powder, which increased the average value to 
$2.16 per pound, whereas magnesium in stick form was sold at from 
$1.85 to $2 per pound. 

Imports. — Prior to the war the entire supply of this country came 
from Germany. Imports since 1918 of metallic magnesium, metals, 
and alloys have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value- 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1919 


Pounds. 
13, 239 
29, 275 
26,041 


Sis, 583 
25,055 
23, 158 


$3, 396 
6,264 


Per cent. 
25 


1920. .". 


25 


1921 (9 months) . 











Exports. — -There are no published statistics of exports of magne- 
sium. Reports of producers to the Geological Survey indicate that 
there were sold to the Allies in 1918 between 50,000 and 60,000 
pounds, which probably constitutes almost the total export of do- 
mestic material. 

Important changes in classification. — " Magnesium and alloys, " 
bearing an ad valorem rate of duty, were grouped with barium, etc., 
in paragraph 143 of the act of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — Unless barium, calcium, sodium, and potas- 
sium "and their alloys, provided for in paragraph 143 of the act of 
1913, were intentionally omitted they should be added to this 
paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



515 



PARAGRAPH 376. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 370. Antimony, as reglilus or 

metal, H cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 173. Antimony, as reguliia or 

metal, one and one-half cents per pound; 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 144. Antimony, as regulus or 
metal, * * * 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem; * * *. 



ANTIMONY. 

Description and uses. — Metallic antimony unalloyed has few indus- 
trial uses, since it is Yery brittle; but it enters into many valuable 
alloys, especially with lead and with tin, into such as type metal (par. 
389), pewter and Britannia metal, and in bearing metals. Its chief 
importance is as a hardening agent for lead and in shrapnel bullets. 
The term regulus, a relic of alchemy, although still used to describe 
refined antimony metal, is superfluous. 

Production .—The chief sources of the domestic antimony supply 
are China and Japan, but there is a considerable production of 
antimonial lead in domestic lead smelters. The annual require- 
ments of antimony prior to the war were, roughly, 7,000 tons, about 
one-third being supplied by the silver-lead smelters, the remainder 
from imports consisting chiefly of metal. During the war the con- 
sumption increased to 20,000 tons, of which slightly more than one- 
third was derived from antimonial lead and antimony metal smelted 
in the United States. 

The production of antimony metal from domestic ores and anti- 
monv metal contained in antimonial lead produced by domestic 
smelters is as follows: 3,898,000 pounds in 1912, 11,050,000 pounds 
in 1915, and 6,034,000 pounds in 1917. In 1917 the production of 
antimony from domestic ores was 517,013 pounds; from antimonial 
lead, 5,518,000 pounds; and from foreign ores, 4,880,419 pounds, 
making a total from all sources of 10,915,432 pounds. 

China dominates the antimony situation by its large and cheaply 
mined deposits. The Chinese companies, together with a few 
Japanese smelters whi<"h also treat a portion of the Chinese ore, con- 
tribute 60 per cent of the world output. 

Imports. — Prior to the war over 60 per cent of our antimony 
supply came from Great Britain, whereas in 1918-19 it came almost 
wholly from the Far East. The imports of antimony metal (includ- 
ing also a very little needle antimony) amounted to 13,110,426 
pounds, valued at $736,420 in 1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
28, 292, 934 
14,318,793 
19,633,904 
14, 994, 842 


$3,065,619 

1,021,587 

1,216,376 

593, 923 


$306,562 
102, 159 
121,638 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months).. . . 










516 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The principal countries of origin were China, Japan, and Canada. 

Exports. — There are no appreciable exports of domestic antimony. 
Foreign exports, however, have been an important item, especially 
during the war period, when New York became an important second- 
ary market. The exports in 1916 were 3,018,251 pounds and only 
989,477 pounds in 1917. 

Important changes in classification. — Antimony, as regulus or metal, 
has been separated from antimony matte. Antimony matte is not 
provided for as such in H. R. 7456, but a provision appears in para- 
graph 1509 for " needle or liquated antimony, but only as to the 
antimony content." 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 377. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 377. German silver, or nickel 
silver, unmanufactured, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913 



Par. 174. Argentine, albata, or Ger- Par. 145. Argentine, albata, or Ger- 
man silver, unmanufactured, twenty-five man silver, unmanufactured, 15 per 
per centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. 

GERMAN SILVER. 

(See Survey C-19.) 

Description and uses. — German silver and nickel silver are names 
applied to an alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc which is prepared 
largely as a base metal for electroplating (especially in the better 
class of silver-plated ware) and as a substitute for silver. Consider- 
able quantities are also used in the form of sheets, wire, and rods 
where a strong, white, rust-resisting metal is required. Nickel silver 
exists under a great number of names. The proportions of the con- 
stituents vary considerably, but nickel or copper is generally of chief 
value. 

Production. — The United States is the principal producer and con- 
sumer of nickel alloy; England and Germany, also important pro- 
ducers, use a large part of the product in silver-plated ware for 
export. The chief item of cost of this alloy is the raw material, but 
the price of virgin metals is not a handicap to domestic manufac- 
turers as compared with foreign producers. 

No estimates of total production are available, as it is ordinarily 
prepared from the constituent metals at the plant of the consumer 
and is therefore not a common commercial product except in manu- 
factured forms, such as sheet, rods, etc. 

Imports of unmanufactured German silver consist almost exclu- 
sively of scrap from Canada, amounting to $4,014 in 1916. Later 
statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


i Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 






Pounds. 


Sol 
429 
330 
527 


$8 

64 

50 




Per cent. 
15 




1919. . 




3,074 


15 


1920 




200 


15 


1021 (9 months).. 




2.448 










SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



517 



Exports in 1914 were valued at $38,691, increasing in 1917 to 
$410,295, of which over 75 per cent went to Canada. Exports for 
the calendar years 1918 to 1921 were valued as follows: 1918, $227,439; 
1919, $389,000; 1920, $589,508; 1921 (9 months), $395,952. The 
principal countries of destination in 1918 were Canada, Japan, and 
Brazil; in 1919 and 1920, Canada, Denmark, and Argentina. 

Important changes in classification. — "Argentine" and "albata" 
have been omitted. They are practically obsolete terms. Nickel 
silver lias been inserted in this paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 378. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 378. Copper in rolls, rods, or 
sheets, 2£ cents per pound; copper en- 
gravers' plates, not ground, and seamless 
copper tubes and tubing, 7 cents per 
pound; copper engraver's plates, ground, 
and brazed copper tubes, 11 cents per 
pound; brass rods, sheet brass, brass 
plates, bars, and strips, Muntz or yellow 
metal sheets, sheathing, bolts, piston 
rods, and shafting, 4 cents per pound; 
seamless brass tubes and tubing, 8 cents 
per pound; brazed brass tubes, brass 
angles- and channels, 12 cents per pound; 
bronze rods and sheets, 4 cents per 
pound; bronze tubes, 8 cents per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 176. Copper, * * * called 
braziers' copper, sheets, rods, pipes, 
and copper bottoms, two and one-half 
cents per pound; sheathing or yellow 
metal of which copper is the component 
material of chief value, and not composed 
wholly or in part of iron ungalvanized, 
two cents per pound. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, com- 
posed wholly or in part of * * * metal, 
and whether partly or wholly manufac- 
tured, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 147. Copper, * * * called 
braziers' copper, sheets, rods, strips, 
pipes, and copper bottoms, sheathing 
or yellow metal of which copper is 
the component material of chief value, 
and not composed wholly or in part of 
iron ungalvanized, 5 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section ; * * * 
if composed wholly or in chief value 
of * * * brass * * * and 
whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
20 per centum ad valorem . 



COPPER. 

(See Survey C-19.) 

Description and uses. — The definitions of plates, sheets, and strips 
of copper are the same as those of similar products of steel (par. 307). 
Copper rods and copper wire have been noted (par. 316). Copper 
and yellow metal (brass) sheathing for wooden vessels was once an 
important outlet for copper, but the increased use of iron in ship- 
building has reduced this consumption to a negligible fraction of the 
total consumption of sheet copper and brass. Wire, rods, and rolled 
plates are the most important forms, since these are used in the 
electrical industry, which consumes 50 to 60 per cent of all the 



518 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



copper used. Sheet copper is used in the manufacture of cooking 
utensils. Copper pipes are used in stills, water heaters, and con- 
densers. 

Production. — The United States is the leading producer of copper, 
and refines large quantities of foreign ore and metal. The total pro- 
duction of new refined copper in 1917 was 2,432,385,290 pounds, 
more than two-thirds from domestic ore. There are no data as to 
sheets and plates, but the quantity is doubtless 10 per cent of the 
total. The total output of copper products in 1914 was $82,841,246, 
divided approximately as f olio ws : 'Wire, $53,000,000; rods, over 
$6,000,000; sheets and tubing, over $17,000,000; all other manu- 
factured products, about $5,000,000. The quantity of copper pro- 
duced at smelters, as compiled by the Geological Survey, aggregated 
1,310,972,580 pounds in 1919, compared with 1,150,137,192 pounds 
in 1914. Primary copper of domestic origin produced at refineries 
was 1,441,643,000 pounds in 1919, compared with 1,210,423,000 
pounds in 1914, while total refined copper, primary and secondary, 
of both domestic and foreign origin, is reported at 1,863,580,000 
pounds for 1919, compared with 1,565,708,000 pounds for 1914, a 
five-year increase of 297,872,000 pounds, or 19 per cent. The 
copper products of both smelters and refineries, the gold, silver, 
and other metallic contents of ore and bullion treated, and the 
sundry by-products of the respective establishments, were valued, 
in 1914, at $444,022,000, and in 1919 at $632,897,000, an increase 
of $188,875,000, or 42.5 per cent. 

Imports. — Imports of rolled copper plates, sheets, pipes, and copper 
bottoms were $62,176 in 1914 and $81,446 in 1917. Imports of 
copper since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year 



Quantity. 




Ad 

A'alorem 

rate. 



COPPER IN ROLLED PLATES, CALLED BRAZIERS' COPPER, SHEETS, RODS, STRIPS, 

ETC. 



1918 


Pounds. 

347 

1, 031 

3, 549 

33,510 


$143 

713 

1,463 

5,901 


$7 
36 
73 


Per cent. 
5 


1919 


5 


1920 


5 


1921 (9 months) . 











COPPER PLATES, ROLLED, ETC., SHEETS, ETC., FOR SUPPLIES, CONSTRUCTION 
AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS. 



1918. 
1919. 



23,21''. 
11,552 



$7, 306 
4, 462 



COPPER RODS AND STRIPS. 



1918 


200 
2, 373 

S, 712 


$126 

989 

2, 390 


$6 
49 


5 


1920 


5 


1921 (9 months). 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



519 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. ; 

! 


Ad 
Duty. valorem 
rate. 


COPPER PIPES. 


1919 




Pounds. 

10, 217 

4, 529 

son 


84,618 
1,618 


i Per cent. 
$231 5 


1920 


■ 


SI 5 


1921 (9 mouths) 




227 






1 






COPPER PIPES FOR SUPPLIES, 


CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT 


OF VESSELS. 


1918 




64, 163 
14,848 


$24, 112 
6,132 






1919.. 



















Exports. — Exports for 1913 were: Copper plates and sheets, 
61,050,138 pounds, valued at $10,028,960; copper rods and wire, 
41,459,901 pounds, valued at $7,217,166. Exports of copper sheets, 
pipes, plates, braziers, and copper bottoms were $8,753,920 in 1914 
and $32,976,942 in 1917. Exports went to all the manufacturing 
countries of Europe. Germany was the largest buyer of plates and 
sheets. The United Kingdom has been the largest buyer of domestic 
copper wire. Since 1913, however, important markets have been 
developed in South America and the Far East. Exports since 1917 
by calendar years have been as follows: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


19,471,584 

$5, 677, 408 

4, 109, 226 
$1,845,222 


13, 764, 425 
$4, 090, 491 

5, 993, 959 
$2, 206, 895 


22,799,148 
$6, 685, 858 

4, 899, 223 

$1,757,382 



1921 (9 
months). 



Copper plates and sheets: 

Quantity (pounds). . . 

Value 

Copper pipes and tubes: 

Quantity (pounds)... 

Value 



4,118,195 
$1,090,651 

2, 002, 628 
$599, 518 



Exports of copper rods were not recorded before July 1, 1921. 
During July, August, and September there were exported 7,322,267 
pounds valued at $976,032. 



BRASS AND BRONZE. 



Description and use. — Brass and bronze are the most important 
alloys oi copper and zinc. They are made up into a large number 
of forms, and as sheet, strip, rod, wire, pipe, tubes, or castings they 
enter into practically every important industry. These alloys are 
easily machined, spun, and stamped, and resist corrosion. They 
are therefore suitable for use in many places where it is impossible 
to use iron or steel. Brass and bronze find a multitude of uses in 
the trade. They are used for boiler and condenser tubes, for bear- 
ing bushings, for railings on passenger ships and war vessels. They 
are also used in the plumbing trade, in the manufacture of build- 
ers' and cabinet hardware, in the manufacture of brass bedsteads, 
in the brass-spinning industries producing cartridges, ornamental 
articles, and in an extensive line of electrical fixtures. The con- 
sumption of this class of material is increasing yearly. 



520 



SUMMARY OF TAilJLT INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production . — In 1914 the capital invested in all branches of the 
industry amounted to $95,827,707 and the manufacturing estab- 
lishments gave employment to 37,627 persons. In that year, out 
of a total of $131,503,724 in brass and bronze products, 26 millions 
was in plates and sheets, 16 millions was in ingots and rods, 6 mil- 
lions was in wire, 10 millions was in pipe and tubing, and the rest 
was in other manufactured products. Estimates of production in 
brass-rolling mills in 1919, furnished the United States Tariff 
Commission by manufacturers, range between 200,000,000 and 
1,000,000,000 pounds. The value of the output was doubtless 
in the neighborhood of $250,000,000. The Census Bureau reports 
that all classes of brass, bronze, and copper products from 992 
establishments in 1914 amounted to $162,199,000, and from 1,119 
establishments in 1919 amounted to $487,707,000. 

Imports. — Imports of brass and bronze rolling-mill products were 
$598,841 in 1914, $264,725 in 1916, and $620,881 in 1920. 

Exports. — The value of the exports of brass bars, plates, sheets, 
etc., averaged $1,000,000 during the fiscal years 1912 to 1914, in- 
clusive, and the value of the exports of all other manufactures of 
brass averaged $4,500,000 a year during the same period. The 
exports of brass bars, plates, sheets, etc., were $6,149,183 in 1915 
and $121,368,019 in 1917. The exports of all other manufactures 
of brass were $12,819,373 in 1915 and $259,980,247 in 1917. The 
exports of manufactures of bronze were $333,589 in 1915 and $1,- 
586,553 in 1917. In 1920, Canada, Netherlands, and Brazil and 
Argentina were the principal countries of destination. During the 
war period large quantities were shipped to France, Italy, and even 
England, but with the resumption of European production on a 
peace basis, this trade largely disappeared. Statistics for the cal- 
endar years 1918 to 1921 follow: 



1918 



1921 
(9 months). 



Brass bars, plates, sheets, etc 

Quantity (pounds') 

Value 

Brass pipes and fittings 



30,989,717 I 7,770,671 
$9,522,934 J $2,310,561 
$l,137,33'j l 81,413,875 



5,810,733 
$1,671,608 
$2,141,217 



2, 425, 680 
£649, 724 
§892,984 



Principal countries of destination were: In 1918, Italy, France, 
Canada, United Kingdom; in 1919, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Brazil, 
France; in 1920, Canada, Netherlands, Argentina, Brazil. 

Important changes in classification. — All of the articles in para- 
graph 147 of the act of 1913 appear in one classification. In H. R. 
7456 there are eight groups. Copper strips, pipes, and copper bot- 
toms have been omitted. All of the paragraph beginning with 
copper engravers' plates, not ground, except sheathing, has been 
added. 

Suggested changes. — Page 71, line 25, of H. R. 7456: Change 
" engraver's' ' to "engravers'" to agree with usual practice. 

Specific provision might be made in this paragraph for nickel 
silver sheets and strips and rods 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 521 

PARAGRAPH 379. 
H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 379. Bronze powder, powdered 
tin, brocades, flitters, and metallics, 16 
cents per pound; bronze, or Dutch metal, 
or aluminum, in leaf, 8 cents per one 
hundred leaves. The foregoing rate ap- 
plies to leaf not exceeding in size the 
equivalent of five and one-half by five 
and one-half inches; additional duties in 
the same proportion shall be assessed on 
leaf exceeding in size said equivalent. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 175. Bronze powder, brocades, Par. 146. Bronze powder, brocades, 

flitters, and metallics, twelve cents per flitters, and metallics; bronze, or Duteh- 

pound; bronze, or Dutch-metal or alumi- metal or aluminum, in leaf, 25 per 

num, in leaf, six cents per one hundred centum ad valorem, 
leaves. 

BRONZE POWDER, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Bronze powder is a pulverized metal varying 
in color from pale yellow to dark red ; the color depends chiefly upon the 
proportions of the copper and zinc. It is sometimes made from brass 
clippings, or "schrote," which are hammered for hours to reduce 
them to a powder. Brocades are of the same quality with the same 
uses. (G. A. 5113, T. D. 23635, of 1902.) Metallics or metallic 
flitters consist of small particles of lame, used chiefly for the manu- 
facture of wall paper. Flitters are made by reducing thin sheets of 
brass to flakes; this material is sprinkled over surfaces to produce a 
sparkling effect. They differ from bronze powder only in that the 
latter has been hammered for a much longer period and is, therefore, 
more finely divided and more expensive. -Aluminum bronze powder 
is a silvery pigment made by powdering aluminum foil; this foil is 
often substituted for tin foil for wrapping food products, teas, soap, 
chewing gum, and similar articles. The powder is used in the manu- 
facture of certain explosives. The various bronze powders are used 
chiefly with a size or in oil, as a pigment in finishing brass beds, gilt 
frames, radiators, and other articles in imitation of gold or silver. 
Dutch metal in leaf is produced from Dutch metal, a high-copper 
brass containing about 80 per cent of copper, by rolling or beating 
into sheets of the required thinness ; it is also used as an imitation of 
gold leaf. 

Production. — Prior to the war about one-half the domestic supply 
of bronze powders came from five plants, most of which were situated 
near New York; the remainder was imported. During the war, 
domestic production increased so as to supply all domestic require- 
ments and leave a small surplus for export. The number of plants 
increased from five to nine. Whereas, normally, American plants 
have the advantage as regards cost of raw material, large accumula- 
tions of scrap metals have since the war given an added advantage 
to the German producers, who shipped large quantities of bronze 
powder to this country in 1920 and 1921 at prices materially lower 
than American costs of production as reported to the Tariff Commis- 
sion by the manufacturers. It has been stated that 65 to 70 per 



522 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



cent of the cost of bronze powder is represented by the cost of pro- 
ducing the schrote or thin brass clippings. 

The production of bronze and aluminum leaf in this country is 
negligible. Germany is the center of the industry which is largely a 
household occupation. Aluminum leaf was made in the United States 
prior to 1911, but its manufacture was discontinued before the out- 
break of the war and was not revived even when prices increased. 

Imports of bronze powder, etc., in 1914 were 1,403,091 pounds, 
valued at $406,849. The import of Dutch metal in leaf was 792,578 
packs (100 leaves to the pack), valued at $110,316. The 1914 figures 
are fairly representative of the prewar importations. The imports 
of aluminum leaf decreased after 1910 to only $141 in 1914. Im- 
ports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



BRONZE POWDER, BROCADES, FLITTERS, AND METALLICS. 



1918.: 


Pounds. 

34, 412 

16, 596 

511, 133 

545, 302 


$19, 105 

24, 038 

229, 293 

185, 586 


$4, 776 
6,009 
57,323 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 






| 



BRONZE OR DUTCH METAL IN LEAF. 



1918 


100 leaves. 
313, 748 
157, 258 
296, 000 
103, 243 


$96,914 
46,698 
87, 595 
19, 267 


$24, 228 
11,674 
21, 899 


25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











ALUMINUM LEAF. 



1918 


68, 545 

74, 665 

263, 389 

83, 785 


$15, 193 
15, 382 
69, 233 
18, 741 


$3, 798 
3,846 
17, 308 


25 


1919 


25 


1 920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 provided an 
ad valorem rate of duty on all these articles, which were grouped 
together. Powdered tin has been inserted in H. R. 7456, and the 
paragraph has been divided into two groups with a specific rate of 
duty for each, and the size of the leaf specified. 



PARAGRAPH 380. 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 380. Gold leaf, 50 cents per one 
hundred leaves. The foregoing rate ap- 
plies to leaf not exceeding in size the 
equivalent of three and three-eighths by 
three and three-eighths inches; addi- 
tional duties in the same proportion shall 
be assessed on leaf exceeding in size said 
equivalent. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



523 



ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 177. Gold leaf, thirty-five cents Par. 148. Gold leaf, 36 per centum ad 
per one hundred leaves. The foregoing valorem, 
rate applies to leaf of not exceeding in 
size the equivalent of three and three- 
eighths by three and three-eighths inches : 
additional duties in the same proportion 
shall be assessed on leaf exceeding in size 
said equivalent. 

GOLD LEAF. 

Description and use.— Gold leaf is obtained by hammering thin 
sheets of gold between the leaves of a book. Ten or more colors are 
produced by melting pure gold with various alloying metals. The 
resulting bullion is cast into bars, which are rolled out into ribbon- 
like strips; these ribbons are cut into pieces of the requisite size (1 
inch square), placed between leaves of vellum, and the whole, bound 
in leather covers, is beaten with a hammer. The thin sheets are then 
taken out, cut to a size, interleaved with goldbeater's skin, bound in 
a goldbeater's mold (par. 1574), and again beaten. There are three 
such beatings, all by hand. The finished leaf is cut into sheets 3f 
inches square, and 25 leaves are placed in a book, which measures 
3 1 by 3£ inches. Twenty of these books make a pack (500 leaves). 
The leaf is used for gilding, especially for window signs, decorating, 
bookbinding, and dental purposes. 

Production. — There were 79 establishments producing gold leaf in 
1914, about one-half in New York. Certain of these manufactured 
some silver leaf, also some composition leaf. The total value of the 
product, gold and silver leaf, was $2,432,000, and the cost of mate- 
rials used was $1,452,000. Manufacturers state that because of. high 
wages they can not beat the gold out thin, and tnat the cost of making 
bullion is therefore greater here than in the foreign countries. 

Imports of gold leaf were $32,482 in 1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


100 leaves. 

2,110 

59 

44,502 

3S.0OO 


$1,160 

43 
31,868 

50. 003 


$406 

15 

11,154 


Per cent. 
35 


1919 




35 


1920 




35 


1921 (9 months) . . 















Exports. — No domestic gold leaf is exported, but some foreign leaf 
is made up into rolls and exported to Canada, with benefit of 
drawback. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for size of leaf 



is new. 



524 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 381. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 381. Silver leaf, 5 cents per one 
hundred leaves. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 178. Silver leaf, ten cents per one Par. 149. Silver leaf, 30 per centum ad 
hundred leaves. valorem. 

SILVER LEAF. 

Description and uses. — Silver leaf or foil is made by beating, as in 
manufacturing gold leaf (par. 380), but is in much less common use. 
Statistics of domestic production are included in those for gold leaf, 
as the entire output is from establishments producing gold leaf. 

Production. — Silver leaf is now a minor product, as aluminum leaf 
is used instead. 

Imports of silver leaf in 1914 were 6,814 packs, valued at $4,353, 
double the quantity for 1913. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Ad 
Duty. valorem 
rate. 


1919 


100 leaves. 

705 

11,525 

375 


$595 

3,931 

254 


$179 
I,' 179 


Per cent. 
30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — No silver leaf is exported. 

Suggested changes. — Page 72, line 20 of H. K. 7456: Should there 
not be a provision for the size of the leaf as in the case of leaves pro- 
vided for in paragraphs 379 and 380 ? 



PARAGRAPH 382. 



H. It. 7456. 



Par. 382. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, 
made wholly or in chief value of gold, 
silver, or other metal, 10 cents per pound 
and 30 per centum ad valorem; bullions 
and metal threads made wholly or in chief 
value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, 10 
cents per pound and 35 per centum ad 
valorem; ribbons, beltings, toys, and 
other articles made wholly or in chief 
value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, and 
india rubber, bullions, or metal threads, 
not specially provided for, 45 per centum 
ad valorem ; woven fabrics, fringes, arid 
tassels, made of any of the foregoing, 55 
per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 525 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 179. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, Par. 150. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, 

male wholly or in chief value of golfl, made Wholly or in chief value of t>o]d, 

silver, or other metal, five rents per silver, or other metal, per centum ad 

pound; bullions and metal threads, made valorem; bullions and metal threads, 

wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, made wholly or in chief value of tinsel 

lame or lahn, five cents per pound ami wire, lame or lahn, 25 per centum ad 

thirty per centum ad valorem; fabrics, valorem; fabrics, ribbons, beltings, toys, 

* * * ribbons, beltings, * * * or other articles, made wholly or in chief 

toys, or other articles, made wholly or in value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, or of 

chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, tinsel wire, lame, or lahn, and india ruby 

bullions, or metal threads, fifteen cents ber, bullions, or metal threads, not spe 

per pound and sixty per centum ad cially provided for in this section, 40 pei 

valorem. centum ad valorem. 

TINSEL WIRE, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Tinsel wire, lame or lahn, and bullion: 
"The testimony discloses the fact that both lame or lahn, and 
bullions, begin their existence, in the form of tinsel wire. This is 
round wire composed principally of copper or brass, and usually 
coated with a bright metal, such as gold, silver, bronze, or foil. The 
article in this form is well known under the name of tinsel wire in 
trade and commerce and also in tariff nomenclature, and is devoted 
to various distinctive uses. 

u Lame or lahn is produced by drawing the round tinsel wire through 
metal rollers, whereby it is flattened into various widths. At the 
same time it is generally subjected to an ornamental corrugating 
process, or to a coating or coloring process. When thus flattened and 
corrugated, or coated or colored, the article no longer bears the name 
of tinsel wire in trade and commerce or in tariff nomenclature, but is 
known as lame or lahn. 

- Bullion is produced by subjecting lame or lahn to a twisting 
process whereby it is permanently brought to a hollow spiral form. 
In this form the article no longer bears the name of lame or lahn in 
trade and commerce or in tariff nomenclature, but passes under the 
name of bullion only. When imported into this country it is said 
to come in lengths of a yard or less. When applied to use, it is 
strengthened by means of a core of cotton or other fibrous thread run- 
ning lengthwise through its center." (Untied States v. Veit, 8 Ct. 
Cust, Appls., 290, 292, 293, of 1918.) 

Tinsel thread and string are lame or lahn wound around a cotton 
or silk core. They are used in the manufacture of tinsel fabrics. 
Tinsel fabrics, products, etc., are articles in which tinsel products, 
usually lahn or thread, are used to produce a metallic effect in 
the finished work. The tinsel thread gives a glistening effect and 
throws the pattern into sharp relief. 

Tinsel wire is manufactured into lame or lahn, bullion, threads, 
and the very flexible electric drop cords. Lame or lahn is wound 
around a cotton core in the manufacture of tinsel string used to tie 
fancy bundles, and tinsel thread is used in the manufacture of fabrics 
and trimmings. It is used direct in the manufacture of Christmas 
tree ornaments and tinsel decorations for the theatrical profession. 
Bullions are used in the manufacture of fringes, tassels, and military 
uniform insignia. Tinsel fabrics and trimmings are used in the 
manufacture of uniforms and women's wearing apparel, especially 
in dresses to be worn on the stage. 



52(5 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — There is only a small domestic production of tinsel 
wire or lame, the consumption being largely supplied hj France and 
Germany* A large proportion of the more finished products is fac- 
tory made in this country. In Europe much of this work is done in 
the homes. Prior to the war almost the entire supply of tinsel wire, 
lames, tinsel threads, and a large part of the toys, ornaments, fab- 
rics, and trimmings were imported. All of these products are now 
produced in considerable quantities in the United States. There 
is now one large manufacturer of tinsel wire and two large manu- 
facturers of lames and tinsel thread. The domestic Christmas-tree 
ornament industry is now capable of supplying the domestic demand 
for this class of goods. 

Imports. — Prior to the war all the tinsel wire and lame, and a large 
part of the fabrics, toys, and ornaments, made wholly or in part of 
tinsel, were imported. The imports in 1914 of tinsel wire, lame or 
lahn were $146,793; of bullion, metal thread, etc., $89,448, of 
fabrics, ornaments, toys, etc., $657,490. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




TINSEL WIRE, LAME OR LAHN, MADE WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF GOLD, SILVER 

OR OTHER METAL. 



1918 


Pounds. 


$97,777 1 
107,186 
180, 897 
311,486 .. 
1 


$5, 867 
6,431 
10,854 


Per cent. 
6 


1919 


77,636 
183,854 
378, 154 


6 


1920... 


6 


1921 (9 months) 











BULLIONS AND METAL THREADS, MADE WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF TINSEL 

WIRE, LAME OR LAHN. 



1918 i 


$275,204 

1,120,396 

1,176,597 

557, 942 


$68,801 
280,099 
294,149 


25 


1919 


303,292 


25 


1920 


! 437,639 


25 


1921 (9 months) .... 


1 263.309 











FABRICS, RIBBONS, BELTING, TOYS, OR OTHER ARTICLES, MADE WHOLLY OR IN 
CHIEF VALUE OF TINSEL WIRE, LAME OR LAHN, AND INDIA RUBBER, BULLIONS, 
OR METAL THREADS. 



1918 


Yards. 


$155, 577 

909,565 

1,276,239 

1,293,939 


$62,231 
363, 826 
510,496 


40 


1919 


1,138,218 


4Q 


1920 


40 


1921 (9 months). . . 















are 



Exports. — None. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 there 
three groups: first, tinsel wire, lame or lahn, made wholly or in chief 
value of gold, silver, or other metal; second, bullions and metal 
threads, made wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn; 
and third, fabrics, ribbons, beltings, toys, or other articles, made 
wholly or in chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, or of tinsel wire, 
lame, lahn, and india rubber, bullions, or metal threads, not specially 
provided for. Each group bears an ad valorem rate of duty. 

H. R. 7456 places specific and ad valorem rates of duty on each of 
the first two groups, but retains an ad valorem duty on the third 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 527 

group. Fabrics are omitted from the third group and classified with 
the following articles which have been added to the paragraph, all 
bearing an ad valorem rate of duty; woven fabrics, fringes, and 
tassels, made of any of the foregoing. 

Suggested changes. — Strike out "lahn" because omitted elsewhere 
in the bill. The act of 1913 provides for articles of tinsel wire or lame, 
or of tinsel wire, lame and india rubber, bullions or metal threads. 
Paragraph 382 leaves out articles made wholl} r or in chief value of 
tinsel wire or lame. 

In this paragraph there is one rate of duty on ribbons, beltings, 
toys, etc., and another rate on woven fabrics, fringes, and tassels 
"made of any of the foregoing." It is suggested that these two be 
combined with one rate of duty, particularly as the cost of manufac- 
ture of ribbons and beltings is usually more and not less than that 
of woven fabrics. In general, the narrower a fabric is made the 
higher the cost per square yard, and ribbons should, therefore, carry 
fully as high a rate as woven fabrics. In the act of 1909 (par. 
179) specific provision was made for laces, embroideries, braids, 
galloons, trimmings, and ornaments made wholly or in chief value of 
tinsel wire, lame or lahn, bullions or metal threads. These enumera- 
tions were omitted in the corresponding provision (par. 150) of 
the act of. 1913 and are omitted from paragraph 382 of H. R. 7456. 
The suggested exclusion of this paragraph from the operation of 
paragraph 1430 of H. R. 7456 makes advisable specific provision 
in paragraph 382 for those articles. The absence of the words orna- 
ments or trimmings in paragraph 150 of the act of 1913 led to a de- 
cision that trimmings in chief value of lame or bullions, were dutiable 
as articles composed in chief value of metal ( United States v. Veit, 
8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 290, of 1918). 



PARAGRAPH 383. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 383. Quicksilver, 35 cents per 
pound: Provided, That the flasks, bottles, 
or other vessels in which quicksilver is 
imported shall be subject to the same 
rate of duty as they would be subjected 
to if imported empty. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 189. Quicksilver, seven cents per Par. 159. Quicksilver, 10 per centum 
pound. The flasks, bottles, or other ves- ad valorem. The flasks, bottles, or other 
sels in which quicksilver is imported shall vessels in which quicksilver is imported 
be subject to the same rate of duty as they shall be subject to the same rate of duty 
would be subjected to if imported empty, as they would be subjected to if imported 

empty. 

QUICKSILVER. 

Description and uses. — Quicksilver or mercury, although a metal, 
is liquid at ordinary temperatures. Practically all the supply comes 
from sulphide ore, notably cinnabar. The ore is invariably reduced 
at the mine, therefore is not an article of commerce. In 1917 one-half 



528 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



of our mercury was used in making blasting caps for high explosives 
and for drugs and chemicals. It is also extensively- used in the hat 
and fur industry, in thermometers and barometers, in gold and silver 
amalgamation, and for other purposes. 

Production. — Owing to foreign competition, production before the 
war was decreasing, but war prices again led to an expansion of the 
industry. In 1905 the United States was the leading producer, with 
30,534 flasks of 75 pounds each; this fell to 16,548 flasks in 1914, 
and rose to 36,159 flasks in 1917. About 66 per cent of the produc- 
tion in 1917 was in California and 33 per cent in Nevada, Oregon, 
Idaho, Arizona, and Texas. Estimated production for 1921 was 
6,339 flasks, of which all but 101 flasks were produced in Texas and 
California, each State furnishing about one-half of the total. The 
world's supply in 1913 was about 117,000 flasks, of which Spain 
produced 31.3 per cent, Italy 25.2 per cent, Austria 20.6 per cent, 
the United States 17.3 per cent, and other countries 5.6 per cent. 

The cost of domestic production before the war was greater than in 
Spain, Italy, and Austria, because of lower-grade ores and higher 
labor costs. The domestic ore averages not over 0.5 per cent quick- 
silver, while that of Spain runs 8 per cent, that of Italy 0.9 per cent, 
and that of Austria 0.65 per cent. 

Imports of quicksilver before 1911 were small, but in 1914 aggre- 
gated 444,373 pounds, valued at $192,609. Later statistics follow. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity, i 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds, i 
503,053 i 
797,613 

1,062,647 
528,003 


$533,408 
791,226 
971,510 
329, 145 


$53,341 
79,123 
97, 151 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Prior to 1910 the United States made rather large 
exports of mercury. This situation was reversed in 1911. Exports 
dwindled to about 300 flasks, compared with an average of over 
4,200 flasks shipped annuariy during the preceding four years. 
Soon after the outbreak of the war exports began to increase rapidly. 
The exports in 1917 of 850,603 pounds were the greatest in the 
history of the industry. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have 
been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


232,346 
$338,620 


683,004 
SS17,328 


116,493 
$129,993 


16,067 


Value 


$10,992 



The principal countries of destination were: In 1919, Japan, 
Hongkong, Sweden, Canada, Denmark; in 1920, Japan, Canada, 
British India, Cuba, Peru. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



529 



PARAGRAPH 384. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 384. New types, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 191. * * * new types, twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 160. * * * types, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 



TYPES. 

Description and use. — Types are slugs of metal containing on one 
end raised dies of letters, figures, or typographical signs. They are 
used for setting up type composition for printing, or as a form from 
which a stereotype or electrotype impression is taken. 

Production. — There were 31 establishments engaged in type 
founding in 1914, with a production valued at $2,320,000. Domestic 
output exceeds consumption. 

Imports. — Imports of type from all sources are small, and consist 
mainly of special fonts for foreign-language publications. They are 
derived principally from Germany, Japan, and China. Imports of 
new type in 1914 were 50,343 pounds, valued at $9,866. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
15,600 
17,657 
35., 016 
22,^633 


$4,069 
5,749 
10,694 
12,021 


$610 

862 

1,604 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 










Exports of type amounted to 614,421 pounds, valued at $219,491, 
in 1914. Later statistics by calendar years follow: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 


1919 


1920 


276,091 
$143,428 


626,634 
$320,715 


646,639 
$341,697 



1921 
(9 months). 



434,352 
$298,430 



The principal countries of destination were: In 1919, Canada, 
Mexico, Cuba, United Kingdom, Argentina; in 1920, Canada, Mexico, 
Cuba, Philippine Islands, and Peru. 

Important changes in classification.— "Types" has been changed to 
"new types," and "type metal" has been transferred to paragraph 
389. 



82304—22- 



-34 



530 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 385. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 385. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy 
of any kind in which nickel is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, in pigs or 
ingots, or similar forms, 5 cents per 
pound; in bars, rods, plates, sheets, strips, 
strands, anodes, or electrodes, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 185. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy Par. 155. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy 
of any kind in which nickel is a com- of any kind in which nickel is a com- 
ponent material of chief value, in pigs, ponent material of chief value, in pigs, 
ingots, bars, rods, or plates, six cents per ingots, bars, rods, or plates, 10 per 
pound; sheets or strips, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; sheets or strips, 20 
centum ad valorem. per centum ad valorem. 

NICKEL. 

Description and uses. — The principal use of nickel is in alloys 
of which nickel steel is the most important, absorbing one-half the 
output. Nickel is also used in cheap jewelry (particularly watches) , 
in German silver, nickel plating, laboratory appliances, and cooking 
and table utensils. Nickel oxide is used in Edison storage batteries 
and in the manufacture of glass. The salts are largely used in elec- 
troplating; also in the hydrolysis of fats into solids suitable for soap 
making, etc. Nickel ingots, bars, rods, and plates are the raw mate- 
rials from which wire (round, square, and flat) is made. Plates are 
used also in electroplating. Sheets and strips are the relatively thin 
forms of nickel. To distinguish sheets from strips arbitrary lines of 
demarcation have been adopted by the Treasury Department, as 
follows: Sheet, over 7 inches in width and 0.14 inch or less in thick- 
ness; strip, 7 inches and under in width and -^ inch and under in 
thickness. Thin sheets of nickel are welded on sheet iron and steel, 
and are said to wear better than electroplated sheets. 

Production.— The United States produces no nickel from domestic 
materials except as a by-product of copper refining. The production 
from this source in 1918 was 882,000 pounds, valued at $401,000. 
This country is, however, the greatest producer of refined nickel in 
the world, with an output of about 70,000,000 pounds per year by 
one eastern company which easily dominates the industry through the 
ownership of the largest Canadian mines and smelters and by its 
large refining works in New Jersey. In 1918 the company began 
refining some of its nickel in Canada. Canadian nickel is also re- 
fined in Wales, and French company produces nickel from New Cal- 
edonian ores and matte. The latter is also employed by a smaller 
American producer of the metal. The production of nickel in 1914 
was 35,098,958 pounds, valued at $12,284,625, and in 1915 was 
56,566,890 pounds, valued at $22,626,756. The production of nickel 
oxide in 1914 was 1,692,000 pounds and in 1915 was 2,764,000 pounds. 
The production of nickel as a by-product in the electrolytic refining 
of copper was 846,000 pounds in 1914, valued at $413,000 and 
1,644,000 pounds in 1915, valued at $538,222. 

Imports. — In 1914 nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which 
nickel is a component material of chief value, in pigs, ingots, bars, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



531 



rods, or plates, was imported to the amount of 109,213 pounds, valued 
at $44,146. Imports of sheets and strips amounted to $6,851 in the 
fiscal year 1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


NICKEL OXIDE. 








1918 


Pounds. 
10, 902 
1,078 
215 

22,347 


$3, 221 

324 

65 

6,432 


$322 

32 

6 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











NICKEL AND ALLOYS OF ANY KIND, ETC., IN PIGS, INGOTS, BARS, RODS, OR PLATES. 


1918 


40 
7, 256, 992 
6, 905, 753 
1,463,503 


$8 

2,553,030 

2,193,256 

482, 381 


$1 
255, 303 
219,326 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 : 


10 


1921 (9 months) 










NICKEL SHEETS OR STRIPS 








I 
1918 


$6,881 
4,889 


| 

$1,376 
978 


20 


1919 


10,152 


20 







Exports. — Exports in 1914 amounted to 28,895,242 pounds, 
valued at $9,403,708. Prior to 1914, exports went chiefly to the 
Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom. Exports of nickel, 
nickel oxide, and matte since 1917 by calendar years have been as 
follows : 





1918 S 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


17,469,500 
$6,927,041 


3, 810, 656 
$1,697,544 


1, 215, 232 
$574, 845 


425, 439 


Value 


$103, 244 







• The principal countries of destination were, in 1919, France, 
Japan, United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy; in 1920, Belgium, Japan, 
Switzerland, France, United Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 (par. 155) 
the articles mentioned in this paragraph are classified in two 



groups as follows: First, nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in 

which nickel is a component material of chief value, in pi^ 

bars, rods, or plates; and second, sheets or strips. In H. R. 7456, 



bars, rods, and plates have been transferred from the first group 
into the second group. "Or similar forms" has been added to the 
first group, and strands, anodes, and electrodes have been added to 
the second group. 

Suggested changes. — Wire is a form of nickel not mentioned here. 
It has also been suggested that tubes be provided for in this para- 
graph. 

Nickel shot, an important commercial product, might also be 
mentioned in this paragraph unless it shall be desired to exempt it 
from dutv. 



532 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. It. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 386. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 386. Tin in bars, blocks or pigs, 
and grain or granulated and scrap (in, 2 
cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 695. * * * tin in bars, blocks, 
pigs, or grain or granulated: * * * 
[Free]. 

[See also paragraph 1670, H. R. 7456.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 631. * * * tin in bars, blocks, 
pigs, or grain or granulated, and scrap 
tin: * * * [Free]. 

[See also paragraph 1670, H. R. 7456.] 



TIN IN BARS, BLOCKS, PIGS, OR GRAIN, OR GRANULATED. 

Description and uses. — Tin in bars, blocks, and pigs is commercial 
tin cast into convenient shapes, and only partially refined. Grain 
or granulated tin has been tested for its purity at the smelter and 
is a finer grade. Tin is used chiefly as a protective coating for 
other metals and in the making of alloys, especially bearing metals 
and solders. A considerable quantity of pure tin oxide goes into 
white enamel. By increasing the proportions of lead, aluminum, 
zinc, antimony, copper, cadmium, and bismuth in alloys of these 
metals with tin, the latter has been considerably conserved. A 
complete substitute for tin is not known. 

Production. — This is one of the few metals not found in the United 
States in deposits of sufficient purity and extent to justify a domestic 
mining industry. Domestic smelters depend upon Bolivian ore and 
lacking this source of supply would probably be obliged to suspend 
operations. Ores from all other known deposits of workable size are 
either inaccessable or are not exported because of prohibitive export 
taxes or local transportation charges. Less than 100 tons of tin 
are annually recovered from domestic ore— all of which is from 
Alaska, whereas the smelter output from imported ores may be 
taken at about 12,000 tons. 

Imports in 1914 of tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated 
were 100,177,962 pounds, valued at $39,422,479. Prior to 1915 
about one-half were transshipments from England, and only since 
1914 have shipments come direct from the Dutch East Indies, with 
increasing amounts from the Straits Settlements. Later statistics 
by calendar years follow : 

1921 
(9 months). 



Quanlity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 


1919 


1920 


142,678,763 
$92, 259, 799 


89,718,525 
$50, 906, 126 


125, 590, 278 
$73, 440, 872 



34, 083, 996 
$11,175,081 



These imports came mainly from the Straits Settlements, United 
Kingdom and Dutch East Indies. 

Exports. — Exports of tin in pigs and oxide of tin were 301,213 
pounds in 1915; and 798,288 pounds in 1917. Exports of tin in pigs, 
bars, etc., since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





191S 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




40,033 
$31,952 


611,778 
$415,921 


1,411,151 
$770, 375 


2, 125, 725 




$695,007 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 533 

The principal countries of destination were, in 1919. Russia in 
Asia. Canada, Mexico, Sweeten; in 1920. Canada, Mexico, Cuba, 
Rumania. 

SCJtAP TIN. 

Description and uses. — Considerable tin is recovered from scrap 
metals, bronze, solder, pewter, and electrotype metal, and some from 
old tin cans and, containers. Tin plate scrap, now admitted as scrap 
tin, is specially mentioned in par. 301 of H. R. 7456. 

Production. — Practically no clean tin scrap or tinplate clippings are 
wasted, but it is difficult to collect and transport old tin cans and 
containers, and with no sale for the residue (black tin plate) the 
output from this source is greatly curtailed. The tin content of the 
average tin can anel container is about 2 per cent. Detinners formerly 
recovereel from 60 to 70 pounds of tin from a long ton of scrap, but 
only 40 to 45 pounds are now regained, and from used cans only 
29 to 30 pounels. The production of secondary tin was 4,535 tons 
in 1914 and 7,142 tons in 1918. The production of secondary tin 
in the form of alloys was 7,912 tons in 1914 and 16 695 tons in 1918. 
The total value was $8 ; 887,158 in 1914 and $41,381,000 in 1918. 

Imports in 1914 were 10,778,343 pounds, valued at $61,490; in 
1918, 17,718,044 pounds, valued at $115,963. These imports, which 
came mainly from Canada and Mexico, consisted almost wholly of 
scrap tin-plate (see paragraph 301), and since 1918 have been, so 
designated by the Department of Commerce. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $75,426; in 1917, at $140,996. Prior 
to 1914 scrap tin was exported chiefly to Germany anel Belgium; the 
1917 exports practically all went to Japan. 

Important changes in classification. — These articles were trans- 
ferred from the Free List of the act of 1913 (par. 631). 



PARAGRAPH 387. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 387. Bottle caps of metal, collap- 
sible tubes, and sprinkler tops, if not 
decorated, colored, waxed, lacquered, 
enameled, lithographed, electroplated, 
or embossed in color, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; if decorated, colored, waxed, 
lacquered, enameled, lithographed, elec- 
troplated, or embossed in color, 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 196. Bottle caps of metal, if not Par. 164. Bottle caps of metal, col- 
colored, waxed, lacquered, enameled, lapsible tubes, and sprinkler tops, if not 
lithographed, or embossed in color, one- decorated, colored, waxed, lacquered, 
half of one cent per pound and forty-five enamelei. lithographed, electroplated, or 
per centum ad valorem; if colored, embossed in color, 'SO per centum ad 
waxed, lacquered, enameled, litho- valorem; if decorated, colored, waxed, 
graphed, or embossed in color, fifty-five lacquered, enameled, lithographed, elec- 
per centum ad valorem. troplated, or embossed in color, 40 pp>* 

centum ad valorem. 



534 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



BOTTLE CAPS, COLLAPSIBLE TUBES, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Bottle caps may be made of paper or 
metal. Metal bottle caps may be those familiar on beer and soda- 
water bottles or the decorative foil caps wound around the cork 
and tops of wine bottles to keep them air-tight. It is this fine 
foil cap, made largely of lead, that is referred to here. 

Collapsible tubes are the metal containers for tooth paste, photog- 
rapher's paste, shaving cream, etc., which may be pinched together 
and rolled up at the bottom to force out the contents at the top. 

Sprinkler tops are perforated metal caps or stoppers for bottles 
from which liquids, such as perfumery and toilet waters, are sprin- 
kled. 

Production. — In 1913 four domestic factories, none of them west of 
Chicago, were manufacturing bottle caps. There were about 100 
factories in all Europe — 25 each in Germany, France, and Aus- 
tria. Seven American factories in 1913 manufactured collapsible 
tubes; two, sprinkler tops; and two others, both collapsible tubes and 
sprinkler tops. Consumption of bottle caps is estimated to be from 
25,000,000 to 50,000,000 caps* annually. Production of collapsible 
tubes was estimated at about $500,000 in 1913 and in 1920 from 
$15,000,000 to $20,000,000. Production of sprinkler tops was 
estimated at about $300,000 in 1913, and at several million dollars 
in 1920. Automatic machines are used in American bottle-cap 
factories, but much skilled labor is said to be required in coloring. 

Imports. — In 1914, imports of bottle caps, collapsible tubes, and 
sprinkler tops amounted to $597,458. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


BOTTLE CAPS, COLLAPSIBLE TUBES, AND SPRINKLER TOPS; NOT DECORATED, COL- 
• ' ORED, ETC. 


1918 


$2, 666 

254 

1,238 

1,203 


$800 

76 

371 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) .-. 










BOTTLE CAPS, COLLAPSIBLE TUBES, AND SPRINKLER TOPS— DECORATED, COLORED , 

ETC. 



1918 $26, 380 

1919 I 13, 992 

1920 92, 996 

1921 (9 months) J -10, 057 



Exports. — None recorded. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



535 



PARAGRAPH 388. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 388. Lead-bearing ores and 
mattes of all kinds, 1£ cents per pound 
on the lead contained therein: Pro- 
vided, That such duty shall not be ap- 
plied to the lead contained in copper 
mattes until after two thousand tons of 
such lead shall have been imported in 
any one year, to be allocated under rules 
and regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury: Provided fur- 
ther, That on all importations of lead- 
bearing ores and mattes of all kinds the 
duties shall be estimated at the port of 
entry and a bond given in double the 
amount of such estimated duties for the 
transportation of the ores or mattes 
by common carriers bonded for the 
transportation of appraised or unap- 
prised merchandise to properly equipped 
sampling or smelting establishments, 
whether designated as bonded ware- 
houses or otherwise. On the arrival of 
the ores or mattes at such establish- 
ments they shall be sampled according 
to commercial methods under the super- 
vision of Government officers, who shall 
be stationed at such establishments, and 
who shall submit the samples thus ob- 
tained to a Government assay er, desig- 
nated by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
who shall make an assay of the sample 
by wet assay without deduction and report 
the result to the proper customs officers, 
and the import entries shall be liquidated 
thereon. And the Secretary of the 
Treasury is authorized to make all neces- 
sary regulations to enforce the provisions 
of this paragraph. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 181. Lead-bearing ore of all kinds, 
one and one-half cents per pound on the 
lead contained therein: Provided, That 
on all importations of lead-bearing ores 
the duties shall be estimated at the port 
of entry, and a bond given in double the 
amount of such estimated duties for the 
transportation of the ores by common 
carriers bonded for the transportation of 
appraised or unappraised merchandise to 
properly equipped sampling or smelting 
establishments, whether designated as 
bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the 
arrival of the ores at such establishments 
they shall be sampled according to com- 
mercial methods under the supervision of 
government officers, who shall be sta- 
tioned at such establishments, and who 
shall submit the samples thus obtained 
to a government assayer, designated by 
the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall 
make a proper assay of the sample and 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 152. Lead-bearing ores of all 
kinds containing more than 3 per centum 
of lead, f cent per pound on the lead 
contained therein: Provided, That on all 
importations of lead-bearing ores the 
duties shall be estimated at the port 
of entry, and a bond given in double 
the amount of such estimated duties 
for the transportation of the ores by 
common carriers bonded for the trans- 
portation of appraised or unappraised 
merchandise to properly equipped sam- 
pling or smelting establishments, whether 
designated as bonded warehouses or other- 
wise. On the arrival of the ores at such 
establishments they shall be sampled ac- 
cording to commercial methods under the 
supervision of Government officers, who 
shall be stationed at such establishments, 
and who shall submit the samples thus 
obtained to a Government assayer, desig- 
nated by the Secretary of the Treasury, 



536 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

report the result to the proper customs who shall make a proper assay of the 

officers, and the import entries shall be sample and report the result to the proper 

liquidated thereon, except in case of ores customs officers, and the import entries 

that shall be removed to a bonded ware- shall be liquidated thereon, except in 

house to be refined for exportation as case of ores that shall be removed to a 

provided by law. And the Secretary of bonded warehouse to be refined for ex- 

the Treasury is authorized to make all portation as provided by law. And the 

necessary regulations to enforce the pro- Secretary of the Treasury is authorized 

visions of this paragraph. to make all necessary regulations to 

enforce the provisions of this paragraph. 

LEAD-BEARING ORES AND MATTES. 

(See Survey C-21.) 

Description and uses. — The typical lead ore is complex. Most 
mines produce lead with silver, zinc, and various other metals. 
Besides supplying metallic lead, the ores are used as carriers in the 
smelting process for the recovery of gold and silver. Lead sulphate 
and similar lead pigments are made to an increasing extent directly 
from the ore. Mattes are mixtures of artificial sulphides produced 
in smelting. Lead-bearing mattes invariably contain iron and 
sulphur and generally copper, silver, gold, and other metals in such 
amount as to exceed the value of the lead contained. 

Production. — The United States is the leading producer of lead 
ore. Australia, Spain, Germany, and Mexico are next in order 
named. These five countries produce fully 80 per cent of the world's 
output. 

The United States is also the largest consumer of lead metal. 
Before the war, consumption practically equaled the production. 
In addition, however, American smelting and refining works pro- 
duce refined lead derived from foreign (chiefly Mexican) ore and 
base bullion for export, the output of this lead amounting to about 
25 per cent of the domestic business. By virtue of the provision 
for bonded smelting, this traffic, although frequently carried on with 
the smelting of domestic ores, is entirely distinct, as far as the tariff 
is concerned. 

Since 1870 production of lead has increased steadily. The out- 
put from domestic ores in short tons was, in 1880, 97,825; in 1890, 
143,630; in 1900, 270,824; in 1910, 395,313; in 1918, 539,905; and 
in 1920, 424,433. The capacity of domestic furnaces for smelting 
lead ore was rated in 1918 at 5,521,000 tons. 

Imports and exports. — The lead content of ore imported, 1910 to 
1918, inclusive, averaged over 38,000,000 pounds annually. Less 
than 12J per cent was imported for consumption by payment of 
duty, and more than one-half of this amount was exported with 
benefit of drawback. The average net consumption, therefore, 
amounted annually to only slightly more than 2,225,000 pounds of 
lead. Thus in this nine-year period less than 6 per cent of the total 
lead content of imported ore was actually used in the United States. 
The total net revenue in the nine-year period was only $187,766.29, 
and the average yearly revenue was less than $21,000. 

Practically no lead ore of either domestic or foreign origin is ex- 
ported from the United States. The lead imported in the form of ore 
for treatment in bonded works for export does not compete with the 



ST.MMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, li>21. 



537 



product of domestic mines, except in foreign markets. Until the 
war, however, practically no lead of domestic origin was exported. 
The large exports of domestic lead during the war period were a 
result oi war conditions, the curtailment of European supplies from 
Australia and Spain, and the unprecedented demand. 

Broadly speaking, the only countries that compete with domestic 
output in the domestic ore market are Mexico, Canada, and Chile. 
Except locally, serious competition comes only from Mexico, but this 
is becoming less of a factor since the development of smelteries in 
Mexico nearer to the sources of supply. Mexican lead ore, however, 
is a potential factor. It is of high grade, generally rich in silver, and, 
except for the duty, can be obtained cheaper than domestic ore. 
Mexican lead deposits are controlled almost entirely by American 
companies, chief among which are the American Smelting & Refining 
Co. and the American Metal Co. Mexico is the only country having 
large known deposits of lead that is not producing to practically its 
full economic limit, and which can, therefore, largely increase pro- 
duction. 

Imports of lead ore containing more than 3 per cent of lead (lead 
content) have been, since 1917, as follows: 



Calendar year. 


1 
Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 


1918 


Pounds: 

6,064,902 ! 
4,106,823 
13,700,499 

5,471,833 l 


$344, 080 
196, 363 
908, 619 
254, 762 


$45, 476 
30, 801 


Per cent. 


1919 


15 69 


1920 


102,754 11.31 


1921 (9 months) 


' 1 




s 



These imports came mainly from Canada and Mexico. 

Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 provides for 
lead-tearing ores of all kinds containing more than 3 per centum of 
lead. H. R. 7456 provides for lead-bearing ores of all kinds, and 
includes "mattes" in the paragraph and also in the proviso. The 

Eroviso omits the following words: '"except in case of ores that shall 
e removed to a bonded warehouse to be refined for exportation as 
provided by law" after the words: "and the import entries shall be 
liquidated thereon." The following is a new provision: "Provided, 
That such duty shall not be applied to the lead contained in copper 
mattes until after 2,000 tons of such lead shall have been imported 
in anv one year, to be allocated under rules and regulations to be 
prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury." 

The provision for wet assay without deduction is new. This 
change will be considered in connection with Title III, Section 315. 



538 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 389. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 389. Lead bullion or base bullion, 
lead in pigs and bars, lead dross, re- 
claimed lead, scrap lead, antimonial 
lead, antimonial scrap lead, type metal, 
Babbitt metal, solder, all alloys or com- 
binations of lead not specially provided 
for, 2\ cents per pound on the lead con- 
tained therein; lead in sheets, pipe, 
shot, glazier's lead, and lead wire, lead 
in any article or material not specially 
provided for, 2$ cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pah. 182. Lead dross, lead bullion or 
base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, lead in 
any form not specially provided for in 
this section, old refuse lead run into 
blocks and bars, and old scrap lead fit 
only to be remanuf actured ; all the fore- 
going, two and one-eighth cents per 
pound; lead in sheets, pipe, shot, glaziers' 
lead and lead wire, two and three- 
eighths cents per pound. 

Par. 191. Type metal, one and one- 
half cents per pound on the lead contained 
therein; * * *. 

Par. 649. Pewter and britannia metal, 
old, and fit only to be remanufactured 
[Free]. 

Par. 702. Types, old, and fit only to be 
remanufactured [Free] . 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 153. Lead dross, lead bullion or 
base bullion, lead in pigs and bars, lead in 
any form not specially provided for in 
this section, old refuse lead run into 
blocks and bars, and old scrap lead fit 
only to be remanufactured : lead in sheets, 
pipe, shot, glaziers' lead, and lead wire; 
all the foregoing, 25 per centum ad va- 
lorem, on the lead contained therein. 



Par. 160. Type metal, 
per centum ad valorem. 



15 



Par. 572. Pewter and britannia metal, 
old, and fit onlv to be remanufactured 
[Free]. 

Par. 637. Type, stereotype metal, elec- 
trotype metal, linotype composition, all 
of the foregoing, old and fit only to be re- 
manufactured [Free]. 



LEAD. 



(See Survey C-21.) 

Description and uses. — The chief consumption of lead is in the form 
of white lead for paint. Large quantities are used in pipe and sheet, 
and in shot and bullets; lesser quantities in bearing metals, solders, 
and other white-metal alloys. 

The market grades are (1) desilverized, (2) "soft," and (3) anti- 
monial lead. Lead bullion or base bullion is metallic lead contain- 
ing gold and silver, differing from market lead in that it must be 
desilverized or refined. Lead pigs and bars — usually about 3 feet 
long and weighing from 80 to 110 pounds — includes all merchantable 
forms of pig lead whether virgin (produced direct from ore) or of 
secondary origin, and whether soft, desilverized, or base bullion. 
Lead dross, made in recovering the metal from its ores, is valueless 
except as a source of lead arid the minor amounts of other metals 
which it may contain. The chief source of antimonial lead (pro- 
vided for in the act of 1913 as "type metal") is from the refining of 
lead bullion; as the name implies, it is lead alloyed with a certain 
amount of antimony. Type metal is an alloy of lead and antimony 
with small amounts of tin and is used for the manufacture of type. 
Babbitt metal is representative of a large group of bearing metals 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 539 

containing lead and antimony to which may be added copper, zinc, 
or other metallic substances. Solder, an alloy of tin and lead, is 
used for joining metals together. 

Production. — The United States is the largest producer and con- 
sumer of lead. Since 1875 it has been practically independent of 
foreign supplies, with a domestic production very nearly equal to 
consumption. Although large amounts appear in the import sta- 
tistics, little foreign lead is ultimately absorbed in the United States, 
as most of the ore and base bullion imported is treated in bonded 
works without payment of duty, and the larger part of the imports 
upon which duty is paid is eventually reexported, generally with 
benefit of drawback. For instance, we carry on a large smelting and 
refining business in bond, treating by far the greater part of the 
Mexican output. In 1918 more than 550,000 tons of lead were ob- 
tained from domestic ore, and 109,159 tons from foreign ore, the 
total output being 659,888 tons, valued at more than $97,000,000. 
The 1917 output was 635,669 tons, worth about $112,000,000. The 
value of the products of the lead smelting and refining industry, 
including the gold, silver, and copper contents of the ores and bul- 
lion treated, was $171,579,000 in 1914 and $192,655,000 in 1919, an 
increase of $21,076,000, or 12.3 per cent. The value of products of 
smelting onlv was $64,695,000 in 1914 and $70,973,000 in 1919. 
The value of products of refining was $107,884,000 in 1914 and 
$121,862,000 in 1919. Primary lead smelted or refined was valued 
at $563,810 in 1914, as compared with $485,112 in 1919. Utah is 
the leading State in the industry. 

Smelting and refining are centralized in a few strong companies, 
almost one-half the output of refined metal being controlled by one 
large producer. The independent producing companies are highly 
integrated, have ample capital, and substantial ore supplies. 

The production of antimonial lead from domestic ore was 19,371 
tons in 1915 and 10,777 tons in 1918. Production from foreign ores 
for the same years was 3,853 tons and 7,793 tons, respectively. The 
production of alloys of lead in 1914 was valued at $19,179,976. 

Imports. — Of the various forms in which lead is imported, the most 
important is base bullion. In the fiscal year 1918 the maximum 
importation of pigs, bars, etc., was over 19,000,000 pounds, which 
compares with 150,000,000 pounds of lead in base bullion. In 1913 
and 1914 only a few hundred thousand pounds were imported, show- 
ing an enormous fluctuation in the imports of both classes of the 
metal. This was due largely to political conditions in Mexico, the 
only important country of origin of both classes of imports. The 
imports from all other countries are small and, excepting those from 
Canada, sporadic. Mexican lead is refined in bond and shipped 
chiefly to Great Britain. 

Practically the entire imports of antimonial lead or type metal are 
produced in bonded smelting works from the refining of imported 
lead base bullion, mainly from Mexico. The type metaji is with- 
drawn for consumption, as provided for in Section IV, paragraph N, 
subsection 1, of the act of 1913. Imports have fluctuated widely; the 
maximum was in 1907, nearly 12,000 tons of antimonial lead, valued 
at more than $1,300,000. There were no imports in 1916, and 105 
pounds, valued at $20, in 1918. The imports of type metal fit only 
to be remanufactured were 329,825 pounds, valued at $20,822, in 



540 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1913,. and 16,964 pounds, valued at $1,621, in 1918. The imports 
of sheets, pipes, shot, glaziers' lead, lead wire, and other manufac- 
tures were $63,512 in 1915 and $13,841 in 1918. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



LEAD BULLION OR BASE BULLION (LEAD CONTENT). 



1918 


Pounds. 

3, 559, 071 
31,796,693 
66, 816, 820 
50,923,348 


$180,070 i 
1,130,937 I 
3,340,600 
1,531,701 . 


$45, 017 
282, 734 
835, 150 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) . 











LEAD IN PIGS AND BARS, LEAD IN ANY FORM N. S. P. F., OLD REFUSE LEAD RUN INTO 
BLOCKS AND BARS, AND OLD SCRAP LEAD FIT ONLY TO BE REMANUFACTURED 
(LEAD CONTENT).! 



1918 


1,139,950 
10, 174, 115 
68,901,959 
56, 555, 873 


$56,694 

415, 094 

3,887,921 

1, 815, 055 


$13,994 
103,773 
971,950 




1919 


25 


1920 




1921 (9 months) 













LEAD SHEETS (LEAD CONTENT). 








1919 


5,995 
189 
300 


$449 
27 
30 


$112 
7 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 













LEAD PIPE (LEAD CONTENT 1 


. 






1918 


6,892 

1,875 

81, 207 


$624 
149 1 
5,456 ! 

1 


$156 

37 

1,364 


25 


1919 


25 


1920. . 


25 







LEAD SHOT, GLAZIER'S LEAD, AND LEAD WIRE (LEAD CONTENT). 



1919 

1921 (9 months) . 



148 
822 



$30 
25 



?: 



25 





TYPE METAL (LEAD CONTENT). 






1918 


513, 16S $35, 938 ; 


$5, 391 
122, 496 
202, 424 


„ 


1919 


11,000,498 816,642 i 


15 


1920 


25,761,543 1,349,495 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


39.208.543 1.108.217 ' 









PEWTER AND BRITANNIA METAL, OLD AND FIT ONLY TO BE REMANUFACTURED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 




TYPE, STEREOTYPE AND ELECTROTYPE METAL, AND LINOTYPE COMPOSITION, 
OLD AND FIT ONLY TO BE H EM ANU FACTVRED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 inonlhs). 



1(K) S3 

10,968 LOSS 

11,212 1.191 

32.J70 66,690 



1 These imports .Mine principally from Mexico, Canada, and France. 

2 Canada and Mexico furnished the greater ;>ari of these imports: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 1921. 



541 



Exports. — For 10 years prior to 1914 there are no records of the 
export of domestic pig lead. However, domestic . smelters were 
treating and exporting a considerable tonnage of foreign lead. A 
large amount of domestic lead was exported during the war period. 
In the fiscal year 1918, more than 107,000 tons of pig lead (from both 
foreign and domestic ore), valued at $17,400,000, were exported, the 
maximum of domestic lead being 96,500 tons in 1915. 

No appreciable quantity of antimonial lead or type metal is 
exported. The exports of Babbitt metal were 1,010,651 pounds, 
valued at $181,958 in 1914. Later exports for the calendar years 
1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 



Lead pigs, bars, etc., produced from domestic 
ore: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Lead pigs, bars, etc., produced from foreign ore: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Babbitt metal: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



19 IS 



83, 662, 322 
$5, 889, 381 

108,588,854 
$7,605,403 

2, 240, 193 
$559, 332 



1919 



21,019,605 
$1,471,256 

81,016,588 
$4,479,723 

2,188,164 I 
$718,223 I 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



5,459,713 
$462, 223 

33,663,553 j 
$2,486,576 J 

2,371,906 I 
$697,476 I 



976,321 
$53, 340 

!8, 371, 805 
II, 292, 649 

631,961 
$169,936 



The principal countries of destination in 1920 were Brazil, Japan, 
Canada, the United Kingdom, Cuba, the Netherlands, Argentina, 
Mexico, and the Philippine Islands. 

Important changes %n classification. — Antimonial lead, antimonial 
scrap lead, type metal, Babbitt metal, and solder have been included 
in this paragraph. Type metal is transferred from a separate para- 
graph in the act of 1913 (par. 160). The rate of duty has been 
changed from ad valorem to specific. 

Pewter and Britannia metal, old and "fit only to be remanufac- 
tured (par. 572), and type, stereotype metal, electrotype metal, 
linotype composition, old and fit only to be remanufactured (par. 637), 
are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913. 

The provision for "lead in any article or material not specially pro- 
vided for" is new. 

Conflicting provisions. — The added provision "lead in any article 
or material not specially provided for" conflicts with the provision 
in paragraph 393 for manufactures wholly or in chief value of lead, 
not specially provided for. 

Suggested changes. — No provision is made for duties on alloys used 
with lead in any of the articles provided for in this paragraph. One- 
half of solder is ordinarily tin. 

There is doubt whether the 2| cents per pound is to be imposed 
on the lead or on the total weight of the sheets and pipe and articles 
thereafter enumerated. The main bracket specifically imposes duty 
on lead in pigs, etc., on the lead content. If the intention is to 
impose duty on the lead content of lead in sheets, etc., it is sug- 
gested that the words "on the lead contained therein" be inserted 
after the word "pound" in line 6, page 75. If, on the other hand, 
the intention is to impose duty on the gross weight, it is suggested 
that the words "on the gross weight of the sheets or other articles 
or materials" be inserted after the word "pound" in line 6, page 75. 



542 



PARAGRAPH 390. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 390. Zinc-bearing ore of all kinds, 
containing less than 10 per centum of zinc, 
shall be admitted free of duty; containing 
10 per centum or more of zinc and less 
than 20 per centum, one-half of 1 cent per 
pound on the zinc contained therein; 
containing 20 per centum or more of zinc 
and less than 25 per centum, 1 cent per 
pound on the zinc contained therein; 
containing 25 per centum of zinc, or more, 
1J cents per pound on the zinc contained 
therein: Provided, That on all importa- 
tions of zinc-bearing ores the duties shall 
be estimated at the port of entry, and a 
bond given in double the amount of such 
estimated duties for the transportation of 
the ores by common carriers bonded for 
the transportation of appraised or unap- 
prised merchandise to properly equipped 
sampling or smelting establishments, 
whether designated as bonded warehouses 
or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores 
at such establishments they shall be 
sampled according to commercial methods 
under the supervision of Government 
officers, who shall be stationed at such 
establishments, and who shall submit the 
samples thus obtained to a Government 
assayer, designated by the Secretary of 
the Treasury, who shall make an assay of 
the sample by wet assay without deduc- 
tion and report the result to the proper 
customs officers, and the import entries 
shall be liquidated thereon. And the 
Secretary of the Treasury is authorized 
to make all necessary regulations to en- 
force "the provisions of this paragraph. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 193. Zinc-bearing ore of all kinds, 
including calamine, containing less than 
ten per centum of zinc, shall be admitted 
free of duty; containing ten per centum 
or more of zinc and less than twenty per 
centum, one-fourth of one cent per 
pound on the zinc contained therein; 
containing twenty per centum or more of 
zinc and less than twenty-five per cen- 
tum, one-half of one cent per pound on 
the zinc contained therein; containing 
twenty-five per centum of zinc, or more, 
one cent per pound on the zinc contained 
therein: Provided, That on all importa- 
tions of zinc-bearing ores the duties shall 
be estimated at the port of entry, and a 
bond given in double the amount of such 
estimated duties for the transportation of 
the ores by common carriers bonded for 
the transportation of appraised or unap- 
prised merchandise to properly equipped 
sampling or smelting establishments, 
whether designated as bonded ware- 
houses or otherwise. On the arrival of 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 162. Zinc-bearing ores of all kinds, 
including calamine, 10 per centum ad 
valorem upon the zinc contained therein : 
Provided, That on all importations of 
zinc-bearing ores the duties shall be esti- 
mated at the port of entry, and a bond 
given in double the amount of such esti- 
mated duties for the transportation of the 
ores by common carriers bonded for the 
transportation of appraised or unapprised 
merchandise to properly equipped sam- 
pling or smelting establishments, whether 
designated as bonded warehouses or other- 
wise. On the arrival of the ores at such 
establishments they shall be sampled 
according to commercial methods under 
the supervision of Government officers, 
who shall be stationed at such establish- 
ments, and who shall submit the samples 
thus obtained to a Government assayer, 
designated by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, who shall make a proper assay of the 
sample and report the result to the proper 
custom officers, and the import entries 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 543 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

the ores at such establishments they shall shall be liquidated thereon, except in 
be sampled according to commercial case of ores that shall be removed to a 
methods under the supervision of govern- bonded warehouse to be refined for ex- 
ment officers, who shall be stationed at portation as provided by law. And the 
such establishments, and who shall sub- Secretary of the Treasury is authorized 
mit the samples thus obtained to a gov- to make all necessary regulations to 
ernment assayer, designated by the enforce the provisions of this paragraph. 
Secretary of the Treasury, who" shall 
make a proper assay of the sample, and 
report the result to the proper customs 
officers, and the import entries shall be 
liquidated thereon, except in case of ores 
that shall be removed to a bonded ware- 
house to be refined for exportation as 
provided by law. And the Secretary of 
the Treasury is authorized to make all 
necessary regulations to enforce the pro- 
visions of this paragraph. 

ZINC-BEARING ORES. 

(See Survey C-17.) 

Description and uses. — Zinc ores separate into the following classes: 
(1) Calamine or carbonate ore and concentrates, approximately 40 

Eer cent zinc with small amounts of other metallic elements; (2) 
lende or sulphide ores and concentrates, approximately 60 per cent 
zinc with small amounts of other metallic elements; (3) sulphide ores 
and concentrates, Rocky Mountain products averaging between 38 
and 50 per cent zinc with relatively high content of iron and sulphur; 
(4) complex sulphide ores containing up to 35 per cent zinc, but 
averaging about 20 to 25 per cent of zinc associated with other metals 
besides iron, and including lead or copper. Unusual varieties of zinc 
minerals are found in important quantities only at Franklin Furnace, 
N. J., a deposit unique in the character of its ores which are used in 
the production of zinc oxide and of zinc metal of exceptional purity. 
It is operated by one company and is not a factor in the general con- 
sideration of the industry. 

Ores of the first two classes rarely have any precious-metal value; 
class 3 usually contains some precious metal; while class 4 almost 
invariably carries precious metal. The first three classes are 
smelted for the production of spelter; the fourth class is a middling 
product usually sold to concentrating plants for further mechanical 
separation. More recently a market has begun to develop for such 
ores in making electrolytic zinc and for igneous concentration. In the 
Missouri ore schedule only two classes of ore are distinguished. Blende 
is sold on the basis of a 60 per cent zinc content, calamine on a basis of 
40 per cent. The chief use of zinc ores is in the manufacture of 
spelter (zinc metal), but an increasingly large amount is used do- 
mestically for the direct manufacture of zinc oxide and other pig- 
ments and zinc dust. A large tonnage of sulphuric acid is derived as 
a by-product in the making of spelter from blende. 

Production. — The United States is the largest producer of zinc ore, 
as well as of metal, other countries producing in the following order 
in 1917: Germany, Australia, Mexico, Canada, Italy, Japan, Spain, 
Siberia, and India. The greater part of the zinc resources as well as 
reduction works of Germany are transferred to the new State of 
Poland. Domestic proportion of the world's output has increased 



544 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



from about 20 per cent in the early nineties to about 60 per cent during 
the war. The output of domestic zinc mines in 1917 was 710,972 
short tons — eight times the annual output of 25 years ago, increasing 
by over 50 per cent since 1914. It was estimated at 627,100 short 
tons in 1918. 

Zinc mining as well as smelting has been peculiarly free from large 
combinations of capital, and with the exception of perhaps a half dozen 
exceptionally large producers, most of the zinc mines are operated 
independently. Zinc production was reported from 23 States in 1917. 
Over 80 per cent of the total output, however, came from six districts, 
namely: (1) Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma; (2) New Jersey; (3) 
Montana; (4) Wisconsin; (5) Colorado; and (6) Idaho. The first is 
the largest producing region in the world, in recent years yielding 
about one-seventh of the total output. 

Since the location of zinc-reduction works is determined by availa- 
bility of fuel and labor supply rather than by proximity to ore de- 
posits, zinc ore and concentrates are transported long distances. The 
ore from North American mines must be transported largely by rail, 
the ores of other countries by water, thus Australian concentrates nor- 
mally go to European works for treatment. Geographical position 
constrains Mexico and Canada — until very recently the only countries 
shipping us ore — to market their ores in the United States. Except 
for South America, whose resources are not yet gauged, they alone 
are likely to compete actively in our zinc-ore markets. Few of the 
Canadian mines possesses advantages over those located adjacently 
in the United States, costs of labor and supplies being nearly the same. 
The Canadian mines are not much richer and are a little farther away 
from smelting centers. In Mexico, however, there are large deposits 
of high-grade zinc ore which eventually may provide enormous sup- 
plies at extremely low cost. Despite the high freight rates, the low 
cost of production makes it possible to deliver the ore at Mississippi 
Valley smelteries for less than much of the output from our mines, 
even of that section. 

Imports. — Mexico is the most important exporter of ore to the 
United States. The quantity greatly increased until the disturbances 
in 1911. The most important factor aside from market conditions 
is the Mexican situation, which involves large potential tonnage. 
The average annual customs on the zinc contents of all ore during 
1910-1918 was $146,136.72, deducting the drawbacks. The average 
annual net consumption of foreign ore (zinc content) during this 
nine-year period was 16,698 short tons, the average general import 
being 44,742 tons. In the fiscal year 1918 the total was 24,809 short 
tons of which 18,426 tons came from Mexico and 5,173 tons from 
Canada. The general imports were 7,242 tons in 1914, and 127,433 
tons in 1916. Later imports of zinc ore, including calamine (zinc 
contents) have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
17,001,220 

5. 956, 481 
13,942,878 
IS, 512,003 


$291, 449 
119,540 
198, 156 
246,034 


$29, 145 
11,954 
19, 816 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months). 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 545 

The imports came mainly from Mexico and Canada. 

Exports. — All the domestic ore exported is high-grade willemite 
from New Jersey, used for high-grade spelter in Europe. From 1910 
to 1915 exports of zinc ore ranged from 15,000 to 20,000 tons; in 
1915 they declined to some 3,000 tons, and in the fiscal year 1917 
to 71 tons, but increased in 1918 to 1,203 tons. 

Important changes in classification. — " Calamine" has been omitted 
from this paragraph as unnecessary and the following words have 
been omitted from the proviso: " except in case of ores that shall be 
removed to a bonded warehouse to oe refined for exportation as 
provided by law." The duty is ad valorem in the act of 1913. 
H. R. 7456 provides a graduated scale of specific rates depending 
upon the per centum of zinc contained in the ores, zinc ores contain- 
ing less than 10 per cent of zinc to be admitted free of duty. 

The provision for wet assay without deduction is new. 

Suggested changes. — It has been represented to the Tariff Commis- 
sion that a provision might be inserted in this paragraph for zinc- 
bearing ore containing 40 per cent or more of zinc, since the zinc in 
excess of such percentage is more valuable per pound than ore 
containing a smaller percentage of zinc. 



PARAGRAPH 391. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 391. Zinc in blocks or pigs and 
zinc dust, If cents per pound; in sheets, 
If cents per pound; in sheets coated or 
plated with nickel or other metal, or 
solutions, 1$ cents per pound; old and 
worn-out, fit only to be remanufactured, 
1 cent per pound: Provided, That for a 
period of two years beginning on the day 
following the enactment of this Act the 
rates of duty shall be as follows: On zinc 
in blocks, pigs, or slabs, and old and 
worn-out zinc fit only to be remanufac- 
tured, 2 cents per pound; zinc in sheets, 
plates, strips, or coils, plated with nickel 
or other base metals, or in fabricated 
form, and zinc dust, 2£ cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 194. Zinc in blocks or pigs and Par. 163. Zinc in blocks, pigs, or sheets, 

zinc dust, one and three-eighths cents and zinc dust; and old and worn-out zinc 

per pound; in sheets, one and five-eighths fit only to be remanufactured, 15 per 

cents per pound; in sheets coated or centum ad valorem, 

plated with nickel or other metal, or Par. 109. * * * metal sheets * * * 

solutions, one and three-fourths cents per coated with nickel or other metals by 

pound; old and worn-out, fit only to be dipping, printing, stenciling, or other 

remanufactured, one cent per pound. process, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

ZINC IN BLOCKS, PIGS, AND SHEETS. 
(See Survey 0-27.) 
Description and uses.— The zinc of commerce, more or less impure, 
cast from molten metal into slabs, blocks, plates, or ingots, etc., is 
called spelter. The chief uses of zinc are for galvanizing, brass mak- 
ing, and sheet rolling. Sheet zinc is used in large amounts for dry 

82304—22 35 



546 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

batteries in automobile ignition, telephones, etc., and is of growing 
importance as a building material. In most structural uses zinc 
sheet may be replaced by the cheaper zinc-coated (galvanized) iron 
sheet; but where resistance to the atmosphere is the important 
requirement, pure zinc is claimed to be ultimately cheaper. An 
important amount of spelter is consumed in the desilverization 
(refining) of silver-lead bullion. Zinc in the form of shavings (from 
sheets) or as zinc dust is used for the precipitation of gold and silver 
in the cyanide process. A certain amount is used in the making 
of zinc white (French process oxide) and other pigments, although 
these are more often in this country prepared directly from the ore. 
The salts of zinc are also made from the metal, although generally 
from metallurgical by-products and scrap. 

Production. — The United States is the world's largest producer and 
consumer of zinc, its prewar output (300,000 tons) being about one- 
third of the total. The supply is derived almost exclusively from 
domestic sources, and, except during the war, exports have been 
small, although the bonded smelting privilege is extended to zinc 
ores and large supplies of cheap raw materials are available in 
Mexico. The American industry is highly competitive. Over 75 
per cent of the zinc smelting is by nine companies, four of which 
control 48.7 per cent of the total. There is a large excess of smelting 
facilities in the United States, but they are not favorably situated 
for conducting a bonded-smelting business on foreign ores, and 
because of the higher cost of domestic ore — due in part to railroad 
freights — little export business in the metal produced from this 
ore is probable. The European smelteries, located at or near sea- 
board, have an advantage as regards cost of ore delivered at their 
plants, although the ore is derived in large part from distant regions, 
notably Australia. The spelter they produce is the main feature in 
the world trade. 

Domestic production of spelter reached its maximum in 1917, when 
the total was 669,573 tons. At the average price for the year this 
output approximated $119,184,000. Production decreased to 517,927 
tons in 1918. The total capacity is about 864,000 short tons per year. 
Approximately 40 per cent of the output is in the vicinity of the 
Joplin district, centering in southwest Missouri and extending into 
Oklahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas. Illinois ranks next, with from 
25 to 35 per cent of the output. Large individual plants are located 
in Pennsylvania, Colorado, Montana, and other States. 

The Federal census shows that the production of spelter in 1909 
amounted to $34,206,000, in 1914 to $53,538,000, and in 1919 to 
$103,103,000, which is an increase of $49,565,000, or 92.6 per cent 
over 1914. The production of zinc sheets and strips was 90,425,811 
pounds in 1915 and 117,252,951 pounds in 1917. Primary zinc pro- 
duced at the smelters, as reported by the Geological Survey, increased 
from 353,049 tons in 1914 to 465,743 tons in 1919, an increase of 
31.9 per cent. Illinois is the leading producing State with Oklahoma 
a close second. 

Imports of zinc have averaged less than 1 per cent of the domestic 
production since about 1900. The imports of 1912 (10,866 short tons) 
were exceptional, due to a generally prosperous state of the domestic 
zinc industry, high prices, increasing consumption, and a slight lag in 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



547 



production. Imports before the war were chiefly from Germany; 
smaller amounts came from Belgium, but shipments from both were 
sporadic. The large imports in 1921 came in mostly in March and 
April from England, Belgium, and Germany (via Holland) . Imports 
since 1917 have been as follows: 





Calendar j 7 ear. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




ZINC IN BLOCKS OR PIGS. 






1918 




Pounds. 

22, 760 

64, 397 

101 

13, 064, 016 


$2, 897 

2,284 

17 

552, 256 


1 
Per cent. 
$435 1* 


1919 




343 
3 


15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months) . . . 


















ZINC SHEETS. 






1918 


142 

2,072 

7, 572 

13,057,221 


$29 
249 
614 

477, 617 


$4 <>£5 


1919 


37 1 15 


1920 


92 15 


1921 (9 months) 






! 



Exports were not large prior to the war. They went to Canada, 
with occasionally large shipments, representing excess production, to 
Great Britain. Exports approximated 5,000 tons per year for the five 
years immediately preceding the war, the maximum being 9,730 tons 
in 1912. The maximum exportation of spelter produced from 
domestic ore was 183,656 short tons in the fiscal year 1917, as well 
as 54,209 tons from foreign ore smelted in bond. England has been 
one of the best customers for American spelter and sheets. France, 
Italy, and even Belgium have bought spelter since 1917, and since 
1918 Japan has also absorbed some quantity, while Canada has been 
in the market from time to time. Zinc sheets are shipped to all 
the above countries and also to South Africa and Latin America. 
Exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 



Zinc, cast in pigs, slabs, etc., produced from 
domestic ore: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Zinc, cast in pigs, slabs, etc., produced from 
foreign ore: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value -. 

Zinc, rolled in sheets, strips, etc.: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1918 



132, 736, 529 
$12, 469, 622 



40,045,871 
$3,554,608 

27,750,910 
$4, 566, 756 



1919 



219,491,983 
$17, 524, 153 



24,338,265 
$1,929,487 

39, 524, 516 
$5, 212, 002 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



148,091,432 
$12, 495, 144 



56, 262, 876 
$4, 331, 529 

23,704,197 
$2,832,993 



2,257,468 
$131, 925 



1,280,002 
$48, 090 



2,605,634 
$322, 900 



Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 549. 

ZTNC DUST. 

Description and uses. — Zinc dust consists of metallic zinc in the 
form of very fine, almost impalpable, powder. The most important 
type is ordinary furnace blue powder, a by-product of the retort smelt- 
ing of zinc ores. Furnace blue powder contains 80 to 90 per cent; 
"standard" fumed dust, 92 to 94 per cent; while " atomized" aver- 
ages 98 to 99 per cent. The last two are made from spelter. 



548 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The important use of zinc dust is for sherardizing, a process of coat- 
ing other metals with zinc. Large quantities are used in the dye 
industries and in the cyanide process for the extraction of gold and 
silver from ores. Zinc dust has a variety of minor uses through its 
extraordinary chemical activity as a reducing agent. 

Production began in 1910, amounting to only 69 tons. The output 
increased steadily to over 1,000 tons in 1914. In 1918 it was 6,995 
tons. Twelve companies make zinc dust, always as a by-product. 
Most manufacturers make only blue powder. A New Jersey zinc 
company makes a fumed product from spelter. There are only four 
producers of atomized zinc. With the exception of one plant in 
Colorado, the whole output comes from the Eastern or Middle Western 
States. 

Most European zinc smelters sell zinc dust as a by-product. Ger- 
many and Belgium were the chief producers before the war, with 
smaller amounts produced in France, England and other zinc-smelting 
■countries. Germany was the dominant exporter to the world market 
as well as to the United States. The domestic industry is fairly estab- 
lished and its future rests on the same basis as does that of spelter. 

Imports. —Before 1909 the domestic supply was imported chiefly 
from Germany. Even in 1913, 85 per cent of the supply was im- 
ported. Imports (all in the form of blue powder) were 2,808 tons 
in 1913. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

yalorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
31, 155 
103, 562 
33, 364 


$3, 552 
5,753 

6,207 


$533 
863 
931 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 







The principal countries of origin were: In 1918, Japan; in 1919, 
United Kingdom, Canada; in 1920, United Kingdom. 

Exports. — No exports reported. 

Important changes in classification, etc, — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 549. 

OLD AND WORN-OUT ZINC FIT ONLY TO BE REMANUFACTURED. 

Production and uses. — Large quantities of secondary spelter are 
recovered from old metal and drosses. The output of secondary zinc, 
including that recovered in the form of brass, was 116,200 tons in 
1917, equaling 17.3 per cent of the domestic output of primary spelter. 
Part of this secondary metal is recovered by smelters which mix these 
secondary materials with low-grade ore. There are two such smelters 
in New Jersey, two in New York, and one each in Pennsylvania and 
California. The largest recoveries of secondary zinc metal now are 
in the form of resmelted brass. Zinc drosses and skimmings (derived 
chiefly from galvanizing works) are important articles of commerce. 
They are not all used for spelter, but large quantities are consumed 
in the production of zinc chloride and other salts and lithopone. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 549 

Imports. — Except in abnormal years, receipts of old zinc fit only 
to be remanufactured and derived from various nonproducing coun- 
tries exceeded the imports of virgin metal. From 1914 to 1921 old zinc 
was almost the only zinc metal imported. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


191* 


Pounds. 
47, 792 
74,785 
28,954 
11,121 


$2,056 

2,216 

1,065 

341 


$291 


1919 


297 


1920 


157 


1921 (9 months) 









Japan, Canada, and Cuba were the principal countries of origin. 
Exports. — No exports have been reported. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Zinc sheets, which were classi- 
fied with zinc in blocks, pigs, and zinc dust in the act of 1913, have 
been given a separate classification. Sheets coated or plated with 
nickel or other metal, or solutions, has been added to the paragraph. 
A provision has been made that for two years after the enactment of 
the act, zinc in blocks, pigs, or slabs, and old and worn-out zinc shall 
bear a duty of 2 cents per pound; and zinc in sheets, plates, strips, or 
coils, plated with nickel or other base metals, or in fabricated form, 
and zinc dust shall bear a duty of 2| cents per pound. 

The provision in paragraph 109 of the act of 1913, "metal sheets 
decorated in colors," has been omitted. 

Suggested changes. — No provision is made for zinc in slabs after two 
years, and also none for zinc in plates, strips, or coils if the provision 
for them should be held to be a part of the proviso. Consideration 
might also be given to the relative differences in rates of duties. If 
these materials are not intended to be a part of the proviso, such inten- 
tion should be made clear. The part of the proviso beginning with line 
14, page 76, might be made to read " the rates of duty on zinc in blocks, 
pigs, or slabs, and old, worn-out zinc fit only to be remanufactured, shall 
pay 2 cents per pound " (then the semicolon) . In any event, the pro- 
visions beginning with the word " Provided" in line 12, and ending 
with the word "pound" in line 18, might be reconstructed to conform 
more closely to the language of the purview contained in lines 8 to 12. 
Special reference may be made to the words "coated or plated" in 
lines 9 and 10 as against the word "plated" only in line 17, in connec- 
tion with sheets and the words "metal or other solutions" in line 10, 
and "'base metals, or in fabricated form," in lines 17 and 18. 

There is doubt whether the proviso continues to the end of the 
paragraph. If it does, no provision is made therein for slabs, plates, 
strips, or coils, imported after two years from the enactment of H. R. 
7456. If, on the other hand, the proviso ends with the semicolon 
after " 2 cents per pound " in line 16, page 76, there are two provisions 
carrying different rates of duty on zinc dust and zinc in sheets plated 
with nickel or other base metal. 

Zinc in sheets, not coated or plated, will be subject to a duty of If 
cents per pound, as against 2 cents per pound on zinc in blocks, pigs, 
or slabs, and old worn-out zinc fit only to be remanufactured, for a 
period of two years following the enactment of H. R. 7456. 



550 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 392. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 392. Print rollers and print blocks 
used in printing, stamping, or cutting 
designs for wall or crepe paper, linoleum, 
oilcloth, or other material, not specially 
provided for, composed wholly or in 
chief value of iron, steel, copper, brass, 
or any other metal, 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- Par. 167. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, com- cially provided for in this section; if 
posed wholly or in part of iron, steel, composed wholly or in part of platinum, 
lead, copper, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, gold, or silver, and articles or wares 
silver, platinum, aluminum, or other plated with gold or silver, and whether 
metal, and whether partly or wholly partly or wholly manufactured, 50 per 
manufactured, forty-five per centum ad centum ad valorem; if composed wholly 
valorem. or in chief value of iron, steel, lead, 

copper, brass, nickel, pewter, zinc, 
aluminum, or other metal, but not 
plated with gold or silver, and whether 
partly or wholly manufactured, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

PRINT ROLLERS AND PRINT BLOCKS. 

Description and uses. — Print rollers and print blocks have the 
pattern carved or engraved on blocks — generally of wood — with 
the patterns outlined in copper or brass ribbon, and the solid surface 
filled with felt. They are used in printing, stamping or cutting 
designs for wall or crepe paper, linoleum, oilcloth, or other material. 
In -block printing each color dries before the next is applied, while 
in roller printing all the colors follow one another immediately. 
The best wall papers are printed from blocks manipulated by hand. 
The cheaper wall papers are printed by machinery. 

Production. — None recorded separately. 

Imports. — -None recorded. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — New paragraph. 

PARAGRAPH 393. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 393. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for. if composed wholly or in 
chief value of platinum, gold, or silver, 
and articles or wares plated with plati- 
num, gold, or silver, or colored with 
gold lacquer, whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, 45 per centum ad valorem; 
if composed wholly or in chief value of 
iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, nickel, 
pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other metal, 
but not plated with platinum, gold, or 
silver, or colored with gold lacquer, 
whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
35 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



551 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, com- 
posed wholly or in part of iron, steel, 
lead, copper, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, 
silver, platinum, aluminum, or other 
metal, and whether partly or wholly 
manufactured, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 135. * * * Provided further, 
That articles manufactured wholly or in 
chief value of any wire or wires provided 
for in this paragraph shall pay the maxi- 
mum rate of duty imposed in this section 
upon any wire used in the manufacture of 
such articles and in addition thereto one 
cent per pound: And provided further, 
That no article made from or composed of 
wire shall pay a less rate of duty than 
forty per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 144. * * * finished hinges or 
hinge blanks, whether of iron or steel, one 
and one-eighth cents per pound. 

Par. 551. * * * quoits, and curl- 
ing-stone handles [Free]. 

Par. 653. Platinum * * * in * * * 
sheets, wire, * * * [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 104. * * * sashes, frames, 

* * * of iron or steel, * * * 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 114. * * * articles manufac- 
tured wholly or in chief value of any wire 
or wires provided for in this section; all 

the foregoing 15 per centum ad valorem ; 

* * * 

Par. 167. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section; if composed 
wholly or in part of platinum, gold, or sil- 
ver, and articles or wares plated with 
gold or silver, and whether partly or 
wholly manufactured, 50 per centum ad 
valorem; if composed wholly or in chief 
value of iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, 
nickel, pewter, zinc, aluminum, or other 
metal, but not plated with gold or silver, 
and whether partly or wholly manu- 
factured, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 470. * * * quoits, and curl- 
ing-stone handles [Free]. 

Par. 578. Platinum * * * in * * * 
sheets, wire, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 612. * * * engraved steel 

* * * dies and rolls, suitable for use 
in engraving or printing bonds, stock cer- 
tificates or other securities [Free]. 



FINISHED OR PARTLY FINISHED ARTICLES MADE OF METAL NOT 
SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. 



(See Surveys C-29; C-30; and C-31.) 

Paragraph 393 embraces all finished and partly finished articles 
manufactured wholly or in chief value of metal and not specially 
provided for in the other paragraphs of Schedule 3 of Title. 

Production. — The United States is a large producer of most of the 
articles included in this paragraph. Thus there were recorded in 
the census of 1914 values of such products as follows: Stoves and 
ranges, $55,108,000; gas and oil stoves, $21,449,000; steel springs, 
car and carriage, not made in steelworks or rolling mills, $11,595,000; 
products of boiler shops, $27,140,000; brass and bronze products, 
$123,580,000; silverware, $19,786,000; and silver-plated ware, 
$18,484,000. 

England, Germany, France, and Japan are important producers of 
iron and steel manufactures; France, Germany, and Japan, of bronze; 
and France and England, of articles made of gold and silver. 

Imports for the fiscal year 1918 were valued at over $6,000,000, 
the most important item being airplanes (metal chief value) , $423,980 ; 
other manufactures of iron and steel n. s. p. f., $1,741,205; manu- 
factures of brass n. e. s., $241,293; manufactures of bronze n. s. p. f., 
$196,660; manufactures of nickel n. e. s., $116,858; metals and 
metal composition n. s. p. f., $752,950; and manufactures of silver 
n. of s., including metals plated with silver, $200,997. 

Most of the manufactures of aluminum under this provision have 
come from Canada and the United Kingdom, but since 1920, Germany 
has been the main source of supply while increased quantities have 
also been imported from Switzerland. The statistics for brass as 



552 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



given below also include some brass manufactures that are now 
specifically provided for in paragraph 378 although most of the 
imports in the spring of 1921 consisted of art metal goods and mis- 
cellaneous articles such as oil cups. Canada, the United Kingdom, 
and France furnished the greater part of these products. Imports 
of bronze manufactures, n. s. p. f., are derived principally from 
Japan, France, and Germany and consist mainly of statuary and art 
metal goods. The copper manufactures in this group are diverse in 
character and in 1921 were imported from France, Switzerland, Italy, 
Canada, China, and the Netherlands. Both the gold and silver 
manufactures n. s. p. f. (including a variety of tableware, ornaments, 
etc., but not jewelry) come mainly from France and England. The 
lead manufactures imported are almost wholly of English origin 
whereas manufactures of tin (and tin-plate) are imported from 
England and Germany in about equal proportions with small amounts 
from France. Nickel manufactures include various nickel-plated 
wares imported from Germany, France, and Switzerland. The 
small imports of railway cars and of carriages n. s. p. f. have in 
recent years been derived wholly from Canada. The largest item in 
the group is that for other manufactures of iron and steel, which 
comprises a heterogeneous variety of tools, locks, lighting fixtures, 
and miscellaneous articles of iron or steel and derived from every 
country of the earth. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 




Ad 
valorem 



ALUMINUM— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. 



1918 




$4,640 
20,779 
401, 537 
483,587 


$928 
4,156 
80,307 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 




20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 















BRASS— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, 



1918 .J, 

1919 

1920 , 

1921 (9 months) . 



$236,025 
252,978 
322,492 
356, 132 



$47,200 
50,495 
64,488 



BRASS-MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F., FOR SUPPLIES, REPAIRS, CONSTRUCTION, 
AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



$99,905 

187,344 

45, 187 

9,374 



BRASS— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR THE UNITED STATES, N. E. s. 



1919 

1921 (9 months). 



$117, 147 
123,227 



! v. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



553 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



BRONZE— MANUFACTURES OF, N. s. P. F. 



1918 ! 


$122,472 
167,866 
295,511 
126, 483 


$24,494 
33, 573 
59,090 


Per cent- 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 




1 







CARS— FASSE 


NGER AND FREIGHT, AND PARTS THEREOF. 




1918 




$12, 152 
3,478 


$2, 430 
696 
174 


20 


1919 




20 


1920 




869 
5,440 


20 


1921 (9 months) : 















CARRIAGES, OTHER VEHICLES, N. E. S., AND PARTS THEREOF— METAL CHIEF VALUE . 



1918 




$3,839 
7,936 
11,636 


$768 
1,587 
2,327 


20 


1919 




20 


1920 




20 









COPPER— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, N. 8. P. F. 



1918 




$53, 188 
61,355 

232,366 
43, 676 


$10,638 
12,271 
46,473 


20 


1919 




20 


1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 















COPPER— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR SUPPLIES, CONSTRUCTION, 
AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS. 



1918 




$54, 141 

158,311 

2,728 

294 






1919 . . 








1920 








1921 (9 months) 


** 















GOLD— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, OB 


PLATED WITH. 




1918... 


Pounds. 


819,069 
30, 819 
74,993 
50,332 


$9,534 
15,424 
37,496 


.50 


1919 


8,225 


50 


1920 


50 


1921 (9 months) . . . 















SILVER— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF, OR PLATED WITH. 




1 1 1 
1918 ... j $110,805 


$55,394 

111,159 
302, 560 




1919 ! 56,781 1 222,319 1 


50 


1920 ' 1 605,128 1 


50 


1921 (9 months) . .1 1 351,551 . 











IRON AND STEEL— MANUFACTURES 


OF, K. S. P. F. 






1918 . ' 


$2,515,664 ; 
1,934,738 1 


$503, 082 
386,912 
650, 003 




1919 ! 




1920... I 


3,250,863 , 
2,103,284 . 




1921 (9 months) 


i 

















IRON AND STEEL— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR SUPPLIES, REPAIRS, CON- 
STRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT OF VESSELS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



$4, 060, 255 

1,276,116 

377, 417 

70, 413 



554 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



IRON AND STEEL— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR THE UNITED STATES, N. E. s. 



1918 




$30,613,676 

14, 137, 995 

326, 529 

8,641 




Per cent. 


1919 








1920 








1921 (9 months) 

















LEAD— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. 



1918 


Pounds. 


$36, 723 

17, 187 

21, 328 

8,468 


$7, 313 
3,437 
4,266 


20 


1919 


69, 833 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 










1 



METALS AND METAL COMPOSITIONS— MANUFACTURES OF, N. s. P. F. 



1918 




$693,214 

938, 121 

3, 272, 714 

2, 966, 981 


$138, 569 
187, 615 
654, 530 




1919 






1920 






1921 (9 months) . 















METALS, ETC.— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR SUPPLIES, CONSTRUCTION, 
EQUIPMENT, AND REPAIR OF VESSELS. 



1918 




$254,220 ! 


i 


1919 




466 604 1 





1920 




76,545 !.. 




1921 (9 months) 




223,611 1... 


1 








1 



METALS, ETC.— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F.— FOR THE UNITED STATES, N. E. s. 



1918 

1919 

1921 (9 months) . 



$732, 061 
102, 654 

3.018 



NICKEL— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 



87, 527 



$108,362 

85, 562 

200, 464 

90,651 



$21,672 
17,112 



PEWTER— MANUFACTURES OF, N. S. P. F. 



1918 




$317 
981 
587 
357 


$63 
196 
117 


20 


1919 


960 
721 
469 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months)... 











PLATINUM WIRE. 



1918 




$2, 747 
11,720 
5,433 
2,958 


$412 

1,758 

815 


15 


1919... 




15 


1920 


3 
2 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



555 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

vaiorem 
rate. 



PLATINUM— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. 



191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months), 



$5,847 
2,821 

10, 278 
4,777 



$2,923 
1,411 
5,139 



Per cent. 
50 
50 
50 



TIN FOIL. 



1918 

1 919 1 . 

1920 k 

1921 (9 months) 



$45 ' $9 i. 
47 9 
6,121 1,224 
3,713 ;. 





TIN— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES 


OF. 






1918 




$10, 513 
26, 873 
86, 784 
67,283 


$2, 103 
5,375 
17, 357 


20 


1919... 






1920 




20 


1921 (9 months) 


i | 






i 







ZINC— ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF. 




1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 (9 months) 



Exports coming within the scope of this paragraph vastly exceed 
imports. Brass manufactures exported in the fiscal year 1918 were 
more than $56,000,000; manufactures of gold and silver, other than 
jewelry, $565,406; and of platinum, $33,557. These figures do not 
correspond with the tariff classifications, and some do not wholly 
apply to the articles described. They are given to illustrate the large 
exportation of products included in this paragraph. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 



1918 



Aluminum— all other manufactures of 

Are lamps 

Brass — all other manufactures of 

Bronze— manufactures of, n. s. p. f 

Cars for steam railways, passenger: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Cars for steam railways, freight and other: 

Quantity (number) 

Value '. 

Cars for other railways: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Cars for railways— parts of, except car wheels 

and axles .' 

Carriages: 

Quantity (number) 

Value . . '. 

Copper— all other manufactures of, n. s. p. f . . . 
Hardware, builders': 

Hinges and other 

Locks ! 

Other ; 



$1,890,336 
14,139 . 
$17,071,694 ! 
$1,267,032 

• 98 
$883,607 

8,050 
| $11,522,608 

2,621 
$1,192,403 



1,100 1,352 

$56,255 $112,505 

$5,286,143 $4,557,812 

2,091,812 3,268,435 

2,191,702 ! 4,145.325 

2,304,408 i 4,267,125 



1919 



$2,145,430 

16,836 

S9, 438, 554 

$1,508,086 

104 
$1,606,-540 

27,317 
$57, 473, 824 

2.913 
$1,668,672 



1920 



$2,563,164 

25,098 

$10,541,116 

$1,390,141 

123 
$1,171,674 

21,651 

$37,189,684 

6,465 
S3, 606, 012 

$13,189,911 

1,123 

$154, 154 

$6,040,069 

4,870,974 
6,387,214 
6,216,636 



1921 
(9 months). 



$1,906,363 

9,153 

$4,974,209 

$832,286 

125 
$1,016,704 

6,415 
$10,370,877 

5,041 
$5,090,149 

$9,047,510 

500 

$57,3.56 

$3,654,646 

1,840,190 
1,927,279 
3,006,350 



556 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Interior- wiring supplies, including fixtures — 

Iron and steel— all other manufactures of 

Lead — manufactures of 

Metals and metal compositions— all other man 

ufactures of 

Nickel— manufactures of 

Radiators and house-heating boilers 

Safes 

Scales and balances 

Shells and projectiles, empty 

Stoves and ranges 

Tinware 

Tin plates— all other manufactures of 

Tools, n. e. s.: 

Augers, bits, and drills 

Axes 

All other 

Zinc — all other manufactures of 



1918 



$1,428,615 
$41,160,907 
$1, 824, 126. 

$3,645,838 

$2,152,692 

548,800 

401,294 

1,359,142 

22,112,293 

1,703,724 

$530,571 

$2,467,481 

2,545,074 

1,006 818 

9,140,700 

$722,671 



1919 



1920 



$2,319,498 $3,386,068 
$48,035,213 $55,672,396 
$2,155,392 1 $3,586,251 



$3,400,849 

$2,412,287 

779,259 

738, 269 

2,278,921 

3,228,454 

2,609,715 

$863,447 

$3,644,268 

4,402,039 

1,613,862 

14,382,767 

$538,133 



1921 
(9 mouths). 



$4,314,897 

$1,875,991 

1,337,032 

1,429,535 

3,242,459 

75,344 

5,937,301 

$877, 179 

$4,735,138 

4, 425, 507 

1,478,935 

16,945,325 

$1,057,676 



$1, 594, 163 
$29,642,889 
$1,084,374 

$1,822,040 

$256,606. 

438,591 

866,665 

2.311,661 

4,976 

2,476,599 

$302,267 

$1,878,193 

2,303,369 

1,187,790 

7,318,722 

$335,120 



Important changes in classification. — The following words have 
been inserted: " platinum" after the words " and articles or wares 
plated with"; "or colored with gold lacquer" after the words "gold, 
or silver" and in the third and seventh lines; and "platinum" 
after the words "but not plated with." 



PARAGRAPH 394. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 394. No allowance or reduction of 
duties for partial loss or damage in conse- 
quence of rust or of discoloration shall be 
made upon any description of iron or 
steel, or upon any article wholly or partly 
manufactured of iron or steel, or upon 
any manufacture of iron or steel. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 138. No allowance or reduction 
of duties for partial loss or damage in 
consequence of rust or of discoloration 
shall be made upon any description of 
iron or steel, or upon any article wholly 
or partly manufactured of iron or steel, 
or upon any manufacture of iron or steel. 



Par. 116. No allowance or reduction 
of duties for partial loss or damage in 
consequence of rust or of discoloration 
shall be made upon any description of 
iron or steel, or upon any article wholly 
or partly manufactured of iron or steel, 
or upon any manufacture of iron or steel. 



SCHEDULE 4.— WOOD AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
PARAGRAPH 401. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 401. Timber, hewn, sided or 
squared otherwise than by sawing (not 
less than eight inches square) and 
round timber used for spars or in 
building wharves, one-half of 1 cent 
per cubic foot. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Schedule D. — Wood and Manu- 
factures ojf. 



Schedule D — Wood and Manu- 
factures of. 



Par. 200. Timber, hewn, sided or 
squared otherwise than by sawing 
(not less than eight inches square) 
and round timber used for spars or in 
building wharves, one-half of one cent 
per cubic foot. 

Par. 713. Woods : * * * red cedar 
(Juniperus Virginiana) timber, hewn, 
sided, squared, or round ; * * * 
[Free]. 



Par. 647. Wood: * * * timber 
* * * hewn or sawed, sided or 
squared; * * * [Free]. 

Par. 648. Woods: * * * red cedar 
(Juniperus virginiana) timber, hewn, 
sided, squared, or round ; * * * 
[Free]. 



TIMBER. 



Description and uses. — Hewn timber is timber squared and dressed 
with the axe or adz. It was formerly mue-h used in the construction 
of the walls, posts, and floor beams of buildings, and is still occa- 
sionally so used. Archaic houses are still seen with solid walls of 
hewn timbers piled one above the other and with clay stuffed between 
the joints to keep out the cold, wind, and rain. The chief use at the 
present time is for railroad ties. Logs are also often roughly dressed 
with the axe to fit them for ocean transportation. 

Production. — No figures available. 

Imports of hewn timber not segregated from imports of sawed 
timber. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown in the follow- 
ing table: 



1918 



1919 



Quantity (M feet). 
Value 



$203,648 I 



1920 



8,499 10,394 

$414,513 $439,734 



1921 (9 
months). 



2, 055 
$149,361 



Important changes in classification, — The act of 1913 placed 
" timber, round, unmanufactured, hewn or sawed, sided or squared " 
on the free list. In H. E. 7456 " timber, hewn, sided or squared other- 

557 



558 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

wise than by sawing (not less than 8 inches square)" is made dutiable, 
thus returning to the classification of the act of 1909. Specific pro- 
vision was not made in either the act of 1909 nor in H. K. 7456 for 
sawed timber nor for timber less than 8 inches square. 

Suggested changes. — Explicit provision might be made for sawed 
timber and for all timber less than 8 inches square. If it is desired 
to make these items dutiable, a provision might be added to para- 
graph 401. If it is desired to place them on the free list, they could 
be specifically mentioned in paragraph 1683. 

ROUND TIMBER USED FOR SPARS OR IN BUILDING WHARVES. 

Description and uses. — Use and description indicated in the title. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports. — Not segregated. 

Exports. — Not segregated. 

Important changes in classification. — This item is not specifically 
provided for in the act of 1913. Such timber is exempt from duty 
under the provision in paragraph 647 " for logs, timber, round, un- 
manufactured." The classification in H. E. 7456 is a return to the 
classification of the act of 1909. 



PARAGRAPH 402. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 402. Logs of fir, spruce, cedar, 
or Western hemlock, $1 per one thou- 
sand feet board measure : Provided, 
That any such class of logs cut from 
any particular class of lands shall be 
exempt from such duty if imported 
from any country, dependency, prov- 
ince, or other subdivision of govern- 
ment which has, at no time during the 
twelve months immediately preceding 
their importation into the United 
States, maintained any embargo, pro- 
hibition, or other restriction (whether 
by law, order, regulation, contractual 
relation or otherwise, directly or indi- 
rectly) upon the exportation of such 
class of logs from such country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government, if cut from such 
class of lands. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 712. Wood: Logs and round Par. 647. Wood: Logs. * * * 

unmanufactured timber, including round, unmanufactured, * * * pulp 

pulp woods, * * * not specially woods, * * * [Free], 
provided for in this section [Free]. 

LOGS OF FIR, SPRUCE, CEDAR, WESTERN HEMLOCK, ETC. 

Description and uses. — The woods enumerated in paragraph 402 
are softwoods furnishing lumber for general building construction ; 
especially is this statement true of the Douglas fir. Aside from 
general construction work, spruce is by far the most important of the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



559 



pulp woods, hemlock is also an important pulp wood, and cedar, 
because of its high power of resistance to decay, is especially adapted 
to use as shingles and telegraph, telephone, trolley, and electric-light 
poles. The red cedar is also used for manufacturing chests for stor- 
ing clothing, its pungent odor affording a protection against moths. 
Production. — Douglas fir (the most important commercially of the 
firs), western hemlock, and western red cedar are woods found 
chiefly in Washington, Oregon, and some other parts of the inland 
empire. Spruce is widely distributed throughout the whole northern 
portion of the United States. There are also other species of cedar 
having a wide distribution. On the whole, however, the paragraph 
relates to woods of concern to the Pacific Northwest. The follow- 
ing table x shows in board feet for the year 1918 the total cut of each 
of the woods mentioned in- paragraph 402 and also in board feet 
and in percentages the cut in the States of Washington and Oregon. 



Species. 


Total cut 

(board feet). 


Cut in Washington and 
Oregon. 




Board feet. 


Percentage. 


Douglas fir 


5, 819, 141, 000 
980, 561, 000 
230, 476, 000 
348, 117, 000 


5,476,911,000 
491, 654, 000 
148, 176, 000 
343, 852, 000 


94 1 


Spruce 


50 1 


Cedar 


64.3 


Western hemlock 


98. 8 






Total 


7, 378, 295, 000 


6, 460, 593, 000 


87 6 







Imports of logs of fir, spruce, cedar, and western hemlock are not 
segregated from the imports of other logs. The distribution of these 
species in Canada, however, is somewhat similar to that of the United 
States. Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar grow for 
the most part in British Columbia, and hence importations of logs 
of these species would presumably compete with logs of the same 
species in Washington and Oregon. Spruce, however, and other va- 
rieties of cedar grow also between the Eockies and the Atlantic sea- 
board and are imported into States all along the northeast boundary. 
Especially are large quantities of spruce logs imported as pulp wood, 
many of the pulp and paper mills in the Northeast being dependent 
in whole or in part upon such importations for their supply of raw 
material. 

Exports of fir for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown in the 
following table. Export of logs of the other species specified are 
not segregated. 






1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 
months). 


Quantity ( M feet) 


8,216 
$128, 627 


4,924 
$114,939 


14,986 

$454,760 


9,405 
$209,443 


Value 





1 Figures from Bulletin No. 845, United States Department of Agriculture, Production 
of lumber, lath, and shingles in 1918. 



560 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Important changes in classification. — Logs of spruce, one of the 
most important of the pulp woods, are provided for in paragraph 
402 of H. R. 7456, with logs of fir, cedar, and western hemlock in 
a new provision. 

Pulp woods, specifically exempted in paragraph 647 of the act of 
1913, are made conditionally free of duty in this paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 403. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 403. Brier root or brier wood, 
ivy, or laurel root, and similar wood 
unmanufactured, or not further ad- 
vanced than cut into blocks suitable 
for the articles into which they are in- 
tended to be converted, 10 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 202. Briar root or briar wood, 
ivy or laurel root, and similar wood 
unmanufactured, or not further ad- 
vanced than cut into blocks suitable 
for the articles into which they are in- 
tended to be converted, fifteen per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 168. Briar root or briar wood, 
ivy or laurel root, and similar wood 
unmanufactured, or not further ad- 
vanced than cut into blocks suitable 
for the articles into which they are in- 
tended to be converted, 10 per centum 
ad valorem. 



BRIER ROOT. 

(See Survey N-26.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Brier root or brierwood, used 
in making tobacco-smoking pipes, is the root of the white or tree 
heath (Erica arborea) of southern Europe. Ivy root is the Ameri- 
can laurel which grows in the southern United States. The brier 
root is exclusively an imported wood. Attempts have been made 
to use the ivy or laurel root, growing chiefly in North Carolina, as 
a substitute. It has not proved satisfactory. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $241,493. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


$825,695 

1,156,371 

982, 852 

105,655 


$82,569 
115,637 

9$, 285 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports . — None . 

Suggested changes. — Page 78, line 6, of H. E. 7456: Omit the 
comma after " ivy, as ivy is the same thing as " laurel root." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



561 



PARAGRAPH 404. 

H. R. 7456. . SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 404. Cedar commercially known 
as Spanish cedar, lignum- vifce, lance- 
wood, ebony, box, granadilla, ma- 
hogany, rosewood, satinwood, Japanese 
White oak, and Japanese maple, in the 
log, 10 per centum ad valorem ; in the 
form of sawed boards, planks, deals, 
and all other forms not further manu- 
factured than sawed, 15 per centum ad 
valorem : veneers of wood and wood 
unmanufactured, not specially pro- 
vided for. 20 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 203. Sawed boards, planks, deals, 
and all forms of sawed cedar, lignum- 
vita?, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, 
mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and 
all other cabinet woods not further 
manufactured than sawed, fifteen per 
centum ad valorem ; veneers of wood, 
and wood unmanufactured, , not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 71 3. Woods : Cedar, lignum- 
vitSB, lancewood, ebony, box, grana- 
dilla, mahogany, rosewood, satin- 
wood, and all forms of cabinet woods, 
in the log, rough, or hewn only, * * * 
[Free!, 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 169. Cedar commercially known 
as Spanish cedar, lignum- vitse, lance- 
wood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahog- 
any, rosewood, and satinwood; all the 
foregoing when sawed into boards, 
planks, deals, or other forms, and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
and all cabinet woods not further man- 
ufactured than sawed, 10 per centum 
ad valorem ; veneers of wood, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 648. Woods: Cedar, including 
Spanish cedar, lignum-vitse, lancewood, 
ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, 
rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of 
cabinet woods, in the log, rough, or 
hewn only, * * * [Free]. 



CABINET WOODS. 



(See Survey D-l.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Cedar, commercially known 
as Spanish cedar, is not, strictly, a cedar (Cedrus), but the Cedrela 
odorata, a large tree growing in Mexico, Cuba, and the West Indies. 
The trunk may attain a diameter of 5 feet. It bears panicles of 
pale yellow flowers and a fruit somewhat like pecan nuts, and sug- 
gests the walnut rather than the cedar. The wood, however, resem- 
bles cedar. It is brownish red, soft, fragrant, porous, and durable. 
The Cuban supply is rapidly vanishing, and Mexico is now the chief 
source. It is imported in logs, flitches, and bolts, and used for cigar 
boxes, boats, and to some extent for cabinet-work. Its porous struc- 
ture assists the cigar to season and its odor improves the flavor. 

Lignum-vitse is wood derived from the Guaiacum officinale, a slow- 
growing tree of Jamaica, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and the West Indies. 
The heartwood is of a dark greenish brown; the sapwood, yellow. 
It is remarkable for its hardness, toughness, and heaviness. Each 
layer of fibers crosses the preceding diagonally, obscuring the annual 
rings. It weighs 76 pounds to the cubic foot — heavier than water 
(62.5) — and is imported in billets about 3 feet long and 1 foot in 
diameter, chiefly from Cuba, Jamaica, and Santo Domingo. It is 
used in making sheaves for pulleys, rulers, pestles, tenpin balls, ship 



82304—22- 



-36 



562 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

blocks, and various articles of turnery, and, in the Bahamas, for 
door hinges. 

Lancewood is from two small, slim West Indian trees (Bocagea 
virgata and Bocagea lancifolia) growing about 30 feet high and 
1 foot in diameter, and from several other trees. It is remarkable 
for its strength and elasticity, and is used for carriage poles and 
shafts, fishing rods, and bows. It is imported chiefly from Cuba, 
Guiana, and Brazil, principally in the form of poles, frequently 20 
feet long and 6 to 8 inches in diameter. 

" Ebony " applies commercially to several hard, black woods. The 
best ebony is derived from the Diospyros ebenum, a large tree of 
India, Ceylon, and other tropical countries. Logs from 10 to 15 feet 
in length and with the heartwood 2 feet in diameter are common in 
this species. Bastard ebony (Jacaranda ovalifolia) comes from 
Brazil. " Ebonies " come also from Mauritius, Egypt, Zanzibar, 
Madagascar, and Jamaica. A fairly good quality is obtained from 
the American species (Diospyros virginiana and Diospyros texana). 
It is used for inlaid work, veneers, and the black keys of pianos. 

Box is a small tree (Buxus sempervirens) growing wild in the 
south of Europe and parts of Asia, attaining a height of 20 feet. 
The wood is heavy (68f pounds per cubic foot when dry), of a pale- 
yellow color, remarkably hard and strong, and of a fine, regular, 
compact texture susceptible of a beautiful polish. It is apt to split 
in drying, hence is seasoned in dark cellars for from three to five 
years. Wood for delicate ware is soaked in clear, fresh water, boiled, 
wiped, and buried in sand or bran. It is valued by the turner and 
carver for flutes, flageolets, mathematical instruments, etc., and for 
wood engraving. It is imported from Spain, Portugal, Circassia, 
Georgia, and elsewhere. An inferior variety, the Minorca or Balearic 
box (Buxus balearica) , is imported in large quantities from Minorca, 
Sardinia, Corsica, and Turkey. The root is also used. 

Granadilla wood (not the vine, granadilla, bearing fruit) is de- 
rived from a large tree, 80 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, in British 
Honduras. The name is also applied to the wood of the Jamaican 
or West Indian ebony tree (Brya ebenus) and to woods of uncertain 
origin from northern South America. It is a hard, dark-red wood 
with a beautiful fine grain, easy to work, and is used for furniture, 
house decorations, and especially for flutes. 

Mahogany is the name given to the wood of a considerable number 
of trees, the most highly esteemed being the Sioietenia mahogani, a 
large tree of the family Meliaceaa, which attains a height of from 60 
to 100 feet and a diameter of 6 feet or more. It flourishes in Cuba, 
Jamaica, the West Indies, Central America, and sparingly in south- 
ern Florida, It grows either on rich, moist soils, or on rocky land. 
In the former case the wood is coarse grained and inferior ; in the lat- 
ter case it is a rich, reddish brown, varying widely in its shades and 
markings, and susceptible of high polish. It is used extensively in 
cabinetmaking, both solid and as a veneer. The name is also applied 
to woods resembling "true" mahogany — e. g., African mahogany 
(Khaya seneg alert sis), having a tinge of pink, in contrast with the 
American variety; the padouk (Ptcrocarpus indicus) of India and 
Burma; the Cedrela Toona of India; some species of Eucalyptus in 
Australia ; and the " mountain " and " valley " mahogany of the west- 
ern United States. Importations come chiefly from England (in 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



563 



transit), and from Mexico, Cuba, British Honduras, and British 
West Africa. 

Rosewood comes from various trees, such as the Brazilian Mimosa, 
several species of Dalbergia, and woods found in Jamaica, Africa, 
Burma, Malabar, and Australia. The principal supplies are from 
Brazil, the Canary Islands, East Indies, and Africa. Rosewood, 
when sawed or cut, yields the odor of roses, and varies in color from 
a reddish brown to purple or almost black, often beautifully marked. 
Because of its oily character it is difficult to fix with glue. It is 
second only to mahogany as an imported furniture wood, and is used 
as a veneer for pianoforte cases, table tops, and expensive furniture. 
Light, artistic drawing-room furniture and musical instruments are 
made of the solid wood. 

Sat in wood is the name given a wood of white color and fine grain, 
susceptible of a high polish. The best variety is derived from a tree 
(P armarium guianensis) of the West Indies. It is also derived from 
the East Indian tree CMoroxylon sioietenia, and from the Zanthoxy- 
lum eribosum. growing in Florida, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, and 
the Bermudas. Satinwood is much used by cabinetmakers and for 
marquetry. 

Imports. — The cabinet and other woods mentioned in paragraph 
404 are virtually all foreign woods imported largely from Central 
and South America, from Japan, and from the West Indies. They 
are imported both in the log and as sawed lumber. Imports in the log 
for the fiscal years 1914 and 1918 are shown by the following table : 



Species. 


1914 


1918 


Quantitv. | 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Box 


Mfeet. J 


$49, 446 
977, 746 

86,786 
206 

72, 632 
4,919,368 

73, 551 

10. 345 
382,940 
539, 780 


Mfeet. 


$24, 317 
842 968 


Cedar, including Spanish cedar 


17,144 | 


12, 431 


Ebonv 


8, 812 


Granadilla 







Lignum-vitfe 






171 844 


M&hogauv 


70,112 


50,303 


3, 736, 688 

53, 716 

596 


Rosewood 


Satinwood 






Walnut 


2,626 


408 


28 295 


AM other 


193,686 



Total 1 7, 112, 800 



">, 060, 922 



When imported as sawed lumber they are not segregated by spe- 
cies. Total importations of boards, planks, deals, and other forms of 
sawed and cabinet woods from all sources are shown in the following 
table : 



Cuba. 

Japan 

Central America (including Mexico). 
All other 



1914 



Quan- 
tity. 



Total (or average) 4, 306 j 42. 10 



Mfeet. 

1,570 

1.423 

649 

664 



Value 
per M. 



$48.20 
31.20 
37.10 
56.30 



1916 



Quan- 
tity. 



Mfeet. 

5,732 
10,545 

1,529 
185 



17,991 



1918 



Value 
per M. 



$34. 20 
36.20 
55.50 
71.90 



Quan- 
tity. 



Mfeet. 
1, 857 

164 
2,004 

140 



Value 
per M. 



$44.00 
57.10 

79.75 



37. 60 4, 165 63. 30 



564 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Observe: (1) The large proportion of the trade with Cuba, Japan, 
and Central America ; (2) the great increase from 1914 to 1916 and 
the falling off in 1918; and (3) the increase in imports from Japan 
in 1916 and the falling off in 1918. 

Later statistics of the imports of the woods mentioned in para- 
graph 404, both in the log and as sawed lumber, follow : 

Cabinet wood's in the log, rough or hewn only. 



Calendar years. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



BOX. 



1918 


Mfeet. 


$30, 410 
55, 325 
84,489 
63,925 




1919 


978 

1,290 

831 


$56.57 


1920 . 


65.50 


1921 (9 months) 


76. 93 









CEDAR, INCLUDING SPANISH CEDAR. 






1918 


9,844 
8,611 
8,254 
5,616 


$685, 213 
593,769 
729, 754 
387, 113 


$69. 61 


1919 


68.97 


1920... 


88.48 


1921 (9 months) ... 


6S. 93 









EBONY. 








1918 




$6,397 
71,838 
130, 548 
14,963 




1919 


432 

1,115 

61 


$166. 34 


1920 


117 09 


1921 (9 months) 


245. 30 







LANCEWOOD. 



1919 




$94 
922 





1920. . 


11 


$83.82 






LIGNUM-VIT^E. 


1918... 




$282. 672 
178,632 
145,769 
42,933 




1919 


1,725 

2,166 

694 


$103. 55 


1920 


67.32 


1921 (9 months) 


61.86 






MAHOGANY. 


1918 


42,631 
43,588 
52,602 
32,987 


$3,848,378 
4,049,842 
7,191,758 
3, 526, 989 


$90.26 


1919 


92.91 


1920 


136. 75 


1921 (9 months) 


106.92 








ROSEWOOD. 








1918 




$47,939 
39,052 

133,643 
51, 752 




1919 . 


4S9 

1, 265 

539 


$79. S6 


1920. . . 


105. 63 


1921 (9 months) 


96.02 








SATINWOOD. 









1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$387 
5,735 
8,431 

2, 828 



$34. 14 
104.09 

101.00 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 565 

Cabinet woods in the log, rough or hewn only — Continued. 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 




WALNUT. 






1918 


30 
207 
438 
382 


$3, 255 
33, 003 
89, 551 
71, 560 


$108 53 


1919 


159 46 


1920 


204 46 


1921 (9 months) 


184 72 










CABINET WOODS, N. s. P. F. 






1918 




"$347,354 
322,043 
737, 134 
316, 657 




1919 


3,600 
7,635 
3,020 


$89 45 


1920 


96 52 


1921 (9 months) 


104. 85 






TOTAL CABINET WOODS IN THE LOG, ETC. 


918 


1 


$5,252,005 
5,349,333 
9,251,999 

4, 478, 720 






1 




1920 


1 




1921 (9 months) 








1 





Boards, planks, deals, and other smced Spanish cedar; lignum-vitw, lance- 
wood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinicood, and all other 
cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed. 1 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Mfeet. 
3,108 
3,795 
12,513 
6,509 


$211,578 

258,529 

1,116,645 

652, 281 


$68.07 
68.12 
89.24 

100.00 


$17,602 
15 651 


1919 


1920 


99, 179 


1921 (9 months) 







1 Of these imports, a considerable part cameinf ree o fduty from the jPhilippines— about 20 per cent in 192 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph is in part 
a transfer from the free list (par. 648) of the 1913 act. The words 
" rough, or hewn only " are omitted after the word " log." Red 
cedar (Juniperus virginiana) , mentioned in the previous acts, is not 
mentioned in H. R. 7456 ; on the other hand, Japanese white oak and 
Japanese maple, not mentioned in the previous acts, are added to the 
list in H. R. 7456. The term " cabinet woods," comprehending woods 
of that nature not specially provided for, is omitted. 

VENEERS OF WOOD. 



(See Survey D-l.) 

Description and uses. — A veneer is a thin sheet of wood, often a 
valuable cabinet wood, used for gluing to the surface of an inferior 
wood to improve the appearance of the exterior. Veneers are also 
used for manufacturing ply wood. Two or more layers of veneer 
are glued together, the grain of each layer running crosswise to the 
grain of the layer to which it is glued, thus increasing the strength 
and preventing warping and splitting. Ply wood is much used in 



566 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



the manufacture of furniture and boxes. Veneers of cheap woods 
are used in the manufacture of baskets. There are three methods of 
making veneers, (1) by a peripheral slicing, (2) by longitudinal 
slicing, (3) by sawing. 

Production. — The census shows, for 1909, 637 establishments en- 
gaged in the manufacture of veneers, consuming 435,981,000 board 
feet of lumber for this purpose, and for 1919, 362 establishments 
consuming 637,520,000 board feet of lumber. These figures include 
veneers of both imported and domestic woods. Of the domestic 
woods one of the most important is red gum — 30 per cent of the 
total in 1909 and 41 per cent in 1919. The industry is widespread. 
Among the most important States may be mentioned in order of 
rank — Arkansas, Delaware, Wisconsin, Florida, Alabama, Missis- 
sippi, Tennessee, New York, North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, Ken- 
tucky, Missouri, Georgia, Washington, Michigan, Maine, Louisiana, 
and South Carolina. 

Imports of veneers of wood declined during the war from $23,981 
in 1914 to $8,567 in 1916 and to $5,669 in 1918 (fiscal year). Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valorem 
rate. 


1918 


$17,118 


$2, 568 
2,779 
5,844 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 -. 


18, 526 
48, 890 
34,544 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Not segregated. 

WOOD UNMANUFACTURED NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. 



Description, uses, and production. — No data. 
Imports are shown in the following table: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


§14, 424 
34, 448 

108, 783 
43, 435 


$1,314 
3,282 
10,614 


Per cent. 

9.112 


1919 


9. 527 


1 920 


9.754 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. — The provision for " wood 
unmanufactured, not specially provided for," is new. 

Spanish cedar, lignum-vitse, etc., further manufactured than 
sawed, are not specifically provided for. Spanish cedar, lignum- 
vitae, etc., further manufactured, than sawed, would be covered by 
a provision for " wood manufactured, not specially provided for,'' 
which might be inserted before " and manufactures of wood " in 
paragraph 414. 

Suggested changes. — Page 78, line 16 of H. R. 7456: Insert a 
comma after " veneers of wood " and omit the comma after " un- 
manufactured." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 567 

PARAGRAPH 405. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 405. raving posts, railroad ties, 
and telephone, trolley, electric-light, 
and telegraph poles of cedar or other 
woods, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



I'ak. 201. Paving posts, railroad ties, Par. 170. Paving posts, railroad ties, 

and telephone, trolley, electric light, and telephone, trolley, electric-light, 

and telegraph poles of cedar or other and telegraph poles of cedar or other 

woods, ten per centum ad valorem. woods, 10 per centum ad valorem. 

PAVING POSTS. 

Description, uses, and production. — No data available. 
Imports have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1920 


Number. 

17, 357 

1,791 


$4, 142 
1,696 


$0.24 
.95 


$414 


Per cent. 
10 


1921 (9 months) 






i 



Exports. — Not segregated. 

/Suggested changes. — It is suggested that " paving posts " may be 
omitted from separate enumeration and assessed for duty as " posts " 
under paragraph 406. There will be no change in the rate of duty — 
10 per centum. 

POLES. 
(See Survey D-2.) 

Description and uses. — The most important wood used for posts 
and poles — about two-thirds of the total — is cedar, including northern 
white, western red, and southern white. Other woods used are chest- 
nut, oak, pine, cypress, Douglas fir, tamarack, redwood, osage orange, 
spruce, juniper, hemlock, and locust. Cedar is preferred because of 
its resistance to decay in the ground. Poles are from 20 to 60 feet 
and upward in length. Top diameters, always specified, vary from 
4 to 6 inches in 20 to 30 foot lengths, and from 6 to 10 inches in 
lengths of 40 feet and over. Steel and concrete poles and steel towers 
compete to some extent. Underground conduits for wires and trolley 
systems also serve as substitutes. 

Western red cedar grows in mixed stands with the Douglas fir in 
Montana, Idaho, and the Pacific Northwest. Northern Idaho pro- 
duces more poles than any other region of equal extent. Northern 
white cedar is found distributed over New England and the Lake 
States, and furnishes the major portion of cedar poles. Southern 
white cedar is found along the Atlantic coast. Cypress, with high 
resistance to decay, is found abundantly in the Gulf States, especially 
Louisiana and Florida. Competition is active between the regions 
mentioned. Shipments of western red-cedar poles compete with the 
northern white-cedar poles of New England and the Lake States in 



568 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



the middle western and eastern markets. In Tennessee, Kentucky, 
Virginia, and Pennsylvania western red cedar competes with the 
locally produced chestnut and pine poles, even finding its way to 
the Southeastern States to compete with the eastern red cedar, 
cypress, and pine. 

The only foreign competition of consequence is with Canada. In 
British Columbia western red cedar grows in pure stands, making the 
logging of cedar poles less dependent upon conditions in the Douglas- 
fir trade. The extent of this competition is affected by the policy of 
the Provinces of Canada imposing restrictions upon the exportation 
of logs. Intermittently these restrictions are practically abolished in 
British Columbia, thus subjecting the logging interest to more active 
competition, but tending to the advantage of shingle manufacturers 
and others using cedar logs. 

Production. — An estimate made by the Forest Service places the 
number of poles annually produced at 4,250,000, consuming 55,000,000 
board feet of hardwood and 200,000,000 board feet of softwood tim- 
ber. Poles are quoted per linear foot, according to the length and 
top diameter. In May, 1921, prices of western red-cedar poles in 
the Nelson market ran from 4J cents per linear foot for a pole 10 
to 20 feet long and 5 inches in diameter at the top to 12 cents per 
linear foot for a pole 55 to 60 feet long and 8 inches in diameter at 
the top. Assuming for an average pole a length of 30 feet and a top 
diameter of 7 inches and a price of 8-J cents per linear foot, the total 
value of the poles produced would be $10,625,000. 

Imports of paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone, trolley, 
electric-light, and telegraph poles (not separately enumerated) in 
1914 were valued at $409,449; in 1916, at $145,799; in 1918 (fiscal 
year) , at $347,910. Virtually all came from Canada. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


PAVING POSTS, RAILROAD TIES, AND TELEPHONE, TROLLEY, ELECTRIC LIGHT, 

AND TELEGRAPH POLES. 


1918 


Number. 


$273, 089 




$27, 185 


Per cent. 










POLES, TELEPHONE, TROLLEY, ELECTRIC LIGHT, AND TELEGRAPH. 


1919 


Number. 
69,537 
158, 255 
129,683 


$182, 412 
500, 300 
499, 363 


$2.62 
3.16 
3.85 


$18, 241 
50,030 


Per cent, 
10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are not segregated from logs and round or hewn timber. 

RAILROAD TIES. 

(See Survey D-2.) 

V 

Description and use. — Railroad ties are the pieces of timber laid in 
the ground crosswise to the rails and attached to them by spikes. 
They are made either of hewn or sawed timber, the former being 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



569 



much the more generally employed. They are either treated or un- 
treated with preservative before being used. If untreated, compara- 
tively few woods possess sufficient resistance to wear and decay, but 
by far the best is white oak. Other woods used are locust, osage 
orange, cypress, chestnut, and the heartwood of long-leaf pine. 

When treated by being inclosed in large steel cylinders and sub- 
jected, under heavy pressure, to solutions of zinc chloride or creo- 
sote until thoroughly impregnated, the list may be greatly extended 
and will include the black and red oaks, beech, birch, maple, elm, 
gum, ash, hickory, sassafras, hackberry, poplar, cottonwood, syca- 
more, loblolly, short-leaf pine, Douglas fir, tamarack, hemlock, and 
white cypress. Thus preservatives make possible the utilization of 
much inferior timber, release the more valuable woods, and greatly 
extend the average life of ties. Untreated ties last on an average for 
7 or 8 years ; treated ties, from 20 to 30 years. 

Whether treated or untreated, oak still holds first place, about one- 
half the ties being of this wood. Oak, southern pine, Douglas fir, 
cedar, chestnut, and cypress compose about 85 per cent of the total. 

Eailroad ties are the only wood products of first-class commercial 
importance for which there are no satisfactory substitutes. Concrete, 
steel, and leather waste have been tried, only to be abandoned. Some 
of the patent steel ties are satisfactory, but the expense is prohibitive. 

Production can only be estimated. An estimate (1915) based on 
consumption, after making allowance for imports and exports, places 
the number at 126,000,000, with a value of $63,000,000. A recent esti- 
mate made by the Forest Service (year not stated) places the number 
of hewn ties at 87,500,000 ties, consuming 2,100,000,000 board feet 
of hardwood and 525,000,000 board feet of softwood. The quantity 
of timber consumed for railroad ties exceeds that for any single use 
except lumber. The proportion of treated ties increased from 17 
per cent in 1909 to 38 per cent in 1915. As the life of treated ties 
is much longer than that of the untreated ties, this movement is in 
the interest of the conservation of one of our most valuable hard- 
woods — white oak. The economy of treated ties is evidenced by the 
steady falling off in the total demand— 148,231,000 in 1910, 126,- 
000,000 in 1915, 87,500,000 according to the recent estimate by the 
Forest Service. 2 

Imports of railroad ties were not segregated from paving posts and 
telephone, trolley, electric-light, and telegraph poles until 1919. For 
the years 1919, 1920, and 1921 they are shown in the following table : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1919 


Number. 

462,368 
1, 384, 026 

732, 593 


$355, 257 

1, 185, 887 

695,924 


$0.77 
.86 
.95 


$35, 526 
118,589 


Per cent. 
10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











2 The Forest Service estimate, however, does not include sawed ties. 



570 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports of railroad ties in 1914 were 5,123,004, valued at $2,564,543. 
The most important country of destination was Canada — 3,492,928. 
Other countries of importance were Mexico, Peru, and Honduras. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow : 



Quantity (number) . 
Value — 



1918 



2,681,823 
$2,308,171 



1919 



4,699,902 
$4, 178, 525 



1920 



4,246,238 
$5,565,604 



1921 (9 
months). 



2, 794, 471 
$3,917,868 



Suggested changes.— A judicial decision {Mitchell Co. v. United 
States, 10 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104 of 1920) makes advisable insertion 
of the words " finished or unfinished " after " woods." 



PARAGRAPH 406. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pae. 406. Hubs for wheels, posts, 
heading bolts, stave bolts, last blocks, 
wagon blocks, car blocks, heading 
blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, 
roughhewn, sawed or bored, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 206. Hubs for wheels, posts, 
heading bolts, stave bolts, last blocks, 
wagon blocks, oarblocks, heading 
blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, 
roughhewn, sawed or bored, twenty 
per centum ad valorem. 

Pae. 565. Fence posts of wood 
[Free]. 



Pae, 647. Wood: * * * fence posts, 
* * * hubs for wheels, posts, head- 
ing bolts, stave bolts, last blocks, 
wagon blocks oar blocks, heading 
blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, 
rough hewn, sawed, or bored ; * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion [Free]. 



HUBS FOR WHEELS, POSTS, ETC. 

(See Survey FL-37.) 

Description and uses. — The items in paragraph 406 are rough, 
unshaped bolts or blocks of a size and kind of wood suitable for the 
purposes enumerated. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports are shown in the following table : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



FENCE POSTS. 








1914* 


Number. 

433, 207 

880, 119 

1, 435, 252 

1, 546, 744 

383, 295 


$32, 901 
85,933 
137, 475 
201, 756 
39,790 


SO. 08 


1918... 


.10 


1919 ... '. 


.10 


1920 


.13 


1921 (9 months) 


.10 



Fiscal year. 



HUBS FOR WHEELS, POSTS, HEADING BOLTS, ETC. 



1914 * 
1<M8.. 
1919 . . 
1920.. 



1921 (9 months) 



1.3S1.190 



116,5*9 ! 

136,816 ! 

144, 768 j $0. 10 

147,527 

93,909 



• Fiscal year. Dutiable from July 1, to Oct. 3, 1913. Duty collected, $636. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



571 



Exports. — Not separately enumerated. 

Important changes in classification. — Fence posts, specifically 
enumerated in the act of 1913, are not mentioned in H. R. 7456 and 
would probably come within the general term " posts." All of the 
items mentioned in paragraph 406, H. R. 7456, are on the free list, 
paragraph 647, of the act of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — In the acts of 1909 (par. 206) and 1913 (par. 
647) the provision is for oar blocks rather than car blocks. 



PARAGRAPH 407. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 407. Pickets, palings, hoops, and 
staves of wood of all kinds, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OE 1913. 



Par. 208. Pickets, palings and staves 
of wood, of all kinds, ten per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 215. * * * manufactures of 
wood * * * not specially provided 
for in this section, thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 



Par. 176. * * * manufactures 
of wood * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 647. Wood:" * * * pickets, 
palings, staves, * * * [Free]. 



PICKETS, PALINGS, HOOPS, AND STAVES. 
(For staves see also Survey D-2 and par. 409, p. 574.) 

Description and uses. — Pickets and palings are the upright pieces 
used in making wood fences and for other purposes. Hoops and 
staves are used in making barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc. 

Produ-ction. — A recent estimate by the Forest Service places the 
annual production of tight staves at 286,000,000 staves, of tight 
heading at 21,000,000 sets; of slack staves at 1,010,000,000 staves; 
of slack heading at 61,000,000 sets; of hoops at 333,000.000 hoops. 
Data as to pickets and palings not available. 

Imports in 1914 and in recent years are shown in the following 
table : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, j Value. Unit value. Duty 



PICKETS AND PALINGS. 



19141 

19141 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Thousands. 
15,634 
23, 539 
34, 077 
41,214 
52, 645 
21,782 



$78,390 
110,239 
273.921 i 
342,976 I 
586,644 ; 
231,857 



$5.01 
4.67 
8.04 
8.32 
11.14 
10.64 



$7.84 





WOOD STAVES. 








1914 1 


Number. 


$16,039 
34, 894 

115,183 
40,093 

110,750 
20, 410 




$1. 60 


19141 






1918 








1919 


4, 905, 574 
8, 127, 095 
1,857,000 


$0.01 
0.01 
0.01 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 











Fiscal year. 



572 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



Exports of staves in 1914 were 77,150,535, valued at $5,852,230. 
Exports of pickets and palings are not enumerated. Later statistics 
for calendar years follow: 



Quantity (number) . 
Value 



1918 



53, 373, 526 
*3, 605, 332 



1919 



81, 657, 792 
$13, 160, 377 



1920 



82, 583, 710 
$15, 408, 334 



1921 
(9 months). 



27, 646, 177 
$3, 078, 531 



Important changes in classification. — The items mentioned in this 
paragraph, except hoops, are on the free list, paragraph 647 of the 
act of 1913. 



PARAGRAPH 408. 



H. B,. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 408. Shingles, 50 cents per thou- 
sand. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 209. Shingles, fifty cents per 
thousand. 



Par. 647. Wood 
* * [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

* * * shingles, 



SHINGLES. 



(See Survey FL-37.) 

Production. — Shingles are among the important wood products 
and have given rise to considerable tariff controversy. They are pro- 
duced from several kinds of wood and in nearly all the States, but 
over 70 per cent of the output is of western red cedar in the State of 
Washington alone. In 1912 the total output was 12,037,685,000 ; of 
these 9,500,908,000 were of cedar (western red and white) and 1,311,- 
750,000 were of cypress, two woods particularly suitable because of 
their resistance to decay. Other woods in order of importance 
(amounts in millions of shingles) were: Yellow pine, 578 (i. e., 
578,000,000 shingles); redwood, 447; white pine, 69; chestnut, 45; 
western pine, 30; hemlock, 29; and spruce, 8. In 1911 the States 
producing over 100,000,000 shingles were (amounts in millions) 
Washington, 7,745 (i. e., 7,745,000,000 shingles); Louisiana, 800; 
Maine, 559; Michigan, 510; California, 404; Oregon, 392; Wisconsin, 
324; Georgia, 256; Florida, 167; North Carolina, 161; Alabama, 148; 
and Arkansas, 146. It will be seen that the industry centers in the 
Pacific Northwest, the South, the Lake States, and the State of 
Maine. The four States, Washington, Louisiana, Maine, and Michi- 
gan, each typical of these regions, produce about 80 per cent of the 
total output. In recent years the production has declined. The year 
of maximum production was 1909 (14,907,371 thousand). In 1919 
the production had fallen to 9,453,000 thousand. In Washington 
alone production has fallen from 8,879,000 thousand in 1909 to 
6,133,000 thousand in 1919. Production in British Columbia is in- 
creasing (725,000 thousand in 1908; 2,412,000 thousand in 1919). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



573 



In the United States the red cedar grows in mixed stands with the 
Douglas fir. As the cutting of Douglas fir is the preponderant log- 
ging interest, cedar bolts and logs are somewhat of the nature of a 
by-product. The supply of raw material for the shingle mills there- 
fore depends upon conditions in the fir trade. Other factors are the 
proportion of cedar in the timber being logged and the proportion 
of cedar logs used for other purposes than shingles. When there is a 
curtailment of output on the part of loggers, because of the low price 
of fir, cedar logs become scarce. It also sometimes happens that 
there is a strong demand for cedar logs for siding or other purposes. 
In either case the shingle manufacturers have difficulty in obtaining 
raw material, and at times have been compelled to shut down. A 
considerable proportion of the shingles are made from bolts derived 
from dead stumps left in cut-over land. This is especially true in 
the "straight shingle mills" (mills producing shingles only). Logs 
are more extensively used in the "combination mills" (mills pro- 
ducing other products as well as shingles). 

Imports were 895,038 thousand, valued at $2,190,170 in 1914 and 
1,878,465 thousand, valued at $5,453,951 in 1918 (fiscal year), virtu- 
ally all from Canada. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Ouantity. 


value. 


Unit 


value. 


i«»i?i 


Thousand. 

1,797,610 
1, 987, 480 
1, 933, 567 
1,708 
1,594,995 


$5,626,932 
8, 720, 032 

11,260,189 

7, 453 

4, 274, 568 




S3. 10 


1919 


4.39 


1920 


5.73 


1921 (9 months) i 

Do. 2 


4.36 
-2.68 



i White nine. 



2 Ml other. 



Exports in 1914 were 46,964 thousand shingles valued at $112,463. 
Later statistics for calendar vears follow : ■ 



1918 



•Quantity (thousand). 
Value 



19,892 j 
$95,892 j 



1919 



16, 143 

$89, 480 



1920 



34, 237 
$196,638 



1921 
9 months). 



16,985 
$103, 548 



Competitive conditions. — There is active competition between 
shingle producers in Washington and British Columbia. Costs of 
production are about the same, American producers having an advan- 
tage in some respects and Canadian producers in others. In both 
regions there is great difference in the costs of production among 
individual mills. 

Important changes in classification.' —Shingles have been trans- 
ferred from the free list, paragraph 647, of the act of 1913. 



574 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 409. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 409. Casks*, barrels, and hogs- 
heads (empty), sugar-box shooks, and 
packing boxes (empty), and packing- 
box shooks, of wood, not specially pro- 
vided for, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 210. Casks, barrels, and hogs- Par. 171. Casks, barrels, and hogs- 
heads (empty), sugar-box shooks, and heads (empty), sugar-box shooks, and 
packing-boxes (empty), and packing- packing boxes (empty), and packing- 
box shooks, of wood, not specially pro- box shooks, of wood, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, thirty per vided for in this section, 15 per centum 
centum ad valorem. ad valorem. 

CASKS, BARRELS, AND HOGSHEADS. 

(See Survey D-2.) 

Description and uses. — Casks, barrels, and hogsheads are classified 
as tight or slack cooperage, according as they are designed to hold 
liquids or solids. Semitight cooperage for butter, lard, paste, paint, 
mincemeat, etc., is also recognized. For tight cooperage, especially 
for alcoholic liquids, white oak was until recently almost the only 
wood used for staves. With the growing scarcity of white oak, 
coopers have tried other woods, as cypress, red oak, and gum. As 
late as 1911, however, white oak constituted over 60 per cent of the 
total. For slack cooperage there is a much wider choice, red gum, 
pine, beech, elm, chestnut, spruce, ash, maple, and oak being in the 
lead. The wood used depends much upon the purpose of the con- 
tainer; e. g., the wood for butter tubs must be free from odor or 
taste, and for flour and sugar must be superior to that for fruit, veg- 
etables, or cement. For headings the preferred woods are bass, 
gum, pine, and elm; and for hoops 86 per cent are of elm, other 
woods used being birch, red oak, maple, ash, and hickor}^ Substi- 
tutes are becoming increasingly important. Crude petroleum was 
formerly transported in wooden barrels. Use is now made of the 
pipe line, steel tank car, tin case, steel barrels, etc. For tight cooper- 
age an annual release thereby of 5,700,000 barrels is estimated. In 
slack cooperage, cotton and jute sacks replace barrels for flour and 
sugar. Carton packages are also gaining favor. The total annual 
substitution is estimated at 35,000,000 barrels. 

Production in 1914 follows: Establishments, 1,259; wage earners. 
17,128; capital, $36,690,031; wages, $9,160,583 ($468 per capita); 
value of products, $50,017,320 ; value added by manufacture, $17,073,- 
637. Tight cooperage appears to have increased from 1905 to 1911. 
the output of staves rising from 240,000,000 to 360,000,000. Allowing 
21 staves to the barrel, this gives 17,133,000 barrels in 1911. Output 
lias declined since 1911. Slack cooperage increased until 1909, and 
then decreased, the number of staves in 1911 being 1,328,968,000, 
which, allowing 15 staves to the barrel, accounts for 88,597,800 bar- 
rels. In the manufacture of casks, barrels, and hogsheads the leading 
States are New York, Illinois, Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania ; but 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



575 



for the manufacture of cooperage stock (staves, hoops, and heading) 
the States producing the timber lead — i. e., staves for tight cooperage, 
Arkansas, Tennessee, New Hampshire^ West Virginia, Mississippi; 
staves for slack cooperage, Arkansas, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Vir- 
ginia ; for headings, Arkansas, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin ; 
for hoops, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan. The different parts of a barrel 
are assembled from widely separated regions. 

In recent years there has been a decline in the output, both of 
tight and slack cooperage. The decline in tight cooperage is doubt- 
less chiefly due to prohibition. The decline in slack cooperage is 
probably chiefly due to the substitution of other forms of containers. 
The following tables, showing this decline, are from the preliminary 
comparative reports of the census. 

TIGHT COOPERAGE. 

Number of establishments in 1919, 449 ; in 1909, 533. 

Production. 



Kind. 



Aggregate 

Sawed, total 

Oil and tierce 

Spirit and wine 

Bourbon 

Half-barrel and keg 

Pork 

All other 

Bucked and split 

Hewed 

Beer and ale 



1919 



Staves 
(pieces). 



353, 825, 000 



348, 812, 000 

208, 776, 000 

20,211,000 

5, 040, 000 

68, 786, 000 

10, 246, 000 

35, 753, 000 

1, 193, 000 

3, 269, 000 

551, 000 



Heading 
(sets). 



24, 274, 000 



24, 265, 000 
13, 034, 000 

1, 215, 000 
107, 000 

6, 842, 000 
500, 000 

2, 567, 000 



9,000 



1909 



Staves 
(pieces). 



379, 231, 000 



341, 259, 000 
158, 457, 000 
38, 933, 000 
11,991,000 
19, 356, 000 
13, 457, 040 
99, 065, 000 
15, 104, 000 
6, 321, 000 
16, 547, 000 



Heading 
(sets). 



20, 691, 000 



19, 736, 000 
9, 172, 000 
2, 208, 000 
1, 290, 000 
1, 680, 000 
393, 000 
4, 993, 000 



955, 000 



SLACK COOPERAGE. 

Number of establishments, 1919, 744; 1909, 1,506. 

Production. 



Kind. 



1919 



1909 



Staves (number of pieces) 
Heading (number of sets) 
Hoops (number of pieces) 



1, 121, 324, 000 
87, 581, 000 
141, 571, 000 



2, 029, 598, 000 
140, 234, 000 
375, 793, 000 



Imports in the fiscal years 1914 and 1918 were as follows : 





1914 


1918 


Barrels, casks, and hogsheads (empty) 


$2, 180 

135 

485,976 

2.778 


$41, 220 




4 




375, 222 


Barrels or boxes of growth and manufacture of United States, containing fruit 






■ 







576 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Importations of barrels, casks, and hogsheads, as such (unused), 
are insignificant. Those imported as containers of fruit may be used 
again, and so add to the supply. It is impossible to say just how 
important this trade is, as the barrels are not segregated from the 
boxes. Imports of staves are increasing. Later statistics follow : 

Barrels, casks, and hogsheads, empty. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 

valorem. 


1918 


Number. 


$52, 314 

6,290 

39, 165 

5,407 




$7,847 


Per cent. 

15.00 


1919 


11, 776 

36, 758 

2,765 


SO. 53 
1.06 
1.95 


941 1 14.96 


1920 


5,847 1 14.93 


1921 (9 months) 






| 



Exports for the fiscal years 1914 and 1918 were as follows : 



Hogsheads and barrels, empty. 

Cooperage and shooks 

Heading 




1918 



$471, 280 

3, 278, 180 

440,525 



1 Not segregated. 

Exports greatly exceed imports, indicating that in cooperage pro- 
duction the United States has a comparative advantage. The export 
trade in barrels is widely distributed, going to Argentina, Mexico, 
the East and West Indies, Canada, and Cuba. Exports of staves and 
headings much exceed the value of completed barrels. This trade 
also is widely distributed, going to France, the United Kingdom, 
West Indies, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Germany (before the war) , 
and Canada. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


HOGSHEADS AND BARRELS, EMPTY. 




$633, 102 


$821,841 


$1,925,790 


$521,446 








COOPERAGE SHOOKS. 






Quantity (number) 


1,542,150 
$4,427,935 


2,856,771 
$8,489,009 


1,746,903 
$6,916,140 


305,715 


Value 


$1,616,194 







SUGAR-BOX SHOOKS., PACKING BOXES, PACKING-BOX SHOOKS. 

(See Survey D-2.) 

Description and uses. — The term " shook " applies to a bundle of 
staves ready for assembling into cooperage or of boards shaped and 
ready for nailing into boxes, the object being convenience in ship- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



577 



ment. Substitutes for wooden boxes and shooks are the fiber con- 
tainer and veneer package or box. It is estimated that the fiber box 
in 1914 removed the need of approximately 1,070,000,000 feet (board 
measure) of wood for wooden containers, and the veneer box re- 
placed 750,000,000 feet suitable for box shooks. 

Production in 1914 was as follows : Establishments making wooden 
packing boxes, 1,174 ; wage earners, 38,548 ; capital, $66,693,856 ; 
wages, $18,206,067 ($432 per capita) ; value of products, $86,566,807; 
value added by manufacture, $33,727,160. States of most impor- 
tance, producing together about 56 per cent of the output, w T ere Illi- 
nois. New York, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New 
Hampshire New Jersey, and Virginia. 

I in ports of sugar-box shooks, empty packing boxes, and packing- 
box shooks in 1914 were valued at $36,165; in 1918 (fiscal year), at 
^49.145. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


191S 


Number. 


Sill, 047 

184,635 

203,087 

47,446 




$16, 655 
27,695 
30, 388 


Per cent. 
15.00 


1919 


488,603 
1,038,409 


SO. 38 
.19 
.53 


15.00 


1920 


14.97 


1921 (9 months) 


89, 072 









Exports of box shooks in 1914 numbered 1,270,477, and in 1918 (fis- 
cal year) were 2,511,223, shipped mainly to Cuba, Mexico, United 
Kingdom, Canada, and Argentina. Records of exports of contain- 
ers carrying merchandise, were the}' available, should be added to 
these figures. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 




BOX SHOOKS. 








Value 




82, 737, 865 


$2, 820, 541 


84, 248, 761 


$2, 136, 102 








ALL OTHER SHOO 


KS. 






Quantity (number) 

Value 


i 363,426 

1 S758,359 


479,585 
S545, 707 


179,663 

8158,940 


122,904 
S75,975 



PARAGRAPH 410. 

K. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



I'au. 410. Boxes, barrels, and Other 
art cies containing oranges, lemons. 
limes, grapefruit, shaddocks or poine- 
ios. 'I'-) per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That the thin wood, so called, 
comprising the sides, tops, and bot- 
toms of orange and lemon boxes of 
the growth and manufacture of the 
United states, exported as orange and 
lemon box snooks, may be reimported 
in completed form, tilled with oranges 

82304—22 37 



578 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

and lemons, by the payment of duty 
at one-half the rate imposed on similar 
hoxes of entirely foreign growth and 
manufacture ; hut proof of the identity 
of such shooks shall he made under 
regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 211. Boxes, barrels, or other 
articles containing oranges, lemons, 
limes, grapefruit, shaddocks or pome- 
los, thirty per centum ad valorem : 
Provided, That the thin wood, so 
called, comprising the sides, tops and 
bottoms of orange and lemon boxes of 
the growth and manufacture of the 
United States, exported as orange and 
lemon box shooks, may be reimported 
in completed form, filled with oranges 
and lemons, by the payment of duty 
at one-half the rate imposed on similar 
boxes of entirely foreign growth and 
manufacture ; but proof of the identity 
of such shooks shall be made under 
regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 172. Boxes, barrels, or other 
articles containing oranges, lemons, 
limes, grapefruit, shaddocks, or pome- 
los, 15 per centum ad valorem : Pro- 
vided, That the thin wood, so called, 
comprising the sides, tops and bottoms- 
of fruit boxes of the growth and manu- 
facture of the United States, exported 
as fruit box shooks, may be reimported 
in completed form, filled with fruit, 
without the payment of duty ; but 
proof of the identity of such shooks 
shall be made under regulations to be 
prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 



(See Survey D-2.) 

Production. — Previous to 1909 a considerable business had devel- 
oped, especially in Maine, of manufacturing wood fruit-box shooks 
(sides, tops, and bottoms) and exporting them in a knocked-down 
condition. They were assembled by foreign fruit merchants, the ends 
and the middle piece added, and then filled with fruit, Estimates 
of the manufacturers placed the business at about 3,000,000 bundles, 
which Avere valued at $150,000. This business has greatly declined in 
recent years. 

Imports, " when of the growth and manufacture of the United 
States," in 1907 were valued at $109,088; in 1909. at $64,323; in 1913, 
at $15,815 ; in 1914, at $2,778. " When of foreign growth and manu- 
facture," in 1907, $204,160; in 1909, $247,819; in 1913, $348,620; in 
1914, $535,974. Later statistics follow: 

Barrels or boxes containing oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, shaddocks or 
pomelos of foreign growth or manufacture. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 

i 


Value. 


L T 1 1 i < value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


191* ... 


j 

i Number. 


$874-, 826 
522,196 
508,149 
240. 863 


$55, 916 
77. 367 
7.). 41.-) 


Per c( nt. 
14.92 


1919.. . 


SO. 46 
.31 
.33 


1 i. 82 


1920 

1921 (9 months).. 


1 1,632,805 

135 379 


14.85 











Tn the years 1918-1921 there were no imports of the specified fruits 
ii boxes or barrels of domestic manufacture. 
Exports. — No data. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORM ATTOX, 1921. 



579 



Suggested changes. — Pa«-e 79, line 9, of H. K. 7456 : Insert " or " 
between " limes " and " grapefruit," strike out " shaddocks or pome- 
los," and make one word of " grape fruit " to agree with paragraph 
743 of schedule 7. 

Should not thin wood of boxes for limes and grapefruit be included 
if it is desirable to continue the proviso at all? 

This paragraph requires wood for orange and lemon boxes to be 
grown in the United States as well as that the boxes shall be manu- 
factured in the United States, whereas paragraph 1514 does not re- 
quire that articles to be exempt from duty shall be both of the 
growth and manufacture of the United States. 



PARAGRAPH 411. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 411. Heeds wrought or manu- 
factured from rattans or reeds, 
whether round, flat, split, oval, or in 
whatever form, cane wrought or manu- 
factured from rattan, cane webbing, 
and split or partially manufactured 
rattan, nor specially provided for in 
this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. 
For the purpose of assess ng duties, 
hand-made reeds or cane shall be held 
to be comparable in value to machine- 
cut reeds or cane of corresponding size. 
Furniture made with frames wholly 
or in part of wood, rattan, reed, bam- 
boo, or malacca. and covered wholly or 
in part with rattan, reed, grass, or 
fiber Of any kind, 50 per centum ad 
valorem: split bamboo. 2 cents per 
pound : osier or willow, including chip 
of and split willow, prepared for 
basket maker's use, 25 per centum ad 
valorem : all articles not specially pro- 
vided for, wholly or partly manufac- 
tured of rattan, bamboo, osier, or wil- 
low. 40 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 212. Chair cane or reeds 
wrought or manufactured from rat- 
tans or reeds, ten per centum ad 
valorem ; osier or willow, including 
chip of and split willow, prepared for 
basket makers' use, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem; manufactures of 
osier or willow and willow furniture, 
forty-rive per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 215. House or cabinet furniture 
wholly or in chief value of wood, 
wholly or partly finished, and manu- 
factures of wood * * * not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
thirty-rive per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 718. YVoods: * * rattan, 

reeds manufactured. * ::: in the 

rough or not further advanced than 
cut into lengths suitable for sticks for 
umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, 
fishing rods, or walking canes |Freo]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 173. Chair cane or reeds 
wrought or manufactured from rat- 
tans or reeds, 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; osier or willow, including chip 
of and split willow, prepared for 
basket makers' use, 10 per centum ad 
valorem ; manufactures of osier or wil- 
low and willow furniture, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 176. House or cabinet furniture 
wholly or in chief value of wood, 
wholly or partly finished, and manu- 
factures of wood * * * not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. G4S. Woods: * * rattan, 

reeds unmanufactured, * * * in the 
rough, or not further advanced than 
cut into lengths suitable for sticks for 
umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, 
fishing rods, or walking canes [Free]. 



580 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

RATTAN, WILLOW, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

(See Survey D-3.) 

Description and uses. — Rattan and willow may often be used for 
similar purposes. 

Rattan is the trade name for the long, slender, trailing stems of 
plants of the genus Calamus of the family Palmacese. These stems 
vary from the size of a goose quill to more than 3 inches in diameter. 
They sometimes grow to a length of over 200 feet, climbing the 
loftiest trees by means of recurved spines beneath the leaf stalks. 
The smaller sizes are called " rattans " in commerce ; the larger, 
Malacca canes. The rattan flourishes in southern Asia and adjacent 
islands, some species in Australia and Africa. Its fibers are ex- 
traordinarily tough and strong. The surface of the stem is of a tawny 
yellow or brownish color, covered with a flinty deposit of silica 
capable of resisting acid, making it valuable for covering containers 
of sulphuric acid. When split into strips, it is used for caning chairs, 
couches, etc. 

The inner fibrous tissue, known as "reed," is of a dull-gray or 
reddish white color. It may be split into strips of great tensile 
strength and elasticity, when it is used in basketry and braided work. 
Rattan is gathered from the forests by natives, cut into lengths of 
12 or 16 feet, seasoned, doubled, and tied in bundles in lots of 100 
canes, the unit of commerce. It finds domestic use in the manufac- 
ture of baskets for fruit dealers, gardeners, florists, hucksters, potters, 
and grocers ; also for clothes and coal baskets, cars for balloons, rustic 
chairs, latticework, doormats, brooms, and whips. When impreg- 
nated with caoutchouc, it is a substitute for whalebone in corsets. 
The larger canes are used for walking sticks, whip, and umbrella 
handles, and light furniture. 

There are some 200 species of willow, several of which, suitable 
for making baskets and furniture, are known as " basket willow." 
It is cultivated in this country to a considerable extent, especially 
near Liverpool, N. Y., whence comes about 90 per cent of the willow 
clothes baskets. The withes are reaped in the autumn and, for 
basket or furniture work, may be either " sap peeled " or " steam 
peeled." The former, of a beautiful, pure white color, are pre- 
ferred for fine wares, white steam-peeled Avithes, of a dull reddish 
color, are cheaper and involve less hand labor. As the greater part 
of the American product is steam peeled, hand-peeled willow is im- 
ported in considerable quantities, though domestic rods of as good 
quality could be produced by equal care in peeling and sorting. 

Production in 1914. — Rattan and willow furniture: Factories. 85; 
persons engaged in industry, 2,559 (2,262 laborers) ; capital, $3,371,- 
218; wages, $1,281,141 ($566 average per capita) ; value of products, 
$5,022,089; value added by manufacture, $3,008,310. Baskets and 
rattan and willow ware: Factories, 419; persons engaged in industry, 
5,302 (4,574 laborers); capital, $4,590,515; wages, $1,922,965 ($421 
average per capita) ; value of products, $6,578,468; value added by 
manufacture, $3,579,183. 

About one-third of the output is from New York. Other important 
States are Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, California, and Pennsylvania. 
Of the $6,578,468 given as the value of "baskets and rattan and 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



581 



willow ware," it is estimated that approximately $3,000,000 is for 
" splint " baskets and $1,500,000 for baskets of rattan and willow ; 
the rest, for small wares. The factories are few, the manufacture of 
rattan and willow baskets being a " household industry," often carried 
on by " putting out " on contract the material to be made into baskets. 
Machinery is little used; a jackknife and a scroll saw to fashion the 
wooden bottom are about all required. Because of the hand labor 
necessary and the general high wages, manufacturers find it difficult 
to compete with foreign makers. Before the war importations came 
chiefly from Germany, and in the United States the industry is 
largely carried on by families of German or other European descent. 
In the case of small fancy baskets, raffia, sweet grass, and some other 
substances may be regarded as substitutes for rattan and willow; 
at the other extreme, the cheap splint basket is a substitute. Each 
of these types, however, has its own field. As between willow and 
rattan, willow serves well when great strength is not required, as for 
the clothes basket. For coal baskets, the tough fiber of the rattan 
is preferable. Rattan and willow furniture compete with each other 
and with furniture of other materials. 

Imports for the fiscal j^ears 1914 and 1918 were as follows : 



Rattan and reeds (unmanufactured) 

Chair canes or reeds wrought from rattan or reeds 
Osi- t or \fillow: 

Prepared for hasket makers' use 

Manufactures of, except furniture 

Willow furniture 



$1,210,390 
450, 813 

95, 434 

25, 821 

26. 061 



Si; 781, 239 
202, 585 

144, 629 

10, 836 
2,844 



Rattan and reeds are imported unmanufactured from the East In- 
dies and split, cut, and prepared by factories, chiefly in Massachu- 
setts. New Jersey, and New York, f$r the manufacture of baskets, 
furniture, and for other wares in Massachusetts, New York, Chicago, 
etc. The split and otherwise prepared cane is also imported, and 
comes in competition with the product of factories splitting and pre- 
paring the cane in the United States. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Value. 



RATTAN AND REEDS, UNMANUFACTURED. 



Duty. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$1,308,465 

872, 374 

2,465.617 

8S7, 647 



Per cent. 



CHAIR CANE OR REED, WROUGHT OR MANUFACTURED FROM RATTAN OR 


REEDS. 


1918 8244.26s 


$24, 382 

26, 921 
116,654 


10 


1919 ' 289,265 


10 


1920 1,166,538 


10 


1921 (9 months) 431, 021 




■ 







582 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. Ad val °- 
•* rem rate. 

1 


OSIER AND WILLOW PREPARED FOR BASKET-MAKERS' USE. 


1918 


$72,123 $7 203 in 


1919 


304,696 1 30,470 
284, 611 28 451 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) : 


105. 639 













WILLOW FURNITURE. 


1918 


51, 813 
3,040 

28, 114 

52, 276 


$392 


25 


1919 


521 
6,771 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 










MANUFACTURES OF OSIER AND WILLOW, EXCEPT WILLOW FURNITURE. 


1918 


$9,459 $2,365 25 


1919 


13,845 1 3,461 
30,067 1 7 258 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) : 


38,428 


::.:. 




f 





Exports of items mentioned in paragraph 411 are not segregated. 

Important changes in classification. — This is partly a rephrasing of 
paragraphs 173 and 648 of the act of 1913, and partly new. The new 
provisions concern cane webbing, the basis of duties, furniture, and 
split bamboo. 

Conflicting provisions. — The omission from H. R. 7456 of the 
specific provision in paragraph 173 of the act of 1913 for willow 
furniture raises a doubt w r hether such furniture will come within 
paragraph 411 as a manufacture of willow or within paragraph 414 
as house or cabinet furniture. 

Suggested changes. — Page 79, line 20, of H. R. 7456: Strike out 
the " s " from " rattans." 

Page 79, line 24 : Strike out " in this section " to agree with prac- 
tice throughout the title. 

Page 79, line 24, and page 80, lines 1-3, of H. R. 7456 : The mean- 
ing of this sentence is not clear. Ad valorem duties are assessed 
upon the value of the imported articles themselves as returned by 
the appraising officers. 

Page 80, line 8, of H. R. 7456: Change "basket maker's" to 
" basket makers'." 



PARAGRAPH 412. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pab. 412. Toothpicks of wood or other 
vegetable substance, 25 per centum ad 
valorem"; butchers' and packers' 

skewers of wood. 25 cents per thou- 
sand. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pab. 21.3. Toothpicks of wood or 
other vegetable substance, two cents 
per one thousand and 11 (teen per 
centum ad valorem; butchers' and 
packers' skewers of wood, forty cents 
per thousand. 



Par. 174. Toothpicks of wood or 
other vegetable substance, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; butchers' and 
packers' skewers of wood, 10 cents 
per thousand. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



583 



TOOTHPICKS AND SKEWERS. 



(See Survey D-3.) 



Description and uses. — Toothpicks of the most familiar form have 
a square or rectangular cross-section. The imported toothpicks, 
often made of orange wood, have a circular cross-section and are of a 
higher grade. Skewers are used for holding meat together. 

Production. — Both wood toothpicks and skewers are manufactured 
in large quantities by comparatively few establishments making use 
of highly specialized machinery. The birthplace of the wood-tooth- 
pick industry is Dixfield, Me., and Maine is still the most important 
producing State. There are also factories in Massachusetts, Vermont, 
New York, and some other States. The lumber annually consumed 
is estimated at 10,850,000 feet, of which 51.4 per cent is basswood, 
32.9 per cent is paper birch, 11.1 per cent sugar maple, and 4.6 per 
cent yellow poplar. The annual production is estimated at 54,000,- 
000,000. 

The principal skewer factories are located in Maine, Massachusetts, 
New York, and Tennessee. The best woods are hickory and oak, 
though other woods are used. 

Imports of toothpicks were valued at $4,551 in 1914. and at $3,421 
in 1918; of skewers, at $20 in 1914 and $992 in 1918 (fiscal year). 
Toothpicks come chiefly from Japan, Portugal, and Italy. Many of 
the imported toothpicks are of orangewood, of a circular cross- 
section, polished, and of a higher grade than the American product. 
Later statistics follow : 



Exports not segregated. 
Suggested changes. — Page 



Calendar 


year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


WOOD TOOTHPICKS. 


1918 


Thousand. 


$1,832 

227 

2,091 

177 




$458 

57 

523 


Per cent. 
25.00 


1919 






25.00 


1920 






25.00 


1921 (9 months) 


















BUTCHERS' AND PACKERS' SKEWERS. 


1918 


755 
50 
584 
228 


$519 
33 
682 
181 


$0.69 

.66 

1.17 

.79 


$75 

5 

58 


14.55 


1919 


15.15 


1920 


8.56 


1921 (9 months) 











80, line 13, of H. E. 7456: Change 
" and " packers'." 



584 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 413. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 413. Porch and window blinds, 
baskets, curtains, shades, or screens 
of bambeo. wood, straw, or composi- 
tions of .wood, not specially provided 
for, 25 per centum ad valorem; if 
Stained, dyed, painted, printed, pol- 
ished, grained, or creosoted, 30 per 
ceu turn ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par.. 214. Porch and window blinds, 
baskets, curtains, shades, or screens of 
bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions 
of wood, not specially provided for in 
this section, thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem ; if stained, dyed, painted, 
printed, polished, grained, or creosoted, 
forty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 175. Blinds, curtains, shades, 
or screens any of the foregoing in 
chief value of bamboo, wood, straw, 
or compositions of wood, not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per 
centum ad valorem ; if stained, dyed, 
painted, printed, polished, grained, or 
creosoted, and baskets in chief value 
of like material, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 



BLINDS, CURTAINS, SHADES, AND SCREENS. 

(See Survey D-4.) 

Description and uses. — Blinds, curtains, shades, and screens are 
made here in large quantities and in many forms. The paragraph 
includes the well-known wooden blinds with rigid slats; Persian 
blinds with movable slats which rotate to control the light and view ; 
Venetian blinds, or flexible inside window screens, that may be raised 
or lowered, having horizontal slats, fastened on a webbing, that may 
be turned to admit or exclude light; wooden frames supporting 
screens of muslin, paper, etc., usually movable, so that they may be 
placed before a window, a fire, or an object which it is desired to 
conceal; porch screens constructed of parallel lengths of bamboo 
hung with small spaces between them, permitting a limited view 
from the porch, but not from the street ; and other forms made from 
bamboo, wood, or straw, excluding view and light. 

Production. — Figures are not available for blinds, curtains, shades, 
and screens. Of varied types, and produced in connection with 
numerous other articles, their segregation Avould be difficult. Ob- 
servation, however, indicates that the annual production is very large 
and an element of much importance in the woodworking industries. 

Imports of porch and window blinds, curtains, shades, or screens 
of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of wood in 1914 were valued 
at $543,500, and in 1918 at $29,320. Later statistics follow : 

PLATN. 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


1918 


$5,747 
10, 108 
23,282 
10,930 


$1, 146 
2,022 
4,653 


Per cent. 
. 20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 






1 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 585 

STAINED, DYED, PAINTED, PRINTED, POLISHED, GRAINED, OR CREOSOTED. 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate 


1918 




$7,931 
21,559 

46.800 
22.667 


$1,955 


1'er cent. 
25 


1919 ... 


5,388 25 


1920 


11,700 25 


1921 (9 month*) 






1 



Exports for these items are not segregated. 

Important changes in classification. — The wording of paragraph 
175, act of 1913, is " blinds, curtains, shades, or screens, any of the 
foregoing in chief value of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of 
wood.'' H. R. 7456, reverting to the wording of the act of 1909, reads 
" porch and window blinds, * * * curtains, shades, or screens of 
bamboo," etc. The phrase " in chief value " has been omitted. 

/Suggested changes. — The words " wholly or in chief value " might 
be inserted after the word "screens" in line 16, page 80, H. R. 7456, 
to make the provision more specific. 



BASKETS. 



(See Survey D-4.) 



Description and loses. — Baskets are made in many forms and for 
divers purposes, including wood baskets, coal baskets, market baskets, 
clothes baskets, and ladies' work baskets. Various materials are 
used — willow, rattan, and " splints " of ash, maple, oak, beech, birch, 
etc. They are classified in the trade as (i) fancy baskets, such as 
silk-lined sewing baskets, jewel cases, and baby bassinets; (2) 
" staple " baskets of willow or rattan; and (3) " splint " baskets made 
of a thin wood veneer and used as containers for fruit or as cheap 
market baskets. 

Production. — In the census for 1914. baskets and rattan and willow 
ware are united in a single classification. The total output is placed 
at $6,578,468, of which it is estimated about $3,000,000 represents 
splint baskets, $1,500,000 baskets of rattan and willow, and the re- 
mainder other articles of rattan or willow ware. Preliminary figures 
of the census of 1919 place the value of the combined output of 
" baskets and rattan and willow ware " at $11,831,000. 

Splint baskets are made, as a rule, by small factories, using ash, 
maple, oak, beech, birch, and gum. The pieces are prepared and 
fitted and made ready to be nailed together near the wood supply, 
and to save freight are sent in " knocked down " form to shops near 
the retail market. Splint baskets are a peculiarly American product, 
with little or no foreign competition. Canada is the only source from 
Which they might be imported, and it is doubtful if manufacturers 
there possess any advantages over domestic makers. 

The making of willow and rattan baskets is largely a handicraft 
or household industry, few establishments properly being termed fac- 
tories. Some of the work is done by " putting out " material on con- 
tract, or in little shops in the rear of stores where sold ; very little 
machinery is used. Willows equal to those imported are grown in 



586 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



America, but are usually not so thoroughly dried or so carefully 
sorted, and are steam peeled, which gives a brown color after a brief 
time. French willows are sap peeled, a process which is laborious but 
causes them to remain a brilliant white. The American manufac- 
turer is therefore compelled to import the raw material for the better 
grades of baskets. Much handwork is required in weaving, and it is 
difficult to obtain American labor at wages permitting competition 
with foreign production. 

Imports of baskets of bamboo, wood, straw, or compositions of 
wood were valued at $853,409 in 1914 and at $479,803 in 1918 (fiscal 
year). Germany was the chief manufacturing country. During 
the war Japan began to take the place of Germany. Imports come 
also from France, Belgium, Austria, England, and China. Later sta- 
tistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


BASKETS, BAMBOO; 


1918 


Number, 


$261,994 
187.372 




$63,671 


1919 


1,855,104 


$0.10 
.16 
.16 


45,840 


1920 


4,550,373 729,478 
3,959,779 622,887 


180,644 


1921 (9 months) . 









BASKETS, STRAW. 


1919 


159,756 $28,885 


$0.18 
.14 
.14 


$7,035 


1920 


900,995 
658,575 


129,674 
94,221 


32,113 


1921 (9 months) 








BASKETS, 


WOOD AND COMPOSITIONS OF V 


^OOD. 




1919 





1,479,524 
8,029,788 
4,142,028 


$375,282 

1,378,203 

761,946 


$0.25 
.17 

.18 


$91,343 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


.--- 


340,294 




" 





1 Figures for 1918 include "baskets of bamboo, wood, straw, and compositions of wood." 

Important changes m classification. — Baskets are included in both 
parts of the paragraph. 

Suggested changes. — Page 80, lines 15-17, of H. R, 7456 : Baskets 
of palm leaf have been held in the absence of a specific provision there- 
for classable as manufactures of palm leaf. As palm leaf is of the 
same class as bamboo, wood, and straw, would it not be well to add 
palm leaf to the enumeration of materials of which the articles in this 
paragraph may be made ? 

This provision placing a different rate of duty on merchandise 
when stained, dyed, etc., makes it very difficult of administration, 
especially in the case of baskets. Baskets are received in a large 
variety of designs and sizes and in order to ascertain whether duti- 
able under the first or last part of the paragraph an examination of 
every number is necessary. 

One rate for baskets, blinds, etc., whether plain or stained, dyed, 
painted, etc., would facilitate the examination and appraisement of 
this class of merchandise. 

Page 80, line 16, of H. R. 7456 : Change " or " to " and " between 
" shades " and " screens " and insert a comma after " screens." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



587 



PARAGRAPH 414. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 414. House or cabinet furniture 
wholly or in chief value of wood, 
wholly or partly finished, and manu- 
factures of wood or bark, or of which 
'wood or bark is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially prO- 
vfded for in this section. 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Far. 215. House or cabinet furniture 
wholly or in chief value of wood, 
wholly or partly finished, and manu- 
factures of wood or bark, or of which 
wood or bark is the component mate- 
rial of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 603. Kindling wood [Free]. 

Par. 712. Wood: * * * hop poles, 
* * * ship planking ; all the fore- 
going not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



Par. 176. House or cabinet furni- 
ture wholly or in chief value of wood, 
wholly or partly finished, and manu- 
factures of wood or bark, or of which 
wood or bark is the component mate- 
rial of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 647. Wood: * * * kindling 
wood, * * * hop poles, hoop poles, 
* * * ship planking, broom handles, 
sawdust, and wood flour ; all the fore- 
going not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



HOUSE OR CABINET FURNITURE. 



(See Survey D-4.) 



Description and uses. — The term " furniture " includes a consider- 
able number of familar articles of household or office use, as chairs, 
tables, lounges, bedsteads, dressers, etc. It is classified by use as bed- 
room furniture, kitchen furniture, dining-room furniture, drawing- 
room furniture. It is also classified by styles, as Old Colonial, Chip- 
pendale, Morris, and Mission. 

Production. — The furniture industry takes high rank among do- 
mestic manufactures. The following table, giving figures for 1914, 
segregates material and certain kinds of articles, such as metal, rat- 
tan, and willow, to show the relative importance of these " substi- 
tutes." Store and office fixtures and refrigerators are included, 
though not always classified as furniture. 



Items. 



Establishments 

Persons in industry 

Wage earners 

Amount paid in wages . . 
Average annual wage. . . 

Capital 

Value of products 

Value added 



Wood other 
than rattan 
and willow. 



2,251 

108, 143 

96,417 

$51,674,815 

$.536 

$196,819,858 

$187, 926, 556 

$102,4,83.512 



Rattan 

and 
willow. 



85 

2, 559 

2,262 

$1,281,141 

$567 

$3,371,218 

$5,022,089 

$3, 008, 310 



Metal. 



173 

14, 980 

12, 560 

$7,955,682 

$633 

$35, 231, 002 

$34, 439, 087 



Store and 
office fix- 
tures. 



3 

19, 945 

16,642 

$10, 904, 278 

$655 

$32, 462, 705 

$38,318,031 



$16,403,098 $22,324,347 



Refrig- 
erators. 



134 | 
. 6, 481 
5,617 
$3,572,334 

$636 l 
$14,511,158 
$15,051,794 
$7,708,402 i 



Total. 



3, 326 
152, 108 
133,498 

$75, 388, 250 

$565 

$282,395,941 

$280, 757, 557 

$151,927,669 



588 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Preliminary figures from the 1919 census place the number of 
establishments at 3,153 and the value of products at $573,785,000. 

The lumber consumed in the manufacture of furniture in 1916 was 
944,677,807 board feet, oak being 45.6 per cent of the total. Other 
woods used were, in order of importance, red gum, maple, birch, yel- 
low poplar, chestnut, basswood, and beech. In all, 71 different kinds 
are employed. The most important foreign woods were mahogany 
(1.7 per cent), lignum-vitse (0.06 per cent), satinwood. and rosewood 
(each representing less than 0.01 per cent of the total). Foreign 
woods, of considerable importance in the finest grades of furniture, 
are insignificant with respect to the industry as a whole. The pro- 
ducing States rank as follows: With respect to value of furniture 
produced, Xew York, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania. Indiana, 
Wisconsin, Ohio, Massachusetts; with respect to board feet of lumber 
consumed, North Carolina, Illinois. New York, Indiana. Michigan, 
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ohio. 

Imports fell in value from $1,017,201 in 1914 to $333,358 in 1918 
(fiscal year). The chief sources are France, Italy, the United King- 
dom, Canada, Hongkong, and Japan. Formerly Austria-Hungary 
and Germany exported largely the cheapest grades, France and Italy 



the finest grades. 


Later statistics follow : 








Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 




$219,441 J 

469,648 1 

1,866,623 1 

1,395,742 . 


$32,120 
68, 142 


1919 


1920 


275, 522 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports of nonmetal furniture in 1914 were valued at $6,529,249 ; 
in 1915, at $2,923,203; in 1918 (fiscal year), at $3,938,778. Exports 
fell off greatly during the Avar, reaching low ebb in 1915. The mar- 
kets of chief importance are Canada, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, Pan- 
ama, Brazil, Chile, the United Kingdom, British South Africa, Aus- 
tralia, France, and Italy. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




$1, 201, 267 

501, 478 

1, 831, 481 


$1, 503, 766 

872, 170 

2, 559, 493 


$2, 400, 335 
1, 744, 683 
4,416,539 


$935, 770 


Office and store furniture 


899, 874 


All other 


1, 909, 983 




Total 


3, 534, 226 


4, 935, 429 


8,561,557 


3, 745, 627 



It will be seen that imports are considerably smaller than exports, 
indicating ability of American manufacturers to compete, but that 
imports are increasing relatively to exports — about G per cent in 
1918 to about 37 per cent in 192t (nine months). This gain in im- 
ports may be due in part to the rapid depletion of our hardwood 
forests and consequent increase in price of domestic hardwoods* 3 

It will also be noted that exports and imports, while consid- 
erable in the aggregate, are both small as coin pa red with domestic 
production. In 1919 exports are less than 1 per cent of production. 

3 Soe report on Senate resolution .'511 (192Q), " Timber depletion, lumber prices, lumber 
exports, and concentration of timber ownership," p. !>. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



589 



Foreign trade in furniture is small compared with the domestic 
trade, because (1) furniture is bulky and. rates being charged by 
space, expensive to transport: (2) in transshipment, in shifting cargo 
in rough weather, and in pas-sing through hot and moist areas it is 
liable to breakage and deterioration, especially the finish; (3) most 
countries have raw material and competent akisans; and (4) high- 
grade furniture is little used in other countries as compared with the 
United States. 

MANUFACTURES OF WOOD OR BARK, N. S. P. F. 

Imports and exports. — The following tables show the imports and 
exports of certain articles for which no special provision was made, 
in the act of 1913 : 

Import*. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 



PICTURE FRAMES. 



191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Number. 

162 

3,359 

62, 873 

16, 856 



$2, 168 
31, 652 
78, 294 
39, 865 



Per cevt. 




CHRISTMAS TREES. 



1918 . . 




$20, 230 

61, 748 

63, 623 

214 


1 $2,023 


10 


1919... 




6, 175 


10 


1920... 




6, 362 


10 


1921 (9 months) 




i 
1 









MANUFACTURES OF WOOD OR BARK, N. s. p. f. 




1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 (9 months) 



Exports. 



1918 



Woodenware 

Trimmings, moldings., and other house furnish- 
ings 

Incubators and brooders 

Implement and tool handles 

Doors, sash, and blinds 

Boat oars and paddles 

Heading 

All other manufactures of wood 



S164.756 



1919 



362,825 I 

14R,987 ! 
1,310,431 | 

380,332 ! 

255,378 i 

563,564 ! 
9,360,888 ' 



$529, 321 

521,254 
122,521 
3,114,641 
569,726 
392,494 
591,021 
14,74.^.109 



1920 


S470, 356 

775,943 

232,297 

3.097,609 

1,224,805 

569,371 

1,02s, 026 

19,961,221 



1921 
(9 months). 



8352,679 

295, 833 
119,335 

1,433,151 
882,858 
215,288 
164,995 

8.677,073 



Suggested changes. — Were kindling wood, hop poles, hoop poles, 
ship planking, broom handles, sawdust, and wood flour, in para- 
graph 647 of the act of L913, intentionally omitted from H. E. 7456? 

A provision for "wood manufactured, not specially provided for." 
inserted before "and manufactures of wood" in this paragraph 
would cover wood manufactured but not advanced to the stage of 
an article having a distinct name or use. 

Page 80, line 24: Strike out "in this section '• to agree with prac- 
tice elsewhere. 



SCHEDULE 5.— SUGAR MOLASSES, AND MANUFAC- 
TURES OF. 

PARAGRAPH 501. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 501. Sugars, tank bottoms, 
sirups of cane juice, meiada, concen- 
trated mel.ada, concrete and concen- 
trated molasses, testing by the polari- 
scope not above seventy-five sugar de- 
grees, and all mixtures containing 
sugar and water, testing by the polari- 
scope above fifty sugar degrees and 
not above seventy-five sugar degrees, 
Ififr cents per pound, and for each ad- 
ditional sugar degree shown by the 
polariscopic test, four one-hundredths 
of 1 cent per pound additional, and 
fractions of a degree in proportion. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Schedule E. — Sugar, Molasses, and 
Manufactures of. 

Pak. 216. Sugars not above number 
sixteen Dutch standard in color, tank 
bottoms, sirups of cane juice, meiada, 
concentrated meiada, concrete and con- 
centrated molasses, testing by the 
polariscope not above seventy-five de- 
grees, ninety-five one-hundredths of 
one cent per pound, and for every ad- 
ditional degree shown by the polari- 
scopic test, thirty-five one-thousandths 
of one cent per pound additional, and 
fractions of a degree in proportion ; 
and on sugar above number sixteen 
Dutch standard hi color, and on all 
sugar which has gone through a 
process of refining, one cent and 
ninety one-hundredths of one cent per 
pound ; * * *. 

[No corresponding provision for all 
mixtures containing sugar and water.] 

[For drainings and sweepings see 
par. 503, H. R. 7456.] 



Schedule E. — Sugar, Molasses,, and* 
Manufactures of. 

Par. 177. Sugars, tank bottoms, sir- 
ups of cane juice, meiada, concentrated 1 
meiada, concrete and concentrated mo- 
lasses, testing by the polariscope not. 
above seventy-five degrees, seventy- 
one one-hundredths of 1 cent per- 
pound, and for every additional degree 
shown by the polariscopic test, twenty-, 
six one-thousandths of 1 cent per- 
pound additional, and fractions of a 
degree in proportion : * * * * Pro- 
vided, That the duties imposed in this: 
paragraph shall be effective on and- 
after the first, day of March, nineteen 
hundred and fourteen, until which 
date the rates of duty provided by par- 
agraph two hundred and sixteen of the. 
tariff Act approved August fifth, nine- 
teen hundred and nine, shall remain in 
force: Provided, lioirever. That so- 
much of paragraph two hundred and 
sixteen of an Act to provide revenue, 
equalize duties, and encourage the in- 
dustries of the United States, and for 
other purposes, approved August fifth, 
nineteen hundred and nine, as relates 
to the color test denominated as Num- 
ber Sixteen Dutch standard in color, 
shall he and is hereby, repealed : Pro- 
vided further. That on and after the 



1 Su.ua is, tank bottoms, simps of cane juice, meiada, concentrated meiada, concrete 
and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-five decrees, 
one and sixteen one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound, and for every additional decree shown 
by the polariscopic lesl. four one-hundredths of 1 cent per pound additional, and fractions 
of ;i degree in proportion.: Par. 20, emergency tariff act of isrjl. 
590 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 591 

first day of May, nineteen hundred and 
sixteen, the articles hereinbefore enu- 
merated in this paragraph shall be ad- 
mitted free of duty. [The last pro- 
viso was repealed bv the act of April 
27, 1916, ch. 93.] 

[No corresponding provision for all 
mixtures containing sugar and water.] 

[For drainings and sweepings see 
par. 503, H. It. 74561.] 

SUGAR. 

(See Reports T. I. S.-9 and 16, and Survey E-l.) 

This paragraph embraces refined sugar and raw or unrefined 
sugar in any form which might be used commercially for the manu- 
facture of refined sugar. 

Description and uses. — Pure sugar (sucrose) is a definite chemical 
compound (C 12 H 22 11 ) derived from the juices of several plants, 
especially the cane, beet, maple, and palm. Sucrose, in varying de- 
grees of purity, is the sugar of commerce and the tariff. There are, 
however, more than 100 substances known to chemical science as 
" sugars," but differing from sucrose in composition and properties. 
Of these, the most important commercially are dextrose and levulose 
(C 6 H 12 6 ), found in certain fruits and in honey. Dextrose is also 
manufactured from starch as a constituent of glucose and grape 
sugar. Tank bottoms are the settlings from sugar solutions and are 
the impurities found in molasses tanks. Melada is another name for 
cane sirup, and. like molasses, may be " concentrated " by boiling 
down to a thick granulous mass, which hardens upon cooling. The 
United States consumes (1920) over 4,500,000 tons of sugar per year 
(more than one-fifth of the world's consumption), about one-sixth 
of which is beet sugar. The per capita consumption in the United 
States, which has increased from 18.2 pounds in 1865 to 91.5 pounds 
in 1920, ranks high, and is now exceeded but slightly, if at all, by 
only a few T countries — the United Kingdom, Mexico. Denmark, Aus- 
tralia, and New Zealand. About three-fourths of the American con- 
sumption is used directly in the household: the remainder in various 
forms of manufacturing, e. g., soft drinks, condensed milk, bakers' 
products, canned fruits, and tobacco. 

Raw and refined sugar: Xearlv all the sugar produced by the fac- 
tories in Cuba, Porto Pico, and "Hawaii and about two-thirds of the 
product of the factories in Louisiana are raw T sugar — that is, it still 
contains molasses and other impurities adhering to the crystals. An 
increasing proportion of the Louisiana product is carried beyond the 
raw stage and marketed as "yellow clarified," "plantation granu- 
lated." and other forms suitable for final consumption. The great 
bulk of the sugars imported from Cuba consists of raw centrifugal 
sugar, the polariscopic test of which ranges approximately from 92 c 
to 97 c . The selling basis is 96°. with allowances up or down from 
the basic price, according to test. By far the greater portion is pur- 
chased by the refineries and after being purified and decolorized be- 
comes ;i refined " sugar. Pefined sugars as turned out by the large 
cane-sugar refineries consist of two general classes — hard refined 
sugars, such as granulated, powdered, cube, loaf, etc.. the polariscopic 
test of which will approximate 100°. and soft refined sugars ranging 



592 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



from about 80° to 90° in polariscopic test. The latter sugars vary in 
color from a light yellow to brown and have some of the sirup or 
molasses adhering to the crystals. They include the " brown " sugar 
of commerce. The beet -sugar factories produce hard sugars only. 

Production. — Before the war the world production had reached 
20.603.000 short tons, 11,169,000 tons of cane and 9,434,000 tons of 
beet sugar. The chief sources of supply were, in order, for cane 
sugar, Cuba, India, United States (including insular possessions), 
Java, Japan, Argentina. Australia, Mauritius, Brazil, the West In- 
dies: for beet sugar, Germany, Austria-Hungary. Russia, France, the 
United States, Italy, and other (chiefly European) countries. War 
conditions caused a decrease in the production of beet sugar and an 
increase of cane sugar. By 1919-20 the production of beet sugar had 
decreased to 3,665.689 tons and the production of cane sugar had in- 
creased to 13,425,230 tons, a net decrease from the prewar total of 
3,512,081 tons. From 45.8 per cent of the total, the production of beet 
sugar had decreased to 21.4 per cent. The present world production 
(1920-21) is 18,490,308 tons— 13,200.163 tons cane, 5,290,145 tons beet. 

The United States derived (19*21) 53.9 per cent of its supply from' 
domestic production and 46.1 per cent from importations. 2 Average 
annual production for the five-year period, 1915-1919, was as follows 
(figures represent thousands of tons and 'percentage of total con- 
sumption) : Cane sugar, continental United States, 245.3 (5.8 per 
cent) ; Porto Rico, 379.2 (9.0 per cent) ; Philippine Islands, 119.6 
(2.8 per cent) ; Hawaiian Islands. 587.7 (14.0 per cent) : Virgin 
Islands, 9.0 (0.2 per cent). Beet sugar, continental United States. 
788.6 (18.8 per cent) ; total, 2,129.4 (50:6 per cent). Cane sugar in 
continental United States is produced almost exclusively in Louisi- 
ana and Texas; beet sugar in California, Colorado. Utah, Idaho. 
Michigan, and 13 other States. The proportions of domestic sugar 
increased from 13 per cent in 1865 to 48.8 per cent in 1918, falling to 
37.3-per cent in 1920. 

The following table shows the number of establishments, number of 
wage earners, capital investment, amount paid in wages, average 
annual wage, value of products, value added, tons of sugar produced, 
and value of sugar produced in the cane and beet sugar industry in 
the continental United States, as reported by the census of 1914: 



Continental 
United 
States. 


Beet sugar. 

' . '1 


Cane sugar. 


Refining. 


Establishments 


259 

22,882 


60 

7 997 1 

$142,181^326 

$6,606,204 

$826 

$62 r 605,210 

$21,205,849 

713,473 

$58,590,466 


ISl 

3,632 

532,993,524 

$1,561,376 

$430 

$21,635,373 

$5,677,155 

264,801 

S1S,947,6S3 


IS 
11, 253 


Capital. 


S315,677,669 


$140,499,819 




$15,990,957 


$7,823,377 


Average annual wage 

Value of products 


i $670 

$373,639,29? 

$52,196,351 


$696 
$289,398,715 

$25,313,357 


Tons of sugar produced 

Value of sugar produced 


4,341,408 

1363,034,123 


3,333,134 
$285,495,974 



Preliminary figures from the census for 1919, showing a com- 
parison between the output of the industry in that year and in 1914, 
follow : 



Derived from Weekly Statistical Trade Journal, .Tan. 12. 1922. p. 15. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



593 



MANUFACTURE OF CANE SUGAR. 



Eeports were received from 202 establishments in 1919; from 181 
establishments in 1914. Of the 202 establishments reporting in 1919, 
189 were located in Louisiana, 6 in South Carolina, 3 in Florida, 2 
in Georgia, and 1 each in Mississippi and Texas. The following table 
shows the manufacture of cane-sugar products in 1914 and 1919. 



Product. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1919 


1914 


1919 


1914 


Total cane-sugar products 






$57, 741, 320 


$21, 635, 373 










Sugar 


Pounds. 

450, 955, 838 

71, 627, 346 

258,293,87S 

113,154,404 

7,880,210 

Gallons. 

20, 058, 248 

6, 739, 978 


Pounds. 
529,601,993 
107, 187, 416 
182,149,649 
229, 646, 354 

10,618,574 

Gallons. 

20, 675, 260 
2,420,633 


46,659,085 
9, 547, 378 

26,563,156 

9,898,958 

649, 593 

4,868,740 
4, 185, 199 
2,024,296 


18,947,685 
4, 228, 860 


Refined 


Clarified 


6, 742, 266 


Raw 


7,615,147 
361, 410 

2,021,547 


Brown 




Sirups _ . 

All other products 


609,696 
56,477 









MANUFACTURE OF BEET SUGAR. 

Reports were received from 85 establishments in 1919, from 60 
establishments in 1914. Of the 85 establishments reporting in 1919, 
there were 16 each in Michigan and Utah, 14 in Colorado, 10 in Cali- 
fornia, 8 in Idaho, 5 in Ohio, 4 each in Nebraska and Wisconsin, and 
1 each in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Wash- 
ington, and Wyoming. The following table shows the output of 
various beet-sugar products in 1914 and 1919. 



Product. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1919 


1914 


1919 


1914 


Total beet-sugar products 






$149, 155, 892 


$62,605,210 










Sugar 


Pounds. Pounds. 
1,426,891,315 ll, 486, 947, 817 
1,421,914,425 11,479,466,899 
4,976,890 ! 8,480,918 

Gallons. Gallons. 

18,841,429 26.461.291 


138,099,693 

137,852,387 

247, 306 

2,364,563 

5, 798, 412 

4, 829, 568 

968,844 

2,893,224 


58, 590, 466 
58, 351, 324 


Granulated 


Raw . ... 


239, 142 


Molasses .- 


1, 536, 192 


Pulp 

Dried 


Tons. 
2, 082, 531 
976, 501 
1, 106, 030 




2,094,863 




1, 510, 759 


Moist 




384, 104 


All other products 




383.689 









SUGi» 


lR refining 









Eeports were received from 20 establishments in 1919, and from 18 
establishments in 1914. Of the 20 establishments reporting in 1919, 
5 were located in New York, 4 in Pennsylvania, 3 in Louisiana, 2 each 



82304—22- 



-38 



594 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



in California, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, and 1 each in Texas 
and Georgia. The following table shows the product of sugar refin- 



ing in 1914 and 1919. 



Product. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1919 


1914 


1919 


1914 








$730,986,706 


$289,398,715 










Pounds. 

7,042,905,337 
Gallons. 
5, 916, 668 


Pounds. 

6,666,268,045 
Gallons. 


713,567,395 
678, 771 


285,495,974 






35, 802, 995 


3,284,278 




38, 144, 320 


14,637,830 
2, 102, 710 


All other products 




618, 463 











Imports. — Formerly sugar was imported from many sources, 
among the most important of which were Cuba, Java, and Germany. 
Since 1903, when, in connection with the reciprocity treaty, a prefer- 
ential rate was given to Cuba, imports from other sources have 
dropped off. Now over 95 per cent of the imported sugar comes 
from Cuba. Importations consist almost exclusively of raw sugars, 
ranging in polariscopic test from 75° upward, over 90 per cent, 
however, being of sugars testing between 95° and 97°. In 1914 
imports were: Beet sugar, 1,184 tons, valued at $70,829: cane sugar, 
2,531,179 tons, valued at $101,415,499. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar rear. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equhalent 
ad valorem. 



BEET SUGAR. 



1918 


Pounds. 

380 

1,180 

36,332,165 

7,970 


$35 

108 

6,315,687 

849 


$0.09 
.09 
.17 
.11 


S4 

14 

492, 961 


Per cent. 
12.83 


1919 


12.96 


1920 


7.81 


1921 











cane sugar; 



1918 5, 147, 328, 431 

1919 6, 989, 676, 648 

1920 7, 702, 780, 240 

1921 (9months).. 4,771,427,650 



$241, 093, 900 
390, 677, 144 
959, 206, 556 
216, 689, 423 



$0.05 
.06 
.12 
.04 



$50, 392, 991 
67, 908, 807 
78.170,330 



1 Included in the imports of cane sugar shown in the ahove table are the 
imports admitted free of duty from the Philippine and Virgin Islands : 


following- 


Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
151, 568, 106 
196,319,609 
318,156,663 
209, 289, 374 


$7, 103, 712 

9, 328, 574 

46,636,117 

12, 455, 518 


$0. 05 


1919 . . 


.05 


1920 . 


.14 


1921 (9 months) . . 


.06 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



595 



In 1920, it will be noted, imports of beet suj*ar rose to 36^332^165 
pounds from only 1,180 pounds in 1919 and 380 pounds in 1918. In 
the same year imports of full-duty cane sugar showed a nofc- 
worthv increase — from 137,228,883 pounds (about 2 per cent of the 
total) in 1919 to 1.948,358,618 pounds (about 25.3 per cent of the 
total) in 1920. These heavy importations of full-duty sugar (cane 
and beet) were made possible by the high prices prevailing in 1920. 
Ordinarily the Cuban preference of 20 per cent has been nearly suffi- 
cient to exclude all but Cuban sugars. The exceptional conditions 
of 1920 made it profitable to import sugars from other sources over 
the duty. 

The following table shows by months the quantity and value of 
dutiable cane sugar imported during 1921 : 



Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 




Pounds. 
254,505,311 
592, 279, 208 
821, 904, 235 
841.168,244 
643, 268, 005 
356, 385, 734 


$15,553,984 
28,457,466 
39, 525, 122 
40,511,233 
26, 445, 919 
12,389,733 
1 


July 


Pounds. 

237,718,074 
509, 504, 947 
281,485,513 
303,002,856 
4'5,706,063 
358,177,684 


$6, 604, 752 






14,721,202 




September 


7, 744, 241 




October 


7,605,968 




November 


9,861,890 


June 


December 


7, 894, 514 



& a- ports. — None of the domestic product (unless Philippine Island 
sugar is regarded as domestic) and no raw sugars are exported. A 
portion of the imported raw is refined for export, the refiners using 
the imported sugar rather than the domestic product in order to 
obtain the benefit of the drawback. This business, only 1 per cent 
of sugar receipts in normal times, became important during the war, 
rising to 12 per cent of the total receipts in the period 1915-1917. 
Exports of refined sugar in 1914 were 25,448 tons, valued at 
$1,839,983 ; in 1916, 815,0711 tons, valued at $79,309,147; in 1918 (fiscal 
year), 288,241 tons, valued at $38,761,686. 

In normal times the countries of chief importance in the export 
trade were the United Kingdom, Panama, Mexico, and Newfound- 
land. During the war several European countries, which had pre- 
viously relied upon domestic production or importation from the 
Central Powers and Russia, became important purchasers from 
American refineries. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 
follow : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



407,296,324 
$27,038,667 



1919 



1,475.407,678 
$114,737,491 



1920 



924, 192, 385 
$94,877,045 



1921 
(9 months). 



785,984.488 
$42,961,931 



The above exports are of refined sugar, including maple sugar, 
which, as already stated, had previously been imported as raw sugar, 
the exporter receiving the benefit of drawback. Drawback is also 
obtained on the export of other products than refined sugar in the 
preparation of which imported raw sugar has been used. Among 



596 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



gum, cocoa, confectionery, preserved 



such products are chewing 

fruits, dairy products, and tobacco. The magnitude of this business 
m%y be judged from the following table, showing exports of raw 
sugar subject to drawback and drawback received thereon for the 
calendar years 1918-1920 : 





1918 


1919 


1920 




372,930,943 
$3, 772, 814 


1,497,019,239 
$14, 987, 183 


1,388,396,876 
$13,456,823 







Important changes in classification. — Sugar drainings and sugar 
sweepings, specifically mentioned in the acts of 1909 and 1913, are not 
so mentioned in H. R. 7456. In their place and more inclusive is a new 
item for " all mixtures containing sugar and water, testing by the 



polariscope above 50° and not above 71 



Mixtures containing 



sugar and water, testing by the polariscope 50° or less, are not specifi- 
cally provided for. 

In the acts of 1909 and 1913 the dividing line between " sugars " 
and "molasses" is placed at 56 sugar degrees, whereas in H. R. 
T456 (par. 501) this dividing line is lowered to 50 sugar degrees. 
Sugars, molasses and sirups are placed in the same paragraph in 
both the acts of 1909 (par. 216) and the act of 1913 (par. 177), 
whereas in H. R. 7456 they are separated, sugars and some sirups 
appearing in paragraph 501 and molasses and other sirups in para- 
graph 503. 

Conflicting provisions. — There is a ' conflict between paragraph 
501 and paragraph 503. The same material might come within the 
provisions of paragraph 501, " sirups of cane juice, melada, * * * 
testing by the polariscope not above 75 sugar degrees," and " all 
mixtures containing sugar and water testing by the polariscope above 
50 sugar degrees and not above 75 sugar degrees," and the provision 
of paragraph 503, "molasses and sirups * * * testing above 48 
per centum total sugars." There is also a conflict between the pro- 
vision in paragraph 501 for "sugars" and " all mixtures contain- 
ing sugar and water," and the provision in paragraph 504 for 
" maple sugar and maple sirup," and the provision in paragraph 
506 for " sugar candy and confectionery." 

Suggested changes. — The dividing line between raw sugars and 
molasses in the tariff laws has for many years been placed at 56 
sugar degrees. This dividing line is lowered to 50 sugar degrees in 
H. R. 7456. No adequate reason for this change has been found, 
but on the other hand strong objection to it can logicalh 7 be made 
because the edible grades of molasses will frequently test above 50 
degrees. (See also discussion under par. ^03, p. 599.) 

Tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice, melada, concentrated melada, 
and concrete and concentrated molasses enumerated in this paragraph 
are mixtures of sugar and water with impurities and are therefore 
covered by the new provision in this paragraph for such mixtures, 
and might be omitted. It is suggested to avoid possible litigation 
that the words " sirups and other " be inserted before " mixtures " 
in line 5, page 81, of H. R. 7456, and the words "of, or" inserted 
after " mixtures." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



597 



The words " all the foregoing not specially provided for " should 
be added after "seventy-five sugar degrees," page 81, line 7, H. R. 
7456, to avoid conflict with paragraph 504, which provides for 
"maple sugar and maple sirup" and with paragraph 506, which 
provides for "sugar candy and confectionery." 

With all these changes the paragraph would read: 

Par. 501. Sugars testing by the polariscope not tbove seventy-rive sugar de- 
crees, and all sirups and other mixtures of or containing sugar an 1 water, 
testing by the polariscope ahove fifty-six sugar degrees and not "above seventy- 
five sugar degrees, nl! the foregoing not specially provided for, cents per 
pound, and for each additional sugar degree shown by the polariscopic test, 
of 1 cent per pound additional, and fractions of a degree in pro- 
portion. 

Page 81, line 1 (title of schedule 5) : Insert a comma after " sugar." 



PARAGRAPH 502. 



H. R. 7456. 

Pak. f>02. Any person manufacturing 
or refin ng in the United States sugar, 
resting by the polariscope over ninety- 
nine degrees, produced from beet or 
cane grown in the continental United 
States, shall for each pound so manu- 
factured or refined during any month 
in any State, Territory, or the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, be permitted to im- 
port, at any time before the expiration 
of nine months after the last day of 
such month (for the sole purpose of 
being manufactured or refined by him 
in such State, Territory, or District), 
two pounds of sugar testing by the 
polariscope not above ninety-six de- 
grees, at three-fourths of the rate of 
duty to which such sugar would other- 
wise be subject. The Secretary of the 
Treasury shall make all regulations 
necessary for the enforcement of this 
liaiagaph. including the tak ng of 
bonds to secure compliance with its 
provisions. 

ACT OF 1909. 

| Xo corresponding provision.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] 



REDUCTION OF DUTY ON EM PORTED RAWS TO REFINERIES USING DOMESTIC 

RAWS. 



General comments. — Paragraph 502 is new matter, having no cor- 
responding provision' in previous acts. The concession as to rate 
of duty provided for in the paragraph is open to refiners who 
make use of domestic raw sugar for the purpose of refining, Beet 
sugar manufacturers and Louisiana refiners could undoubtedly 
avail themselves of the privileges of the paragraph. Doubt has been 
expressed whether the seaboard refineries could do so. The im- 
ported sugar must be refined in the same State. Territory, Or District 



598 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

in which the domestic raw sugar is manufactured or refined, and 
some have interpreted the paragraph as requiring that the domestic 
raw sugar must also be produced in the same State, Territory, or 
District in which it is refined. If the latter interpretation holds, 
the seaboard refiners would be precluded from the benefits of the 
paragraph, as raw sugar is not produced in the Atlantic seaboard 
States. On the other hand the paragraph may be interpreted in 
euch a way as to permit the seaboard refiners to import foreign 
sugars, under the concession as to duty, on the basis of Louisiana or 
other domestic raw sugars which they may have refined. 

Production. — As the provision is new there are no previous sta- 
tistics as to production under the paragraph. It has been suggested 
by members of the trade that some beet sugar factories in Michigan 
and some cane sugar factories in Louisiana might avail themselves 
of the privileges of the provision. It is thought that beet sugar man- 
ufacturers in other regions would be precluded from the benefits of 
the provision by freight costs on imported raws. 

Imports. — The total beet-sugar production of Michigan averaged 
for the three years 1918-1920 about 284,000,000 pounds, and the total 
cane-sugar production of Louisiana and Texas averaged for the same 
years about 385,000,000 pounds, a total of 669,000,000 pounds, or 
about 300,000 long tons. If this domestic production were made the 
basis for importing foreign raws under the provisions of the para- 
graph, it would appear that the maximum tonnage of imported raws 
on which the concession could be allowed would be 600,000 long tons, 
or about 18 per cent of the total imports. As it is doubtful to what 
extent Michigan beet-sugar manufacturers could refine raw cane 
sugar without extensive changes in their machinery, and as it is un- 
likely that the total output of Louisiana raws would be made the basis 
of imports, it is probable that the actual imported tonnage subject to 
the concession in duty would be much less than the above figure. 

Exports. — It is unlikely that there would be any exports under the 
provision, as refiners would find it to their advantage to export 
sugars refined exclusively from imported raws and obtain the draw- 
back of 99 per cent of the entire duty paid, rather than to export 
refined sugar made partly from domestic raws. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision is new. 

Suggested changes. — Page 81, lines 14 and 21, of H. R. 7456 : The 
word " sugar " should be inserted before the word " degrees " to make 
the reading conform to the wording of paragraph 501. 



PARAGRAPH 503. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

\\k. 503. Molasses and sirups tes*-- 
\ivj; not above 4S per centum total 
sugars, twenty-five onediundredths of 1 
cent per gallon; testing above 48 per 
centum total sugars, two hundred and 
seventy-five one-thousandths of 1 cent 
additional for each pel' centum of total 
sugars and fractions of a per centum 
in proportion. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 599 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 216. * * molasses testing Par. 177. * * * molasses testing 
not above forty degrees, twenty per not above forty degrees, 15 per centum 
centum ad valorem; testing above ad valorem; testing above forty de- 
forty degrees and not above fifty-six grees and not above fifty-six degrees, 
degrees, three cents per gallon; test- 2\ cents per gallon ; testing above fifty- 
ing above fifty-six degrees, six cents six degrees, 4£ cents per gallon ; sugar 
per gallon ; sugar drainings and sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall 
sweepings shall be subject to duty as be subject to duty as molasses or 
molasses or sugar, as the case may sugar, as the case may be, according to 
be. according to polariscopic test. polariscopic test : 3 * * * 

MOLASSES AND SIRUP. 

(See Survey E-l.) 

Description and uses. — Molasses is a by-product of the sugar in- 
dustry. It is what remains of the juice after the principal impurities 
have been removed, the juice boiled down, and the greater part of the 
sugar content crystallized and removed by centrifugation. Sirup is 
a direct product of the cane juice, containing all the sugar, but freed 
from some impurities and boiled to the desired consistency. 

An exception to the description given is to be noted in " fancy " 
and " extra fancy " molasses produced in the West India Islands, 
chiefly Barbados. In this variety cane juice is concentrated to a thick 
sirup after treatment which converts a portion of the sucrose content 
into invert sugar, but from which none of the sucrose has been ex- 
tracted. The introduction of modern methods into the manufacture 
of raw sugar and consequent reduction in the supply of edible mo- 
lasses resulted in the above-mentioned " fancy " product which is 
known commercially as molasses. 

This product differs from sirup of cane juice in that the latter has 
been concentrated without any process of inversion and might profit- 
ably be converted into sug^ar by continuing the process of evaporation, 
while the former, by reason of the large percentage of invert sugar, 
would yield comparatively little crystallized sucrose. 

Molasses is produced from both the beet and cane, that obtained 
from the beet being unsuitable for human food. Beet and low-grade 
cane molasses (blackstrap) are used in the manufacture of industrial 
alcohol and as a cattle feed. Cane molasses is also used in the manu- 
facture of rum. 

Production.. — In 1914 20,675,260 gallons of cane molasses, valued 
at $2,021,517, 2,420,633 gallons of cane sirup, valued at $609,696,. and 
26,000,000 gallons of beet molasses were produced as by-products in 
factories whose principal output was sugar. Sirup is also manufac- 
tured as a major product in several of the Gulf States on farms and 
in small factories making no sugar. Later statistics folloAv : 

3 Molasses testing not above forty degrees, 24 per centum ad valorem ; testing above 
forty degrees and not above fifty-six degrees, 3| cents per gallon; testing above fifty-six 
degrees, 7 cents per gallon ; sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty 
as molasses or sugar as the case mav be according to polariscopic test : Pai\ 20. emergency 
tariff act of 1921. 



600 



Commodity. 


Year. 


Unit. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Beet molasses l 


1917-18 
1920-21 
1920-21 


Ton 

Gallon 

do 


239, 338 
54, 089, 867 . 
43, 507, 000 


$7,000,000 


Cane molasses 2 


Cane sirup 3 









1 Figures from completed schedules secured by the Tariff Commission. 

2 Figures from Statistical Abstract of United States, 1920, p. -229. 

3 Department of Agriculture estimate. 

For preliminary figures from the census of 1919 showing produc- 
tion of sirup and molasses as by-products of the sugar industry, see 
under " Sugar," paragraph 501. 

Imports have rapidly increased in recent years from 51,410,271 
gallons in 1914, valued at $1,774,719, to 130,730,861 gallons in 1918 
(fiscal year), valued at nearly $9,177,833. Imports of molasses for 
the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 


1918 

1919 t 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


j Gallons. 

: 142,545,811 

! 118, 842, 094 

: 161, 177, 519 

i 57, 633, 168 


$10, 326, 611 
4, 161, 210 
5, 081, 610 
1,443,083 




$0.07 
.03 
.03 
.02 


$1, 193, 329 
469, 166 
507, 669 









The above table shows total importations of all grades of molasses. 
If segregated by the grades provided for in the Act of 1913, the 
average annual importations for the three years 1918-1920 were: 
(1) Molasses testing not above 40 degrees, 139,289,062 gallons valued 
at $5,670,762; (2) testing above 40 degrees and not above 56 degrees, 
1,555,771 gallons valued at $847,111; (3) above 56 degrees, 10,642 
gallons valued at $5,268. 

A comparatively small quantity, 20,792 gallons in 1920, is im- 
ported free of duty — all from the Virgin Islands. Of the dutiable 
imports by far the greater part is from Cuba — 148,084,934 gallons 
out of the total of 161,156,639 gallons in 1920. The imports from 
Cuba, however, are a low-grade molasses, blackstrap, used largely 
in the manufacture of industrial alcohol and as an ingredient of cattle 
feed. A high-grade molasses is imported in considerable quantities 
(728,925 gallons in 1920) from Barbados. Recent imports of sirups 
are as follows: 



Calendar year. 


j Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


191S 

1919 -. 

1920 


Pounds. 

153, 953 

753, 968 

1,658,129 


$6, 483 
35, 069 
81, 102 
10, 033 


$0.04 
.05 
.05 
.03 


$873 
4,660 
6,013 


1921 (9 months; 


346, 410 







Exports. — The most important countries of destination for mo- 
lasses are the United Kingdom, Canada, and the West Indies. The 
United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands 
are the most important purchasers of American sirup. Prewar ex- 
ports (fiscal year 1914) are compared with shipments during the 
calendar years L918-1921 in the following tabic : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 601 



i ' 1 

1914 191S 1919 192 ° (9 monk). 


MOLASSES. 


Quantity (gallons^ ! 1, 002, 441 

Value ' I $175, 498 


5,413,9S2 6,685,784 4,828,149 
SI, 190,911 $1,311,217 $1,097,480 


4, 438, 904 
SS83, 582 


SIRUPS, INCLUDING MAPLE SIRUP. 




11,630,528 3,184,290 
SI, 491, 639 $2,012,121 


16,731,846 1 6,594,835 4,322,652 
$10,299,244 j $4,164,177 















Important changes in classification. — In the acts of 1909 and 1913 
molasses testing not above 40° by the polariscope was subject to an 
ad valorem duty. If testing above 40° it was subject to a specific 
duty, the specific rate being twice as high when the test was above 
56° as the rate when the test was between 40° and 56°. In H. R. 
7456 a new method of assessment for duty is introduced. The polari- 
scopic test is abandoned, sirups, previously not coupled with molasses, 
are put in the same classification with that article, and the duty upon 
both is based upon total sugar content, a specific rate per gallon being 
levied when the total sugar content is not above 48 per cent, and an 
added specific rate for each percentage of sugar content above 48. 

Conflicting provisions. — There is a conflict between the provision 
of paragraph 503 for " molasses and sirups " and that of paragraph 
501 for u sirups " and " mixtures containing sugar and water " and 
the provision in paragraph 504 for " maple sugar.' 5 ' The same article 
might be assessed for duty as a " sirup " or as a " mixture containing 
sugar and water." 

There are three fairly distinct articles of commerce to be provided 
for under the general head of " Molasses, sirup, and other mixtures 
containing sugar and wafer." To make clear the distinction it is 
necessary to distinguish first between " sucrose " and " invert sugar." 
Chemically speaking there are a considerable number of substances 
known as "sugars." The sugar of commerce is sucrose (C^H^O^). 
The process of manufacturing sugar consists in the extraction and 
crystallization of sucrose from the juice of the cane or beet. After 
the extracting process has been carried as far as is economical there 
remains a liquor containing a small quantity of unextracted sucrose 
and a considerable quantity of " invert sugar." " Imvert sugar " is 
a mixture of two other sugars, " dextrose " and ;; levulose," both hav- 
ing the formula C 6 H 1: ,0 6 . Sucrose and dextrose both have the 
property of rotating a beam of polarized light to the right, while 
levulose rotates it to the left. The combination of dextrose and 
levulose in equal parts, i. e., invert sugar, rotates it to the left, and. 
if mixed with sucrose, tends to neutralize the action of the sucrose. 
It follows that a molasses or sirup may have a considerable percent- 
age " total sugars " and yet show a low test by the polariscope. The 
polariscopic test alone, therefore, applied in previous acts, is not a 
proper test for molasses and sirup which contain invert sugar. The 
introduction of the test by content of total sugars is a step in the 
right direction, but the dividing lines in paragraphs 501 and 503 are 



602 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

not so chosen as best to correspond with commercial practice. This 
leads to the three types of products referred to above. 

(1) Blackstrap. — This is a by-product of the process of manufac- 
turing sugar by the modern method of the vacuum pan and centrif- 
ugal machine. Blackstrap contains, besides the concentrated impuri- 
ties remaining in the liquor after the sucrose has been extracted, a 
small amount of unextracted sucrose and a considerable amount of 
invert sugar. The polariscopic test therefore is low, 26° to 36°, but 
the total sugars may run as high as 56 per cent and usually run above 
48 per cent. Blackstrap is not suitable for human food, but is valu- 
able for cattle feed and for the manufacture of industrial alcohoL 
Since it is not customarily bought and sold at a price on a sliding 
scale based on the analysis but rather at a fixed price per gallon it 
may property carry a specific duty. Paragraph 503 is faulty as it 
stands, as the dividing line, 48 per cent, cuts into the blackstrap in- 
stead of separating all blackstrap from the next general commercial 
grade, edible molasses and sirups. As blackstrap, for the purposes 
for which it is used, is not appreciably more valuable when its total 
sugars run aboA T e 48 per cent, while the rate of increase for assessment 
of duty is made very rapid (e. g., for only 1 per cent above 48 the 
rate of duty would be more than doubled) the practical effect of the 
provision would be to cause importers to have the blackstrap tested 
before shipment, and if the test ran above 48 per cent to dilute it 
until it was not above 48 per cent. The additional freight charge 
caused by useless water would be much less than the additional duty. 
If the importation is used in cattle feed the dilution increases the 
clanger of fermentation. 

(2) Edible molasses and sirup. — The quality and price of the 
edible grades of molasses and sirup are determined primarily by the 
flavor and color rather than by the percentage of total sugar. There- 
fore a fixed rate of duty expressed in cents per gallon would be more 
in accord with commercial practice than a sliding scale of duties 
based on the percentage of sugar as provided for in H. E. 7456 (para- 
graph 503). The recommendation given below as to the dividing 
lines between blackstrap molasses, edible molasses, and high-grade 
sirups from which granulated sugar might be made is based upon a 
study of the analyses of many typical samples. 

(3) Sirups of polariscopic test above 56°. — Only a small fraction 
(probably less than 1 per cent) of the edible molasses on the market 

tests more than 56 degrees by the polariscope. However, a concen- 
trated cane juice containing little invert sugar and testing above 56 
degrees might be imported for the purpose of making refined sugar, 
if the rates of duty on such sirups were substantially below the rate 
on raw sugar. They should therefore come under the same provision 
as that for raw sugar in paragraph 501. Actual experience under 
the acts of 1909 and 1913 demonstrates that there is no danger that 
the intended duty on raw sugar will be evaded by the importation 
of sirups testing below 56 degrees by the polariscope. 

Although the polariscopic test is not suitable for distinguishing be- 
tween blackstrap and edible molasses for reasons explained above, 
nevertheless it is a good method of testing sirups intended for or suit- 
able for use in the preparation of granulated sugar. The specifica- 
tion recommended has been in use for tariff purposes for many years 
and is in accord with trade practice and should be retained. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



603 



The words "not specially provided for" should be added to avoid 
conflict with paragraph 504 " maple sirup." 

In the last part of paragraph 503- as it now stands it is not clear 
whether the additional rate is per gallon for each additional per 
centum of total sugars. 

Suggested changes. — Paragraph 503 might accordingly be changed 
to read: 

Molasses and sirups and other mixtures of or containing sugar and water, 
not specially provided for, containing not above 56 per centum of total sugars, — 
cents per gallon : containing above 56 per cent of total sugars and testing by 
the polariscope not above 50 sugar degrees, — cents per gallon. 



PARAGRAPH 504. 



H. R. 7456. 

Tak. 504. Maple sugar and maple 
sirup. 4 cents per pound ; dextrose 
testing not above 99.7 per centum and 
dextrose sirup, 1\ cents per pound. 
Sugar cane in its natural state, or 
unmanufactured, $1 per ton of two 
thousand pounds; sugar contained in 
dried sugar cane, or in sugar cane in 
any other than its natural state, 75 
per centum of the rate of duty ap- 
plicable to manufactured sugar of like 
polariseopic test. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pae. 217. Maple sugar ami maple 
sirup, four cents per pound ; glucose 
or grape sugar, one and one-half cents 
per pound ; sugar cane in Its natural 
state, or unmanufactured, twenty per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 178. Maple sugar and maple 
sirup, 3 cents per pound ; glucose or 
grape sugar, li cents per pound ; 
sugar cane in its natural state, or un- 
manufactured. 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem : Provided, That on and after 
the first day of May, nineteen hundred 
and sixteen, the articles hereinbefore 
enumerated in this paragraph shall be 
admitted free of duty. [The proviso 
was repealed by the act of April 27, 
1910. chapter 93.1 



MAPLE SIRUP AXI) MAPLE SUGAR. 



( See Survey K-2.) 

Description and uses. — Maple sirup and maple sugar are derived 
from the sap of the maple tree and contain sucrose, identical with 
that in the juices of the cane or beet. Refined maple sugar is indis- 
tinguishable from cane sugar. Maple sugar is prized, however, be- 
cause of the impurities which give it a characteristic flavor, hence is 
not refined. Besides its well-known uses as a confection and for 
table purposes, a large part is employed in the manufacture of to- 
bacco products. It is said that this industry consumed half the do- 
mestic crop in 1913. 

Prod act ion. — Maple sirup and maple sugar are produced chiefly in 
Xew England and in the North Atlantic and Lake States — New York, 
Ohio, and Vermont leading. The total output in 1910 was 4.100,000 



604 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 11)21. 



gallons of sirup and 14,HK),000 pounds of sugar, valued at $5,200,000: 
in 1918, 5,000,000 gallons of sirup and 13,000.000 pounds of sugar. 
In 1919, because of unfavorable weather conditions, there Avas a 
marked decline — 3,900,000 gallons of sirup and 10,400,000 pounds of 
suffar. More detailed statistics are shown in the following table : 



Year. 


Maple sirup. 


Maple sugar. 


Total on 

sugar basis, 

8 pounds to 

gallon. 


Percentage 

in form of 

sugar. 


1900 


Gallons. 
2, 056, 611 
4, 106, 118 
4, 286, 100 
4,905,264 
3,854,488 
3, 605, 555 


Pounds. 
11,928,770 

14,060,206 
10, 838, 650 
13, 270, 865 
10,168,629 
7,528,640 


Pounds. 
28, 381, 658 
46,911,550 
45, 127, 450 
52,512,977 
41, 004, 533 
36,373,080 


41.9 


1910 . 


30.0 


1917 . . .' 


23.9 


1918 . 


25.3 


1919 


24.8 


1920 


20.7 







It will be seen that the output fluctuated considerably from year to 
year, one reason being the dependence of the industry upon seasonal 
conditions, some years being much more favorable to the flow of sap 
than others. The table shows a tendency to market an increasing 
proportion of the product in the form of sirup. 

Imports of sirup and sugar in 1914, chiefly from Canada, were 
2,095,983 pounds, valued at $163,047; in 1918 (fiscal year), 5,049,474 



pounds, 
follow 



valued at $909,412. Statistics for the period 1918-1921 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


j, , Equivalent 
uuly - ad valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 
3, 807, 111 
4,277,300 
7,607,634 
1,586.115 


$800, 873 

1,189,695 

1,812,102 

288, 9o6 


:• 

$0. 21 
.28 
.24 
.18 


Per cent. 
$114,213 14. 2t' 
128,319 i 10.79 
228, "229 12.59 







Imports' are derived almost exclusively from Canada. 

Exports are not segregated. Exports of maple sugar are included 
under the heading, " Sugar, refined, including maple sugar." Ex- 
ports of maple sirup are included under the heading, "Sirup, in- 
cluding maple sirup." 

DEXTROSE AND DEXTROSE SIRUP (REFERRED TO IN PREVIOUS ACTS AS GRAPE 

SUGAR AND GLUCOSE.) 

(See Survey E-2.) 

Description and ibses. — Glucose and grape sugar are manufactured 
from starch and are therefore usually made by firms which also make 
starch for sale. In the United States the raw material for the com- 
bined starch-glucose industry is usually corn, although potatoes and 
wheat are used to some extent. In Europe potatoes are the most im- 
portant raw material. In the process, starch is boiled with dilute 
hydrochloric acid thus causing the starch to combine chemically with 
water, which converts it into dextrin, maltose, and finally dextrose. 
The product is then neutralized, decolorized, and concentrated by 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



605 



evaporation. If the boiling with acid and the concentration by evap- 
oration are stopped at a relatively early stage a liquid sirup known 
as glucose is obtained, whereas if both these operations are prolonged, 
a solid sugar known as grape sugar is obtained. 

Glucose is a colorless or slightly amber-colored sirup, with about 
one-half the sweetening power of sugar. Mixed with cane sirup or 
maple sirup, it is a familiar article of table use. It is also known 
as corn sirup. It is extensively used by tanners, bakers, and brew- 
ers, and in the manufacture of jellies and confectionery. Grape 
sugar is used in the manufacture of vinegar and in brewing; also, 
as a reducing agent in many industries, and in silvering glass. 

Production of glucose in 1909 was 769,700,000 pounds, valued at 
$17,900,000, and of grape sugar, 159,100,000 pounds, valued at 
$3,600,000. Preliminary figures from the census of 1919 show the 
value of the glucose (including all sirups) produced in that year 
to have been, $80,608,000; grape sugar (157,276,000 pounds) $9,315,- 
000. The industry flourishes chiefly in the corn belt — Illinois, In- 
diana, Iowa, and Missouri. The most important factories are in 
Argo, 111., and Edgewater, N. J. Though less favorably located with 
respect to the domestic corn supply, Edgewater, in addition to being 
nearer eastern and European markets, is advantageously situated 
wi^h respect to imported Argentine corn, which is often cheaper than 
the American grain and contains more oil— corn oil being an impor- 
tant by-product of the industry. 

This industry lends itself to the economies of large-scale produc- 
tion and has been subject to persistent attempts at monopoly. A 
pool was arranged in 1885, which continued, with intermission, 
until 1890. Consolidations were effected in 1897, in 1902, and in 
1906. The last consolidation, under the name of the Corn Products 
Refining Co., still remains the dominant figure in the industry. Its 
dissolution has been ordered by the courts. 

Imports. — Imports ftf glucose are comparatively small, the largest 
since 1910 being 268.592 pounds, valued at $8,345. in 1911. Later 
statistics follow. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1918 




Pounds. 

104,557 

40,267 

50 


$6, 331 

3.040 

5 


$0.06 
.07 
.10 


SI, 176 
453 


Per cent. 
18: ea 


1919 

1920 







14.90 
11.20 









In only one year since 1910 have imports of grape sugar exceeded 
500 pounds. No imports are recorded for 1918, 1919, or 1920. 

Exports. — About one-eighth of domestic glucose is exported. In 
1914 the exports were 162,680,378 pounds, valued at $3,766,289; in 
1916, 148,523,098 pounds, valued at $3,772,860; in 1918, 80,970,749 
pounds, valued at $4,949,159. The exports decreased during the war- 
to less than one-half, but the rise in price incre.ased the value. The 
destination of the exports was widespread, including all the principal 
countries of Europe, several countries of South America, Canada, 
Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. From one-half to 



606 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



four-fifths of the trade was with the United Kingdom. Exports of 
grape sugar in 1914 were 36,850,496 pounds, valued at $799,635 ; in 
1916, 37,883,089 pounds, valued at $962,101; in 1918 (fiscal year), 
16,887,557 pounds, valued at $1,045,512. Over 90 per cent of the 
export trade was with the United Kingdom. 

Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow : 



1918 



, 1919 



J920 



1921 
(9 months). 



GLUCOSE. 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



42,740,417 
$2,552,637 



220, 380, 761 
S13, 169, 051 



144, 760, 031 
$S, 993, 815 



169, 479, 032 
$4, 793, 757 



GRAPE SUGAR. 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



14,591,733 35,236,948 | 17,736,137 
$906,290 I $1,970,893 $1,074,015 



14, 303, 990 
$463, 444 



Important changes in classification. — In previous acts the sub- 
stances referred to in paragraph 504 as " dextrose testing not above 
99.7 per centum " and " dextrose sirup " were called respectively 
" grape sugar " and " glucose." 

Suggested changes. — The term dextrose refers to a definite chem- 
ical substance (C 6 H 12 6 ) and may properly apply to the substance 
referred to in paragraph 505 as " dextrose testing above 99.7 per 
centum." The substances which will be assessed for duty under 
paragraph 504 and referred to as " dextrose testing not above 99.7 
per centum " and " dextrose sirup " are commercial products, con- 
taining it is true, dextrose, but containing also other substances. 
The first is known to the trade as " grape sugar " or " corn sugar " ; 
the second as " glucose." The normal composition of glucose, exclu- 
sive of water, is about 45 per cent maltose, 35 per cent dextrin, and 
20 per cent dextrose. It is questionable whether in framing a tariff 
act which has to do with commercial products it is preferable to de- 
part from commercial terminology, especially when the chemical term 
substituted represents only a minor ingredient of the commercial 
product in question. 

The following wording is suggested : " Grape sugar or cereal sugar 
or corn sugar or potato sugar, and glucose or corn sirup or potato 
sirup, [rate] per pound. 

SUGAR CANE. 

Production and uses. — The cane from which sugar is obtained is a 
species of grass, requiring from 18 months to 2 years to mature suffi- 
ciently to yield the best results, and hence can be best produced in 
tropical climates. In no part of continental United States, except 
southern Florida (a sugar region of potential promise), is continu- 
ous growth of the cane through 12 months of the year possible. 
The other Gulf States, though growing cane, are somewhat at a dis- 
advantage because the season is seldom longer than nine months. 
The superiority of a mature cane for sugar extraction is shown by 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1U21. 



607 



the fact that in Hawaii the average yield of sugar per ton of cane is 
245.(3 pounds; in Porto Rico. 221.9 'pounds; in Cuba, 229.1 pounds, 
while in Louisiana it is only 143.3 .pounds. Louisiana and Texas, 
however, are important sugar-producing States, furnishing 5 per cent 
of the total domestic consumption. Sugar cane is also grown in the 
other Gulf States, but mainly for making sirup, for which purpose a 
mature cane is not so necessary. 

Imports. — Because of the bulk of cane in comparison with its 
value, it is unprofitable to transport it any considerable distance for 
manufacture. For this reason the foreign trade in cane is necessarily 
of small importance. Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) are given as hav- 
ing a value of $639,392. Statistics for the period 1918-1921 follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


$623,564 ,' $93,535 
398, 2S4 59, 743 
331,502 49,577 
309,628 i 




1919-. 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Suggested changes.— Page 82, line 12, paragraph 504. If the words 
" or unmanufactured " after the words " in its natural state " shall be 
considered necessary the same words should be inserted in line 14 
after the words " in any other than its natural state.'' The words " or 
unmanufactured " are apparently unnecessary in either place. 



PARAGRAPH 505. 

■ H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pab. 505. Adonite, arabinose, dulcite, 
galactose, inosite, iimlin, levulose, rnan- 
nite. d-talose. d-tagato.se, ribose. meli- 
hiose, dextrose testing above 99.7 per 
centum, mamiose. melitzitose, raffinose, 
rnaiimose, saliciH, sorbite, xylose, and 
other of the higher saccharides re- 
quired for scientific purposes, 50 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 665. Salicin [Free]. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- 
pounds, mixtures and salts, * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem : * * *. 



Par. 591. Salicin [Free]. 

Par. 5. * * * all chemical and 
medicinal ' compounds, preparations, 
mixtures and salts * * * not spe- 
cially provided for in tbis section. 15 
per centum ad valorem. 



Description and uses. — The items enumerated in paragraph 505 
are for the most part substances belonging to a class of carbohydrates 
chemically known as sugars. They are not, however, used as foods 



608 - 

nor do they have an industrial or economic relationship to commer- 
cial sugar. They are in fact highly refined chemicals, used primarily 
for bacteriological testing and medicinal diagnosis. 

Two of the substances included in the list in paragraph 505 are 
not sugars at all; inulin is a variety of starch, and salicin is a 
glucosicle. 

Production. — These substances are extracted from various vege- 
table materials on a small laboratory scale and are commonly sold 
in bottles containing a fraction of an ounce. Before the war they 
were not produced for sale at all in the United States, but since the 
outbreak of the European war two American firms have undertaken 
the manufacture of some of them. The annual demand for these 
rare sugars is very small, probably not more than a few hundred 
pounds a year for any one of them, with the possible exception of 
salicin. 

Imports during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914. were as fol- 
lows: Salicin, 4,200 pounds, valued at $15,234; mannite, 451 pounds, 
$1,129; dulcite, 77 pounds, $559; adonite, arabinose, inulin, raffinose, 
rhamnose, xylose, each less than $100 worth imported. There is no 
record that any of the others were imported at all. With the excep- 
tion of 1914, the several items in paragraph 505, excluding salicin, 
were imported under a basket clause and were not segregated. The 
following table shows the imports of salicin since 1917 : 





Calendar year. 


j Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


1918 




Pounds. 
' 729 


$7,016 
4,254 

32,396 
1,080 




$9. 66 


1919 




1 365 


11.65 


1920 




i 2,772 


11.69 


1921 (9 months) . . . 




; 230 


4.70 







Exports. — Not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The items in paragraph 505, 
with the exception of salicin, are for the first time specifically 
provided for. Salicin was on the free list (par. 591) of the act 
of 1913. The other items were assessed for duty under the gen- 
eral provisions of paragraph 5, "Alkalies, alkaloids, and all chem- 
ical and medicinal compounds, preparations and salts, and combina- 
tions thereof, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum 
ad valorem." 

Suggested changes. — Paragraph 505, page 82, line 20: Strike out 
the word * melitzitose " and insert " melezitose " to correct a mis- 
spelling. It is suggested that these names be rearranged in alpha- 
betical order for convenience in reference. 

Paragraph 505, page 82, lines 21 and 22 : The phrase " and other 
of the higher saccharides required for scientific purposes" is objec- 
tionable for several reasons. In the first place, the word " higher " 
would exclude some of the simpler saccharides known as " monosac- 
charides," which logically belong herein and which it is probably 
intended to include herein ; and in the second place, the phrase " for 
scientific purposes " would require the customs authorities to deter- 
mine the use for which the import is intended which always gives 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



609 



difficulty in administration; and thirdly, and most important, this 
provision is probably too broad because it might be held to include 
maltose or malt sugar and lactose or milk sugar, which are not else- 
where more specifically provided for. Lactose or milk sugar was 
specifically provided for on the free list in the act of 1913 (par. 547) , 
but was omitted from the present bill with the intention of throwing 
it into the basket clause in paragraph 5, dutiable at 25 per cent. Tn 
the absence of this provision in paragraph 505. malt sugar would 
probably also be dutiable under paragraph 5 at 25 per cent. Neither 
malt sugar nor milk sugar are, from an industrial point of view, in 
the same class with these rare sugars referred to in paragraph 505 
and should not be classified with them. If specific mention for lac- 
tose or milk sugar and maltose or malt sugar is made elsewhere, then 
it is suggested that in lines 16 and 17 the phrase " and other of the 
higher saccharides required for scientific purpose " should be 
stricken out and there should be inserted the phrase " and other 
saccharides not specially provided for." 

It is further suggested that the whole of paragraph 505 should be 
transferred to schedule 1 and inserted between paragraphs 81 and 
82. Although the products provided for in paragraph 505 are chemi- 
cally sugars, they are not used for food or confectionery and have no 
industrial or economic relationship to commercial sugar, but are 
highly refined chemicals used primarily for bacteriological testing 
and medicinal diagnosis and logically belong in schedule 1 with 
other chemicals and drugs. 



PARAGRAPH 506. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 506. Sugar candy and all con- 
fectionery not specially ^provided for. 
and <iii sugar after being refined, when 
tinctured, colored, or in any way adul- 
terated. 30 per centum ad valorem. 
The value of the immediate coverings 
other than the outer pack'ng case o? 
ether covering shall he included in tin 
dutiable value of the merchandise. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 219. Sugar candy and all con- 
fectionery not specially provided for 
in this section, valued at fifteen cents 
per pound or less, and on sugars after 
being refined, when tinctured, colored 
or in any way adulterated, four cents 
per pound and fifteen per centum ad 
valorem ; valued at more than 15 cents 
per pound, fifty per centum ad va- 
lorem. The weight and the value of 
the immediate coverings, other than 
the outer packing case or other cover- 
ing, shall be included in the dutiable 
weight and the value of the merchan- 
dise. 



Par. 180. Sugar candy and all con- 
fectionery not specially provided for in 
this section, valued at 15 cents im- 
pound or less. 2 cents j>er pound ; 
valued at more than 15 cents per 
pound, 25 per centum ad valorem. The 
weight and the value of the immediate 
coverings, other than the outer pack- 
ing case or other covering, shall be in- 
cluded in the dutiable weight and the 
value of the merchandise. 



82304—22- 



-39 



610 



SUMMARY .OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SUGAR CANDY AND CONFECTIONERY, N. S t P. F., ETC. 
(See Survey F-2.) 

Description. — The distinction between confectionery and certain 
food products is not always easily drawn. The figures in the next 
paragraph follow the classification of the Census Bureau, and in- 
clude under " confectionery " candy and confections, cake ornaments, 
popcorn balls and cake, chewing gam, salted nuts, and stuffed dates, 
but do not include the products of establishments making primarily 
chocolate and cocoa. 

Production.— -To the value of total output in 1914, $154,000,000. 
may be added $17,000,000 for the allied product, chewing gum. 

The industry is widespread, but centers in New York, Massachu- 
setts, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, four States producing a little more 
than one-half the entire domestic output. 

Preliminary figures for the 1919 census show 3,148 establishments 
engaged in the manufacture of confectionery, with products valued 
at $447,800,000. In value of output the rank of States was: New 
York, Massachusetts, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Mis- 
souri, California, Maryland, New Jersey. 

Imports from Germany in 1912 aggregated 799,000 pounds and 
from Austria-Hungary 215,000 pounds, about 64 per cent of the 
whole. Other important sources are the United Kingdom, France, 
Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Russia, and several Asiatic countries. 
The total annual imports for 1911-1914 decreased from an average 
of 1,486,000 pounds, valued at $265,000, to 714,000 pounds, valued at 
$126,000, for 1915-1918. Imports for 1914 were 1,671,806 pounds, 
valued at $294,019; for 1918 (fiscal year), 301,796 pounds, valued at 
$64,588. Statistics for the period 1918-1921 follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 

Pound*. 
180,550 
839.376 

1,229,325 
442.602 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem . 


1918 


$27,399 
195, 515 
371,796 
122. 322 


$0. 15 
.23 
.30 

.28 


$6,039 
42,317 
87,345 


Per cent. 
22. 0i 


1919 


21.64 


1920 


23.49 


1921 (9months N i 









Exports increased during the Avar from an annual average of 
$1,200,000 during the preceding four years to an annual average of 
$1,800,000. The exports for 1914 were valued at $1,329,147; for 1918 
(fiscal year), $1,856,751. The countries of chief importance in the 
export trade are the United Kingdom, Canada, Cuba, the Philippine 
Islands, Australia. South Africa, Panama, and Mexico. Statistics 
for later calendar years were as follows: 1918, $1,225,928; 1919, $12.- 
305,082; 1920, $6,255,476; 1921 (9 months), $1,239,233. 

Important changes in classification. — The act of 1913 divides con- 
fectionery into two classes. The clause " and on all sugar after 
being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulterated," is 
added. The provision for " weight " in the case of outer covering is 
omitted as unnecessary. 

Suggested changes. — Omit " on " before sugar in the second line of 
the paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, L921. 611 

Paragraph 506, page 82, line 25 : A duty of 30 per cent on " sugar 
after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulter- 
ated," will be less than the duties imposed in paragraph 501 on raw 
or refined sugars whenever the dutiable value of sugar is less than 
7.2 cents per pound. Pulverized sugar is sometimes mixed with a 
small percentage of starch for the purpose of preventing caking. 
Granulated sugar is sometimes colored for confectioners' use. Such 
adulterated sugars would come under the provisions of this para- 
graph. An addition of tincture or coloring matter or other adulter- 
ant might permit the importation of sugars at less than the rates 
imposed in paragraph 501. 

Paragraph 506, page 83, lines 1-3: Strike out all of the paragraph 
after the words " ad valorem " in line 1. This entire sentence is un- 
necessary because coverings of goods carrying ad valorem duties are 
dealt with by general provisions, or if an exception shall be made in 
case of these goods the word " only " should be inserted after " cover- 
ings" in line 1, and the words "other- than the outer packing case 
or other covering " should be stricken out of lines 1 and 2. 



SCHEDULE 6.— TOBACCO AND MANUFACTURES OF. 
PARAGRAPH 601. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pah. G01. Wrapper tobacco, and filler 
tobacco when mixed or packed with 
more than 50 per centum of wrapper 
tobacco, and all leaf tobacco the prod- 
net of two or more countries or de- 
pendencies when mixed or packed to- 
gether, if unstemmed, $2.10 per pound ; 
if stemmed, $2.75 per pound ; filler 
tobacco of the kind known as Turkish, 
$1 per pound ; filler tobacco not spe- 
cially provided for, if unstemmed, 45 
cents per pound ; if stemmed, 60 cents 
per pound: Provided, That filler to- 
bacco, not specifically provided for, 
commonly used without removing the 
stem shall be subject to the same duty 
as stemmed. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Schedule F. 



-Tobacco and Manufac- 
tures OF. 



Par. 220. Wrapper tobacco, and filler 
tobacco when mixed or packed with 
more than fifteen per centum of wrap- 
per -tobacco, and all leaf tobacco the 
product of two or more countries or 
dependencies when mixed or packed 
together, if unstemmed, one dollar 
and eighty-five cents per pound ; if 
stemmed, two dollars and fifty cents 
per pound ; filler tobacco not specially 
provided for in this section, if un- 
stemmed, thirty-five cents per pound ; 
if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. 

[No corresponding provision for to- 
bacco of the kind known as Turkish.] 



'Schedule F. — Tobacco and Manufac- 
tures of. 

r 

Far. 181. Wrapper tobacco, and filler 
tobacco when mixed or packed with 
more than 15 - per centum of wrap- 
per tobacco, and all leaf tobacco the 
product of two or more countries or 
dependencies when mixed or packed 
together, if unstemmed, $1.85 per 
pound ; a if stemmed, $2.50 per pound ; ' 
filler tobacco not specially provided 
for in this section, if unstemmed, 35 
cents per pound ; 3 if stemmed, 50 cents 
per pound. 4 

[No corresponding provision for to- 
bacco of the kind known as Turkish. 1 



TOBACCO. 

Description and uses. — Tobacco of commerce consists of the dried, 
cured leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica (with or without 
the, midrib or stem), commonly known as leaf tobacco, and its various 
manufactured products intended for smoking, chewing, or snuffing. 
The green leaves are subjected to curing, which removes most of the 
water, and usually to fermentation or aging in preparation for maim- 



Austria-Hungary 1__ 188. 18!) 

Germany 85, 741 

Russia 237, 4QG 

British India 450, 00i> 

Japan 93, 696 

Other countries less than 

40,000,000 pouiuis 298,74s 



SIWIMARY OF TARIFF IX KOKMATrON, L921. 613 

facture into cigars, cigarettes? plug, twist ; and various types of 
granulated, fine-cut, and cut-plug tobaccos. 

Production. — The United States is the largest producer and ex- 
porter of tobacco, growing nearly one-third of the world's crop, now 
^timated at 4,000,000,000 pounds; other leading countries are India. 
China, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the Dutch East Indies, the Philip- 
pines, Japan, Turkey, Cuba, and Brazil. World production in 1912 
(latest complete figures) was as follows: 

[Tn 1.000 pounds.] 

United States (except Phil- 
ippines) 979.355 

Brazil (1911) 54,468 

France 49. 884 

Italy 89.683 

Turkey 68, 894 

Dutch East Indies 182, 427 

Philippine Islands 65,219 

Cuba (estimated) 42,030 Total— _ 2, 835, 740 

The production of India and China is very great, but for the most 
part is consumed locally. In international trade the tobaccos of the 
United States. Cuba, the Dutch East Indies, Turkey, Bulgaria. 
Greece, the Philippines, and Brazil are of most significance. Tobacco 
culture is highly specialized in this country and several distinct types 
(for different uses) are grown in well-defined areas. Different 
types of foreign and domestic tobaccos are largely noncompetitive. 
In 1920 a crop of 1,508.000,000 pounds was produced on 1,894,000 
acres, about 56 per cent in Kentucky and North Carolina, and 34 
per cent in Virginia, Ohio, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 
and Tennessee. Establishments engaged in its manufacture in 1914 
numbered 13,951, employing 178,872 wage earners, receiving wages 
of $77,856,000; with capitarof $303,840,000; cost of materials, $207.- 
134,000; and value of N products,-$490,165,000 (latest available figures). 
The number of retail tobacconists in 1918 was 823,000. In 1920 large 
cigars consumed 183,000,000 pounds; small cigars. 2,500,000 pounds: 
large cigarettes, 141,000 pounds; small cigarettes, 177,000,000 pounds: 
smoking toba,cco. chewing tobacco, and snuff, 306,000,000 pounds. 

Revenues from, tobacco. — Manufactured tobacco is universally an 
important source of public revenue and in some 18 countries (includ- 
ing France, Italy, Spain, Japan, Austria-Hungary, and Sweden) 
State monopolies have been founded for this purpose. Great gains in 
the revenue are said to be thus realized without adding to the consum- 
er's price. Distribution is concentrated in a single revenue agency, 
retaining the profits of wholesalers and retailers and saving the ex- 
penses incident to competition. In France ex-soldiers are preferred 
and given a fixed commission for the work of retail distribution in 
lieu of (or supplemental to) pensions. In the fiscal year 1921 our 
internal revenue from tobacco aggregated more than $255,000,000 — 
over $135,000,000 from cigarettes, $52,000,000 from cigars, and $65.- 
000,000 from " manufactured tobacco." To offset the heavy internal 
taxes, compensatory duties are levied upon imports plus an additional 
percentage for protection. In 1920 these duties yielded $34,000,000. 
of which $30,000,000 was from unmanufactured tobacco. The ad 
valorem equivalents are sometimes over 180 per cent. 



614 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports of manufactured and unmanufactured tobacco in 1920 
totaled 68,000,000 pounds, valued at $75,000,000, leaf tobacco mak- 
ing up 88 per cent of the quantity and 78 per cent of the value of 
the whole. Generally our imports are high-grade leaf tobacco used 
in making cigars and cigarettes. From Cuba we receive chiefly cigar 
filler and relatively small quantities of cigar wrapper; from Turkey. 
Greece, and Bulgaria (Turkish or cigarette tobacco), the Dutch East 
Indies (cigar wrapper), and the Philippines (cigars and cheroots). 
Manufactured imports, other than from the Philippines, consist 
chiefly of high-priced cigars and cigarettes. 

Exports in 1920 were valued at $288,700,000, of which leaf tobacco 
constituted about $245,000,000 and cigarettes about $36,000,000. Leaf 
tobacco has been an important export since the settlement at James- 
town, averaging in recent years more than 400,000,000 pounds. The 
so-called " dark fire-cured n and " bright " or " flue-cured " types of 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Carolinas constitute the 
greater portion of leaf exports. Their average valuation price is 
lower than that of the imported product, but the volume of exports is 
much larger. Exports have been chiefly to England, France, Italy, 
Germany, Australia, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Canada. 

WEAPPEK TOBACCO AND FILLER TOBACCO. 

Description and uses. — The typical cigar-wrapper leaf — thin, light 
in weight, of fine texture, elastic, and of proper color, size, and 
burning properties — is readily distinguished from typical cigar- 
filler leaf and from the American cigarette tobacco. Wrapper, es- 
pecially the lower grades, is not so easily distinguished from binder 
grades, and in the less typical grades it may be difficult even to dis- 
tinguish wrapper and filler. As a rule, the same locality does not 
produce cigar wrapper, binder, and filler of equal excellence. The 
type, of leaf required for domestic cigarettes- is quite different from 
cigar leaf. 

Production. — The Sumatra wrapper is conceded to be the standard 
of excellence, largely because of its " covering capacity," 1 pound 
providing wrappers for 500 or more cigars. A similar grade is grown 
in Java, and Cuba produces a fine cigar wrapper in limited quantities. 
The well-known " broadleaf " wrapper is extensively grown in the 
Connecticut Valley ; the " Havana seed " wrapper is grown there also, 
and to a limited extent in other sections. The greater proportion of 
these types, however, is of the binder and filler grades. A high- 
grade wrapper (from Cuban seed) is extensively grown under arti- 
ficial shade in the Connecticut Valley and in the vicinity of Quincy. 
Fla., the total production now averaging 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 pounds. 
Cigar binder and filler types are grown in large quantities in Cuba, 
the Philippines, and in* Pennsylvania, Ohio. Wisconsin, and New 
York. " Turkish " tobacco of high aroma and excellent flavor pro- 
duced in Macedonia, in Asiatic Turkey, and in the islands of the 
.Egean, bears a relation to the cigarette "industry analogous to that of 
Cuban tobacco to the cigar industry. Typical cigarette leaf is grown 
in large quantities in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia; burley 
also being used in increasing quantities in cigarettes and other type- 
adapted to chewing and pipe-smoking tobaccos and for export are 
grown chiefly in Kentucky, Tennessee. Virginia. Ohio, and Maryland. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



615 



In recent years a relatively small amount of cigarette leaf has been 
grown in California from Turkish seed. 

Imports of wrapper tobacco during 1910-1914 from Sumatra and 
Java (through Amsterdam) averaged about 6,000,000 pounds; filler 
leaf from Cuba, including some wrapper and binder grades, averaged 
25,000,000 pounds. Before the war large and rapidly increasing 
quantities (reaching 20,000,000 pounds) of leaf, designated " Turkish 
tobacco.'" were imported from Macedonia and Asia Minor for ciga- 
rettes and fancy smoking mixtures. During the war notable quanti- 
ties of cigarette tobacco came from Greece and China. Detailed 
statistics for the years 1918-1921 follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Duly. 



WRAPPER TOBACCO, ETC.. UNSTEMMED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) ,. 



Pounds. 
4,393,631 
4,861,440 
6, 963, 954 
S,533.6S1 



85, 888, 69.') 

7, 437, 751 

11,137,579 

15, 693, 684 



$7, 707, 471 
8,956,463 
12.857,362 



WRAPPER TOBACCO, ETC.. STEMMED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 




FILLER TOBACCO, N. s. v. i<\, UNSTEMMED/ 1 



1918 

11*19 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



33,287,472 I §21,980,576 $10,043,034 

35,972.123 29,860,717 11,82^,467 

38, 033, 019 33, 7-56, 720 ! 12, 520, 272 

30,273.215 26,668,552 



FILLER TOBACCO. \. S. i\ F.. STEMMED. 



1918. 
1919. 



1921 (9 months). 



9,117,160 


9, 138, 800 


11,418,293 


7,019,677 



88,208,806 

9,641,154 
13. 170. 853 
9. 143, S45 



32,944,636 
3,576,076 

4.374,834 



TURKISH-TYFE TOBACCO (CIGARETTE FILLER). 



1918 23. 682, 51 4 |19, 198, 352 881 288. 880 

1919 46.320,607 41,362,524 '■■ 16,214,312 

1920 39,590,757 34,545,169 I 1:091.765 



1 Includes Turkish-type tobacco. 

-General imports from countries producing 



ish-type tobacco. 



Under the emergency tariff act (par. 25) wrapper tobacco, and 
filler tobacco when mixed or packed with more than 15 per centum of 
wrapper tobacco, and all leaf tobacco the product of two or more 
countries or dependencies, when mixed or packed together are duti- 
able if uristemmed at $2.35 per pound: if stemmed, at $3 per pound. 



616 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The following table shows imports of leaf tobacco suitable for 
cigar wrappers during nine months of 1920 and 1921 : 



Months 



January. . . 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

•August . . . 
September 



1920 



Quantity. Value. 

1921 1920 



Pounds. 

251,695 

330,694 

10. 716 

50; 492 

191,709 

882, 979 

1,509,855 

1 , 615, 566 

2.148,620 



Pounds. 
265, 926 
402, 869 
419. 654 
420, 428 
107.622 
447; 964 
788, 207 
896, 746 
165,144 



1361, 038 

393, 737 

26,396 

60, 875 

231, 208 

1,385.246 

3, 016; 418 

3,319,372 

4. 114,728 



§660,670 

846,526 

547,516 

911,378 

97,526 

898, 163 

1,823,683 

1,740,882 

342, 188 



Exports of cigar leaf tobacco were inconsiderable until the war. 
There has been an expanding foreign demand for the bright flue- 
cured type ; other exports have continued stable. England and conti- 
nental Europe are the chief purchasers. It is estimated that fully 
80 per cent of the country's production of fire-cured leaf and Mary- 
land tobacco (about 60 per cent of the flue-cured) and nearly 50 per 
cent of the dark air-cured types are exported. Exports of leaf 
tobacco since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 



Quantity (pounds) 
Value 



L91* 



403,871,275 
•1122, 599', 767 



1919 



765,913,164 

$259, 438, 483 



1920 



1921 

I (9 months). 



467, 662, 124 
$244, 897, 187 



403,880,003 
$167,729,793 



Important changes in classification. — The tariff acts of 1909 and 
1913"provided that when a bale of mixed filler and wrapper tobacco 
contained more than 15 per centum of wrapper tobacco the entire 
bale should be dutiable at the wrapper rate, which at the present 
time is six times as high as the duty on fillers. H. R. 7456 changes 
the percentage of wrapper from 15 to 50 per cent. It does not, how- 
ever, affect the present practice of assessing duties on mixed bales 
when the percentage of Avrapper is within the prescribed amount ; in 
such cases the wrapper and filler tobacco are assessed the rates of 
duty provided for each class. Mixed bales of wrapper and filler are 
imported almost entirely from Cuba where leaves suitable for wrap- 
per are grown on the same plant with the filler grades and where it 
is not the general practice to sort these two kinds. 

In addition to the foregoing alteration, two pro visions have been 
added to this paragraph — one for " filler tobacco of the kind known 
as Turkish," and another for "filler tobacco, not specifically provided 
for, commonly used without removing the stem." Both provide for 
the cigarette tobaccos coming chiefly from Macedonia, Samsoun. 
Smyrna, and the islands of the Aegean. 

Suggested chemges. — There are two important changes to be con- 
sidered here. One relates to the provision for " filler tobacco com- 
monly known as Turkish." which would be difficult of administration, 
and, moreover, includes substantially all tobacco used without re- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF FX FORMATION, 1921. 617 

moving the stem. So-called Turkish tobacco is grown in Greece, Asia 
Minor, Bulgaria, and Roumania. and similar kinds are grown in 
South Africa. Italy, China, and California. Types of Turkish to- 
bacco grown in the various producing sections differ so widely that it 
would be difficult precisely to define the term. Turkish tobacco is 
commonly used without removing the stem and without special pro- 
vision therefor would take the rate for stemmed filler tobacco by 
virtue of the proviso to this paragraph. If, however, the provision 
for "filler tobacco commonly know 7 n as Turkish" were eliminated 
the rate on such tobacco would not be so high as that now given for 
it in this paragraph. 

The other important change to be considered is the provision for 
wrapper tobacco. The tariff provisions regarding wrapper tobacco 
for many years have resulted in constant administrative difficulties, 
since it is almost impossible accurately to differentiate some types of 
wrapper from binder and filler. This is illustrated by the St. 
Elmo case (St. Elmo Cigar Co. v. United States, 7 Ct. Cust. Appls.. 
153, of 1916), wherein eight tobacco experts estimated the percent- 
age of wrapper in identical bales at from 15 to 90 per cent. As a 
remedy for the difficulties arising from basing the duties upon any 
percentage of wrapper tobacco in bales containing both wrapper and 
filler, it is proposed that duties might be levied upon types of tobacco 
such as Sumatra and Cuban. This proposal will perhaps be more 
clearly understood if a suggested rephrasing of paragraphs 601 and 
602 be submitted, as follows: 

Par. 601. Leaf tobacco of tlie type commonly known as Java or Sumatra ; leaf 
tobacco the product of two or more countries or dependencies, when mixed or 
packed together : and wrapper tobacco not specially provided for ; all the fore- 
going, unstemmed [rate] ; stemmed [rate]. 

Par. 602. Leaf tobacco of the type commonly known as Cuban, unstemmed 
[rate] ; stemmed [rate] ; filler tobacco not specially provided for. unstemmed 
[rate] ; stemmed [rate]> 

Par. 603. Turkish and other tobacco commonly used without removing the stem 
[rate]. 

Reasons for suggested reclassification., i. e., for the adoption of 
new pro visions for Cuban and Sumatra or Java tobacco and the 
omission of special duties on mixed bales of wrapper and filler. 

(1) Cuban and Sumatra or Java tobacco are distinctive; each type 
is sui generis. Only wrapper tobacco is imported from the Dutch 
East Indies, but of the imports from Cuba, such tobacco constitutes 
only about one-half of 1 per cent. 

* (2) Cuba produces relatively little of the grades of wrapper ac- 
ceptable to the American trade. Cuba itself hardly produces suffi- 
cient of the better grades of wrapper for its own large export trade 
in fancy cigars. The Cuban climate and soil are not adapted to 
wrapper tobaccos, and attempts to produce wrapper under shade 
have met with little success. The production of " clear Havanas " 
in the United States has declined within recent years, and high- 
priced Connecticut wrapper has to a large extent replaced Havana 
wrapper in the finer grades of cigars. 

(3) It is the -relatively unimportant proportion of wrapper from 
Cuba that has caused most of the difficulty in the administration of 
the tobacco duties. The declared imports of wrapper tobacco are 
about 7,000,000 pounds: Cuba ships about 100,000 pounds, or 1.5 



618 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

per cent and the Dutch East Indies nearly all of the remainder. 
The declared imports of wrapper from Cuba are only about one-half 
of 1 per cent of the domestic wrapper consumption. Of a total 
production of about 8,000,000.000 cigars they would cover only 
some 30,000,000. Cuba is virtually the sole source of imported cigar 
filler of the Cuban type. The Cuban type of filler is in great de- 
mand for blending with domestic tobaccos and for the manufacture 
of clear Havana cigars. There it is not the general practice to sort 
wrapper and tiller; the same plant produces both. Moreover, no 
definite standard exists for wrapper tobacco. Nearly every Cuban 
bale contains a few leaves suitable for wrapper. Some are clearly of 
wrapper grade; others are of indeterminable quality, which manu- 
facturers will variously appraise as wrapper, binder, or filler, ac- 
cording to the quality, size, and shape of cigars they produce. After 
the tobacco is baled in Cuba fermentative changes occur in the leaf 
which alter its quality. Moreover, manufacturers whose output con- 
sists of "seed and Havana cigars " use imported tobacco only for 
filler. 

(4) The change from 15 to 50 per cent proposed in H. R. 7456 
does not obviate the fundamental administrative difficulty of differ- 
entiating wrapper and filler. 

(5) Under the existing law, if a bale contains not more than 15 
per cent of wrapper, the Avrapper and filler pay the duties respec- 
tively provided for each class. If, however, it is found to contain 
more than 15 per cent of wrapper, the entire bale takes the wrapper 
rate, six times as high as for filler. In such a contingency, after the 
customs appraisers have gone to the trouble and expense of examin- 
ing 10 hands in every bale, in accordance with present requirements, 
the bales are often exported in preference to paying the wrapper 
rate on tobacco consisting largely of filler. 

(6) If the indicated rephrasing of paragraphs 601 and 602 were 
adopted, the administration of the tobacco schedule would be greatly 
simplified; regulations under paragraph 602 of H. R. 7456, which 
would doubtless continue to require the examination of at least 10 
hands in every bale of Cuban tobacco, would be rendered unneces- 
sary. Only the first sentence of that paragraph, which defines 
wrapper, need be retained. In actual practice, the requirement that 
" at least one bale, box, or package in every ten " shall be examined, 
and " at least 10 hands in each examined bale, box, or pack- 
age" is not carried out. In Turkish tobacco, for instance, the im- 
portations consist of anywhere from 2 to 50.000 bales covered by 
one invoice. It is unnecessary to examine 10 hands in every tenth 
bale of such shipments, wherein there is never any question as to 
classification, because Turkish tobacco is all of one type. Similarly, 
all the imported Java or Sumatra consists of wrapper; here also the 
examination is not necessary. In the case of Cuban tobacco, the 
Treasury regulations require the examination of every bale. 

(7) The adoption of the Sumatra or Java classification will pre- 
vent similar complications from arising in the case of tobacco from 
the Dutch East Indies. It is in this type of tobacco that the tariff 
problem chiefly centers. There are indications that complications 
similar to those in the Cuban trade may here develop. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 619 

(8) Catch-all provisions are added for wrapper and filler tobacco 
not specially provided for ; these general provisions would take care 
of the relatively small quantities of imported tobacco that do not 
fall under the three important distinctive classes, i. e.. Java or Su- 
matra wrapper, Cuban filler, and Turkish leaf. 

It has been suggested that the Cuban and Sumatra classification 
may be discriminatory between different countries. But the classi- 
fications refer to types, uot to geographic boundaries; moreover, they 
merely continue ratios of duty long in effect and simplify the lan- 
guage of the bill. 

Reasons for the change in II. R. 7^66 from 16 to 50 per cent as a 
dividing lin-e between wrapper and filler tobacco. — (1) Under para- 
graphs 601 and 602 of H. R. 7456 Cuban bales, like all other im- 
ported tobaccos containing less than 50 per cent of wrapper tobacco, 
would pay wrapper duty on the wrapper content and filler duty on 
the filler content; whereas the proposed reclassification would pro- 
vide one rate only for Cuban leaf tobacco, regardless of the propor- 
tions of wrapper and filler. Separate duties for such tobaccos have 
been customary in the tariff legislation of this country. 

(2) Unless the duty on Cuban tobaccos be raised above the present 
duty on Cuban filler, the change in classification will involve the 
abandonment of certain revenues heretofore collected upon the rela- 
tively small quantity of wrappers imported from Cuba. 

(3) As in the case of the suggested reclassification, the change 
from 15 to 50 per cent provided in H. R. 7456 would permit the im- 
portation of the intermediate grade of Cuban tobacco and thereby 
increase the customs revenue and permit manufacturers to make a 
higher grades of cigars. At present only the typical wrapper and 
the typical filler grades of Cuban tobacco can be imported, because 
the bales of other Cuban tobacco when classified as wrapper are usu- 
ally returned to Cub;a or exported to some other country. The tobac- 
cos that would be most affected by the change from 15 to 50 per cent 
as a dividing line between wrapper and filler tobacco are Cuban. 

(4) Neither the suggested reclassification nor the change from 15 
to 50 per cent would have any effect upon the importation of Su- 
matra tobacco, since virtually no Sumatra fillers are imported and 
Sumatra tobacco packed with other tobacco would be subject to the 
provisions in lines 7 and S, page 53, of H. R. 7456, treating leaf to- 
bacco the product of two or more countries or dependencies, when 
mixed or packed together, the same as wrapper. 

If the distinction between wrapper and filler tobacco in paragraph 
601 as passed by the House of Representatives shall be continued, 
the following changes should be made : 

Page 83, line 13 : Strike out comma after " tobacco " to agree with 
line 11, and change " specifically " to " specially " to agree with the 
usual form. 

Page 83, line 14: Insert a comma after "stem." 

Page 83. paragraph 601. lines 11. 1*2 : The rate on stemmed filler to- 
bacco is not proportionate to the rate on unstemmed filler tobacco 
in the ratio of 35 cents to 50 cents in the acts of 1909 and 1913. There 
is a loss in stemming of about 40 per cent between the weight of the 



620 



Sl'MMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



unstemmed and stemmed tobacco. One hundred pounds of un- 
stemmed leaf tobacco when stemmed would weigh about 60 pounds. 
Sixty-five cents instead of 60 cents per pound would be a nearer 
equivalent to the existing rate. 

PARAGRAPH 602. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. G02. The term " wrapper to- 
bacco "as used in this title means that 
quality of leaf tobacco which has the 
requisite color, texture, and burn, and 
is of sufficient size for cigar wrappers, 
and the term " filler tobacco " means 
all other leaf tobacco. Collectors of 
customs shall permit entry to be made, 
under rules and regulations to be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, of any leaf tobacco when the in- 
voices of the same shall specify in de- 
tail the character of such tobacco, 
whether wrapper or filler, its origin 
and quality. In the examination for 
classification of any imported leaf to- 
bacco, at least 1 bale, box, or package 
in every 10, and at least 1 in every 
invoice, shall be examined by the ap- 
praiser or person authorized by laiw to 
make such examination, and at least 
10 hands shall be examined in each 
examined bale, box, or package. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 221. The term wrapper tobacco 
as used in this section means that qual- 
ity of leaf tobacco which is suitable for 
cigar wrappers, and the term filler to- 
bacco means all other leaf tobacco. 
Collectors of customs shall not permit 
entry to be made, except under regula- 
tions to be prescribed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury, of any leaf tobacco, 
unless the invoices of the same shall 
specify in detail the character of such 
tobacco, whether wrapper or filler, its 
origin and quality. In the examination 
tor classification of any imported leaf 
tobacco, at least one bale, box, or pack- 
age iu every ten, and at least one in 
every invoice, shall be examined by 
the appraiser or person authorized by 
law to make such examination, and at 
leas! ten hands shall be examined in 
each examined bale. box. or package. 



Par. 182. The term wrapper tobacco 
as used in this section means that qual- 
ity of leaf tobacco which has the req- 
uisite color, texture, and burn, and is 
of sufficient size for cigar wrappers, 
and the term filler tobacco means all 
other leaf tobacco. Collectors of cus- 
toms shall not permit entry to be made, 
except under regulations to be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, of any leaf tobacco, unless the in- 
voices of the same shall specify in de- 
tail the character of such tobacco, 
whether wrapper or filler, its origin 
and quality. In the examination for 
classification of any imported leaf to- 
bacco, at least one bale, box, or package 
in every ten. and at least one in every 
invoice, shall be examined by the ap- 
praiser or person authorized by law to 
make such examination, and at least 
ten hands shall be examined in each 
examined bale. box. or package. 

Suggested changes. — See Suggested Changes, paragraph 601, pauje 
616. ' - 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192L. 



621 



PARAGRAPH 603. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. <J0o. All other tobacco, manu- 
factured or unmanufactured, including: 
scrap tobacco, not specially provided 
for. 55 cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 222. All other tobacco, manufac- 
tured or unmanufactured, not specially 
provided for in this section, and sera]) 
.». tifty-five cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

I'.ut. 183. All other tobacco, manufac- 
tured or unmanufactured, not specially 
provided for in this section, 55 cents 
per pound : scrap tobacco, 35 cents per 
pound. 



TOBACCO, X. s. p. F. 

Description and uses. — The term scrap tobacco includes the broken 
fragments of leaves which are the by-product of stemmeries and also 
the clippings which accumulate in worldng cigars. " Scrap " denotes 
both raw and manufactured products. There is a marked increase 
in the production of chewing tobacco made from scrap, considerable 
quantities of cigar leaf being used for that purpose. 

Various other types and forms of smoking and chewing tobaccos 
come under this paragraph — granulated, fine-cut, and long-cut, types 
used for rolling cigarettes; pipe smoking and chewing, made from 
various combinations and blends of domestic and imported tobaccos. 
The flat plug, heavily sweetened western plug, and twist are also im- 
portant forms of manufacture in which large quantities of licorice, 
sugar, honey, and flavoring materials are used. 

Production of scrap; plug, and other forms of smoking and chew- 
ing tobacco is very large. In 1920 there were produced 227,000,000 
pounds of smoking tobacco, 139,000,000 pounds of plug, 12,000,000 
pounds of twist, and 9,000,000 pounds of fine cut. With the excep- 
tion of scrap, nearly all of these are made from the flue-cured, the 
hurley, and the dark air-cured types (other than cigar leaf), to- 
gether with certain quantities of imported tobacco. In general, this 
class of manufactures requires considerable special machinery and 
equipment. The demand for pipe and cigarette preparations seems 
to be increasing at the expense of chewing products. 

Im])orts of scrap from Cuba and the Philippines are considerable. 
Imported Cuban scrap is used as filler in low-priced cigars to give 
them the distinctive " Havana " flavor. Limited quantities of manu- 
factured tobacco used for a special class of trade are imported under 
this paragraph, mainly from the United Kingdom, Italy, China, and 
Hongkong. Imports of scrap in the fiscal year 1918 aggregated 
3,829,834 pounds; the total value of "all other manufactures of r 
was about $130,000. Detailed statistics of imports follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Put v 





SCRAP TOBACCO. 








1918 


Pou.ndf. 
3,748,354 
1.438,510 
2. 526, 151 
1, 216, 271 


8898, 270 
448,921 
759, 116 
4.50, 077 


51246 071' 


1919 


2% 772 


1920 


369 169 


1921 (9 months) 









622 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



I 
Quanitty. ; Value. 



ALL OTHER TOBACCO. UNMANUFACTURED. 



191* 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



ALL OTHER TOBACCO, MANUFACTURED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



189,684 
1 .77, 595 
205,697 
173, 247 



Dut> 



Pounds. 


1 


46, 886 


$37,467 


32, 784 


14, 858 


54,271 


33, 136 


31,218 


17,969 



$25,696 
17,661 
29,795 



••5104,863 I $102,491 
117,729 | 86,420 
178,075 I 112,880 
126,593 I 



Exports since 1917 by calendar years are tabulated as follows: 



Smoking tobacco: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Plug tobacco: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

All other tobacco, manufactured 

Value 



1918 


1919 


1920 


5,340,226 
$2,960,992 


6, 260, 086 
$3, 260, 789 


4, 887, 721 
$2, 196, 713 


5, 563, 614 
$2, 067, 969 


5, 628, 350 
$2, 745, 484 


5, 185, 157 
$2, 878, 015 


$484, 841 


$1, 710, 527 


$963, 453 



1921 (9 
months) . 



6,877,661 
$1, 847, 416 

1, 959, 025 
$1,073,848 

$453,620 



important changes in classification. — Scrap tobacco, and tobacco. 
n. s. p. f., have been classed together, at the same rate. In the act of 
1913 there was a difference of 20 cents between the duties upon these 
two classes. 

/Suggested changes. — Paragraph 603: The rate of 55 cents per 
pound on manufactured tobacco being lower than 60 cents per pound 
on filler tobacco, stemmed, might lead to the importation of manu- 
factured tobacco for use as filler tobacco, and thereby to the escape 
from the difference of 5 cents per pound in the duty. 

Manufacturers assert that the proposed duty upon scrap tobacco 
is disproportionately high, in comparison with filler tobacco. 

PARAGRAPH 604. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 604. Snuff and snuff flour, man- 
ufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or 
damp, and pickled, scented, or other- 
wise, of all descriptions, and tobacco 
stems, cut, ground, or pulverized, 55 
cents per pound, 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 223. Snuff and snuff flour, man- 
ufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or 
damp, and pickled, scented, or other- 
wises of all descriptions, fifty-five cents 
per pound. 

Par. 096. Tobacco stems IFreel. 



Par. 184. Snuff and snuff flour, man- 
ufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or 
damp, and pickled, scented, or other- 
wise, of all descriptions. 55 cents per 
pound! 

Par. (>32. Tobacco stems [Tree]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



623 



TOHACCO SNUFF, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Snuff is made chiefly from the darker 
grades of the heavy fire-cured type of tobacco admixed with stems 
and fats, pepper, sand, etc. The principal classes are (1) rappee 
or French snuff, used for inhaling; (2) maccaboy, for inhaling and 
chewing; (3) Scotch, Swedish, Polish, Copenhagen, etc., for chew- 
ing or dipping. The Scotch types are strong and practically free 
from added flavoring materials. Manufacture consists essentially 
in fermenting, drying, and grinding under special conditions. 

Production was 37,000,000 pounds in 1918 and 26,000,000 in 1920. 
It is made in large quantities in France and in other countries. 

Imports of snuff, chiefly from Italy, are fairly constant at about 
30,000 pounds, valued at $1 per pound. Imports since 1917 of snuff 
and snuff flour have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 
33, 157 
26,244 
23, 880 
23, 437 


$16,727 
13, 039 
10, 500 
11, 420 


S18, 219 


1919 


14, 430 


1920 


13,130 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports are not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — A new provision has been 
added for tobacco stems, cut, ground, or pulverized. When not so 
prepared, they remain free of duty (see par. 1671, p. 1457). 

Suggested changes. — Page 84, paragraph 604, lines 10, 11: Strike 
out " of all descriptions " and insert in line 9 after " flour " making 
the paragraph read : " Snuff and snuff flour, of all descriptions, manu- 
factured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, and pickled, scented, or 
otherwise, and tobacco stems, cut, ground, or pulverized, 55 cents 
per pound. 

PARAGRAPH 605. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 605. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots 
of all kinds, $4.50 per pound and 25 
per centum ad valorem, and paper 
cigars and cigarettes, including wrap- 
pers, shall be subject to the same 
duties as are herein imposed upon 
cigars. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 224. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots 
of all kinds, four dollars and fifty cents 
per pound and twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem, and paper cigars and ciga- 
rettes, including wrappers, shall be 
subject to the same duties ns are 
herein imposed upon cigars. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 185. Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots 
of all kinds, $4.50 per pound and 25 
per centum «id valorem, and paper 
cigars and cigarettes, including wrap- 
pers, shall be subject to the same 
duties as ;ire herein imposed upon 
cigars. 



CIGARS, CIGARETTES, AND CHEROOTS. 

Description and uses. — The cigar is made of three components, viz., 
the filler or body, the binder which serves to retain the form of the 
filler, and the wrapper which covers and imparts finish to the cigar. 



624 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Cigars are of many shapes and sizes, but average about 21 pounds 
of leaf to 1,000 cigars of the most popular size. The highest priced 
cigars are shaped and rolled by hand, whereas' cheroots are usually 
made by machinery. Until recently, medium priced cigars were 
handmade, except the shaping of them in molds. Cuban tobacco is 
conceded to produce the finest cigar, and the " clear Havana," or all- 
Cuban cigar, is the standard of excellence. The " seed and Havana " 
cigar is made of Cuban filler, a domestic binder, and Connecticut 
broadleaf wrapper. The lower priced cigars have for filler a mixture 
of Cuban and domestic leaf or domestic leaf alone, a domestic binder, 
and, chiefly, a Sumatra wrapper. The domestic shade-grown 
wrapper has come into extensive use for both the higher and the 
medium priced cigars. Cheroots are largely made of tobacco not 
usually classed as cigar leaf. 

The principal classes of American cigarettes are (1) those made 
entirely from domestic leaf, chiefly the bright flue-cured, and, to a 
lesser extent, burley; (2) the "Turkish blend," made of mixtures of 
domestic and imported cigarette tobacco; (3) the "Turkish" and 
"Egyptian" cigarettes, made from the products of Macedonia and 
Asia Minor, designated collectively as " Turkish tobacco." The man- 
ufacture of cigarettes involves elaborate and complex machinery, 
special and fancy brands being made by hand. Flavoring herbs, 
cascarilla bark, corn husk, etc., are sometimes used. Some cigarettes 
have mouthpieces of paper, cork, or other material. Cigarettes vary 
in weight, but the most popular size approximates 3 pounds to 1,000. 

Production of large cigars amounted to about 7,000,000,000 and 
7,917,000,000, and of small cigars to over 844,000,000 and 633,000,000 
in 1918 and 1920, respectively. The greater portion consists of popu- 
lar priced grades of domestic tobacco except, perhaps, the wrapper. 
The " seed or Havana " cigar also has accounted for an extensive 
branch of the industry. The manufacture of " clear Havana " cigars 
from Cuban leaf is an important industry in Tampa and Key West, 
Fla. " Cigar production has not increased greatly in recent years, 
and manufacturers have declined in number. Domestic output of cig- 
arettes, especially of the "Turkish blend " class, has grown remark- 
ably, in 1908 being less than 7,000,000,000; in 1919 over 53,000,000,000. 
In 1920 the production was 47,000,000,000, a recession from the high 
point of the previous year. 

Imports of cigars average per annum about 600,000 pounds from 
Cuba, with increasingly large quantities from the Philippines — 
about 4,200 2 000 pounds in 1918. Imports of cigarettes are small, 
averaging 75,000 pounds before the war, mostly from Mexico, the 
Philippines, and Egypt. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 





CIGARS AND CHEROOTS OF ALL KINDS. 








Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


10 L8 . 




Pounds. 
5,071,360 
4, 435, 531 
6, 103, 381 
1, 431, 814 


$S, 658, 138 
11,040,943 
16, 175, 037 
4,284,036 


$2,233,657 


1919 . 


2, 746, 426 


1920 


3, 334, 960 


1921 (9 months)... 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 625 

CIGARETTES AND PAPER ('[CARS, INCLUDING WRAPPERS. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Valuo. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 
10,399 
9, 8K8 
23. 07* 
7, 634 


$18,830 

25, 862 
84669 

28 274 


$12,085 


1919 


18,260 


1920 


73, 296 


1921 (9 months) 







Exports of cigars and cigarettes are unimportant, except to 
China and the Straits Settlements, these countries taking nearly 
6,000,000,000 cigarettes in 1918. Exports since 1917 by calendar years 
have been as follows : 



Cigars and cheroots: 

c Quantity (M).. 

Value 

Cigarettes: 

Quantity (M) . 



1918 



22,900 
$809,411 

12,145,539 



1919 



50,056 
SI, 088, 504 

16,211,769 



Value !*23, 723, 922 $38. 070. 451 



1920 



52,361 

$1,146,175 



1921 
(9 months). 



4,018 
$119,211 



15,833,870 ! 6,299,782 
£35,977,374 l $12,070,837 



82304—22- 



40 



SCHEDULE 7. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROVISIONS. 

GENERAL. 

Note.— In a report entitled " Suggested reclassification and reA ision of tariff sched- 
ules relating to agricultural products and provisions," prepared by the United States 
Tariff Commission and printed by the Ways and Means Committee, many changes 
were suggested in the wording, sequence, and arrangement of the agricultural schedule. 
New provisions were inserted, unimportant or unnecessary clauses were eliminated, 
and the paragraphs were reframed in the light of customs litigation and decisions, as 
well as of changes in commercial nomenclature. Nearly all of these suggestions 
were embodied in the bill H. R. 7456. Attention is directed to the fact that the 
document above referred to explains these changes in greater detail than is here pos- 
sible, and gives conversion equivalents and other incidental information that may 
be of use in the framing of a tariff bill. It also contains an appendix giving statistics 
of production, imports, and exports. 

Important changes in classification applicable to the entire schedule. — 
With a view to a more logical and orderly presentation, the agricul- 
tural paragraphs have been entirely rearranged, under general cap- 
tions such as "Meat animals and their products," "Fish and fish 
products," under which the particular paragraphs have been placed 
in alphabetical order. 

Suggested changes. — The general headings referred to above have 
been omitted from the bill H. R. 7456. Without them the arrange- 
ment and sequence of the provisions are not so effective. It is 
therefore suggested that they be inserted in the appropriate places 
in this schedule. The headings in question are: 

Meat animals and their products. 

Dairy products. 

Birds, poultry, and poultry products. 

Other live animals and animal products. 

Fish and fish products. 

Cereals and cereal products. 

Fruits and fruit products. 

Nursery and greenhouse stock. 

Nuts. 

Seeds. 

Vegetables aud vegetable products. 

Miscellaneous, 

PARAGRAPH 701. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 701. Cattle, less than two years 
old, 1 cent per pound; two years old or 
over, 1[ cents per pound; fresh beef and 
veal, 2 cents per pound; tallow, one-half 
of 1 cent per pound; oleo oil and oleo 
stearin, 1 cent per pound. 

626 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 627 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

schedule "G. — Agricultural Products Schedule G. — Agricultural Products 
and Provisions. ' and Provisions. 

Par. 225. Cattle, if less than one year Par. 619. * * * cattle, * * * 
old, two dollars per head; all other cattle [Free]. 1 
if valued at not more than fourteen dollars 
per head, three dollars and 3eventy-five 
cents per head; if valued at more than 
fourteen dollars per head, twenty-seven 
and one-half per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 285. Fresh beef, veal, * * * Par. 545. Meats: Fresh beef, veal, 
one and one-half cents per pound. * * * [Free]. 2 

Par. 290. Tallow, one-half of one cent Par. 622. Tallow [Free], 
per pound; * * *. 

Par. 3. * * * expressed oils, * * * Par. 44. * * * all other animal 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. oils, * * * 15 per centum ad valo- 

rem. [Covered oleo oil.] 

Par. 640. Oleo stearin [Free]. Par. 562. Oleo stearin [Free]. 

CATTLE. 

(See Survey FL-25.) 

Description and uses. — The cattle industry is of two general types. 
One is primarily for the production of dairy products, with a secondary 
yield of beef and veal. The other concerns itself principally with beef 
production. The first type prevails throughout the farming regions, 
the second on both range and farm. Approximately equal propor- 
tions of the domestic beef supply are contributed by the western 
ranges and by the farming regions. 

Production. — On January 1, 1921, the number of cattle (exclusive 
of calves) on farms and ranges was 66,191,000, of which 23,321,000 
were milch cows. No other country possesses so many cattle, 
except British India... and the statistics for that country include a 
large number of water buffaloes. From 1907 to 1914 there was a 
steady decline in the number of beef cattle. In the West this decline 
resulted from the direct and indirect effects of homesteading; in the 
farming sections it was largely due to the competition of other types 
of agriculture. During the war the number of beef cattle greatly 
increased, but market statistics indicate that the present number is 
little larger than in 1914. 

The distribution of beef cattle depends largely upon cheap feed and 
pasture, hence the region west of the Mississippi is more than twice 
as important as the country eastward. The Corn Belt shows the 
greatest density of cattle, largely because of the fact that feeder 
cattle from the West are shipped in for fattening. 

In the number of dairy cattle there was a slow but steady growth 
during the period of the decline in beef cattle. Dairying has pro- 
gressed at the expense of beef production, especially in or near areas 
of dense population, and to some extent elsewhere. Wisconsin, New 
York, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan 
rank in order in the number of dairy cows. 

Imports of cattle were relatively small for a number of years prior 
to 1910: they consisted largely of feeders brought in from Mexico, 

i Cattle, except for breeding, 30 per ceutuni ad valorem. (Par. 12, emergency tariff act of 1921 .) 
* Fresh or frozen beef or veal. 2 cents per pound. (Par. 14. emergency tariff act of 1921 .) 



628 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



although pure-breds from England were also imported in some num- 
bers. After 1910 the internal troubles of Mexico greatly stimulated 
shipments from that country. Of the 872,093 head imported in 1914, 
Mexico contributed 72 per cent and Canada nearly all of the remain- 
der. Thereafter imports from Mexico fell off rapidly, Canadian 
shipments replacing them. The Canadian receipts consist largely 
of stockers and feeders. (For imports of pure-bred stock, see par. 
1507, p. 1231.) Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have 
been as follows: 



Cattle. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Total: 


353,189 
$25,170,588 

H198 
i $178, 356 

12,692 
i $252, 671 

2 346,299 

2 $24, 739, 561 


642,395 
$53,296,078 

8,000 
$457,897 

13,840 
$1, 050, 509 

620. 555 

$51, 787; 672 


379,114 
$27,418,604 

3,302 
$480,668 

4,479 
$854,717 

371,333 
$26,083,219 


114,353 




$4,301,800 
548 


Bulls: 


Value 

Cows, dairy or milk: 

Number *-- 


$62,283 

595 

$206,331 


All other cattle: 


113,210 




$4,033,186 







I July 1 to Dec. 31. 

3 Jan. 1 to June 30, cows and bulls were included with "All other"; they were reported separately after 
June 30, 1918. 

Statistics bearing on imports of cattle under the emergency tariff 
act are presented below: 





Month. 




Quantity. 


Value. 




1920 

> 


1921 


1920 


1921 








Xumber. ' 
26,971 > 
24,590 : 
16,766 ! 
19,874 j 
16,094 
24,381 ; 


Xumber. 

17,468 

8,066 

11,677 

23,674 

14, 498 

392 

3, 760 

8 

5.049 

152 

10, 796 

52 

18, 762 

105 

28,429 

248 

37,707 

75 

13,718 


$1,924,945 

2,003,097 

985, 336 

809,791 

640,239 

1, 101, 417 


$1,137,503 
514, 501 


Februarv 




674,277 


April 


742, 760 


May 


476,696 


June 




/Freei 


89,408 
45, 237 


July 


/Free i 

^Dutiable. . 


18,333 


1,100,049 
"2,'32i'66Y 


1,415 
71,510 
33, 162 

199,359 
16, 135 

301,637 
24,636 

593,223 
98,731 

767,001 
55,308 

271,974 


August 


/Free 1 

\Dutiable.. 


32,071 : 


September 


/Free i 

\Dutiable. . 


43,055 


3, 740, 570 


October 


/Free 


48,680 ; 

* 62,' 049' 

"'46,' 250'! 


4,200,644 


November 




/Free 

\Dutiable-. 

/Free 

\Dutiable.. 


"5," 063," 039" 


December 


3,525,814 







1 "Cattle and sheep and other stock imported for breeding purposes shall be admitted free of duty" (par- 
15, emergency tariff act of 1921). No separate classification for "Cattle for breeding purposes" from Oct- 
3, 1913, to June, 1921. 

Exports of cattle declined from 593,409 head in 1904 (of which 65 
per cent went to Great Britain) to 18,000 in 1914. The latter went 
chiefly to Canada, Mexico, and Cuba. During the World War 
cattle exports were relatively unimportant, but since 1918 there has 
been a considerable increase. The largest numbers went to Mexico, 
owing to the depletion of the Mexican nerds. Some shipments have 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



629 



also gone to Europe. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have 
been as follows : 





L918 


1919 


loan mi 

,9iJ0 (9 months). 




17,280 
1,082,758 


69, 859 


85,302 161,608 




$11,439,021 $10, 7.52,525 | $10,318,513 









Important changes 
Paragraph, page 632. 



■in 



classification, etc. — See General Notes on 



FRESH BEEF AND VEAL. 



Description and uses. — Carcass beef is placed on the market in 
three conditions — chilled, frozen, or unrefrigerated. The greater part 
is chilled or frozen, according to the conditions of. shipment. Chilled 
beef is kept in refrigerator cars and is shipped at temperatures 
ranging from 32° to 38° F. At these temperatures chemical and bac- 
terial action are greatly retarded and beef sides and quarters may 
be kept in good condition for from 30 to 60 days. Meat is frozen solid 
at about 16° F., the growth and reproduction of bacteria being there- 
by arrested. Experiments indicate that it may be maintained in 
wholesome condition for three years and probably much longer. 

On the average the weight of meat obtained is somewhat over 
one-half of the live weight of the animal, but the amount received 
for meat is usually about 80 per cent of the total value of products. 

Production by packers in 1919 was 4,932,000,000 pounds of fresh 
beef, valued at $847,000,000, greater in quantity and much greater 
in value than the output of 1909, 4,200,000,000 pounds, valued at 
$327,000,000. Concentration of operation and control is pronounced 
in the packing industry, especially in cattle slaughtering. Df the total 
slaughter of cattle in 1*916 by interstate slaughterers, 81 per cent was 
in 12 large packing centers — 24.5 per cent in Chicago, 14.7 per cent 
in Kansas City, 10.2 per cent in Omaha, 8.7 per cent in St. Louis, and 
5.2 per cent in New York City. In 1916- five great interests are 
reported to have handled 82.2 per cent of the cattle slaughtered by 
interstate slaughterers. These tendencies result from conditions in 
the raising and marketing of live stock and the very great economies 
in large-scale production, especially in the utilization of by-products. 
Location in the corn belt makes possible great saving in freight of 
finished products as compared with transportation of live animals. 

Imports advanced from 4,150,139 pounds in 1913 to 175,740,155 
pounds in 1914; this was just as the country was changing from a 
beef surplus to a beef deficiency. Imports increased to 182,000,000 
pounds in 1915, 72 per cent coming from Argentina and most of the 
rest from Uruguay, Canada, and Australia. In 1916 and 1917 there 
were sharp declines in imports. It is reported that the Krge Ameri- 
can packing interests controlled the production of 63.3 per cent of 
the chilled and frozen beef exported from Argentina in 1914. Im- 
ports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows. 



630 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Fresh beef: 

Quantity (pounds). 

Value 

Fresh veal: 

Quantity (pounds).. 

Value 



1918 



1919 



1920 



22, 501, 954 
$3, 974, 092 

939, 121 

$199, 353 



33, 5S8, 241 
$5, 394, 609 

4, 873, 515 
$1, 013, 472 



40, 520, 057 
$6, 160, 993 

9,662,048 
$1, 896, 277 



1921 
months). 



18, 518, 540 
$2,431,972 

3, 514, 436 

$466,981 



About 80 per cent of the relatively small imports in recent years 
have come from Canada. 

Below is given a comparison by months for 1920 and 1921 of beef 
and veal, which are provided for in paragraph 14 of the emergency 
tariff act of 1921: 



Month. 



January... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September 
October. . . 
November 
December. 



Quantity. ' 


Value. 


1920 


1921 


1920 


1921 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 






2, 717, 414 


4, 273, 228 


$409, 353 


$613, 510 


2,276,408 


1, 167, 706 


338, 459 


222, 093 


2,981,915 


1, 741, 384 


463, 039 


266, 946 


5, 195, 400 


2, 571, 947 


1, 056, 606 


373,038 


4, 138, 798 


3, 293, 252 


739, 915 


408, 906 


5, 819, 305 


1, 855, 874 


914, 044 


225, 212 


2, 778, 844 


1, 922, 531 


471, 342 


208, 168 


5,618,896 


3,111,482 


971,937 


346, 102 


5, 808, 068 


2, 065, 569 


926, 754 


234, 978 


5,251,153 


3.561,848 


728,779 


337,674 


5,437,271 


3,361,417 


736, 808 


353,624 


2,158,633 


3,421,681 


300,234 


354,477 



Exports. — This country practically dominated the foreign trade 
in fresh, chilled, and frozen beef 15 years ago, but by 1914 only 
6,300,000 pounds were exported, 5,500,000 to Panama. Argentine 
exports have steadily increased, displacing those of the United States 
which formerly supplied the United Kingdom. During the war 
American exports again increased under the stimulation of European 
war demands. Later statistics for calendar vears follow: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



1919 



514, 341, 529 
$109, 605, 363 



174, 426, 999 
$40. 280, 747 



1920 



89, 649, 148 
$17, 564, 8S7 



1921 
(9 months). 



9,560, 116 
$1,691,707 



In 1919 the United Kingdom received over 40 per cent of our 
exports; in 1920 Belgium and Germany were the most important 
markets. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 632. 



TALLOW. 



Description and uses. — -The term " tallow" includes the fats from 
sheep and cattle. The larger part of the tallow produced in the 
United States comes from the fat of cattle, the yield being 50 pounds 
from a steer to I pound from a sheep or goat. The edible fats of 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



631 



beef are handled much the same as hog fats. Oleo stock is merely 
a high grade of edible beef tallow, used in making oleo oil and stearin. 
Oleo oS is used in the manufacture of margarines and is also heavily 
exported, especially to Holland. Edible tallows are also used in 
making sausage, suet puddings, mincemeat, and similar products. 
The inedible tallows, produced from city butchers' scraps and from 
the fat of diseased and fallen animals, are used in soap, leather 
dressings, greases, and in the technical industries. 

Production. — The output of tallows in the United States in 1917 
was 259,509,000 pounds. If 153,188,000 pounds of oleo produced in 
1*917 are added, tallows rank fourth in production of all fats and oils. 
In 1920, 263,990,000 pounds of inedible and 37,353,000 pounds of 
edible tallow were produced. 

Imports of tallow in the fiscal year 1918 were unprecedented, being 
9S,176,560 pounds, valued at $14,365,676. The raw tallow imported 
(mostly from Canada) was over six times the exports. The average 
imports for 1911-1914 were only 1,299,025 pounds;in 1914, 3,371,833 
pounds. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



51, 885, 808 
$7,444,230 J 



1919 



12, 09C, 189 
$1, 812, 903 



1920 



192 L 
! (9 months). 



14,874.637 | 1,058.429 

$1,841,791! j $1,058,429 



New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, and Canada were the principal 
sources of imports in 1919 and 1920. 

Exports of tallow, as such, decreased from an average of 28,900,000 
pounds for 1911-1914 to 5,014,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year.) 
Exportation of oleo oil, the most important tallow derivative,, simi- 
larly decreased. Much more oleo oil is exported than raw tallow, 
the average being 113,759,000 pounds for 1911-1914. Holland, the 
largest importer of American oleo oil, manufactured it into margarines 
for the European trade. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



Quantity (pounds), 
value 



1918 


1919 


1920 


4,222,657 
$745,977 


38,953,783 
86; 370, 112 


20, 691, 638 
$2,950,675 



1921 
(9 months). 



10,749,517 
$805, 154 



Exports in 1919 and 1920 went largely to the United Kingdom, 
France, and the Netherlands. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 63 2. 



OLEO STEARIN AND OLEO OIL. 

Description and uses. — Oleo stearin is a joint derivative with oleo 
oil from edible tallows. The stearin is separated from the oil by a 
'graining" process, which consists in running the melted tallow into 
large truck tanks; it is then wheeled into a graining room and kept 
for a day or so at the crystallizing temperature of stearin. After 
the solid stearin is removed, the mass is pressed in hydraulic or lever 



632 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



presses. The oleo oil is used in margarines and the solid stearin as 
a base for lard substitutes and stiffening for lard compounds, also 
to a less extent in oleomargarines and candles. Most of the domestic 
stearin is produced by the large-scale packing establishments having 
special equipment for the purpose; the smaller packers do not ordi- 
narily convert tallows. 

Production. — In 1920 the production of oleo oil amounted to 132,- 
000,000 pounds and that of edible animal stearin (mostly oleo stearin) 
to 69,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of oleo stearin, principally from Argentina and Uruguay, 
ranged from about 900,000 pounds in 1916 to over 9,500,000 pounds 
in 1913. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



1919 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1,556,781 
$250, 122 



2,358,206 
1475,156 



1920 



962,657 
$189, 590 



1921 

(9 months). 



365,334 
$28,17] 



Exports. — In late years the *United Kingdom with its greatly 
enlarged oleomargarine industry has rivaled Holland in importance 
as a destination for our exports of oleo oil. Exports of u stearin 
from animal fats," largely consisting of oleo stearin, go mostly to 
Canada, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and France. Exports 
for calendar years 1918 to 1921 have been as follows: 



Oleo oil: 

Quantity (pounds).. 

Value 

Stearin from animal fats 

Quantity (pounds). . 

Value 



1918 


1919 


1920 


69,106,350 
§15,493,321 

10, 550, 241 
$2,291,160 


75,585,164 
$22,025,340 

20,854,724 
$4,171,151 


74,368,344 
$16,585,209 

17,512,978 

$3,487,578 



1921 
(9 months). 



106,150,316 
$12,077,941 

22,258,559 
$2,191,814 



Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — Cattle and the principal cattle 
products (other than hides), separated in previous tariff acts, have 
been brought together in one paragraph. The duty on cattle, 
which in the act of 1909 was upon the per-head basis, according to 
age, is based in H. R. 7456 on weight (pound) and age (less than 
two years old and two years old or more). Most of the higher- 
priced heavy animals would come within the latter class. 

Cattle were on the free list (par. 619) of the act of 1913 and are 
dutiable under paragraph 12 of the emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Fresh beef and veal were on the free list (par. 545) of the 1913 act 
and are dutiable under paragraph 14 of the emergency tariff act. 

A new provision is made for oleo oil; and oleo stearin is transferred 
from the free list (par. 562), act of 1913. 

Tallow is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 622). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 633 

Suggested changes. — H. R. 7456 provides two sets of duties upon 
live cattle, based upon weight; one for animals below two years of age 
and the other for animals two years old or over. These rates are more 
flexible than the former rates per head. These duties, however, 
bear more heavily upon the lighter and cheaper Mexican cattle 
than upon those originating in Canada. If specific duties should 
be retained, another method would be to base the duties upon ani- 
mals falling under certain weights; (1) one rate for animals weighing 
1,050 pounds or more; (2) one rate for animals weighing less than 
1,050 and not less than 725 pounds; and (3) a third rate for animals 
weighing less than 725 pounds. The first group takes in animals 
of feeder type which often are butchered immediately, as well as 
butcher cattle. Some feeder cattle that are not fleshy enough for 
immediate slaughter, except under unusual market conditions, 
also would be included, but this division deals with approximate 
fairness with the butcher and heavy feeder types. The second 
group would include light and medium weight feeders. It would 
also include relatively unimportant numbers of light butcher cattle. 
The third class covers stocker cattle — animals brought in for more 
or less prolonged grazing before finishing for slaughter. 

With a duty of 2 cents per pound upon fresh beef and veal, a 
proportionate rate for the first class would* approximately be 1.1 cents 
per pound live weight; for the second class 0.9 cent, and for the third 
class 0.8 cent, based on normal live- weight values. 

In view of the fact that cattle and the principal products thereof 
are grouped in paragraph 701, provision might there be made for 
'beef and veaf, prepared or preserved in any manner, not specially 
provided for." This would include such products as corned beef 
and canned beef, which otherwise would be dutiable under the 
general provision in paragraph 706. 



PARAGRAPH 702. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 702. Sheep and goats. 1 cent per 
pound; fresh mutton. 1£ cents per pound: 
fresh lamb, 2 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 228. Sheep, one year old or over. Par. 619. * * * 'sheep, and all other 
one dollar and fifty cents per head: less domestic live animals suitable for human 
than one year old, seventy-five cents per food not otherwise provided for in this 
head. section [Free]. 3 

Par. 229. All other live animals, not Par. 545. Meats: Fresh * * *■ mut- 
specially provided for in this section, ton. lamb. * * * [Free]. 4 
twentv per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 285. Fresh * * * mutton. 
lamb, * * * one and one-half cents 
per pound. 



• 3 Sheet): One year old or over, $2 per head: less than one year old, ?1 per head. (Par. 13, emergencv 
tariff act of l r '21.) 
• Fresh or frozen mutton, lamb, 2 cents per pound. Tar. 14. emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



634 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SHEEP AND GOATS. 

(See Report on the Wool -growing Industry.) 

Production. — In actual number of sheep the United States ranks 
fourth among the countries of the world, but in the number relative 
to the population it is far below other countries, notably New Zea- 
land, Australia, Uruguay, and Argentina. Since 1900 the number of 
sheep per capita has steadily decreased (barring a slight increase 
during the war). In 1900 there were 39,853,000 animals of shearing 
age, in 1920 only 34,985,000. The number of goats, on the other 
hand, rose from 3,000,000 in 1910 to 3,500,000 in 1920. In the far 
West the decline in the sheep population has primarily been due to 
the effects of homesteading; in the farming regions it has resulted 
largely from the competition of other farm enterprises. 

Sheep are especially adapted to rough land; goats to dry shrubby 
regions. Goats do well where sheep can not exist unless fed. Texas 
leads in the number of goats with 1,707,000 head, New Mexico being 
second with 227,000. Texas also has the largest number of sheep. 
2,552,000; it is followed by California with 2,356,000 and Ohio with 
2,103,000. Michigan is the only other State east of the Mississippi 
that has more than 1,000,000 head. 

Imports of sheep were negligible prior to 1914, when 223,729 were 
brought in, 92 per cent from Mexico and the remainder largely from 
Canada. During the later years they were for immediate slaughter 
and were chiefly from Canada, while the goats were mostly from Mexico 
and the West Indies. Later statistics for calendar y$ars follow: 





1918 


1 
1919 1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Sheep: 


150,203 


1 
224,774 1 172.905 
$2,473,386 $1,730,272. 

8,635 : 11,548 
$20,871 ! $51,141 


53,117 


Value 


$1,653,717 


£306,071 


Goats: 


43,749 
$120,294 


290 




$806 







The table below, showing imports by months for 1920 and 1921 
indicates the effect of the emergency tariff act 5 upon imports. 



January.. 
February 

March 

April 

May 

June 



July.... 
August. 



Month. 



/free 

^dutiable. 

/free 

\dutiable. 

/free 

■: ^dutiable. 

September teabie: 

0ctober {Sable! 



I free. 



Member (dutiable 



/free. 



December {dutiable 



Quantity. 



1920 



Number. 
8,611 
3,263 
5,247 
1,763 
1,114 
1,863 



1,633 



15,835 



37, 534 



39.687 



19,666 



1921 



'umber. 

5,232 

261 

1,241 

1,234 

416 

1,815 

49 

10 

846 

118 

9,957 

7 

31.931 

3 

18,607 

57 

11,380 

92 

1.483 



Value. 



1920 



$127,381 
46,864 
47,593 
16, 145 
12,925 
24,330 



24, 185 
197,135 



372,389 
'37i'079' 



338,711 
'i5L535' 



1921 



$48,044 

6,866 

10,000 

7,781 

3,446 

10,411 

211 

530 

4,414 

2,024 

48,821 

165 

163,35 

95 

87,939 

5,139 

58,905 

3,655 

10,206 



i- " Cattle and sheep and other stook imported for breeding purposes shall be admitted free of duty." 
\'o separate classification for "sheep, for breeding purposes," prior to Jure, 1921. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



635 



Exports of sheep and goats have never been more than negligible 
in amount. The average annual value of sheep exported during the 
period for 1913-1917 was $99,606. .The demoralized market of 1921 
permitted the shipment of 106,000 head mainly to Mexico; the bulk 
of those exported in 1919 also went to that country. Exports of 
sheep since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Number 


7,962 
SI 20, 882 


34, 531 
$359, 974 


48, 878 
1571,099 


105 922 


Value 


$555, 283 





Important changes 
paragraph, page 636. 



%n 



classification, etc.— See General Notes on 



FRESH MUTTON AND LAMB. 



Production in 1914 was 629,232,690 pounds, valued at $74,675,627, 
495,000,000 pounds in 1909, 460,000,000 pounds in 1904, and 400,- 
000,000 pounds in 1899. In 1919, production had declined to 
501,201,000 pounds with a value of $120,451,000. Of the sheep 
slaughtered in 1916 by interstate slaughterers, 86.4 per cent was 
handled by the five big packing companies, 63.4 per cent in Chicago, 
Kansas City, Omaha, and New York City. 

Imports. — After the removal of the duty in 1913, imports of mutton 
in 1914 increased from 212,843 pounds in the previous year to 
9,705,923 pounds and of lamb from 12,722 pounds to 3,026,372 
pounds. These imports were about 2.5 per cent of the domestic 
production. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



Fresh mutton: 

Quantity (pounds). 

Value 

Fresh lamb: 

Quantity (pounds). 

Value 



1918 



22, Uo 

§4, 594 

585,741 
$129,694 



1919 



3.357,424 
$545, 508 

4,851,758 
$1,001,830 



1920 



23, 468, 107 
$2, 557, 803 

77,700,214 
$10,087,576 



1921 » 
(9 months). 



6, 192, 139 
$683,104 

15,241,200 
$1,639,468 



The greatly increased imports in 1920 consisted largely of British 
surplus stocks from New Zealand. 

Below is given a comparison by months for 1920 and 1921 of 
imports of fresh mutton and lamb provided for in paragraph 14 of 
the emergency tariff act of 1921. 



Month. 



Quantity. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

.f une 

July 

August 

September . . . N 

October 

November 

December ' 10, 648, 347 



1920 

Pounds. 

864,561 

850,243 

744,174 

2,358,858 

5,253,962 

2,033,200 

5,181,526 

13,956,578 

18,460,700 

27,024,972 

13,791,198 



1921 



Pounds. 

13,864,205 

4,980,140 

415,955 

53,380 

47,387 

103,826 

113,801 

617,243 

1,237,402 

1,301,338 

>1,244.103 

1,416,208 



Value. 



1920 



$180, 599 

189,405 

178,075 

411,252 

539,813 

282, 978 

701, 227 

1,971,726 

2,186,495 

3,191,632 

1,549,702 

1,262,475 



1921 



n. 



304,914 

594,741 

50,533 

10,311 

7,023 

12,792 

20,679 

113,946 

207,633 

212, 397 

198,719 

256,933 



636 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports. — Before the war the proportion taken by the United King- 
dom decreased from 43 per cent in 1909 to 10 per cent in 1913 ; and that 
by Canada increased from 16 to 80 per cent. New Zealand is the 
most important exporter, shipping 212,000,000 pounds in 1911. 
Argentina, Australia, and Uruguay export more than this country. 
Exports of mutton (except canned) for the calendar years 1918-1921 
have been as follows: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



1,630,815 
$387, 132 



1919 



1920 



3,009,164 
$632,667 



3,575,409 
S758, 526 



1921 

(9 months). 



6,463,199 
$1,193,286 



In 1919 Canada took 86 per cent and in 1920, 51 per cent of the 
total exports. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH.. 

Important changes in classification. — Mutton and lamb are put in 
the same paragraph with sheep in accordance with the general plan 
of grouping in this schedule. A new specific provision is made for 
goats, and the rate upon sheep is put upon a basis of live weight, 
rather than per head as in the act of 1909 (par. 228). 

Fresh mutton and lamb were on the free list (par. 545) of the 1913 
act and are dutiable under paragraph 14 of the emergency tariff 
act of 1921. Sheep were on the free list (par. 619) of the act of 1913 
and are dutiable under paragraph 13 of the emergency tariff act of 
May 27, 1921. 

Suggested changes. — Under the emergency tariff act sheep less than 
one year old are dutiable at SI per head, one year old or older at $2 
per head, while H. R. 7456 bases the duty upon live weight — 1 cent 
per pound. There is much less need for a duty per pound of live 
weight in the case of sheep than of cattle. (See par. 701.) Owing 
to the character of the sheep and lamb market, a fiat rate per head 
may be applied to both sheep and lambs ; the much higher price paid 
for lambs per 100 pounds virtually offsets the lower price for sheep; 
the weight of which, per head, averages much greater than that of 
lambs. 

The limited outlet for dressed mutton, compared with dressed 
lamb, also suggests a single classification for the two products. The 
same rates as on sheep and lambs may be applied to goats and the 
rate on fresh mutton and lamb may with approximate justice be 
applied to goat meat. 

Fro vision might also be made for mutton and lamb, prepared or 
preserved, to take care of such products as canned mutton. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1S>21. 
PARAGRAPH 703. 



637 



H. R. 7456. 

Pa.r. 703. Swine, one-half of 1 cent per 
pound; fresh pork, three-fourths of 1 cent 
per pound; bacon, hams, and shoulders, 
of pork, prepared or preserved, lj cents 
per pound; lard. 1 cent per pound; lard 
compounds and lard substitutes, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 226. Swine, one dollar and fifty 
cents per head. 

Par. 284. Bacon and hams, four cents 
per pound. 

Par. 285. Fresh * * * pork, * * * 
one and one-half cents per pound. 

Par. 288. Lard, one and one-half cents 
per pound. 

[No corresponding provision for lard 
compounds and lard substitutes.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 619. Swine, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 545. Meats: Fresh * * * pork; 8 

bacon and hams; * * * [Free]. 7 

Par. 528. Lard, lard compounds, and 
lard substitutes [Free]. 



SWINE. 

Production. — The United States is by far the most important swine- 
producing country in the world, the number on farms, January 1 , 
1919, being estimated as 75,587,000, a steady increase from about 
59,000,000 in 1914. This increase was influenced by demands during 
the war. By January, 1921, the number had decreased to 66,649,000. 
About one-half of the hogs are found in the corn belt — Iowa, Illinois, 
Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Indiana, and Ohio. These States con- 
vert corn into pork which, because of its much greater value, can 
better bear transportation charges. 

Imports. — With the removal of the duty of $1.50 per head, there 
was an increase from 1,547 head in 1913 to 96,429 head in 1914, 
valued at $1,473,357. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





i ' 
1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


N' umber 

Value 


: 7,474 j 

$185,617 j 


20.657 

$758; 259 


1,096 
$22, S68 


1,399 
$35,218 



In 1920, 86 per cent of the imports were from Canada. 

Exports. — The export trade in live swine, except pure-bred stock, 
is confined for the most part to neighboring countries. Exports since 
1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months}. 


Number 

Value 


10,308 24,745 
§333,729 $883,911 


55,250 

$1, 723, 784 


93,^55 
11,471,708 





* Pork dutiable at 2 cents per pound. (Par. 14, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 
' Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, n. s. p. f., 25 per centum ad valorem, 
tariff act of 1921.) 



(Par. 14, emergency 



638 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



In 1920, 86 per cent of the exports went to Cuba. 
Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 642. 

FRESH PORK. 

Production. — Over 44,000,000 hogs Were slaughtered in 1919 and 
the production of dressed pork was 2,112,000,000 pounds, valued at 
1532,000,000, an increase from 1,877,000,000 pounds, valued at 
$226,000,000 in 1914. Pork packing is well adapted to small estab- 
lishments, therefore concentration is much less marked than in the 
slaughter of other food animals. Of the hogs handled in 1916 by 
interstate slaughterers, 18.4 per cent were slaughtered in Chicago, as 
compared with 24.5 per cent of the cattle. 

Imports of fresh pork previous to 1914 ranged from 130,000 pounds 
to 260,000 pounds. With the removal of the duty in 1914 they rose 
to 4,700,000 pounds, and in 1915 to 16,200,000 pounds, almost all of 
which came from Canada. From 1916 to 1918 (fiscal year) imports 
declined to less than 2,000,000 pounds annually. Later statistics for 
calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


1,716,989 
$375,306 


2,779,361 
$601,051 


1,541,009 
$415, 092 


435, 193 


Value 


$110,397 





Below is given a comparison of imports, by months, for 1920 and 
1921 of fresh pork, provided for in paragraph 14 of the emergency 
tariff act of 1921: 



Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1920 


1921 


1920 


1921 


January 


Pounds. 

127, 155 

234,013 
45,249 
69, 611 

148, 410 
50, 896 
33,877 
47,959 
50, 560 

539,355 
68, 810 

125, 114 


Pounds. 
37,492 
33, 183 

138,539 
39,341 
30, 207 
f>8. 058 
11,916 
20,410 
56,047 

226,180 
46,873 

107, 847 


$35, 504 
53,817 
11,369 
18,747 
41,792 
13,029 
11, S35 
16,991 
18,654 

126,865 
27,166 
39,323 


$12,763 

16,517 

36,460 

9,869 


February B 


March i > 

A pril 


Mav 


8,739 


June 


11,231 


July 


2, 705 


August 


4,424 




7,689 
32,206 
12,770 


October 


November 


December 


22,976 



Exports of fresh pork are unimportant compared with exports of 
other pork products. Before the war they ranged from 1,040,000 
to 2,597,000 pounds, but in 1916 expanded to 63,005,000 pounds. 
The United Kingdom took 26,402,000 pounds and Canada 32,962,000 
pounds. Statistics for the calendar years 1918 1921 follow: 



Quail lily (pounds). 
Value.. 



11,632,635 
12,907,894 



26, 776, 976 
$S, 347, 557 



1921 
(9 months). 



38>305,286 i 49,466,51; 
$9,090,463 j $8,481,067 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



639 



In 1919, 82 per cent of the exports went to Canada while in 1920 
the United Kingdom took 51 per cent and Canada 33 per cent. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 642. 



BACON AND HAMS. 



Imports before 1914 ranged from 400,000 pounds to 650,000 
pounds, but rose in 1914, with the abolition of the duty, to 2,131,000 
pounds and in 1915 to 7,533,000 pounds (96 per cent from Canada). 
Later statistics, for calendar years follow: 



1918 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1,877,387 
$545,650 



1919 



2,646,235 
$787,730 



1920 



754,735 
§234,919 



1921 

(9 months). 



182, 412 
$56, 835 



Nearly 90 per cent came from Canada in 1920. 

Below is given a comparison of imports, by months, for 1920 and 
1921 of bacon and hams 8 provided for in paragraph 14 of the emer- 
gency tariff act of 1921. 



Quantity 



Month. 



I Pounds, 'i 

January j 80, 550 | 

February ' 23, 772 : 

March , j 47, 483 i 

April j 1 13, 580 

May | 38.401 

June 7^291 '■ 

July 102, 025 

August ^ ! 107, 713 i 

September 60, 286 '• 

October 118, 462 

November 41, 998 

December .' 13, 174 



1921 



Value. 



1920 



Pounds. 

16.782 $25,554 

59, 100 ! 7, 375 

29,041 j 14,411 

49,317 j 27,831 

8,754 ! 11,063 

3,522 

31.218 

j 33,051 

22,537 

35,487 

16,917 

I 5,953 



1921 



$6,901 
15,432 
9, 693 
13,503 

3,811 



Exports. — The United States is by far the leading country in the 
export of hams and bacon; Denmark follows, but is far below, and 
Canada is next. Exports of bacon before the war ranged from 
152,000,000 pounds in 1910 to 208,000,000 pounds in 1912. Exports 
of hams, shoulders, and bacon reached an unprecedented figure in 
1918 (fiscal year). Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 
follow : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



Bacon: 

Quantity (pounds) 1, 104, 788, 081 1, 190, 297, 494 ! 636, 675, 572 

Value $315,968,004 $373,913,227 : $156,296,908 

Hams and shoulders, cured: i ' 

Quantity (pounds) 537. 213, 041 i 596, 795. 663 185, 246, 755 

Value ; : $145,674,888 $189,428,837 ; $;>(>; 887, 588 

8 Included in "All other, prepared or preserved meats," after May, 1921. 



1921 
(9 months). 



354,746,660 
$60,622,950 

187,948,909 
$}9, 929, 857 



640 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

In 1920, 63 per cent of the hams and shoulders and 54 per cent of 
the bacon exported went to the United Kingdom, France, Germany, 
and the Netherlands, and Belgium also received important amounts. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 642. 

LARD. 

Description and uses. — Lard is America's most important fat, 
butter excepted. The term includes prime steam, neutral, leaf, 
and all lards made from hog fat exclusively. By far the larger part 
of the output of big packing plants is prime steam lard, produced 
by the live-steam method of rendering the chopped fats. Leaf lard 
is kettle rendered from the leaf fats that surround the kidneys. 
Neutral lard, or "neutral," is kettle rendered, but at a lower tem- 
perature than ordinary lard, so that it retains practically no hog 
flavor, and is used largely in oleomargarine. Large quantities of 
lard are chilled and pressed to separate the stearin from the olein 
and palmitin. Stearin is mixed with ordinary lard to give it firmness 
in warm weather and to make a base for margarines ; it is also used 
in making candles. Olein or lard oil is used in signal lights and 
miner's lamps and as a lubricant. 

Production of lard in 1914 was 1,119,188,675 pounds, valued at 
$120,414,007, a decrease of 10 per cent compared with 1909, coinciding 
with a greatly increased use of lard compounds and substitutes for culi- 
nary purposes. The figures given do not include the output of small 
butchers nor that of farmers, estimated at perhaps 1,000,000,000 
pounds. Under favorable conditions the output can be quickly 
increased, as instanced by the increase in the number of swine on 
farms from 67,503,000 in 1917 to 71,374,000 in 1918. In 1919 produc- 
tion rose to 1,373.000,000 pounds, valued at $416,000,000. 

Imports of lard are insignificant compared with production or 
export, having reached the maximum of 1,131,998 pounds, including 
compounds and substitutes, in the fiscal year 1918, with 230,816 
pounds as the average for the four years previous. Under a duty of 
1^ cents per pound 4,117 pounds were imported in 1913 and 125,636 
pounds came in duty free in 1914. Later imports of lard, lard com- 
pounds, and lard substitutes for calendar years are as follows : 





191 S 


1919 


1920 

■ 


1921 
(9 mouths). 




800, 777 
$182, 821 


3, 845, 865 
$1,042,989 


14. 4.56 
$3, 099 


3,955 




$741 







Exports of lard in 1920 (calendar year) were 612,000,000 pounds, 
valued at $143,000,000, about 21 per cent going to the United 
Kingdom, 20 per cent to Germany, and 15 per cent to the Nether- 
lands. Exports decreased during the war. The average for 1915- 
1918 was 434,954,000 pounds, compared with 502,211,000 pounds 
for 1911-1914. Higher prices, difnculities of trans-Atlantic shipping, 
and loss of exports to Germany (normally about 30 per cent) prob- 
ably explain the decrease. Before the war lard was by far the most 
important export of the meat-packing industry. Exports of neutral 
lard were 6,307,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year) as compared with 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



641 



the maximum of 62,317,909 pounds in 1912. 
since 1917 by calendar years follow: 



Statistics of exports 



Lard: 

Quantity (pounds) 
Value 

Neutral lard: 

Quantity (pounds) 
Value 



1918 



548, 817, 901 
$144,933,151 

6, 307, 164 
$1,612,780 



1919 



760,901,611 
$237, 983, 449 

22,957,137 
$7,725,983 



1920 



1921 
(9 months) . 



612,249,951 
$143,371,441 I 



23, 238, 071 
$5, 806, 042 



695,658,722 
$93, 454, 373 



20,515,126 
$3,018,060 



Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 642. 

LARD SUBSTITUTES AND LARD COMPOUNDS. 

Description and uses. — Lard substitutes and lard compounds, are 
of two types — (1) those containing a base of animal fats, and (2) 
those made entirely from vegetable oils by a process of hydrogena- 
tion. The first is made by mixing heated vegetable oil with a pro- 
per proportion of melted hog or beef fats; this is quickly chilled and 
violently beaten to give it the appearance of natural lard. The 
second, from vegetable oils, is a recent development. The refined 
and bleached oil is subjected to a hardening process in which reduced 
nickel is employed to effect a combination of the hydrogen gas and 
liquid glycerides. The oleins of the oil are changed into stearins, 
which are solid at ordinary temperatures. By this process most of 
our tremendous production of cotton seed oil has been made avail- 
able for use as a cooking fat. 

Production of 1,173,446,000 pounds of lard substitutes was reported 
in 1917, an increase of 146,313,000 over 1916. The most important 
constituent of this-Jard substitute was cottonseed oil, of which 
1,069,214,000 pounds were used; 55,000,000 pounds of stearin, 
34,000,000 pounds of soy-bean oil, 17,000,000 pounds of vegetable 
stearin, and 12,000,000 pounds of peanut oil were also employed. 
Besides an enormous increase in the output of lard substitutes, the 
variety of oils used therein has also increased. Of the materials 
used in producing lard substitutes in 1918 less than 10 per cent were 
imported. 

Imports of lard compounds and substitutes are combined in the 
statistics with the imports of lard. 

Exports of lard compounds and substitutes decreased during the 
war, averaging 65,500,000 pounds for 1911-1914 and 52,500,000 for 
1915-1918. Statistics of exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 
follow : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



1919 



43,977,410 
$10,258,536 



124, 962, 950 
$31,605,885 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



32,051,458 
$7,218,845 



37,601,644 
$4,302,920 



82304—22- 



41 



642 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



In 1920 Cuba received 22 per cent of the total exports; Mexico, 
19 per cent, and the United Kingdom, 13 per cent. 
Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Swine are transferred from the 
free list of the act of 1913 (par. 619). Several provisions for hogs 
and hog products have been combined in one paragraph. Neces- 
sarily their tariff problems require joint consideration. A new pro- 
vision has been added for shoulders of pork. To avoid conflict, and 
because of possible substitution, lard compounds and lard substi- 
tutes exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 528), are assessed 
the same duty as hydrogenated oils provided for in paragraph 52. 
Fresh pork and bacon and hams were on the free list (par. 545) of 
the act of 1913. The emergency tariff act of 1921 (par. 14) imposes 
a duty on meats of all kinds prepared or preserved, n. s. p. f. 

Suggested changes-. — Pickled or cured pork which is in part dutiable 
under paragraph 706 constitutes by far the largest item in our pork 
trade. To maintain the general plan of bringing together the prin- 
cipal hog products, it is suggested that " shoulders, of pork, prepared 
or preserved," be replaced by " all other pork, prepared or preserved, 
and not specially provided for." 



PARAGRAPH 704. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 704. Reindeer meat, 20 per cen- 
tum ad valorem; venison and other game 
not specially provided for, 1£ cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 285. * * * venison and other 
game, except birds, one and one-half 
cents per pound. 

'[No corresponding provision for rein- 
deer ineat.l 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 227. Venison, and other game, 1£ 
cents per pound; * * *. 

[No corresponding provision for rein- 
deer meat.] 



REINDEER MEAT. 

Description and uses.— Within the last decade reindeer have be- 
come the principal source of meat supply for the natives of Alaska. 
The skin is highly prized for clothing on account of its frost-resisting 
qualities. The Alaskan reindeer is a domestic animal, which is 
able to live on the moss and other sparse vegetation of the Arctics. 
The average dressed weight of the carcass is 150 pounds. The meat 
is not a "game" variety, but has a distinctive, fine flavor and in 
quality has been classed with beef and mutton. 

Production and imports. — Reindeer are not native to Alaska; 
imports from Siberia have formed the basis of herds which now 
number about 93,000 animals. Three-fourths of these are owned 
by natives. There is now an increasing surplus over local require- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



643 



ments. In 1920 shipments to the United States amounted to 1,600 
carcasses, weighing about 250,000 pounds, valued at $60,000. Rein- 
deer are also produced in Scandinavian countries. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

VENISON AND OTHER GAME. 

Various Federal and State statutes place certain limitations on the 
commerce in game, denning hunting seasons, providing for hunting 
licenses and bag limits, and conditioning the possession, sale, and 
export of game. The Criminal Code of March 4, 1909 (35 Stat., 
1137) prohibits the importation or interstate transportation of 
certain noxious animals and birds and of animals and birds illegally 
imported or killed or shipped in violation of State laws. The act of 
May 25, 1900, subjects foreign game to State laws prohibiting sale, 
etc., and paragraph 347 of the act of 1913 prohibits the importation 
of plumes, feathers, skins, etc., of wild birds, except for scientific 
or educational purposes. These laws tend to restrict the commerce 
in game. 

Imports in 1913 of venison reached the maximum of 294,315 
pounds, valued at $46,739; of all other game except birds, 448,570 
pounds, valued at $31,763. In 1915 imports of "game birds, 
dressed/' were valued at $15,354. Later statistics follow: 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 mouths) . 



96,042 
508,740 
370,272 
390,476 



$8,979 

69,276 

96,987 

107,595 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


VENISON. 


1918 




Pounds. 

16,979 

44,960 

167, 823 

47,400 


$2,546 

7,956 

41,545 

16,569 


$255 

674 

2,517 


Per cent. 
10-00 
8-48 


1919 


1920 


6.03 


1921 (9 months) 










ALL OTHER GAME EXCEPT BIRDS. 



16. 05 

11.02 

5.76 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — In this paragraph relating to 
game other than birds (par. 712) a new specific provision has been 
made for reindeer meat which resembles game in use. 

Suggested changes. — Page 85, line 5, of H. R. 7456: Insert " except 
game. ' 



birds' ' after " 



644 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 705. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 705. Extract of meat, including 
fluid, 35 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 287. Extract of meat, not espe- 
cially provided for in this section, thirty- 
five cents per pound; fluid extract of 
meat, fifteen cents per pound, but the 
dutiable weight of the extract of meat and 
of the fluid extract of meat shall not in- 
clude the weight of the packages in which 
the same is imported. 



Par. 228. Extract of meat, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 10 
cents per pound; fluid extract of meat, 5 
cents per pound, but the dutiable weight 
of the extract of meat and of the fluid 
extract of meat shall not include the 
weight of the packages in which the same 
is imported. 



MEAT EXTRACT. 

Description and uses. — Meat extract is obtained by boiling meat 
with water and concentrating the evaporated portion after the re- 
moval of fats. It is now largely a by-product of packing houses. 
In cooking, canning, and soaking meats, the meat juices are dissolved 
to a considerable extent in the water; by evaporating this water the 
meat extract is obtained. Fluid extract of meat is the same as meat 
extract, but less concentrated. A true meat extract contains only 
ingredients of meat soluble in hot water. A standard commercial 
variety shows 58.5 per cent organic matter, 21.5 per cent inorganic 
matter (salts), and 20 per cent water. Bouillon cubes, fluid, and 
semisolid extracts of meat are sold under various trade names. 
Gelatin, blood, albumen, or meat fiber are added to some extracts of 
beef, and sometimes the albumen is more or less peptonized. True 
meat extract has very little if any food value and can not be regarded 
as concentrated meat, but possesses marked stimulative and restora- 
tive properties. Being rich in cooked meat substances, it is used for 
flavoring soups. 

Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 12 pounds of fluid and 1,401 
pounds of all other meat extracts. Since 1912 imports have not 
exceeded 200,000 pounds. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



FLUID EXTRACT OF MEAT. 



1918 


Pounds. 

43 

13, 000 

2,542 

133 


$71 

17, 342 

2,367 

162 


$2 
650 
127 


Per cent. 
3.03 


1919 


3.75 


1920 


5.37 


1921 (9 months) 












ALL OTHER EXTRACT OF MEAT. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



5,585 
12, 003 
62, 592 
37, 465 



S8, 747 
11,246- 
43,990 
23, 733 



$558 
1,200 
6,259 



6.39 
10.67 
14.23 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



645 



Important changes in classification. — The provisions for fluid extract 
of meat and all other meat extract, separately provided for in previous 
acts, are here grouped together. The exception concerning weight of 
packages in paragraph 228 of the act of 1913 is omitted as unneces- 
sary, because, under a specific rate, net weight would be taken. 

Suggested changes. — The words " including fluid" may be omitted, 
since the term "extract" appears to be sufficiently inclusive. 



PARAGRAPH 706. 



H. It. 7456. 



Par. 700. Sausage casings, weasands, 
intestines, bladders, tendons and integu- 
ments, not specially provided for; meats, 
fresh, prepared, or preserved, not special- 
ly provided for, 15 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That no meats of any kind shall 
be imported into the United States unless 
the same is healthful, wholesome, and 
fit for human food and contains no dye, 
chemical, preservative, or ingredient 
which renders the same unhealthful, un- 
wholesome, or unfit for human food, and 
unless the same also complies with the 
rules and regulations made by the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture, and that, after entry 
into the United States in compliance with 
said rules and regulations, said meats shall 
be deemed and treated as domestic meats 
within the meaning of and shall be sub- 
ject to the provisions of the Act of June 
30, 1906 (Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, 
page 674), commonly called the "Meat 
Inspection Amendment," and the Act of 
June 30, 1906 (Thirty-fourth Statutes at 
Large, page 768), commonly called the 
"Food and Drugs Act," and that the 
Secretary of Agriculture be and hereby 
is authorized to make rules and regulations 
to carry out the purposes of this provision, 
and that in such rules and regulations the 
Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe 
the terms and conditions for the destruc- 
tion of all such meats offered for entry 
and refused admission into the United 
States unless the same be exported by 
the consignee within the time fixed 
therefor in such rules and regulations. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 512. Bladders, and all integu- 
ments, tendons and intestines of ani- 
mals * * * crude, dried or salted for 
preservation only, and unmanufactured, 
not speciallv provided for in this section 
[Free]. 

Par. 23. * * * fish bladders * * * 
other than crude or dried or salted for 
preservation only, valued at not above 
ten cents per pound, two and one-half 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 419. Bladders, and all integu- 
ments, tendons and intestines of ani- 
mals * * * crude, dried or salted for 
preservation only, and unmanufactured, 
not specially provided for in this section 
[Free]. 

Par. 385. * * * unmanufactured 
articles not enumerated or provided for 
in this section, a duty of 10 per centum 
ad valorem, * * *. 



616 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

cents per pound; valued at above ten 
cents per pound and not above thirty-five 
cents per pound, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem; valued above thirty-five 
cents per pound, fifteen cents per pound 
and twenty per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 286. Meats of all kinds, prepared 
or preserved, not specially provided for 
in this section, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 667. Sausages, bologna [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

[Weasands fall within this provision. 
T. D. 35886 of 1915; United States v. 
White, 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 115, of 1917. 
Sausage casings come -within paragraph 
419 above. (Abstract 19744, T. D. 29288. 
of 1908.)] 

Par. 545. * * * meats of all kinds, 
prepared or preserved, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section [Free] Provided, 
however, That none of the foregoing meats 
shall be admitted into the United States 
unless the same is healthful, wholesome 
and fit for human food and contains no 
dye, chemical, preservative, or ingredient 
which renders the same unhealthful, un- 
wholesome or unfit for human food, and 
unless the same also complies with the 
rules and regulations made by the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture, and that, after entry 
into the United States in compliance with 
said rules and regulations, said imported 
meats shall be deemed and treated as 
domestic meats within the meaning of 
and shall be siibject to the provisions of 
the Act of June thirtieth, nineteen hun- 
hundred and six, (Thirty-fourth Statutes 
at Large, page six hundred and seventy- 
four), commonly called the Meat Inspec- 
tion Amendment, and the Act of June 
thirtieth, nineteen hundred and six 
(Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, page 
seven hundred and sixty- eight), com- 
monly called the Food and Drugs Act, 
and that the Secretary of Agriculture be 
and hereby is authorized to make rules 
and regulations to cany out the purposes 
of this paragraph, and that in such rules 
and regulations the -Secretary of Agricul- 
ture may prescribe the terms and condi- 
tions for the destruction for food purposes 
of all such meats offered for entry and 
refused aamission into the United States 
unless the same be exported by the con- 
signee within the time fixed therefor in 
such rules and regulations. 9 



SAUSAGE CASINGS, ETC., AND MEATS PREPARED OR PRESERVED N.S.P.F. 

Description and use. — Under this head fall pickled and cured beef, 
pickled pork, canned meats, sausage, sausage casings, scrapple, head 
cheese, livers, sweetbreads, etc. Beef that is dried, salted, or pickled 
has lost its former prominent position in trade in favor of chilled and 
frozen beef; pork is, however, * most in demand when it is salted, 
pickled, cured, or otherwise preserved. Canned meats, of which 
there are many varieties, are increasing in commercial importance. 

Production of pickled and cured beef for 1899-1914 showed a steady 
decline, from 137,000,000 pounds to 91,000,000 pounds; while pickled 
and cured pork remained fairly steady, amounting to 3,138,000,000 
pounds in 1899 (including bacon and hams) and to 2,929,000,000 



9 Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, n. 8. p. f., 25 per centum ad valorem. (Par. 14, emergency 
tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



647 



pounds in 1914. The production of canned meats increased from 
112,000,000 pounds in 1899 to 160,000,000 pounds in 1914. In 1919 
790,703,000 pounds of sausage and 102,281,000 pounds of sausage 
casings were produced in packing houses. 

Imports in this class of products are relatively much less important 
than exports. Imports of canned corned beef ranged in value from 
$118,000 in 1915 to $36,673,000 in 1918 (calendar years). In the 
latter year doubtless a large part of the imports consisted of American 
goods returned from Europe. Statistics of imports for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 follow: 



1918 



1919 



Bologna sausage: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Canned beef: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Other canned meats: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Other prepared or preserved meats: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Sausage casings— intestines, etc.: 

Quantity (pounds) i 

Value 

Sausage casings — weasands or ox gullets: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Bladders, integuments, tendons, etc., crude and 
manufactured: 

Quantity (pounds) j 

Value | 

Livers, sweetbreads, etc.: 

Quantity (pounds) I 

Value 

Frogs' legs and snails: 

Quantity (pounds) [ 

Value ! 



5,417 
$2, 797 



$36, 673, 220 
"$1, 156," 337* 
""$379," 076* 
" $3," 624," 025' 
$43," 973' 



$389,311 
"$i65,"837' 
""$4," 436 



71, 722 
$43,340 

16,731,826 
$4,753,298 

1,520,638 
$453, 732 

2,937,392 
$631, 668 

11,234,028 
$5,629,412 

188,099 
$132,263 



2, 808, 388 
$198, 933 

3,532,074 
$302,256 

20,460 
$7,065 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



156,735 , 
$73,996 ( 

3,979,073 I 
$814,790 

943,801 ! 
$295,072 I 

1,976,163 
$500,119 

12,137,901 
$7,049,347 

174,326 
$120,019 



1,279,818 i 
$251,423 

3,389,507 ! 
$412,358 



24,814 

$10, 627 



81, 511 
$33, 921 

264,281 
$41, 587 

167, 838 
$60,952 

1,823,192 
$328, 517 

7,712,056 
$4,208,042 

124,848 
$80, 590 



246,058 
$34, 767 

763, 578 
$112, 544 

24,378 
$7,013 



Below is given a comparison by months for 1920 and 1921 of 
imports of several items provided for in paragraph 14 of the emer- 
gency tariff act of 1921: 



Month. 



Quantity. 



1920 



1921 



Value. 



1920 



1921 



BOLOGNA SAUSAGE. 



Pounds. 

January 15,004 

February 7, 339 

March 3,034 

April 10, 450 

May 1,508 

June 10, 680 

July 5, 143 

August 25, 726 

September 3, 727 

October 19, 251 

November I 12, 573 

December i 42, 300 



Pounds. 

18,099 
3,845 

18,940 
5,983 
8,106 



$10, 120 
3,270 
2,173 
6,004 
1,125 
6,259 
3,559 
5,261 
2,202 
12,512 
97, 622 
13, 889 



$7,282 
1,788 
8,479 
3,152 
3,708 



• Included in "All other prepared or preserved meats" after May, 1921. 



648 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Month. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


1920 1921 


1920 1921 


SAUSAGE CASINGS. 



January.... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November. 
December. . 



Pounds. 


Pounds. 


899,618 


704,399 


648, 116 


747, 058 


404, 921 


1, 120, 888 


1,000,049 


663,983 


1,325,476 


973,648 


1,042,738 


1,044,134 


2,205,706 


969, 931 


1,608,110 


758,288 


752,666 


729,727 


857, 604 


470, 269 


770, 259 
622, 638 


876 952 


870, 877 



$533,282 
439, 860 
343,281 
593; 956 
876,275 
600, 016 
942,461 
1,003,014 
413, 053 
634, 874 
391, 560 
277,715 



$382,297 
375, 236 
411,310 
360, 551 
627, 352 
607, 733 
557,082 
455, 675 
430, 806 
355, 729 
362, 510 
431, 390 



ALL OTHER PREPARED OR PRESERVED MEATS. 



January — 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November . 
December. . 



388, 458 


677, 892 


$116, 935 


351, 959 


650, 147 


133, 572 


292, 803 


449, 271 


106,381 


326, 782 


475, 799 


88,084 


449, 059 


320, 797 


169, 054 


982, 222 


72,566 


205, 947 


1, 188, 784 


66.773 


214, 777 


533, 585 


162, 762 


77,836 


500, 108 


422,808 


125,383 


536, 702 


285, 816 


139, 579 


498, 986 


574, 708 


153, 714 


1, 398, 561 


1,484,064 


477, 889 



$219, 964 

235,256 

134, 732 

144, 520 

67, 732 

27,661 

28,687 

96,792 

96,440 

82,523 

231, 520 

617, 941 



CANNED MEATS. 



June 




7,779 ! 


$2, 441 
1,755 


July 




6,335 j 


August 




89,242 ! . 


14,832 


September 




7,502 


2,510 
5,583 


October 




57,712 


November 




8,431 

12,297 


3,065 






4,255 









Exports of canned beef before the war ranged from 3,464,000 pounds 
(minimum) in 1914 to 14,804,000 pounds (maximum) in 1910. The 
United Kingdom is normally the largest purchaser; smaller amounts 
go to British Africa, the Philippines, Belgium, and Panama. 
Exports reached the unprecedented figure of 97,343,000 pounds in 
1918 (fiscal year). Exports of pickled and other cured beef also rose 
during the war, reaching the maximum, 58,053,000 pounds, in 1917. 
Normally the United Kingdom takes about 25 per cent; Newfound- 
land and Germany rank next. 

Exports of pickled pork fluctuated from 63,460,000 pounds in 1916 
to 33,221,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal years), with Canada and the 
United Kingdom the most important destinations. Exports of canned 
and other sausage increased to 15,026,449 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year). 
Most of this increase went to France, but normally more goes to Cuba. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



649 





1918 


• 
1919 1920 (9 months). 


Canned sausage: 

Quantity (pounds) 


6, 349, 602 
$1, 817, 199 

6, 029, 354 
$2, 125, 373 

44, 206, 020 
$7, 921, 220 

141, 457, 163 
$51, 498, 010 

36,671,660 
$8, 535, 017 

5,267,342 
$1,776,392 

4,037,391 
$2,611,680 

$8, 819, 996 

$6, 943, 692 


8,198,336 • 7,158,291 2,060,392 


Value 


$2,761,944 l $2,344,684 ' $719,807 


All other sausage: 


13,889,285 1 10.509.095 : 4.886.143 




$5,911,850 

42, 804, 724 
$8, 739, 141 

53,867,327 
$20,672,964 

34,113,875 
$8, 632, 518 

5, 791, 706 
$2, 422, 364 

25,477,028 
$6, 809, 834 

$12,950,669 

$11,642,612 


$4,187,574 1 $1,670,222 


Beef, pickled, and other cured: 

Quantity (pounds) 


25,771,176 ! 18,968,576 


Value 


$3,659,815 $2,128,557 


Beef, canned: 


23,766,000; 5,171,518 




$5,789,711 ! $1,034,996 


Pork, pickled: 


38,708,841 25,647,520 




$7,670,024 $3,433,766 


Pork, canned: 


1,802,241 757,318 




$752,120 $220,800 


Sausage casings: 

Quantity (pounds) 


25,238,187 i 25,568,832 


Value 


$5,860,935 i $4,896,300 


AD other meat products, canned: 

Value 


$6,480,276 ! $3,995,151 


All other meat products— except canned: 

Value 


$7,169,589 i $3,894,830 




! 



Important changes in classification. — Specific provision is made for 
sausage casings (free under paragraph 419, act of 1913, Abstract 
19744, T. D. 29288 of 1908) and weasands, dutiable as an unenumer- 
ated unmanufactured article ( United States v. White, 8 Ct. Cust. 
Appls. 115, of 1917; T. D. 35886 of 1915). The other articles were on 
the free list (pars. 419 and 545) of the act of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — To maintain the general plan of the rearrange- 
ment of the Agricultural Schedule, sausage casings, weasands. intes- 
tines, etc., might be provided for in a paragraph separate from meats 
n. s. p. f. 

If specific provision should be made for prepared or preserved beef 
(par. 701), prepared^ or preserved mutton (par. 702), and prepared 
or preserved pork (par. 703) a provision might be inserted in this 
paragraph for sausage by insertion of the words " including sausage. ' 



PARAGRAPH 707. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 707. Milk, fresh, 1 cent per gallon ; 
sour milk and buttermilk, one-half of 1 
cent per gallon; cream, having less than 
30 per centum of butter fat. 5 cents per 
gallon: having 30 per centum or more of 
butter fat, 10 cents per gallon. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 247. Milk, fresh, two cents per Par. 547. Milk and cream, * *. •* 
gallon; cream, five cents per gallon. [Free]. 10 

[No corresponding provision for sour [No corresponding provision for sour 
milk and buttermilk.] milk and buttermilk.] 

w Milk, fresh, 2 cents per gallon; cream, 5 cents per gallon. (Par. 23, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



650 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



MILK AND CREAM. 



(See Survey G-7.) 



Description and uses. — Milk and cream are among the most impor- 
tant of foods, furnishing from 16 to 18 per cent of the nourishment 
of the average American family. In the value of its annual output 
the dairy industry approximates the production of wheat. Inter- 
national trade in unmanufactured milk and cream, however, is very 
small relative to the country's total supply and demand. Because 
of its limited keeping quality the maximum distance that milk can 
profitably be shipped is about 500 miles. The great bulk of the 
imports moves from eastern Canada to the New England States. 

Production of milk in 1920 was 89,658,000,000 pounds valued at 
about $2,000,000,000. The number of milch cows increased from 
18,150,000 in 1910 to 19,672,000 in 1919. Since that year there has 
been a slight decrease. 

Imports in 1913 of fresh cream amounted to 1,247,000 gallons 
valued at $1,068,000; of fresh milk, 46,000 gallons valued at $6,900. 
Statistics for the calendar vears 1918-1921 follow: 



Fresh milk: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value 

Fresh cream: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value 

Cream — preserved or condensed or sterilized: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1918 



1,519,966 
$341, 584 

704, 031 
$736, 809 

7,034 

$677 



1919 



2,753,401 
$739, 073 

931,416 
$1,111,130 

240, 290 
$32, 927 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



2, 520, 657 
$622,407 

1, 597, 160 
$2,079,863 

852, 631 
$136, 030 



1,955,729 
$354, 781 

1, 533, 573 
$1, 902, 051 

3,561 

$906 



Below is given a comparison by months for 1920 and 1921 of fresh 
milk and cream, provided for in paragraph 23 of the emergency 
tariff -act of 1921: 



Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1920 


1921 


1920 


1921 


J anuary 


Gallons. 
196, 159 
141, 196 
169. 958 
22L966 
343, 116 
473, 853 
457,614 
703, 150 
525, 078 
383, 823 
301, 230 
200, 674 


Gallons. 
145,924 
126, 363 
160, 167 
234, 179 
427,244 
726,006 
545, 464 
583, 925 
540,030 
424, 003 
389, 044 
310, 660 


$76, 970 
52,226 
75,367 
119,045 
211,120 
377,799 
313, 260 
512, 64S 
371, 373 
283,674 
197, 092 
111,696 


$69,662 
43, 022 


February 


March 


72, 892 


April 


129, 131 


Mav 


270, 370 


June 


468,446 


July 


372, 699 


August 


425, 633 


September 


404, 977 


October 


314, 091 


November 


24S, 553 


December 


171,098 



Exports of milk and cream, other than condensed, in 1913 were 
valued at $474,000. Later exports by calendar years are as follows: 
1918, $528,607; 1919, $1,729,884; 1920, $381,626; 1921 (9 months), 
$366,417. 

Important changes in classification. — To avoid litigation, new spe- 
cific provisions have been made for buttermilk and sour milk, although 



1921. 651 

little of either is imported. Milk that has soured in transit is some- 
times sold for its butterf at content. Cream varies greatly in butterf at 
content and thus in value. The new provisions for a heavier duty on 
cream having more than 30 per cent butterfat content is an attempt 
to maintain specific rather than ad valorem rates, and yet distribute 
the duty more nearly according to the relative value of the products. 

Milk and cream were free of duty under the act of 1913 (par. 547) 
and milk, fresh, and cream are dutiable under paragraph 23 of the 
emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Suggested changes. — In view of the fact that imports of sour milk 
and buttermilk are insignificant, the specific provisions therefor 
might be dropped and the word "fresh" eliminated in connection 
with milk. 

There are administrative difficulties in determining the percentage 
of butter fat in cream imported on the frontiers. 



PARAGRAPH 708. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 708. Milk, condensed or evapo- 
rated: In hermetically sealed containers, 
unsweetened, 1 cent per pound; sweet- 
ened, 1£ cents per pound; all other, If 
cents per pound; whole milk powder, 3 
cents per pound; cream powder, 8 cents 
per pound; and skimmed milk powder. 
1£ cents per pound; malted milk, and 
compounds of or substitutes for milk or 
cream, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 248. Milk, preserved or condensed, Par. 547. Milk and cream, including 

or sterilized by heating orother processes, milk or cream preserved or condensed, or 

including weight of immediate coverings, sterilized by heating or other processes, 

two cents per pound; * * *. * * * [Free]. 11 

[No corresponding provision for the [No corresponding provision for the 

other commodities.] other commodities.] 

CONDENSED OR EVAPORATED MILK AND RELATED PRODUCTS. 

(See Survey G-7.) 

Description and uses. — The tremendous growth in recent years in 
the production of preserved milk has resulted from the demand for 
milk without the bulkiness and perishability of the fresh product, and 
from the perfection of methods of manufacture. Water constitutes 
about 87 per cent of the weight of fresh milk. In contrast to the 
local distribution of fresh milk, there is an extensive domestic and 
foreign trade in the condensed, evaporated, and powdered forms. 
In 1919, nearly 5,000,000,000 pounds of milk, or over 10 per cent of 
the total amount used for manufacturing purposes, was used in the 
production of the condensed and evaporated article. This was more 
than the amount used for cheese and about one-seventh of that con- 
sumed for butter. 

11 Milk, preserved or condensed, or sterilized by heating or other processes, including weight of immediate 
coverings, 2 cents per pound. (Par. 24, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



652 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Both skimmed and unskimmed milk are condensed and evaporated. 
Condensed milk is distinguished from evaporated milk largely by the 
fact that as a finished product the former contains about 40 per 
cent cane sugar. Evaporated and condensed milk are put up in 
small cans for household, hotel, and restaurant trade and also in 
bulk for ice-cream manufacturers, bakers, etc. 

The value of the various milk products varies widely with the degree 
of concentration. The following table shows the relative amounts of 
various products obtained from 100 pounds of average (3.5 per cent 
butter fat) milk : 

Pounds. 

Evaporated milk (unsweetened) 40 

Condensed milk (phis 16 pounds of sugar) 30-40 

Evaporated bulk milk 25-34 

Whole milk powder , 12. 5 

Cream powder 4. 8 

And skimmed-milk powder 7. 6 

Skimmed-milk powder 8. 2' 

And butter 4. 2 

Milk powder is made by evaporating whole or skimmed milk to> 
dryness. In appearance it closely resembles wheat flour. Skimmed- 
milk powder, because of its superior keeping qualities, is produced 
in larger quantities than the full-milk product. 

Production of condensed and evaporated milk increased from 
1,676,000,000 pounds in 1918 (fiscal year) to 2,094,000,000 pounds 
valued at $293,000,000 in 1919. In 1920, with the falling off of both 
foreign and domestic demand, production declined to 1,559,000,000 
pounds. The following table indicates that canned evaporated whole 
milk and condensed whole milk are the articles of outstanding im- 
portance in this group. In contrast to the general decline in 1920 r 
it is interesting to note the increase in production of filled milk 
(evaporated skimmed milk modified with foreign fats) and also the 
increase in powdered milk. 

Production of milk preparations, 1918-1920. l 
[Pounds.] 



Sweetened condensed milk: 
Case goods— 

Slammed 

Unskimmed 

Bulk goods- 
Skimmed 

Unskimmed 

Unsweetened evaporated milk: 
Case goods- 
Skimmed 

Unskimmed 

Bulk goods- 
Skimmed 

Unskimmed 

Evaporated skimmed milk modified with foreign fat 

Case goods 

Bulk goods 

Sterilized milk (canned like condensed) 

Canned or evaporated buttermilk 

Powdered whole milk 

Powdered skimmed milk 

Powdered cream 

Malted milk 

Dried or powdered buttermilk 



1918 



411 



40, 



12, 
916, 



56, 
183, 



653, 000 
225, 000 

303, 000 
872, 000 



049, 000 
438, 000 

782, 000 
612, 000 

034, 000 
591, 000 
258,000 
534,000 
164, 000 
432, 000 
654,000 
654, 000 
341,000 



1919 



7, 232, 000 
568, 251, 000 

61, 792, 000 
36, 910, 000 



3, 626, 000 
1, 159, 217, 000 

65, 442, 000 
74, 985, 000 

62, 262, 000 
2, 748, 000 
4, 415, 000 

22, 536, 000 
8, 661, 000 

33, 076, 000 
592, 000 

17, 496, 000 
5, 279, 000 



7, 700, 00 
340, 391, 000 

84, 223, 000 
23, 524, 00O 



5, 526, 000 
979, 873, 000 

64, 324, 000 
72, 474, 000 

84, 044, 000 

2, 517, 000 

5, 623, 000 

32, 539, 000 

10, 334, 000 

41,893,000 

309,000 

19, 715, 000 

5, 704, 000 



1 From figures of the Bureau of Markets, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



653 



Imports of preserved, condensed, or evaporated milk in 1920 came 
largely from Canada and the Netherlands. Statistics of imports 
since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: 




Below is given a comparison, by months, for 1920 and 1921 of milk 
preserved or condensed, provided for in paragraph 24 of the emer- 
gency tariff act of 1921: 



Month. 



January... 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September 
October. . . 
November 
December. 



Quantity. 


1920 


1921 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


2, 574, 763 


162, 659 


1, 689, 294 


1, 600, 135 


1, 250, 926 


1, 412, 500 


1, 436, 055 


1, 152, 509 


702, 811 


2, 684, 392 


4, 196, 279 


354, 681 


4, 584, 718 


623, 398 


2, 628, 895 


594, 007 


1, 190, 632 


3,501 


1, 560, 298 


34, 963 


978, 867 


43, 390 


962, 242 


• 1, 491 



Value. 



1920 



$344, 525 
219, 528 
175, 216 
227, 046 
105, 382 
537, 576 
676, 513 
387, 928 
180, 575 
183, 686 
147, 755 
146, 081 



1921 



$51, 134 

227, 930 

243, 525 

197, 512 

418, 394 

47, 672 

110, 079 

109, 378 

368 

7,539 

6,133 

679 



Exports of condensed milk increased tremendously, being 
551,139,000 pounds, valued at $72,825,000 in 1918 (fiscal year), as 
compared with an average of 15,773,900 pounds for 1910-1914. In 
1918 (fiscal year) the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and Cuba 
were the principal destinations of exports. Statistics for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



I 1 ) 



Condensed and evaporated milk: 

Quantity (pounds) \ 551,139,754 | 852,865,414 

Value I 872,824,897 ! §121,893,337 ! 

Sweetened condensed milk: 

Quantity (pounds) (i) (i) ; 277,132,114 

Value \ ! $47,566,834 

Unsweetened evaporated milk: 

Quantity (pounds) (i) (i) ! 133,945,868 

Value $16, 672, 432 

Powdered milk: 

Quantity (pounds) (i) (i) 3,172,039 

Value $999, 754 



C 1 ) 



72, 001, 461 
$12, 284, 353 

145, 129, 067 
$15, 493, 458 

7, 166, 177 
$1, 124, 594 



1 Sweetened condensed, unsweetened evaporated, and powdered milk not separately reported until 1920 

Important changes in classification. — Milk or cream preserved or 
condensed or sterilized by heating or other processes was free under 
paragraph 547 of the act of 1913, and milk, so prepared, including 
the weight of the immediate coverings, is dutiable under paragraph 
24 of the emergency tariff act of 1921. In previous laws all milk 



654 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

preparations, including products differing widely in value and in the 
amount of raw milk used per pound of product, were grouped together 
and were dutiable at the same rate. The present classification dis- 
tinguishes them, and the duty is distributed more nearly according to 
value. The first two clauses cover condensed and evaporated canned 
milk. The "all other" clause covers condensed or evaporated bulk 
milk, which is usually condensed to a greater degree than the canned 
product. The last clause provides for " filled milk" (condensed 
skimmed milk in which other fat has been substituted for the butter 
fat) and for other milk preparations. 

Suggested changes. — In view of judicial constructions narrowing the 
word " compound," it might be well to insert after the word " com- 
pounds," in line 21, page 86, of H. E. 7456, the words "or mixtures," 
making the phrase read "compounds or mixtures of or substitutes 
for milk or cream." 

"All other" is indefinite; "in other containers" might be substi- 
tuted. 



PARAGRAPH 709. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 709. Butter, 8 cents per pound; 
oleomargarine, 8 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 245. Butter and substitutes there- Par. 195. Butter and butter substi- 
for, six cents per pound. tutes, 2\ cents per pound. 12 

BUTTER AND OLEOMARGARINE. 

(See Survey G-7.) 

Description and uses.— Butter is by far the most important milk 
product. In 1919 it constituted two-thirds of the combined value of 
condensed milk, cheese, and butter. One hundred pounds of aver- 
age milk (3.5 per cent butter fat) produce about 4.2 pounds of but- 
ter. In the large markets butter is carefully graded, the quality 
being determined according to certain standards based on flavor, 
body, color, amount of salt, and condition of package. Imports com- 
pete more directly with one or more of these well-defined grades 
according to their quality. 

Oleomargarine, the legal term under the internal-revenue oleomar- 
garine act of 1886 for all butter substitutes, may be divided into 
three classes — (1) that made exclusively of animal oils and fats 
(chiefly oleo oil and neutral lard) , (2) that made of a mixture of ani- 
mal and vegetable oils, and (3) that exclusively of vegetable oils 
(mostly coconut, peanut, and cottonseed oils). In 1920 about 1 per 
cent of the total production was of the first class, 46 per cent of the 
second class, and 53 per cent of the third class. An internal-revenue 
tax of 10 cents per pound is imposed on colored oleomargarine and 
one-fourth of 1 cent per pound on uncolored. In consequence the 

U Butter and substitutes therefor, 6 cents per pound. (Par. 21, emergency tariff act of 1921 .) Oleomar- 
garine iri packages of less than 10 pounds prohibited by act of Aug. 2, 1886, sec. 10. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



655 



latter makes up 96 per cent of the amount produced. The internal- 
revenue tax on imports of both colored and uncolored is 15 cents 
per pound in addition to the duty, and imports in packages contain- 
ing less than 10 pounds are prohibited. 

Production. — The quantity of butter manufactured in factories rose 
from 420,126,546 pounds in 1899 to 769,809,781 pounds in 1914 and 
to 938,505,382 in 1919. The leading States in 1914 were Wisconsin 
(116,149,000 pounds), Minnesota (111,165,000 pounds), and Iowa 
(92,405,000 pounds). Farm and factory output was about 
1,706,000,000 pounds in 1914 and 1,649,000,000 pounds in 1919. 
The factory output has increased, while the farm production has 
diminished. Production of butter substitutes was 95,397,000 pounds 
in 1912 and 370,730,000 pounds in 1920. 

Imports of butter and butter substitutes form a small part of our 
consumption. Normally Canada and Denmark are the chief sources. 
In 1917, 523,573 pounds, valued at $197,767, were imported — from 
Canada, 311,257 pounds; from Denmark, 149,078 pounds; and from 
New Zealand, 50,400 pounds. Later statistics follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1,479,114 
6,961,950 
37,626,045 
12,006,610 


$516, 175 

3,481,976 

18,793,055 

5, 122, 147 


$36,978 
174,048 
940,651 


Per cent. 
7.16 


1919 


5.00 


1920 


5.01 


1921 (9 months) ... 









Over 50 per cent of the imports in 1920 came from Denmark. 
Canada, Argentina, and the Netherlands were the other important 
sources. 

Below are statistics, 13 by months, for 1920 and 1921 of butter and 
butter substitutes provided for in paragraph 21 of the emergency 
tariff act of 1921: 



Month. 



Quantity. 



1920 



Pounds. 

January 334, 135 

February , 1, 095, 813 

March 3, 151, 640 

April I 5, 065, 020 

May : 1, 710, 519 

June I 3, 186, 559 

July 8,311,404 

August I 2, 737, 265 

September | 2, 574, 064 

October ! 2,455,315 

November j 2,798,684 

December | 4,033,754 



1921 



Pounds. 

3,811,905 

1, 896, 938 

4, 265, 581 

1, 370, 222 

54,637 

33,884 

191,748 

149,886 

397,929 

1,858,409 

1,925,560 

2,601,689 



Value. 



1920 



$194,643 
633, 162 
1, 764, 935 
2, 666, 339 
797, 700 
1, 565, 911 
4, 166, 032 
1, 252, 427 
1,125,445 
1,104,944 
1,419,528 
1,955,393 



1921 



$1, 831, 708 

867, 883 

1,796,751 

355,944 

17,973 

18,750 

60,925 

65, 211 

142,950 

695,982 

711,008 

827, 162 



Exports. — From 1909 to 1913 this country ranked twelfth among ex- 
porting countries. Denmark averaged 195,530,000; Russia, 150,- 
294,000; Australia, 77,859,000; the Netherlands, 75,133,000; and 
the United States, 4,125,000 pounds. Exports increased greatly 



w Figures are for butter only, beginning July, 1921. 



656 

during the war, being 26,835,092 pounds in 1917, of which 20,839,000 
pounds went to the United Kingdom and 1,323,653 to Canada. 
Exports of oleomargarine increased from 2,967,000 pounds in 1913 
to 5,561,000 pounds in 1917, with the British West Indies the best 
customer. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as 
follows : 



Butter: 

Quantity pounds 

Value 

Oleomargarine: 

Quantity pounds 

Value 



1918 



26, 194, 415 
$10, 868, 953 

8, 909, 108 
$2, 398, 908 



1919 



34, 556, 485 
$17, 504, 446 

22, 939, 589 
$6, 576, 760 



1920 



17, 487, 735 
$10,142,403 

16, 557, 746 
$4, 567, 120 



1921 
(9 months). 



6, 636, 749 
$2,679,809 

2, 642, 036 
$543, 503 



Important changes in classification. — Ci Oleomargarine " is used 
instead of " butter substitutes." 

Suggested changes. — In order to assure the classification of all 
butter substitutes under this paragraph, the words "and other 
butter substitutes" should be added after ''oleomargarine." 



PARAGRAPH 710. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 710. Cheese, valued at less than 
30 cents per pound, 5 cents per pound; 
valued at 30 cents or more per pound, 25 
per centum ad valorem; cheese substi- 
tutes, 5 cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913 



Par. 246. Cheese, and substitutes Par. 196. Cheese and substitutes there- 
therefor, six cents per pound. for, 20 per centum ad valorem. 14 

CHEESE. 

(See Survey G-7.) 

Description and uses. — Cheese is made by separating the curd or 
casein and portions of the fat and other constituents of milk from the 
whey. There are more than 150 varieties. The principal kinds of 
hard cheese are Cheddar, English Cheshire and Stilton, the Dutch 
Edam and Gonda, the Schweitzer (Swiss) , and the Italian Parmesan 
and Gorgonzola. Of the soft cheeses, the principal are Brie, Camem- 
bert, Neufchatel, Limberger, Philadelphia cream, and cottage. Some 
fancy brands of cheese are made by mixing with cream, butter, or 
oils. Many foreign cheeses are now successfully made here, but more 
than nine-tenths is the familiar standard variety, Cheddar, of which 
there are three grades — "full cream," from whole milk; "skims," 
from skimmed or partly skimmed milk; and "filled," in which oleo 
or neutral lard is substituted for butter fat. 



" Cheese, and substitutes therefor, 23 per centum ad valorem. (Par. 22, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



657 



Filled cheese, marketed as full-cream cheese, was formerly a serious 
form of adulteration or substitution. An internal-revenue tax of 1 
cent per pound is now levied on the manufacture of filled cheese and 
8 cents per pound on imports. At present practically none is pro- 
duced here, and none is imported. 

Production in 1914 was 370,278,599 pounds of factory cheese, valued 
at $50,377,018. Of this, 332,690,891 pounds were "full cream" and 
18,318,437 pounds "part cream." In 1909, 97.1 per cent of the 
product was made in factories; in 1914 there were 2,843 factories. 
Wisconsin produced 55.6 per cent of the total in 1914 and New York 
26.4 per cent. During 1909-1914 the total production increased by 
59,152,282 pounds or 19.01 per cent; the increase in Wisconsin was 
39.07 per cent and the decrease in New York was 7.2 per cent. In 
1919, factory production amounted to 475,331,000 pounds, valued at 
$137,281,000, while the amount produced on farms amounted to only 
6,600,000 pounds, valued at $2,300,000. 

Imports of cheese from 1911 to 1915 averaged 50,499,356 pounds 
per annum. In 1918 (fiscal year) Argentina supplied 83.9 per cent, 
whereas before the war Italy and Switzerland led, nearly one-half 
coming from the former (Parmesan and Gorgonzola) and one-third 
from the latter (Schweitzer). A large proportion of these imports 
are fancy foreign varieties not extensively manufactured here. Im- 
ports increased from 48,449,902 pounds in 1913 to 64,497,471 pounds 
in 1914, with duties of $2,906,947 and $2,532,742, respectively. 
Later imports of cheese and substitutes therefor have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
6, 931, 975 
7, 399, 520 
14,592,403 
15, 510, 764 


$2,740,146 
3, 005, 420 
5, 237, 84-1 
5, 196, 274 


$547,995 

600, 504 

1, 047, 564 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 .s. 


20 


1921 (9 months) 








.... 



In 1920, 62 per cent came from Argentina, 10 per cent from France, 
and smaller amounts from Italy, Switzerland, and Canada. 

Below is given a comparison 15 by months for 1920 and 1921 of 
cheese and substitutes therefor, provided for in paragraph 22 of the 
emergency tariff act of 1921: 



Month. 



Quantity. 



1920 



Pounds. 

January 1, 155, 278 

February 667, 497 

March ..." 1, 335, 924 

April 740, 158 

May .v 2. 307, 554 

June 1 . 822, 027 

Julv , 1,042, 791 

August i 660, 963 

September 961, 450 

October 1, 780, 698 

November 1, 739, 351 

December 1, 780, 034 



1921 



Pounds. 
1,844,115 
713,324 
1,342,192 
1,558,123 
1,469,677 
1,691,860 
1, 253, 505 
3,091,008 
2,570,827 
3, 952, 650 
3,980,147 
3, 398, 876 



Value. 



1920 



$458,429 
221,492 
483, 155 
187,130 
810,282 
661,205 
381,814 
241,689 
323, 180 
629, 866 
640, 186 
618, 607 



1921 



$661,438 

226,668 

466,874 

505,871 

465, 717 

528,964 

353,666 

1,057,019 

847, 963 

1, 203, 140 

1,215,689 

1, 144, 207 



i- Figures are for cheese only, beginning July, 1921. 
82304—22 42 



658 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports increased from an average of 4,915,501 pounds for 1910- 
1914 to 52,527,576 pounds for 1915-1918. In 1912, an average year, 
the United Kingdom took 3,822,735 out of a total of 6,337,559 
pounds. Other important purchasers were Canada, the British West 
Indies, Panama, Mexico, and Cuba. During the war most of the large 
increases went to the United Kingdom — 55,399,101 out of 66,050,013 
pounds in 1917. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been 
as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


48,404,672 
$11,735,266 


14,159,721 
$5,349,577 


16, 291, 5^29 
$5,054,253 


10,437,719 
$2,363,072 


Value 





Important changes in classification. — -A specific duty is imposed on 
the cheaper varieties of cheese. Imports valued at less than 30 cents 
per pound are those which compete with the great bulk of domestic 
production. The many varieties of imported cheese have so wide a 
range in value that a simple specific duty might bear lightly on the 
most expensive and heavily on the cheapest. The method of differ- 
ent specific rates on different classes of cheese can not well be applied 
because there is no way of definitely classifying the varieties according 
to value. 



PARAGRAPH 711. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 711. Birds, live: Poultry, 2 cents 
per pound ; all other, valued at $5 or less 
each, 50 cents each; valued at more than 
$5 each, 20 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 289. Poultry, live, three cents per 
pound; * * *. 

Par. 510. Birds and land and water 
fowls [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 



229. Poultrv, live, 1 cent per 

* * * 



Par 

pound 

Par. 416. Birds and land and water 
fowls, not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



POULTRY. 

Description and uses.— Most of the specialized poultry farms are in 
the Atlantic and Pacific coast sections, near the great centers of 
population. The demand is largely supplied by general farms, where 
poultry-raising is incidental to other farm operations. Cold-storage 
facilities and rapid transit have greatly influenced the poultry indus- 
try, in equalizing prices and making possible the importation of 
foreign products. 

Production of poultrv has increased but little in recent years. In 
1909, 488,468,364 fowlsof all kinds were raised. Of these 461,000,000, 
or 94 per cent, were chickens; the rest consisted of geese, ducks, 
turkeys, and pigeons. In 1920, 474,000,000 chickens were raised, 
which would indicate about 500,000,000 fowls of all kinds. About 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



659 



half of the chickens were raised in the North Central States, i. e., in or 
adjacent to the corn belt. Four times as many chickens were raised 
in this region as in the North Atlantic and Pacific States, where the 
greater number of the specialized poultry farms are located. 

Imports. — Following the reduction of the duty on live poultry 
from 3 cents to 1 cent, imports of live poultry in 1914 were 954,624 
pounds compared with 366,854 pounds in 1913. There were large 
increases during the war. The annual receipt of live poultry during 
1911-1914 averaged 602,418 pounds. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918... 




Pounds. 

676, 765 
1,326,440 
1, 592, 952 

373, 498 


$160,842 
315,710 
425, 222 
89, 267 


$6, 768 
13,261 


1919. .. 


1920... 


15, 929 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports of poultry and game (not segregated) amounted to 1,241,144 
pounds in 1918 (fiscal year) — 1,090,288 pounds of which went to 
the United Kingdom, 7i,091 pounds to Panama, and 23,861 pounds 
to Canada. The value of exports for later calendar years was as fol- 
lows: 1919, $4,560,278; 1920, $756,748; 1921 (9 months), $936,873. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Note on Para- 
graph below. 

BIRDS, OTHER THAN POULTRY. 

Description and uses. — The principal birds coming under this 
provision are canary birds, the imports of which are of relatively 
small value, and also some high-priced birds such as parrots. 

Production. — No statistics available. 

Imports have ranged in normal years from 300,000 to 500,000. 
About 60 per cent of these have been canary birds. Some of these 
birds are of so little value that it would be difficult to determine the 
basis for an ad valorem rate. Others are rare birds which are sold at 
high prices. Import values for recent calendar years have been as 
follows: Birds— 1918,116,387; 1919, $47,599; 1920, $244,432; 1921 (9 
months), $182,253. Fowls, land and water— 1918, $507; 1919, $4,762; 
1920, $9,217; 1921 (9 months), $4,153. 

Exports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTE ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — A dutiable provision for live 
poultry (par. 229, act of 1913) has been combined with the free-list 
provision for " birds and land and water fowls" (par. 416 of the act of 
1913) and the heading "Birds, live" added. 



660 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 712. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 712. Birds, dead, dressed or un- 
dressed: Poultry, 4 cents per pound; all 
other, 20 per centum ad valorem; all 
the foregoing, prepared or preserved in 
any manner and not specially provided 
for, 22 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



dead, 



Par. 289. Poultry, * * 
five cents per pound. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 227. * * * game birds, dressed, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 229. Poultry, * * * dead, or 
prepared in any manner, including the 
weight of the immediate coverings or 
containers, 2 cents per pound. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 



BIRDS, DEAD. 



Description, uses, and production. — See paragraph 711. 
Imports of dressed poultry during 1911-1914 averaged 419,940 
pounds. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. | Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



POULTRY, DEAD OR PREPARED IN ANY MANNER. 



| Pounds. 

1918 391,633 I $177,S46 

1919 ! 412,297 230,771 

1920 2,867,097 ! 1,200,483 

1921 (9 months) ...] 1,994,666 745,291 



Per cent. 
$7,833 ! 4.40 

8,246 i 3.57 

57.342 , 4.78 



GAME BIRDS, DRESSED. 


191 8 


- 


$1,047 
3,952 
9,871 
3,194 


$314 
1,186 
2,961 


30.00 


1919 


7,091 

14,413 

9,634 


30.00 


1920 


30.00 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — Parts of two paragraphs of 
the act of 1913 (227 and 229) have been combined, to avoid uncer- 
tainty with respect to the scope of "game" birds; the clause regard- 
ing containers has been eliminated as unnecessary and a separate 
provision has been made for poultry, etc., prepared or preserved, 
to take care of a wide range of high-priced specialties such as pate 
defoie.gras, and also such products as canned chicken, goose liver 
paste, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 661 

PARAGRAPH 713. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 713. Eggs of poultry, in the shell, 
6 cents per dozen; whole eggs, egg yolk, 
and egg albumen, frozen or otherwise 
prepared or preserved, and not specially 
provided for, 4 cents per pound; dried 
whole eggs, dried egg yolk, and dried 
egg albumen, 15 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 256. Eggs, not specially provided Par. 4. Dried egg albumen, 3 cents 
for in this section, five cents per dozen, per pound. 

Par. 257. Eggs, dried, fifteen cents per Par. 203. Eggs frozen or otherwise 
pound: eggs, yolk of, twenty-five per prepared or preserved in tins or other 
centum ad valorem; albumen, egg. or packages, not specially provided for in 
blood, three cents per pound; * * *. this section, including the. weight of the 

immediate coverings or containers, 2 
cents per pound; frozen or liquid egg 
albumen, 1 cent per pound. 

Par. 204. Eggs, dried. 10 cents per 
pound; eggs, yolk of, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 478. Eggs of poultry, * * * 
[Free]. 

EGGS OF POULTRY. 

Production. — The domestic production of eggs reaches enormous 
figures: In 1909, 1,575,000,000 dozen were reported, valued at 
$281,000,000. Farm sales amounted to $150,000,000. In 1919 
production amounted to 1,654,000,000 dozens. Although egg pro- 
duction is usually a by-product enterprise, there are large numbers 
of poultry farms and ranches in regions climatically and economically 
favorable, and especially near dense populations, as in New Jerse}^, 
the southeastern counties of Pennsylvania, and at Petaluma, near 
San Francisco. Cold storage and refrigeration in transit have revo- 
lutionized the business, making possible the commercial shipment of 
eggs from Hungary, California, and even China, to Atlantic markets. 
Production is largely seasonal; a surplus is produced during the four 
months beginning with April, placed in cold storage, and marketed 
during the succeeding months of comparative scarcity and higher 
prices. The annual receipts of cities such as New York and Chicago 
approximate 150,000,000 dozens, and of St. Louis and Cincinnati 
50,000,000 dozens. 

Imports of eggs in the shell during 1911-1913 averaged about 
1,000,000 dozens. The removal of the duty of 5 cents per dozen 
in 1913 was followed by a great increase in imports from Hungary, 
from Russia (via Germany), and especially from China, which 
subsequently became the chief source of foreign supplies with the 
loss of European sources during the war. From 1914 to 1921, 
inclusive, the average annual importation amounted to 1,906,000 
dozens. In China 2 to 3 dozens can be bought at seaports for the 
price of 1 dozen here; when carefully selected and handled, these 
eggs can be placed on the American market and sold to bakers, 
who use principally cheaper grades known as "seconds." Chinese 



662 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



eggs are marketed chiefly at New York. Since 1917 imports of eggs 
in the shell have been, by calendar years, as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (dozens) 


1,244,728 
$362,665 


1,247,355 
$394,629 


1,708,701 
$617,909 


2,707,923 
$794,352 


Value ... . 





Exports. — The annual exports of eggs of poultry have varied from 
15,400,000 dozens to 38,327,000 dozens between 1912 and 1921, 
and have averaged 28,600,000 dozens. Previous to the war they 
went principally to Cuba, Mexico, Panama, and Canada. A part 
of the exports to Canada were regraded and forwarded to England. 
During the war heavy shipments were made direct to England, 
but during 1921 these virtually ceased; Cuba, Mexico, and Canada 
again are the chief customers. Exports of eggs since 1917 by calendar 
years have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (dozens) 


20,938,278 

$8,428,214 


38,789,470 
$18,812,231 


26,841,772 
$13,569,144 


21,195,249 


Value 


$6, 735, 772 







Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 664. 

FROZEN EGGS. 

Description and uses. — Of the three methods of preserving eggs 
removed from the shell — (1) freezing, (2) drying or desiccating, 
and (3) adding preservatives — the first two produce food if the 
material used is wholesome, while the third gives a product known 
as "liquid" eggs or liquid albumen and yolk, which, under the pure 
food and drugs act, must be denatured, or rendered unfit for other 
than industrial purposes. 

Commercial frozen eggs, frozen albumen and yolk (eggs that are 
graded, broken, and frozen in large containers, the whites and yolk 
being first either mixed, when whole eggs are desired, or separated 
in the case of the other products) are extensively used by establish- 
ments (principally cake bakers) which consume large quantities of 
eggs. There is a large demand for the separated albumen and yolk, 
as well as for the whole egg. Apart from being cheaper, the frozen 
product has advantages over the shell egg in long distance trans- 
portation; its importation in this form saves space and storage, 
and eliminates breakage and other waste. 

Liquid eggs, liquid yolk, and especially liquid and dried albumen 
are used in the industries, the first two in tanning leather, while 
albumen is extensively used in the textile industries, in finishing paper, 
sensitizing photographic plates, and thickening inks. 

Production. — Most of the " egg-breaking" plants are located near 
the important sources of raw materials, chiefly in the Middle West. 
In manufacture, the commercial grade of " seconds" is employed. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



663 



The industry furnishes an outlet for, and prevents the loss of, millions 
of dozens of inferior eggs, which, though still wholesome, often 
may not be profitably transported or stored. Indicative of the 
importance of this industry may be cited the fact that 15,800,000 
pounds of frozen eggs, equivalent to about 14,000,000 dozen fresh 
eggs, were reported in cold storage in September, 1918, at the close 
of the principal breaking season. 

Imports of frozen eggs were negligible prior to 1914; in that year 
those of frozen eggs amounted to 2,647,974 pounds, valued at 
$305,232, and of frozen albumen to 259,587 pounds, valued at 
$4,067. Imports increased steadily thereafter until their prohibition 
effective from June, 1918, to February, 1919. After the removal of the 
prohibition the volume of imports again increased. Egg products are 
imported almost exclusively from China, where the industry has rapidly 
developed under American, European, and Japanese capital. Eng- 
land, the center of the egg trade, usually has taken the greater 
part of Chinese exports. American receipts are chiefly at New 
York, Seattle, and San Francisco. 

Statistics of imports of eggs and egg products follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value.. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
i ad valorem. 


WHOLE EGGS, 


FROZEN. 






1918 


Pounds. 
1, 099, 251 
3, 104, 687 
9, 187, 355 
6, 707, 659 


$142, 296 

519, 784 

1, 503, 932 

982, 284 


$21, 985 
62, 094 
183, 747 


Per cent. 
15.45 


1919 


11.95 


1920 


12.22 


1921 (9 months) 










YOLK OF EGGS, FRO 


ZEN OR DRIED. 






1918 


7, 132, 207 
6, 737, 847 
9, 109, 774 
9, 017, 652 


$2, 204, 140 
2, 649, 259 
3, 443, 048 
2, 472, 128 


$220, 309 
264, 926 
344,305 




1919 


10.00 


1920 


10.00 


1921 (9 months) 










EGG ALBUMEN, FR02 


JEN OR LIQUID. 






1918 

1919 

1920 ! 

1921 (9 months) 


1, 424, 128 

2, 573, 271 
3, 113, 008 
4,004,356 


1150, 189 
399, 643 
582, 426 
528, 997 


$14, 241 
25, 733 
31, 130 


9.48 
6.44 
5.34 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 664. 

DRIED EGGS. 

Description and uses. — Either the whole egg broken out of the shell, 
or the white and yolk separated, on being subjected to the application 
of heat, have the water content (about 73 per cent) reduced by 
more than 90 per cent; thus a pound of the dried product equals 
from 36 to 40 eggs in the shell. 

From 10 to 11 eggs in the shell will make 1 pound of frozen or one- 
third pound dried egg. One pound of dried egg equals 3.5 pounds of 



664 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



frozen or liquid whole egg, or 3 dozen shell eggs. One pound of dried 
albumen is equivalent to about 7 pounds of frozen or liquid albumen. 
One pound of dried yolk is equivalent to about 2 pounds of frozen 
or liquid yolk. 

Dried eggs have a wider range of usefulness than frozen eggs, 
since the dried product can be used in the household, and in camps, 
etc., where fresh eggs and refrigerating facilities are not available. 
Dried eggs are also used somewhat in hospitals and other institutions. 
Dried whole eggs and yolks are mainly consumed by pie and pastry 
bakers: dried albumen by cake, pie, and pastry bakers and con- 
fectioners. Quantities are also used in the arts. 

Production. — In the United States the drying industry is of little 
importance as compared with that of freezing eggs. It has virtually 
ceased since 1916 owing to competition with China. 

Imports of dried-egg products, almost exclusively from China, 
increased enormously after the reduction of the import duties. 
American plants operating in China supply only a small part of 
domestic consumption. Prior to 1914 imports were negligible, the 
domestic demand being supplied by domestic manufacturers. In 
1914 the total imports of dried-egg products amounted to about 
1,700,000 pounds. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


DRIED EGGS. 


1918 


Pounds. 
366, 189 
2, 643, 302 
2, 719, 276 
1, 420, 802 


$124, 785 

1, 562, 587 

1, 251, 843 

599, 271 


$36, 619 

264, 330 

271, 928 




Per cent. 
29.34 


1919 


16.92 


1920 


21.72 


1921 (9 months) 










- 


DRIED EGG ALBUMEN. 






1918 




2, 311, 979 


$1, 533, 107 
4, 148, 522 
3, 041, 968 
1, 626, 199 


£69,359 4.52 


1919 


4, 060, 361 
2, 719, 582 
1, 958, 609 


121,811 ] 2.94 


1920 


81,587 ■ 2.68 


1921 (9 months) 






j 



Exports of yolk and canned eggs have never been of more than 
slight importance. They were valued at less than $50,000 in prewar 
years. Kecent exports,^ which have gone largely to Great Britain, 
have been valued by calendar years as follows: 1918, $718,066; 1919, 
$131,747; 1920, $309,651; 1921 (nine months), $126,575. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Paragraphs 4 (chemical 
schedule) , 203 and 204 (agricultural schedule) , and 478 (free list) of 
the act of 1913, all relating to eggs and egg products, have been com- 
bined in one dutiable paragraph in the agricultural schedule of H. R. 
7456. This combination is warranted by the nature and uses of these 

Ero ducts. The more definite term "eggs of poultry, in the shell" has 
een substituted for "eggs of poultry" (par. 478, act of 1913) or 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



665 



"eggs, not specially provided for in this section" (act of 1909), in 
order definitely to include all eggs in the shell, whether or not treated 
by a preservative. The adjective ''whole" has been added to the 
provisions for dried and frozen eggs to differentiate them from the 
separated yolk and albumen; separate provision has been made for 
dried and frozen egg yolk, and the clause with respect to containers 
has been dropped as unnecessar}^. 



PARAGRAPH 714. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 186. Horses and mules, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 



Par. 714. Horses and mules, valued at 
not more than $150 per head, $30 per 
head; valued at more than $150 per head, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 227. Horses and mules, valued at 
one hundred and fifty dollars or less per 
head, thirty dollars per head; if valued 
at over one hundred and fifty dollars, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

HORSES. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph applies only to horses of 
common stock. Animals of recognized breed, immigrants' teams, and 
animals imported temporarily for show purposes are free. (See pars. 
1507 and 1508.) The average farm price of horses reached $104 in 
1918, but declined to $82 in 1921. Prices of five or six classes are 
quoted on the Chicago market, in 1920 ranging from an average of 
$88 for " southern chunks" to $242 for " drafters.'' 

Production. — The total number of horses on farms and elsewhere 
declined from 23,01G*,000 in 1910 to 21,492,000 in 1920. Most of this 
decline was in the number not on farms. The decrease was no doubt 
chiefly due to the increased competition of motor cars, trucks, and 
tractors. The registration of motor cars in 1920 was 8,370,000 and 
of trucks 842,000, while in the same year 163,000 tractors were sold 
in the country. 

Imports of horses, principally from Mexico, Canada, France, and 
Belgium, reached the maximum in 1914, after the reduction of the 
duty from 25 per cent to 10 per cent. In that year a total dutiable 
import of 23,866 horses was valued at $924,417, producing a revenue 
of $107,191. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918.. 


Number. 
3,376 
4,188 
3, 835 
2,237 


$432,221 
500,964 
562,036 
343,346 


$43,214 
50,084 
56,131 


Per cent. 


1919... 


10 


1920 




1921 (9 months) 











Exports reached 357,553 head in 1916. In that year France received 
52.4 per cent of the horses, the United Kingdom, 13.6 per cent, and 
Canada, 23 per cent. The exports to France and Italy were large 



G66 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



during the war. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as 
follows : 



1918 



1919 



Number 51,170 

Value $9,858,475 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



19,691 
$2,856,396 



14,338 
$2,716,400 



10,180 
$1,365,620 



In 1920, half of the exports went to Canada. Other important 
destinations were Mexico, Cuba, and the United Kingdom. 

MULES. 

Production. — Statistics show a steady increment in the number of 
mules on farms, the increase being from 4,210,000 in 1910 to 5,451,000 
in 1920. The average farm value in January, 1921, was $116. 
Texas has 792,000, and Missouri, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and 
Alabama each have over 300,000 mules. 

Imports reached their maximum in 1914 after the reduction of 
duty, numbering 16,992, with a value of $428,380. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Number. 

1,426 

560 

490 

132 


$41,946 
24,446 
43,226 
16,245 


$4,195 
2,295 
4,275 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 




4920 




1921 (9 months) 










Exports increased from an average of 5,125 for the years 1910- 
1914 to 136,689 in 1917. Canada, Cuba, and Mexico were the im- 
portant destinations before the war, but in 1915 the United Kingdom 
received 61,160. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as 
follows : 





| 
1918 1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Number 


17,319 7,122 
$3, 360, 653 $1, 189, 180 


9,089 
$1, 866, 343 


5,015 




$383, 513 







In 1920, of the total number exported, Mexico received 57 per cent 
and Cuba, 22 per cent. 



PARAGRAPH 715. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 715. Black or silver foxes, $350 
per head. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 229. All other live animals, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 187. All live animals not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



667 



BLACK OR SILVER FOXES. 

Description and uses. — The black or silver fox is raised in captivity 
for its beautiful and valuable pelt. ' The fur is especially prized for 
neckpieces and muffs. Only in recent years has the industry been 
developed in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Massachu- 
setts, and other northern States, but it has nourished in Canada, espe- 
cially in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and 
Quebec for the last 40 years. 

Ordinary pelts range in price from $50 to $200 or $300, while the 
better pelts bring as much as $1,000 to $1,200. A common price for 
a pair of good breeding animals is $2,500, although poorer animals 
are sold as low as $500 per pair. 

Production. — In April, 1921, there were over 200 fox farms in the 
United States, having about 5,000 breeding animals. The number 
was doubtless considerably increased during the year. In Canada 
there were 424 fox farms in 1919, possessing 7,181 silver foxes, 
valued at $3,111,000. 

Imports consist mostly of breeding animals from the eastern 
Provinces of Canada, where the breeders' association has established a 
stud book for pure-bred animals. No separate statistics of imports 
are available. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



PARAGRAPH 716. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 716. Live animals, vertebrate and 
invertebrate, not specially provided for, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 229. All other live animals, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 187. All live animals not specially 
provided for in this section, 10 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 619. * * * all other domestic 
live animals suitable for human food not 
otherwise provided for in this section 
[Free]. 



LIVE ANIMALS, N. S. P. F. 



Production figures are not available. 

Imports were valued at $153,373 in 1916 and $152,983 in 1917, 
yielding revenues of $15,337 and $15,272, respectively. Detailed 
statistics for later years follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


ASSES AND BURROS. 


1918 


Number. 

236 

45 

39 


$9, 370 
361 
616 


> Per cent. 
$937 1 10 
9 


1919 


1920 


34 









668 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


DOGS. 


1918 


197 

840 

1,235 

1,059 


$5, 917 
28, 489 
46,850 
38, 892 


$592 | 10 
2,849 | 10 
4,685 ! 10 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 






ALL ANIMALS NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. 


1918 




$91,316 $9,132 
208,592 20,846 
351 424 35 142 


10 


1919 


5,135 
5,436 
4,931 




1920 


in 


1921 (9 months) 


89 033 












Exports of all other animals (including fowls), for calendar years, 
have been as follows: 1918, $288,645; 1919, $464,702; 1920, $702,218; 
1921 (9 months), $797,318. 

Important changes in classification. — The words " vertebrate and 
invertebrate" have been added to make the provision applicable 
to bees, snails, frogs, lizards, etc., as well as to quadruped animals. 
Domestic live animals for food are exempt from duty under para- 
graph 619 of the act of 1913. 



PARAGRAPH 717. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 717. Honey, 2\ cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par: 259. Honey, twenty cents per 
gallon. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 206. Honey, 10 cents per gallon. 



HONEY. 



Description and uses. — Commercial honey is divided into two 
classes — comb and extracted. Comb honey and the better grades 
of extracted honey are used for table purposes, while the darker 
and the poorer grades of extracted honey are used in the manufacture 
of fancy cakes and biscuits. Honey possesses a special property 
which preserves and extends the keeping qualities of foodstuffs. 
Invert sugar is the baker's substitute for honey. 

Production on farms was 61,099,290 pounds in 1899, 54,814,890 
pounds in 1909, and 55,224,061 pounds in 1919. These figures include 
only the farm production. If the production in small towns and on 
small farms be included, the total would approximate 150,000,000 to 
200,000,000 pounds. Beekeeping is a side line with many farmers 
and gardeners, but is gradually becoming more important as a main 
enterprise. 

Imports of honey for 1910-1914 averaged 104,517 gallons, valued 
at $57,195, principally from Cuba, Mexico, and Haiti. Following 
the reduction of the duty from 20 cents to 10 cents per gallon, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



669 



imports in 1914 declined to 75,079 gallons, valued at^38,665. They 
increased greatly during the war, but were in large part reexported. 
Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Gallons. 
151, 854 
211, 346 
933, 215 
111, 767 


$237, 820 

279, 860 

1, 235, 759 

76, 696 


$14, 340 


1919 


19,304 


1920 


85, 037 


1921 (9 months) 









In 1920, imports from Cuba amounted to over 40 per cent of the 
total; those from the Dominican Republic, to 16 per cent; from Haiti, 
to .about 10 per cent. 

Exports for 1910-1914 averaged $154,325. They were $135,669 in 
1914, over 55 per cent going to Germany. Later statistics for 
calendar years follow: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



11,598,857 
$2, 223, 396 



1919 



9,075,602 
$1, 955, 091 



1920 



1, 539, 878 
$265, 352 



1921 
(9 months). 



1, 147, 049 
$141, 100 



In 1920 the United Kingdom received 28 per cent of our exports; 
the Netherlands, 21 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — The unit for levying duty has 
been changed from " gallon" to "pound." 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 718. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 718. All fish, fresh, frozen, or 
packed in ice, not specially provided for, 
1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 271. Fresh-water fish not specially 
provided for in this section, one-fourth of 
one cent per pound. 

Par. 272. * * *; herrings, fresh, one- 
fourth of one cent per pound; eels and 
smelts, fresh or frozen, three-fourths of 
one cent per pound. 

Par. 273. Fish, fresh, * * * frozen, 
packed in ice or otherwise prepared for 
preservation, not specially provided for 
in this section, three-fourths of one cent 
per pound; * * * mackerel, halibut, or 
salmon, fresh, * * * one cent per pound. 



Par. 483. Fresh-water fish, and all 
other fish not otherwise specially pro- 
vided for in this section [Free]. 



FISH, FRESH, FROZEN, OR PACKED IN ICE. 

Description and uses. — Under this paragraph are included all fresh 
fish except shellfish, sea herring, and tuna. Because of the variable 



670 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

habitat of many fish it is difficult to classify them, except arbitrarily, 
into the groupings of fresh-water or salt-water fish. The places of 
capture will, in a general way, determine whether they are of the 
fresh or salt-water varieties. Herring and cod are the world's most 
important fish. 

The average consumption of fish per capita in various countries 
is as follows: The United States, about 20 pounds; Japan, 200; 
the United Kingdom, 65; Canada, 57; Sweden, 52; Norway, 44; and 
Denmark, 39 pounds. The United Kingdom leads the world in the 
amount and value of fisheries products; Japan, Norway, the United 
States, Canada, and France follow. 

Production statistics are not uniformly available for recent years. 
It is estimated, however, that the present annual catch of United 
States fisheries amounts to 2,500,000,000 pounds, with a value of 
at least $85,000,000. In 1908, the latest year for which detailed 
statistics have been obtained, the total was 1,893,454,000 pounds, 
valued at $54,031,000. Oysters ranked first, comprising 29 per cent 
of the total value of the 1908 catch; the fish next in importance were 
salmon, cod, shad, lobsters, clams, squeteague, and halibut. The 
fisheries of the Atlantic coast division contributed nearly two-thirds 
of the value of products, an output which corresponds to the propor- 
tion credited to this division of the total national capital invested in 
fishing vessels and boats and to the number of persons engaged. Of 
the domestic fresh-water fish the more important are the carp, lake 
herring, catfish, trout, pike perch, yellow perch, and white fish. 
The lake herring or ciscoe is the most important fish of the Great 
Lakes region, the catch in 1908 being 41,118,000 pounds, valued at 
$989,000. The carp led the fresh-water fish, with 42,763,000 pounds, 
valued at $1,135,000. 

In 1908 the catch of cod was 110,054,000 pounds, valued at 
$2,914,000; of shad 27,641,000 pounds worth $2,113,000; of the com- 
mon weakfish or squeteague, which is abundant along the Atlantic 
coast, 49,869,000 pounds, valued at $1,776,000. Halibut is found 
in the North Atlantic and Pacifbc Oceans, the 1908 catch being 
34,441,000 pounds, valued at $1,562,000. Menhaden, the most 
abundant fish found in domestic waters is valued mainly for oil 
and guano; the catch in 1908 was 394,776,000 pounds, valued at 
$893,000. The mackerel catch was 12,103,000 pounds, valued at 
$848,000; that of herring, 125,050,000 pounds, valued at $796,000. 

Imports of all fish, in the fiscal years 1913 and 1914, were valued at 
$15,330,280 and $18,758,743. In the calendar year 1920 the imports 
were 262,671,266 pounds, valued in foreign markets at $34,122,423. 
Of this total, shellfish (chiefly crab meat from Japan and lobster from 
Canada) constituted $6,345,233. Cured or preserved fish amounted 
to 168,723,182 pounds, valued at $17,241,478, the principal items in 
this group consisting of cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, chiefly from 
Canada and Newfoundland; sardines, chiefly from Norway, Portugal, 
and France ; herring and mackerel, chiefly from the United Kingdom, 
Canada, Newfoundland, and Holland. Fresh fish, exclusive of shell- 
fish, amounted to 113,174,345 pounds, valued at $10,535,712, and 
were received mostly from Canada. The great bulk of the imported 
salmon, halibut, and smelts are received in the fresh state; most of 
the imported cod, haddock, hake, and pollock are cured or preserved, 
and the herring and mackerel are pickled or salted. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



671 



More detailed information concerning imports since 1917 of fresh 
fish are given by calendar years in the following table : 



Fresh-water fish: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Halibut, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, fresh, frozen 
or packed in ice: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Smelts, fresh or frozen: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Salmon, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Mackerel, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Eels, fresh or frozen: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Other fish, n. s. p. f.— fresh, frozen, or packed 
in ice: 

Quantify (pounds) 

Value 

Total fresh fish (except shellfish): 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1918 



41, 442, 824 
$3,200,435 

16,783,580 
$2,079,694 



11,350,424 
$723,513 

5, 154, 783 
$637, 506 

15,192,708 
$916,707 

6,067,238 
$656, 107 



$43, 206 



6,910,936 
$538,256 

113,060,793 
$9,073,944 



1919 



46, 790, 144 
$3,818,607 

17,471,860 
$2, 335, 086 



9, 146, 618 
$468, 187 

6, 202, 946 
$755, 696 

13,746,948 
$826,067 

6,073,698 

$548,874 



1920 



459, 059 
$47,632 



30, 086, 176 
$1,206,696 

135,605,168 
$10, 129, 719 



1921 
(9 months). 



46, 316, 440 
$4,486,248 

17,585,564 
$2,604,813 



8,301,218 
$449, 176 

6,284,641 
$747, 152 

5,649,599 
$664, 216 
l 

5,378,544 j 
$543,807 ! 

665,270 | 
$69, 058 



"14,973,555 
$812,651 

113, 174, 345 
$10,535,712 



33,395,968 
$2,801,917 



16, 636, 092 
$2,181,832 



7,294,426 
$321,011 

4,357,995 

$573,814 

9,401,631 
$979, 237 

4,315,860 
$400, 910 

140, 787 
$14, 288 



7, 108, 789 
$586, 406 

87,231,399 
$7,964,517 



Of the 1920 imports of "fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice," fresh- 
water fish amounted to 41 per cent in quantity and 43 per cent in 
value. The following fish amounted to the specified percentages of 
quantity and value, respectively: Halibut, 16 and 25 per cent;, cod, 
haddock, hake, and pollock, 7 and 4 per cent; herring, 7 and 2 per 
cent; smelts, 6 and .7 per cent; salmon, 5 and 6 per cent; mackerel, 
5 and 5 per cent; and all other, n. s. p. f., 13 and 8 per cent. 

Exports of all fish in the year 1914 amounted to $12,842,173, of 
which salmon, chiefly canned and cured, constituted about 80 per 
cent and oysters 5 per cent. In 1920, exports were $31,498,507, of 
which salmon was less than half. Between 1914 and 1920 a large 
export trade developed in other canned and cured fish, such as canned 
tuna and sardines, and cured or preserved cod, hake, haddock, and 
pollock, the prewar exports of which had been small. 

Our exports of fresh fish have been relatively small. Exports of 
"fresh fish, except salmon" in 1914 were 6,534,460 pounds, valued 
at $366,871, most of the shipments going to Canada and Cuba. 
Unknown quantities of fresh salmon are included in the export classi- 
fication " salmon, except canned and pickled," under which was 
recorded in 1914 a total value of $2,195,309. Later export returns, 
for fresh fish, follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Fresh fish, except salmon: 

Quantity (pounds) 


8,922 615 


10, 162, 596 
$919, 093 

$842, 464 


9, 624, 692 
$840, 641 

$359,364 


7 451 706 


Value 


$832 968 


$575, 623 
$320, 568 


Salmon (except canned and pickled): 
Value 


$313 637 







672 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Important changes in classification. — The fish covered by this par- 
agraph are exempt from duty under paragraph 483 of the act of 1913. 

With a view to simplification, all fresh fish (except shellfish, sea 
herring, and tuna), whether fresh water or salt water varieties, have 
been provided for in this paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 719. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 719. Salmon, pickled, salted, 
smoked, kippered, or otherwise prepared 
or preserved, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
finnan haddie, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
fish, dried, salted or unsalted, If cents 
per pound; fish, skinned or boned, in- 
cluding herring skinned, in bulk, or in 
immediate containers weighing with their 
contents more than thirty pounds each, 
2£ cents per pound, including the weight 
of the immediate container with the 
contents. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 273. Fish, * * * smoked, dried, Par. 216. * * * all other fish, except 
salted, pickled, * * * or otherwise shellfish, in tin packages, not specially- 
prepared for preservation, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per cen- 
provided for in this section, three-fourths turn ad valorem; * * * fish, skinned or 
of one cent per pound; fish, skinned or boned, £ of 1 cent per pound, 
boned, one and one-fourth cents per Par. 483. * * * all other fish not 
pound; * * * salmon, * * * pick- otherwise specially provided for in this 
led, or salted, one cent per pound. section [Free]. 

SALMON. 

(See Survey G-19.) 

Description and uses.— Salmon, finnan haddie, herring, mackerel, 
cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, and other fish, dried, salted or un- 
salted, skinned or boned, and prepared or preserved, are included 
under this heading. The salmon is preeminent among canned fish, 
sardines and tuna ranking next. The two last named are dutiable 
under paragraph 721. 

Production. — The salmon is caught in immense quantities in the 
rivers emptying into the Pacific, from San Francisco to the straits in 
Alaska, the industry centering in Alaska and on the Columbia River 
and Puget Sound. Five general species are packed, varying in size, 
in color and texture of the flesh, and in flavor. The red or sockeye 
and humpback or pink comprise over half of the canned salmon. 
Other brands are chum or keta, coho or silver, and king or spring. 
The prejudice against the paler varieties arises from appearance 
rather than quality. 

In 1918 the domestic catch of salmon was 613,910,343 pounds, of 
which Alaska contributed 516,723,167 pounds and the Pacific coast 
States the remainder. The products of the salmon fisheries are either 
canned or mild cured, smoked, pickled, or sold fresh or frozen. The 
great bulk of the catch is canned, and of this canned salmon the United 
States packs about 90 per cent of the world's output. In the census 
year 1919, the domestic pack of canned salmon was approximately 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



673 



300,000,000 pounds, valued at $56,467,000; the production of mild 
cured salmon was about 13,747,000 pounds, and of smoked and dried 
salmon 5,574,273 pounds. The Alaskan output of pickled salmon in 
1918 was about 11,370,000 pounds. 

Imports in 1914 of salmon other than fresh, were 1,173,261 pounds, 
valued at $90,783. Practically all of such imports were of pickled 
or salted salmon from Canada. Imports since 1917 by calendar years 
follow: 




SALMON, PICKLED OR SALTED. 



1918 


Pounds. 
G37, 622 

1,004,978 
718, 570 
505, 808 


1 
881,984 


Per cent. 


1919 


163,350 




1920 


117,248 




1921 (9 months) 


97,279 











ALMON IN TIN PACKAGES. 



1918. 
1919. 



1921 (9 months) . 



2,393,560 $346,550 



2,740,572 I 

1,509,319 ! 

80.166 ! 




SALMON, DRIED OR SMOKED. 



1918. 



1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



179,555 
139, 736 
306,364 
193, 279 



$28, 101 
27, 161 
56,755 
47, 556 



Exports of canned^ salmon in 1914 were 87,750,920 pounds, valued 
at $7,799,293; and of all other salmon, fresh or cured, $2,195,309. 
Later statistics of exports for calendar years follow: 



191S 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months) . 



Salmon, canned: 

Quantity (pounds) | 91, 101, 734 

Value '. $13, 149, 307 

Salmon, pickled: 

Quantity (barrels) 2, 185 

Value $55, 097 

All other salmon , $313, 637 



169, 750, 672 
$28, 644, 706 

22, 256 
$947, 694 
$842, 464 



64, 832, 363 
$12, 186, 733 

28,636 

$1,402,681 

$359, 364 



28, 402, 776 
$4, 287, 849 

22, 305 

$1,155,011 

$320, 568 



Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 675. 

FINNAN HADDIE. 

Description and uses. — Finnan haddie is a lightly pickled and 
lightly smoked product of the haddock. 

Production in 1919 was 6,707,687 pounds, valued at $579,000, com- 
pared with 4,095,693 pounds, valued at $2,759,000 in 1914. 

Imports and exports. — Not separately stated. 
82304—22 43 



674 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



FISH, DRIED, SALTED, OR UN SALTED. 

Description and uses. — This group includes chiefly the cod, had- 
dock, hake, pollock, and cusk; they are generally known as ground 
fish, and are characterized by a low percentage of oil in the tissues, 
the oil being stored in the livers. Large quantities are further pre- 
pared by skinning and boning. 

Production of all smoked or dried fish amounted in 1919 to 
39,362,345 pounds, with a value of $5,733,000. This census classi- 
fication, however, appears chiefly to include smoked fish. The bulk 
of the dry salted fish seems to have been reported under " salted or 
pickled fish" (see Production, p. 679). 

Import returns do not segregate dried and other cured forms. The 
chief items in the imports of dried fish, however, appear to be the cod 
and related fish, and herring. The following table gives a compari- 
son for the fiscal year 1914 and for later calendar years of imports 
of dried fish, exclusive of salmon. (In a number of instances the 
import returns do not separate dried from other cured forms.) 



1914 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 
months). 



Cod. haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, smoked 
salted, or pickled: 

Quantity (pounds) , 

Value 

Halibut, dried or smoked: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Herring, dried or smoked: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Other fish, dried or smoked: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



38, 446, 163 
SI, 988, 970 



SI, 930 

8, 002, 304 
$218, 897 

7, 679, 010 
S517, 150 



83,458,448 79,460,202 
S7, 020, 357 $7,157,834 



40, 565 
$3,086 

4, 378, 849 
$297, 044 

4, 592, 212 
$589, 966 



74, 348 
$9, 783 

6,120,915 
$397, 265 

6, 126, 691 
$1, 066, 587 



49, 141, 413 
$4,229,638 

97, 231 
$11,375 

10,122,475 
$626, 168 

4, 941, 279 
$723,300 



32,465,066 
$2,157,743 

85,514 
$10, 899 

5, 179, 197 
$160, 735 

2, 173, 130 
$1,342,246 



Exports, likewise, do not segregate dried fish, 
for -recent years are quoted below: 



The available data 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Cod, haddock, hake, and pollock, dried, smoked, or 
cured: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Herring, dried, smoked, or cured: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



31,404,648 
$4, 221, 858 

4, 295, 251 
$437, 991 



42, 058, 547 
$6,560,673 

5, 164, 727 
$502,416 



33, 768, 409 
$4, 818, 693 

7, 863, 518 
$600, 326 



14,799,291 
$1,427,698 

3, 469, 290 
$199,648 



Important changes in classification, — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 675. 



FISH, SKINNED OR BONED. 



Description and uses. — Fish falling under this class represent an 
advanced state of preparation, chiefly of the group cod, haddock, 
hake, and pollock. It is probable that the item of greatest importance 
under ''fish, skinned or boned," is the cod. 

Production of boned fish in 1908 amounted to 38 : 307,000 pounds, 
valued at $3,526,000. The output of cod, boned, was 90 per cent in 
value and 84 per cent in quantity of the total. Herring and haddock 



SUMMAIJY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1W2I. 675 

were the other two fish of some importance ; pollock, hake, and cusk 
were reported in small amounts. 

Imports increased from 2,382,914 pounds in 1913 to 3,154,899 
pounds in 1914 ; and in value from $176,742 to $244,775, respectively, 
the greater part probably coming from Canada. Later statistics 
follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem 


1918 


Pounds. 
2, 374, 938 
2,871,551 
S, 177, 31,8 
2,028,404 


436, 4 12 
442,362 
285,605 


117, 812 
21,587 

23, 830 


Per cent. 
5.03 


1919. . 




4.93 


1920 




5.39 


1921 (9 months) 















Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Most of the fish enumerated in 
this paragraph come within paragraph 483 of the free list of the act 
of 1913. The provision for salmon is intended to include salmon, 
whether canned, smoked, or prepared or preserved in any manner, 
except when packed in oil or oil and other substances (see par. 721). 
Fresh salmon is included in paragraph 718, with all other fresh fish 
n. s. p. f. 

A new provision has been outlined for finnan haddie. This fish has 
not been specially provided for in former tariff acts. 

The clause u fish, dried, salted or unsalted, ; ' is intended to cover 
the group, cod, haddock, pollock, hake, cusk, and stock fish (a 
Norwegian dried, unsalted product) and any other fish similarly 
prepared. 

The clause "fish, skinned or boned, including herring skinned, in 
bulk, or in immediate containers weighing * * */' includes 
fish listed in paragraph 718, in an advanced state of preparation. 
When packed in containers of 30 pounds or less, they would be 
dutiable under the second provision in paragraph 721; and when 
green or wet salted, under the last provision of paragraph 721. 

Suggested changes. — The new plan of fixing duties upon gross 
weight may avoid some losses to importers through the occasional 
opening of barrels to verify the net weights stamped thereon. It has 
been represented to the Commission, however, that assessment of 
duty upon brine would tend to reduce the quantity of brine and 
impair the quality of the imported product. 



PARAGRAPH 720. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 720. Herring and mackerel, 
pickled or salted, whether or not boned, 
when in bulk, or in immediate containers 
weighing with their contents more then 
thirty pounds each, 1£ cents per pound, 
including the weight of the immediate 
container and the brine, pickle, and salt. 



676 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 272. Herrings, pickled or salted, 

* * * one-half of one cent per pound ; 

* * * 

Par. 273. * * * mackerel, * * * 
pickled, or salted, one cent per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 483. * * * all other fish not 
otherwise specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



HERRING AND MACKEREL. 

Description and uses. — Herring is sold fresh to a limited extent, 
only. The bulk of the catch is salted or pickled, and smoked, sold as 
bloaters, or hard smoked and dried. The last named are further 
prepared by skinning and boning. A small quantity is preserved 
by canning. The immature herring is the fish used for sardines in 
the Maine sardine industry. A cured herring industry using the 
Scotch method of salt curing has been developed in Alaska during the 
past few years. The product is the equal of the Scotch cured herring. 

Mackerel, taken on the North Atlantic Coast, are extensively mar- 
keted as fresh fish. The surplus, after the fresh fish markets of this 
country are supplied,, goes to the salters for preparation as salt 
mackerel. In localities remote from fresh fish markets the catches 
are generally salted. A relatively small quantity of mackerel is 
preserved by canning. 

Production. — Herring are taken in greatest abundance on the North 
Atlantic coast and on the Pacific Northwest coast from Puget Sound 
to Alaska. Fresh herring taken off the New England coast in 1919 
amounted to 97,630,195 pounds, valued at $589,093. The catch off 
the Pacific coast was 2,906,033 pounds in 1915. The products of the 
herring fisheries in Alaska in 1917 amounted to $562,002. The do- 
mestic catch of mackerel is taken chiefly off the New England coast. 
In 1919 the fresh mackerel from this region amounted to 14,527,950 
pounds, valued at $1,451,490. 

The, total production of salted or pickled herring for continental 
United States and Alaska in 1919 amounted to 18,823,979 pounds, 
valued at $1,101,000, compared with 22,150,974 poimds, valued at 
$669,000 in 1914. The total production of salted and pickled mack- 
erel in 1919 amounted to 5,162,900 pounds, valued, at $1,006,000, 
compared with 6,224,313 pounds, valued at $520,000 in 1914. 

Imports in 1914 of herring, pickled or salted, amounted to 93,769,564 
pounds, valued at $3,373,249. In the same year imports of mackerel, 
pickled or salted, amounted to 31,496,847 pounds, valued at $1,729,- 
718. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Herring, pickled or salted: 

Quantity (pounds) 


66, 564, 421 
$3, 761, 616 

16, 086, 402 
$1,894,765 


68,024,884 
$4, 663, 693 

19, 129, 330 
$2, 3S9, 769 


50, 449, 414 
$3, 157, 010 

19, 864, 291 
$1, 868, 540 


30,588,329 


Value ' 


$1,929,169 


Mackerel, pickled or salted: 

Quantity (pounds) 


6,330,533 


Value 


$440, 305 







Exports. — Not shown separately. See "Fish, n. s. p. f. pickled 
or salted" (par. 721). 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



677 



Important changes in classification. — Fish covered by this paragraph 
are exempt from duty (unless boned) imder paragraph 483 of the 
act of 1913. Paragraph 720 includes salt and pickled herring and 
mackerel, when in packages weighing more than 30 pounds each; 
these are usually packed commercially in half barrels and barrels, 
as the Scotch-cured herring. Herring and mackerel in barrels and 
half barrels also come from Norway and Holland. The paragraph 
is so worded as to obviate the necessity, in determining the dutiable 
weight, of opening the packages in order to weigh the fish, exclusive 
of the container, brine, pickle, and salt. 

"Whether or not boned" has been added in Order to include in 
this provision, rather than in paragraph 719, such products as Bis- 
marck herring, rollmops, roulade, etc., in pickle or spiced pickle, 
when in packages conforming to the sizes specified. 

When herring and mackerel of the above descriptions are imported 
in containers weighing 30 pounds or less, they are intended to come 
within paragraph 721. 

Suggested changes. — The fish paragraphs have in general been ar- 
ranged according to the degree of advancement in the preparation 
of the products. For this reason paragraphs 719 and 720 should be 
transposed. (See also Suggested changes on page 675.) 



PARAGRAPH 721. 



H. K. 7456. 






SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 721. Fish (except shellfish), by 
whatever name known, packed in oil or 
in oil and other substances, 26 per centum 
ad valorem; all fish ('except shellfish), 
pickled, salted, smoked, kippered, or 
otherwise prepared or preserved (except 
in oil or in oil and other substances), in 
immediate containers weighing with their 
contents not more than thirty pounds 
each, 20 per centum ad valorem; in bulk 
or in immediate containers weighing with 
their contents more than thirty pounds 
each, H. cents per pound, including the 
weight of the immediate container with 
the content?. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 270. Fish (except shellfish) by 
whatever name known, packed in oil, in 
bottles, jars, kegs, tin boxes, or cans, 
shall be dutiable as follows: When in 
packages containing seven and one-half 
cubic inches or less, one and one-half 
cents per bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; 
containing more than seven and one-half 
and not more than twenty-one cubic- 
inches, two and one-half cents per bottle, 
jar, keg, box, or can; containing more 
than twenty-one and not more than 
thirty-three cubic inches, five cents per 
bottle, jar, keg, box, or can; containing 
more than thirty-three and not more than 
seventy cubic inches, ten cents per bottle, 
jar, keg, box, or can; all other fish (ex- 



Par. 216. Fish, except shellfish, by 
whatever name known, packed in oil or 
in oil and other substances, in bottles, 
jars, kegs, tin boxes, or cans, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; all other fish, ex- 
cept shellfish, in tin packages, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 483. * * * all other fish not 
otherwise specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



678 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

cept shellfish) in tin packages, thirty per 
centum ad valorem; fish in packages, 
containing less than one-half barrel, "and 
not specially provided for in this section, 
thirty per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 272. Herrings, pickled or salted, 
smoked or kippered, one-half of one cent 
per pound; * * *. 

Par. 273. Fish, * * * smoked, 
dried, salted, pickled, * * * or other- 
wise prepared for preservation, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, three- 
fourths of one cent per pound; * * * 
mackerel, halibut, or salmon, * * * 
pickled or salted, one cent per pound. 

CANNED FISH, EXCEPT SHELLFISH. 
(See Survey G-19.) 

Description and uses. — Sardines, tuna, and anchovies make up 
nearly all of the total of fish packed in oil, or in oil and other sub- 
stances. The sardine is by far the most important. The Maine 
sardine is prepared from the small herring; the California sardine 
from the pilchard, a fish closely resembling the French pilchard. 
The sprat, pilchard, and brisling, used in Europe for sardines, are 
usually imported canned in oi . Anchovies packed in oil are imported 
in small amounts. The tuna is the only important American fish, 
except sardines canned in oil. 

Olive oil. peanut oil, and cottonseed oil are used in the preparation 
of the sardine, either as a frying substance or for canning. The 
variation in prices of sardines is largely due to varying methods of 
preparation, and to different costs of cottonseed oil and olive oils. 
Various sauces are also often added to impart flavoring. 

Production. — The output of domestic sardines amounted to 
5,012,199 cases in 1914, valued at $6,238,933. In 1919 the output 
was 5,777,935 cases, valued at $20,258,565. A small amount of the 
sardines is not canned in oil, the fish being smoked and prepared 
with sauces, usually mustard and tomato. The canning of tuna fish 
in oil has assumed considerable proportions recently, in 1914 amount- 
ing to 437,090 cases valued at $1,638,675, and in 1919 ; 874,380 cases, 
valued at $5 710,188. About 63 per cent of the sardines were packed 
in Maine and the rest in California. All of the tuna is packed in 
California. Anchovies in oil are not packed in this country. 

In 1919 the output of other canned fish (excluding clams, oysters, 
salmon, sardines shrimp, and tuna, elsewhere separately given), was 
valued at $2,234,000. Among the more important items in this 
group are canned shad and canned roe, mackeral, and herring. 

Imports in 1914, of canned "fish in oil, or in oil and other sub- 
stances" were $3,220,696. These consisted largely of sardines from 
Norway, Portugal. France, and Spain, and of relatively small quanti- 
ties of tuna and anchovies in oil. 

Of other canned fish, imports in 1914 were: Canned herring, 
4,643.158 pounds, $373,648; canned mackerel, 579,239 pounds, 
$41,514; other canned fish (excluding the fish above enumerated, as 
well as salmon and shellfish), $761,100. Later statistics follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



679 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Ad 
Duty. valorem 
i rate. 




CANNED SARDINES, TUNA, AND ANCHOVIES. 




1918 . 





Pounds. 


$183,419 
1,946,154 
3,316,022 
2, 708, 163 


$45, 855 

486,538 

829,005 




Per cent. 
25 


1919. 


5,406,454 
11,734,613 
12,827,424 


25 


1920. . . 


25 


1921 (9 mouths) 










CANNED HERRING. 


1918 


343,468 
1,089,820 
2,963,701 
1,256,927 


$30, 172 
147, 414 
434, 731 
167, 031 


$4,526 
22, 112 
65, 210 


15 


1919 


15 


1920. 


15 


1921 (9 months) 






1 


CANNED MACKEREL. 


1918 




77, 508 

78, 563 
372, 200 
257, 794 


$8,473 
11,656 
54,916 
46 r 068 


$1, 271 
1,748 
8,237 


15 






15 


1920 




15 
















CANNED FISH, N. S. P. t. 


1918 




$246, 976 

1,496,771 

1,462,441 

509, 767 


$37,046 
224, 516 
219,366 


15 


1919 


9, 148, 355 
7,920,204 
3,091,694 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) . . 







t 



Export statistics are not available for fish packed in oil. Canned 
fish (except salmon and shellfish) were valued at $118,836 in 1914. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



r 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Canned fish, except salmon and shellfish: 


$8,609,313 


$6,755,074 


$8, 183, 729 


$1,043,276 







ALL FISH, PREPARED OR PRESERVED, N. S. P. F., IN BULK, ETC. 

Description and uses. — This is a catch-all clause for such prepared 
or preserved fish, shipped in bulk, as do not fall under the more 
specific provisions of other paragraphs relating to fish. Among the 
chief items under this general provision are pickled or salted cod, 
hake, haddock, and pollock, as well as halibut similarly prepared. 

Production of salted or pickled fish in 1919 was 119 ; 6 13,388 pounds. 
Two of the largest items therein, herring and mackerel, are provided 
for in other sections (see pars. 720 and 721, fish in containers of less 
than 30 pounds) ; the production of cod was 63,551,903 pounds, val- 
ued at $12,687,000; haddock, 7,491,146 pounds, $815,000; and a 
group designated as "all other" 24,583,460 pounds, $3,628,000. A 
large proportion of the fish classified as " salted or pickled" by the 



680 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Census appears to be of dry salted fish, especially cod, haddock, hake, 
and pollock. These are included under paragraph 719 on page 674. 
Import statistics are not sufficiently detailed to segregate such fish 
as would fall under this provision. Recent statistics for some kinds 
of pickled fish follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 




ALL FISH, N. S. P. F., PICKLED OR SALTED. 






1918 


Pounds. 
4, 470, 352 
7, 823, 567 
4,995,532 
1, 164, 777 


$272, 523 


1919 •. . 


696,478 


1920 


389,040 


1921 (9 months) . 


105, 798 






HALIBUT, PICKLED OR SALTED. 


1918 




680 

70, 316 

246, 678 

6,400 


$106 


1919 




8,030 


1920 




17, 016 


1921 (9 months) 




1,249 









Exports are combined with other classifications. 

Important changes in classification. — The words "in bottles, jars, 
kegs, tin boxes, or cans" have been omitted, since mention of the 
method of putting up "in oil, or in oil and other substances," appears 
sufficient without specification of containers. 

The clause "all fish (except shellfish), pickled, salted, smoked, kip- 
pered, or otherwise prepared or preserved (except in oil or in oil and 
other substances), * * * is intended to include all fish not 
specially provided for. 

Use of the term "canned" has been avoided because of possible 
difficulties of interpretation. A division at 30 pounds has been made, 
for the reason that while many of these products are packed in small 
containers, others, such as anchovies and herring, are packed in large 
hermetically sealed cans, and sold in such large cans to the retail 
trade, to grocers, etc. 

The provision for fish in containers weighing over 30 pounds is 
intended to include fish in bulk, bundles, and large containers, and 
avoids the necessity of determining what weights constitute a half 
barrel or a barrel. Cod, hake, haddock, pollock, and cusk when 
green or wet salted, in bulk, come within this general provision. 

Suggested changes. — See under Suggested changes on page 675. 

PARAGRAPH 722. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 722. Crab meat, packed in ice or 
frozen, or prepared or preserved in any 
manner, 26 per centum ad valorem; fish 
paste and fish sauce, 28 per centum ad 
valorem; caviar and other fish roe for 
food purposes, packed in ice or frozen, 
prepared or preserved, by the addition 
of salt in any amount, or by other means, 
28 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



681 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 253. * * * fish paste or sauce, 
forty per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 270. * * 



caviar, and other 



preserved roe of fish, thirty per centum 
ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for crab 
meat.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 201. * * * fish paste or sauce, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 216. * * * caviar and other 
preserved roe of fish, 30 per centum ad 
valorem;* 5 )* * *. 

[No corresponding provision for Grab 
meat.] 



CRAB MEAT. 

Description and uses. — The demand for fresh crab meat, such as 
the lobster, has become so great that now only a limited quantity is 
canned. A few canneries are located around Norfolk, Va. The 
crab is first boiled, then the shells are cracked and the meat removed 
by picking, by centrifugal force, or by compressed air. It is packed 
in two grades, the large clear white meat and the mixture of small bits 
and of dark meat. 

Production of canned crab meat in 1908 was 789,000 pounds, valued 
at $166,000. The crab catch off the Pacific Coast States was 3,563,837 
pounds, valued at $196,715, in 1915; the South Atlantic catch was 
458,065 pounds, valued at $28,583, in 1918; and the New England 
catch was 1,869,866 pounds, valued at $54,821, in 1919. 

Imports of crab meat in 1913 amounted to 2,819,752 pounds, 
valued at $448,247. Practically all crab meat now comes from 
Japan. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


3, 154, 1S3 
$1,029,413 


2,889,915 
$1, 066, 248 


4,078,980 
$2, 166, 068 


1,723,719 


Value 


' J5748, 773 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, -page 682. 

FISH PASTE AND FISH SAUCE. 

Description, uses, and production. — Fish paste and sauce are condi- 
ments especially prepared as a seasoning or dressing for fish. Pro- 
duction statistics are not available. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$16,009 
31.597 
54,106 

32, 792 


S3, 941 

:. m 

13, 526 


Ptr cent. 
25 




25 




1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) . 











Exports. — Not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 682. 



682 



Description and uses.— Caviar is the roe of the sturgeon and other 
large fish, prepared in several grades as a food. Next to the sturgeon, 
the spoonbill catfish or paddlefish yields the highest grade of caviar. 
The large demand has led to the use of the roe of other fish, prin- 
cipally the shad and herring. Many of these preserved roes resemble 
sturgeon caviar in color and texture, but are not labeled and sold 
as caviar without qualifying names to indicate their source. A 
product similar to caviar from the roe of pollock has recently been 
marketed. 

Production statistics are not available for recent years. The 
sturgeon found in the Mississippi Valley, in the Great Lakes region, 
and on the Atlantic seaboard being almost extinct, the greater part 
of American " caviar" is necessarily the roe of other fish. In 1908 
the domestic output amounted to 217,000 pounds ; valued at $95,000. 
Florida reported 135,000 pounds, valued at $16,000. In 1919 a 
total of 26 768 cases of fish roe valued at $174,268 was canned in 
this country. 

Of foreign production the highest grades and the largest quan- 
tities of the cheaper grades have in the past been manufactured in 
Russia, principally on the Volga River. Besides the several varieties 
of sturgeon utilized, the roe of the pike perch is used in the manu- 
facture of a red caviar, and of the dog salmon for what is known 
as keta caviar. 

Imports of caviar in 1913 were valued at $184,745 and of other 
preserved roes, $13,180; they increased to $213,320 and $27,182 in 
1914. Later statistics follow: 



1 

i 
Calendar year. j Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


- 


CAVIAR. 




1918 


Pounds. 


$34, 097 

7,715 

65, 793 

26, 755 


$10, 229 
2,314 
19, 738 


Per cent. 
30 


1919. , 


4,%i 
41,601 
12, 286 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 










OTHER PRESERVED ROE OF FISH. 


1918 




$8,524 

35, 804 

32, 097 

8,233 


$2, 557 

10, 741 

9,629 


30 


1919 


131, 966 
120, 979 
38, 795 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports of caviar and other preserved roe of fish in 1909 (the 
last year they were separately given) were valued at $14,883, and 
went mostly to Canada, Cuba, and Central American States. [j 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 



GENERAL NOTES . ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — A new specific provision has 
been added for crab meat. This product is imported in large quan- 
tities, chiefly from Japan and from Norway. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 683 

"Fish paste and fish sauce" have been transferred from para- 
graph 253 of the act of 1909 (par. 201, act of 1913) with a view to 
including in this section of the tariff all dutiable fish and fish pro- 
ducts. 

The portion of the paragraph relating to caviar has been so worded 
as to include roe of fish other than the sturgeon, which is entitled 
to be called " caviar" without a qualifying name. It will include 
"Tarama" (Russian for red caviar, made from roe of the pike- 
perch), "Glossar" (name applied -to fish roe preserved with the 
sac intact), and other fish roe, qualified by the name of the fish 
from which taken, when prepared or preserved for food purposes 
by any manner or means. The clause "by the addition of salt in 
any amount" in connection with the preparation and preservation 
of fish roe has been inserted to include cases where it has been held 
that 10 per cent of salt must be present to constitute preservation 
by salt (T. D. 37701, of 1918), and where the presence of a quantity 
of salt sufficient to preserve in New York during the winter but 
not during the summei was held not to constitute " preservation " 
(MascaMedes v. United States, 6 Ct. Cust. Appls. 399, of 1915). 



PARAGRAPH 723. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS 

Par. 723. Barley, hulled or unhulled, 
15 cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds; 
barley malt, 40 cents per one hundred 
pounds; pearl barley and barley flour, 
2 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 230. Barley, thirty cents per Par. 188. Barley, 15 cents per bushel 

bushel of forty-eight pounds.- of forty-eight pounds. 

Par. 231. Barley malt, forty-five cents Par. 189. Barley malt, 25 cents per 

per bushel of thirty-four pounds. bushel of thirty-four pounds. 

Par. 232. Barley, pearled, patent, or Par, 190. Barley, pearled, patent, or 

hulled, two cents per pound. hulled, 1 cent per pound. 

BARLEY. 
(See Report T. I. S.-20.) 

Description and uses. — The better grades of barley are required for 
malting purposes, and, to a small extent, in the manufacture of 
products such as pearl barley; the lower grades, which constitute the 
bulk of the crop, are largely fed on the farms where grown. While 
the malsters have taken most of the commercial crop, the great in- 
crease in barley production is due to its use as a feedstuff on farms. 

Production. — The barley crop increased nearly threefold from 1891 
to 1920 (average per annum, 1891-1895, 77,000,000 bushels; 1916- 
1920, 203,000,000 bushels). The 1921 production was 151,181,000 
bushels. The principal producing regions, which also yield the best 
brewing barley, are the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and California. 

Imports of barley are insignificant except when the domestic crop 
is short or of poor quality. Ontario produces a superior grade of 



634 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



brewing barle}\ and formerly supplied us annually from 8,000,000 to 
11,000,000 bushels; but the American tariff of 15 cents per bushel, 
being higher than the normal ocean freight, the Canadian surplus 
usually moves to England. Imports since 1917 have been as fol- 
lows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


191S 


Bushels. 

368, 170 

14, 941 

347, 897 

2,414 


S605, 669 

17, 296 

527, 772 

2,266 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 





Duty. 



Equivalent 

ad 

valorem. 



S55, 225 

2,241 

52,185 



Per cent. 
9.12 
12.96 



Exports of barley for 1909-1918 ranged from 1,500,000 to 27,000,000 
bushels. Ordinarily over 90 per cent of these exports originate in 
the Pacific States. These produce excellent brewing barley, but the 
rail rates prevent a large eastern movement, except when prices are 
unusually high. Statistics for the calendar years 191 8-1 92 1 follow : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 mouths). 



Quantity (bushels) I 18, 805, 219 

Value./. $30,565,377 



37, 611, 840 
$53, 832, 319 



17, 854, 227 
$27, 165, 189 



20, 410, 876 
$16, 836, 595 



In 1920, the United Kingdom received about 80 per cent; Belgium, 
8 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 686. 

BARLEY MALT. 

(See Report T. I. S.-20.) 

Description and uses. — Barley malt is prepared by steeping the 
grain in water; this causes it to soften and swell. It is then allowed 
to germinate or grow sprouts, the germination being arrested by drying 
and curing in kilns. During germination the enzyme diastase is 
developed, the final malt being to some extent soluble. In the 
subsequent brewing processes the crushed malt is attacked by the 
enzymes and converted into soluble compounds. From 1 bushel of 
barley are produced 1.1 bushels of malt. Malt sprouts, a by-product, 
are used as a feedstuff. 

Malt is used chiefly in the brewing of fermented liquors, and to a 
smaller extent in the manufacture of distilled liquors. Since the 
enactment of prohibition legislation it is finding a large and rapidly 
increasing outlet in the manufacture of near-beer and other non- 
intoxicating beverages. Small quantities are used in making various 
breakfast foods and malt preparations. The consumption in 1915-16 
of malt and its equivalent in barley was as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



685 



Malt. 



Equivalent 
in barley. 



Bushels. 

Manufacture of fermented liquors j 57, 683, 970 

Manufacture of distilled liquors | 4, 480, 588 

Total ! 62,164,558 



Bushels. 
52, 439, 920 
4, 073, 258 



56, 513, 178 



Production. — Imports being negligible (less than $20,000), these 
62,164.558 bushels of malt plus exports amounting to about 2,000,000 
oushels may be assumed to represent the domestic production. 
While the greater part was made from barley, use was also made of 
corn, rye, wheat, and other cereals. In 1914 there were 97 malting 
establishments, whose materials cost $39,000,000, and the value of 
whose products reached $48,000,000. A considerable production of 
malt bv brewers is not reported. In 1919, production of all malt 
(chiefly barley) was valued at $39,340,000. 

Imports. — No imports are recorded for 1919 and 1920. In 1918 
and the first nine months of 1921 they were as follows: 10,847 
bushels, valued at $19,212, and 3,580 bushels, valued at $2,026. 

Exports of malt averaged about 210,000 bushels annually during 
1910-1914 and moved chiefly to Canada. During the war the 
exports rose over tenfold. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
1 (9 months). 



Quantity (bushels) 
Value 



896, 307 
$1, 694, 651 



10, 045, 941 
$16, 694, 614 



4, 250, 627 
$7, 595, 396 



7, 859, 360 
$10, 206, 564 



In 1920, Argentina received 19 per cent; Brazil, 15 per cent; the 
Netherlands, 8 per cent; Italy, 8 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 686. 

BARLEY, PEARLED, PATENT, OR HULLED. 

(See Report T. I. S.-20.) 

Description and uses. — Hulled or pot barley is prepared by grinding 
off the outer cuticle or husk. When the grinding.is carried further, 
so that the grain is reduced to small round pellets, it is termed pearl 
barley. Patent barley is pearled or pot barley reduced to flour. 
Pearled barley, the most important of these products, demands 
a high-grade grain — large, spherical, free from weather damage, and 
unbroken. Large, two-row varieties are grown for pearling. 

Production statistics for barley products are not available, but 
pearled, patent, or hulled barleys amount to an insignificant propor- 
tion of the crop. Four bushels of barley (48 pounds per bushel) 
yield 100 pounds of pearl barley and approximately 90 pounds of 
feed. 

Imports of pearled, patent, or hulled barley have increased steadily, 
coming from Europe, especially from Germany. From 489,244 
pounds in 1907 they rose to 1,826,213 pounds in 1914. During the 



686 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



war imports dropped to about one-half the prewar level. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 : ; 


Pounds. 
113,394 
142, 819 
974,896 
513,663 


$5,608 

28,539 

205,480 

71,753 


$1,134 
1,428 
9,749 


Per cent. 
20-22 


1919... 


5.00 


1920 . . . 


4.74 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports were not separately stated prior to 1918. The following 
statistics for barley flour are for the calendar years 1918-1920: 





1918 1919 


1920 


Quantity (barrels) 


1 360,073 
i $3,877, 852 


255,845 
$2,572,396 


20 


Value 


$280 







i Figures are for the period July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. 

In 1919, the United Kingdom took 62 per cent; Belgium, 19 per 
cent; Austria-Hungary, 9 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Three paragraphs of the act of 
1913 (188-190) relating to barley and barley products have been 
combined; the provisions for barley have been extended definitely 
to include the whole grain, whether unhulled or hulled (pot barley) , 
the husk being of no value; the duty upon barley malt has been 
changed from the bushel to a weight basis; and " barley flour," the 
commercial designation, substituted for patent barley. 



PARAGRAPH 724. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 724. Buckwheat, hulled or un- 
hulled, 30 cents per one hundred pounds; 
buckwheat flour and grits or groats, one- 
half of 1 cent per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 234. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per 
bushel of forty-eight pounds; buckwheat 
flour, twenty- five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 435. Buckwheat and buckwheat 
flour [Free]. 



BUCKWHEAT, BUCKWHEAT FLOUR, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Buckwheat is a quick maturing, poor soil 
crop. The grain is chiefly cultivated as a feed and for the production 
of buckwheat flour. A by-product in flouring (middlings) is 
esteemed by dairymen as feed for cows, because of the high protein 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



687 



content. The plant is sometimes cultivated as a source of nectar 
for bees. 

Production. — Buckwheat is native to Europe and Central Asia. It 
is found wild in China and Siberia and is grown wherever grain crops 
are cultivated. In 1908 the domestic yield on 803,000 acres was 
15,874,000 bushels, valued at $12,004,000; in 1921, on 671,000 acres, 
the yield was 14,079,000 bushels, valued at $1 1,438,000. 

Imports (grain) in 1913 amounted to 62,979 bushels, valued at 
$38,829; in 1914, to 191,396 bushels, valued at $152,350. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow : 



Quantity (bushels). 
Value 



1918 



403, 373 
$734, 116 



1919 



322, 791 
$450, 810 



1920 



227,182 
1517 3S9 



1921 

(9 months). 



■ 190, 864 
§220, 801 



Exports of buckwheat in 1910 were 158,160 bushels, valued at 
$103,138, but declined to practically nothing in 1911-1914. In 1915 
exports, going chiefly to the Netherlands, rose to 413,643 bushels, 
valued at $396,987. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




1,420 

$3, 021 


186,074 
$307,454 


299,693 
$543,468 


279, 249 


Value 


$411, 310 







Of the 1920 export, 80 per cent went to the Netherlands, 8 per cent 
to Belgium, and 5 per cent to Canada. 

Important, changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 688. 

BUCKWHEAT FLOUR. 

Description and uses. — In Europe buckwheat flour is consumed 
chiefly by the poor. In America it is generally popular in the form of 
buckwheat pancakes. 

Production of buckwheat flour decreased from 176,081,891 pounds 
in 1909 to 125,622,189 pounds in 1914, valued at $4,663,561 and 
$3,754,857, respectively. New York and Pennsylvania mill more 
than two-thirds of the domestic grain: In 1919, buckwheat flour 
production was 90,137,407 pounds, valued at $5,244,000. 

Imports of flour increased from 35,788 pounds in 1913 to 402,966 
pounds in 1914, valued at $950 and $10,282, respectively. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




233,673 
$15,654 


280,557 
$10,580 


751,118 
$26,911 


195,933 


Value 


$7,211 







Exports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — See page 688. 



688 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — Buckwheat and buckwheat 
flour are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 435). 
The provision for buckwheat has been extended definitely to include 
the hulled as well as the unhulled grain upon the same dutiable basis; 
the unit has been changed from " bushel" to " hundred pounds;" 
and grits or groats are specifically mentioned. 



PARAGRAPH 725. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 725. Corn or maize, including 
cracked corn, 15 cents per bushel of fifty- 
six pounds; corn grits, meal, and flour, 
and similar products, 30 cents per one 
hundred pounds. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 235. Corn or maize, fifteen cents Par. 465. Corn or maize [Free]. 16 
per bushel of fifty-six pounds. 

Par. 236. Corn meal, forty cents per Par. 466. Corn meal [Free]. 
one hundred pounds. 

CORN. 

(See Survey FL-11.) 

Uses. — It is estimated that 80 per cent of the domestic corn crop is 
consumed on farms and does not enter the channels of trade. The 
commercial crop is distributed in approximately the following pro- 
portions: Consumed in flour and grist mills, chiefly for human food, 
but also for stock feed (census of 1914), about 6.5 per cent (180,000- 
000 bushels); in glucose and starch factories (census of 1914), 1.6 
per cent (44,000,000 bushels); in distilled spirits (1915), 1.2 per cent 
(32,000,000 bushels); in fermented liquors, 0.5 per cent (14,000,000 
bushels); exports : (average for 1911-1915), 1.4 per cent (39,000,000 
bushels); fed to live stock not on farms, 5.4 per cent (about 150,- 
000,000 bushels). 

Production. — The United States produces over 70 per cent (3,000,- 
000,000 bushels) of the corn crop of the world. Domestic con- 
sumption takes about 98 per cent of this. The 20 per cent which 
enters trade represents largely the surplus, over farm consumption, 
of the North Central States; the great bulk of this moves to the 
Eastern and Southern States. The eastern seaboard markets 
receive the imported corn. The commercial supply varies greatly, 
according to the price and volume of substitute feedstuffs, the mer- 
chantable quality of the crop, and the condition of the live-stock 
markets. 

Imports of corn or maize during 1914-1918 (fiscal years) ranged 
from 2,000,000 to 11,000,000 bushels, almost entirely from Argentina. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow : 

»« Corn or maize, 15 cents per bushel of 56 pounds. (Par. 4, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



689 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (bushels) 


1,992,161 
$1, 976, 960 


11,212,717 
$10,966,911 


7, 784, 482 
$9, 296, 991 


151, 113 


Value 


$179, 159 





In 1920, the imports from Argentina amounted to 90 per cent of 
the total. 

General imports by months for 1920-1921 are as follows: 



Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1920 


1921 


1920 

$379, 526 

184, 790 

197, 132 

295,170 

286,561 

1,135,368 

3,045,534 

1,530,755 

1, 306, 824 

640, 798 

127, 337 

167, 196 


1921 


January 


Bushels. 

408, 293 

156, 945 

139, 429 

291, 465 

238, 045 

937, 204 

2, 343, 445 

1,300,418 

1,066,449 

608, 064 

128,600 

166, 125 


Bushels. 

8, 226 

3,256 

7,379 

41, 707 

52, 100 

17,615 

17, 671 

5, 366 

3,137 

472 

1,086 

6,082 


$15, 142 


February 


2,823 

8,862 


March. . ". 


April 


46, 320 
54, 985 


May 




2% 751 


July 


27, 252 




6,804 
3, 488 






461 


November 


1,074 


December 


5,112 







Exports. — Notwithstanding the preeminence of the United States 
in corn production, exports for 1909-1913 averaged only about 
41,000,000 bushels, one-third of the exports of Argentina, which 
produces only one-sixteenth as much. The American crop influences 
the meat, rather than the grain, markets of the world. Our exports 
of pork and lard, which far exceed those of any other country, tend to 
keep prices of corn upon an export basis. Because of comparative 
softness and higher^moisture content, corn of the United States is 
inferior in shipping qualities to the Argentine product. Exports since 
1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (bushels) 


39, 899, 091 
$69, 269, 329 


11,192,533 
$18, 624, 386 


17,761,420 
$26, 453, 681 


104, 972, 806 


Value 


$78, 064, 228 







In 1920, Canada received 57 per cent; Cuba, 11 per cent; and 
England, 10 per cent. 

Important changes in classification.— See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 690. 

CORN MEAL. 

Description and uses. — The character of the several corn products 
(corn meal, etc.) is affected by the content of the different parts 
of the kernel as in wheat milling. The skin or hull (about 6 per 
cent of the corn kernel by weight) contains about 51 per cent of the 
crude fiber in the kernel; the endosperm (about 84 per cent of the 
kernel) contains about 90 per cent, of the starch; the germ (10 per 
cent of the kernel) about 80 per cent of the oil. 

82304—22 44 



690 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — By the modern roller process the grain is first freed 
of chaff and foreign material, then the germ and part of the outer 
hull are removed, and the degerminated material passes through a 
series of rollers and screens. The various forms which the product 
may take as a result of the latter processes are fine flour, corn meal, 
fine grits, coarse grits, and hominy. The separated germ is crushed 
for the oil, which has a large and increasing market (see par. 45) , and 
the by-product, germ meal, is a valuable live-stock feed. Owing to 
its high content of oil, the presence of the germ in corn meal tends to 
make the product rancid. The United States is by far the largest 
manufacturer of corn products. The absorption of corn by flour 
and grist mills in 1919 was 113.768,512 bushels. Among the products 
separately listed are corn meal, 10,683,878 barrels; hominy and grits, 
288,525,592 pounds. The manufacture of fermented and distilled 
liquors absorbed about 759,000,000 pounds of grits and other corn 
products in 1916. 

Imports of corn meal, prior to 1919, seldom amounted to $1,000. 
Since 1917, by calendar years, they have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (100 pounds) 


130 

$647 


38,467 
$117,753 


4,593 
$15,436 


30,757 


Value 


$39,234 





Exports during 1914-1918 (fiscal years) ranged between $1,000,000 
and $20,000,000 in value. Later statistics (for calendar years) of 
"corn meal and corn flour " follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (barrels) . 
Value 



1,790,016 
$18,761,103 



1,202,434 
$10,920,487 



867, 165 
$7,478,398 



640,048 
$3,150,545 



In 1920 Egypt received 48 per cent; England, 7 per cent; and 
Jamaica, 7 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — Corn or maize exempt from 
duty under the act of 1913 (par. 465), is dutiable under paragraph 4 
of the emergency tariff act. Corn meal is transferred from the free 
list of the act of 1913 (par. 466). New specific provisions are added 
for cracked corn and corn grits, flour, and similar products. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



691 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 726. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 726. Macaroni, vermicelli, noo- 
dles, and similar alimentary pastes, 1£ 
cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 237. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all Par. 191. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all 
similar preparations, one and one-half similar preparations, 1 cent per pound, 
cents per pound. 

MACARONI, VERMICELLI, NOODLES, ETC. 

(See Survey G-3.) 

Description and uses. — Macaroni, vermicelli, spaghetti, and similar 
edible pastes are made from the coarse flour or meal (called semolina) 
of hard varieties of wheat. As wheat of high gluten content is re- 
quired, durum or macaroni wheat — grown principally in Russia, 
Algiers, Montana, and the Dakotas — is preferred. The semolina is 
mixed with hot water, worked into a stiff paste or dough, kneaded, 
then placed in a cylinder pierced with holes corresponding to the 
diameter of the desired product, forced through, cut into suitable 
lengths, and dried. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 373 manufacturers of " macaroni, 
vermicelli, and noodles," the output being about 300,000,000 pounds, 
valued at $12,884,000, besides $400,723 reported by bakers and other 
manufacturers. In 1920 production was estimated at about 450,- 
000,000 pounds, which represented the product of about 500 separate 
establishments. 

The manufacture of edible pastes is greatest in Italy and France. 
These foods are prepared in most Italian households, but there is a 
marked trend toward factory production. Durum wheat is imported 
from the United States and returned as edible paste. 

Imports during 1910-1914 (fiscal years) ranged between 100,000,000 
and 125,000,000 pounds, valued at from $4,500,000 to $5,500,000, 
with a customs revenue of about $1,500,000. Over 95 per cent came 
from Italy, and most of the remainder from France. During the war 
imports dwindled to less than 1 per cent of the previous volume. 
Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Pounds. 

1918 ! 406,931 

1919 903, 13G 

1920 805, 168 

1921 (9 months) 1, 079, 396 



$41,226 
101,930 
107, 187 
122,921 



j Equivalent 
Duty. ad 

i valorem. 



$4,069 
9,031 
8,052 



Per cent. 



8.86 
7.51 



In 1920 the bulk came from Japan and Hongkong. 
Exports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — " Noodles" have been added 
because they are not prepared in the same manner as the other prod- 



692 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



nets enumerated in paragraph 726. "All similar preparations" of 
the act of 1913 has been changed to "similar alimentary pastes," 
a term generally applied to such preparations. 



PARAGRAPH 727. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 727. 0at3, hulled or unhulled, 10 
cents per bushel of thirty -two pounds; 
unhulled ground oats, 32 cents per one 
hundred pounds; oatmeal, rolled oats, oat 
grits, and similar oat products, 60 cents 
per one hundred pounds. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 238. Oats, fifteen cents per 
bushel. 

Par. 239. Oatmeal and rolled oats, one 
cent per pound ; * * *. 

[No corresponding provision for un- 
hulled ground oats.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 192. Oats, 6 cents per bushel of 

thirty-two • pounds; oatmeal and rolled 

oats, 30 cents per one hundred pounds; 
* * # 

[No corresponding provision for un- 
hulled ground oats.l 



OATS. 

(See Report T. I. S.-20.) 

Description and uses. — Approximately 85 per cent of our oat crop 
is fed to live stock, principally horses; 4 per cent becomes oatmeal 
or some similar product; and the remainder is sown or exported. 
Oat straw is used for feeding purposes. The oat crop is sometimes 
cut for hay, or is pastured, or turned under for green manure. Nearly 
70 per cent of the grain is consumed on the farm where produced; but 
the remaining 30 per cent, the commercial crop, exceeds in volume 
the world trade in oats. Its markets are very elastic, being dependent 
upon live-stock conditions and prices of corn, hay, and other com- 
peting feedstuffs. 

Production. — The American crop is normally around 1,500,000,000 
bushels, exceeding that of any other country; 75 per cent is grown in 
the North Central States, whose surplus, with the small excess grown 
in the Pacific Northwest, supplies the deficiencies of the South and 
East as well as the exports. In foreign countries oats are used to a 
larger extent for human food. 

Imports for 1897-1913, principally from Canada, under a duty of 
15 cents per bushel, exceeded 1,000,000 bushels only in years of do- 
mestic crop shortage. In 1914, under a duty of 6 cents per bushel, 
coinciding with a harvest of about 300,000,000 bushels less than the 
preceding year, about 22,000,000 bushels were imported, chiefly from 
Canada but also from Argentina. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Byshels. 
i. 161,527 
609, 131 
C. 728, i::i 
3/081,109 


SI. '-'.->t >. is:} 

' 469. 64S 

6, 549, 1 1 1 

1 . 328, 003 


$&,'69S 

36j . r >4s 
103,688 


Per cent. 
6.98 


1919 


7.7S 


1920 


6.16 


1 & 1 (!) mon t hs) 





summary of tariff :ixromiATiox, 1021. 693 

In 1920, 95 per cent of the imports came from Canada, and 4 per 
cent from Argentina. 

Exports fluctuate greatly, according to domestic and foreign har- 
vests. Although the domestic crop nearly doubled in 20 years, 
exports declined from over 40,000,000 bushels in 1900 to less than 
3,000,000 bushels in 1914. Considerable exports from the Pacific 
States went to Europe in 1914. During the war exports increased 
enormously. Later statistics follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 i (9 months). 




114,462,932 
$98,221,637 


55,294,479 j 
846,435,294 


12.877.S74 2,474,291 


Value 


S12.338.104 $1,286,941 





In 1920, France received 49 per cent; Belgium, 20 per cent; Cuba, 
12 per cent; and Canada, 10 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 694. 

OATMEAL AND ROLLED OATS. 

Description and uses. — Oatmeal, rolled oats, and similar prepara- 
tions are milled from hulled and kiln-dried oats, 10 bushels pro- 
ducing one barrel (180 pounds) of oatmeal. For these products high- 
grade, plump, heavy white oats with thin hulls are preferred. Oat- 
meal and similar products are consumed largely as breakfast foods 
and are also used for feeding stock. 

Production of oatmeal by merchant flour mills in 1914 was 30,- 
451,581 pounds, valued at $757,804, principally in New York and Wis- 
consin, and of rolled oats (including other breakfast foods) 92,676,085 
pounds, valued at $2,932,238. In 1914 approximately 50,000,000 
bushels of oats wentanto merchant flour mills manufacturing oatmeal, 
and 23,000,000 bushels into meals prepared chiefly for live-stock feed; 
10,000,000 to 15,000,000 bushels were consumed by custom mills. 
In 1920, oatmeal production was 28,120,649 pounds, valued at 
SI, 101,000. 

Import values of oatmeal and rolled oats are normally less than 
$50,000. Statistics of imports since 1917 follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


100 pounds. 

104, 217 
4.463 
6,812 : 
3,784 


$557, 089 
36, 770 
53,958 
30,613 . 


$31,265 
1,339 

2. 044 


Per cent. 
5.61 


1919 


3.64 


1920 


3 79 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports of oatmeal and rolled oats for 1913-1918 (fiscal years) 
ranged from 16,000,000 to 347,000,000 pounds, valued at $569,000 to 
$17,500,000, and went principally to the United Kingdom and the 
Netherlands. Later statistics for calendar \ ears follow: 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds) 299,198,015| 220,966,637, 65,920,515 79,445,962 

Value $17,353,080 $11,999,382 $3,891,346 $2,959,239 



/ 

694 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

In 1920, the United Kingdom received 47 per cent; the Nether- 
lands, 18 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification: — The words " hulled or un- 
hullecT' have been added; provisions have also been added for un- 
hulled ground oats, oat grits (Scotch oatmeal) and similar oat 
products. 

PARAGRAPH 728. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 728. Paddy or rough rice, 1 cent 
per pound; brown rice (hulls removed), 
1£ cents per pound; milled rice (bran 
removed), 2 cents per pound; broken 
rice, and rice meal, flour, polish, and 
bran, one-half of 1 cent per pound; all 
the foregoing not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 240. Rice, cleaned, two cents per Par. 193. Rice, cleaned, 1 cent per 

pound; un cleaned rice, or rice free of the pound; uncleaned rice, or rice free of the 

outer hull and still having the inner outer hull and still having the inner 

cuticle on, one and one fourth cents per cuticle on, f of 1 cent per pound; rice 

pound; rice flour, and rice meal, and flour, and rice meal, and rice broken 

rice broken which will pass through a which will pass through a number twelve 

number twelve wire sieve of a kind pre- sieve of a kind prescribed by the Secre- 

scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, tary of the Treasury, ^ cent per pound ; 

one-fourth of one cent per pound; paddy, paddy, or rice having the outer hull on, 

or rice having the outer hull on, three- f of 1 cent per pound. 17 
fourths of one cent per pound. 

RICE. 
(See Survey G-5.) 

Production. — The domestic rice crop nearly doubled between the 
years 1908 and 1918. Of the 40,000,000 bushels harvested in 1918, 
Louisiana produced 18,000,000, and Texas, Arkansas, and California 
each more than 7,000,000 bushels. Rice culture has developed 
rapidly in these States, especially in California, but has been nearly 
discontinued in the South Atlantic division, where once was grown 
nearly all the domestic supply. It is a special form of agriculture, 
requiring unusual equipment and a considerable plant investment. 
Because of overproduction and low prices, the crop of 1921 was 
reduced to 35,105,000 bushels. 

Growers generally market the product as "rough rice," that is. 
in the condition it leaves the thresher, retaining dirt and other foreign 
substances. Specially equipped mills in the growing regions take 
this rough rice, clean it. remove the outer shell or hull, the inner 



w Rice, Cleaned, 2 cents per pound, except rice cleaned for use in the manufacture of canned foods, on 
which the rate of duty shall be 1 cent per pound; uncleaned rice, or rice free of the outer hull and still having 
ihe inner cuticle on, If cents per pound: rice flour, and rice meal, and rice broken which will pass through 
a number twelve wire sieve of the kind prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, one-fourth of 1 cent 
per pound; paddy, or rice having the outer hull on. three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. (Par. 9, emergency 
tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



695 



cuticle or bran, and sometimes polish the grain. Table rice is 
usually retailed at standard prices which do not fluctuate with the price 
changes of rough rice. In 1914, 59 rice-cleaning establishments, 
capitalized at $12,000,000, produced to the value of $23,000,000. 
A bushel (45 pounds) of rough rice yields 28 or 30 pounds of clean 
or hulled rice; the remainder consists of chaff, polish or flour, bran, 
and other by-products. About 20 per cent of the grain weight is 
hull. 

Compared with the enormous crops and exports of the Orient, the 
domestic production is insignificant. However, with the exception 
of certain kinds imported to meet special requirements, the American 
output supplies substantially the entire domestic demand, and per- 
mits an export of over 400,000,000 pounds. 

Imports. — Of the 269,125,342 pounds imported for consumption in 
the fiscal year 1914, over one-half (140,649,985 pounds) falls under 
the tariff classification of " flour, meal, and broken rice, which will 
pass through a No. 12 wire sieve." This is known as brewers' rice, 
and was received, not from the growing regions, but principally 
from the rice mills of Germany and the Netherlands. This grade is 
a by-product of rice milling, the domestic production in 1914 being 
only 70,373,855 pounds (about 10 per cent of the total clean rice), 
the 1916 consumption reported by brewers being 141,219,292 pounds. 

Imports of clean or table rice in 1914, following the reduction of the 
duty from 2 cents to 1 cent per pound, were 73,744,997 pounds, about 
four times those of the preceding year. They came largely from the 
Netherlands and China. The imports were due, in some degree, to the 
demands of our foreign population. Imports in 1914 of "uncleaned 
rice, or rice free of the outer hull and still having the inner cuticle 
on" (brown rice), totaled 52,677,863 pounds, and of "paddy, or rice 
having the outer hull on," 2,052,497 pounds, a large part going to 
Hawaii. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. I Value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 





PADDY, OR RICE HAVING THE OUTER HULL ON. 






191* 




Pounds. \ 

219,381 §19,460 

155,610 11,979 

143,295 12,681 

19, 510 824 


$823 
584 
537 


Per cent. 
4.23 


1919 


4.87 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


4.24 













UNCLEANED RICE, OR RICE FREE OF THE OUTER HULL, ETC. 



I9i8 .. 


58, 250, 660 
28,956,225 
28, 555, 537 
17, 045. 430 


S3. 024, 574 ! 

2,189,888 1 

2,400,299 | 

846,921 L 


$364, 066 
180,976 
178,472 


12.04 


1919... 


8.26 


1920... 


7.44 


1921 (9 months) 









CLEANED RICE. 



1918 

1919. . 


88, 579, 582 
28,443,098 
21. 540, 543 

15. 093. 353 


$3, 9S6, 575 
1, 933, 129 

2.240,103 
758, 610 


$885,796 
284,431 
215,405 


22. 22 
14.71 


1 920 

1921 (9 month-' 


9.62 










696 



SUMiNIARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 




Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



BROKEN RICE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 

73, 485, 014 

290, 634 

776, 793 

300 



$2, 424, 823 

10,576 

41,660 

43 



Per cent. 
$183,713 I 7.58 



727 
1,942 



6.87 
4.66 



RICE MEAL. 



1918 1 94, 827 

1919 313 

1920 : ] 194, 073 

1921 (9 months) 114, 748 



$2,844 

34 

10,916 

1.926 



$237 

1 

485 



8.34 
2.29 
4.44 



RICE FLOUR. 



1918 


1,703,519 
735,397 
564,469 
452,896 


$92, 888 
72,907 
55, 405 
32, 999 


$4,259 
1,838 
1,411 


4.58 


1919 


2.52 


1920 


2.55 


1921 (9 months) 











General imports of rice are given by months for 1920 and 1921 
as follows: 



Month. 




UNCLEANED RICE, INCLUDING PADDY. 



Pounds. I 

January 749, 765 | 

February 998, 436 

March 3, 312/873 

April 3, 567, 159 

May 1, 137, 500 

June 2, 049, 400 

July ; 3, 552, 796 

August 3, 269, 815 

September 2, 574, 350 

October I 965, 250 

November 4, 051, 094 

December i 3, 307, 110 



Pounds. 

4, 282, 780 

1,160,042 

1,336,761 

3,362,860 

3,837,220 

1,567,844 

758,344 

594, 550 

318,272 

826, 704 

1,175,393 

785, 524 



$72,387 
95,208 

315,833 
334,926 
101, 787 I 
179,926 
300,898 
267,706 ! 
208,874 I 
75,196 
305,342 
227,308 i 



$251,380 
62,282 
68, 189 
151,886 
170,041 
69,271 
34, 894 
29, 284 
17, 147 
47, 012 
94, 879 
63,213 



CLEANED RICE. 



January j 6, 023, 271 

February 8, 659, 641 

March 8, 657, 413 

April 23, 155, 089 

May I 18,990,572 

June 14, 220, 054 

July I 9, 611, 661 

August 15, 354, 050 

September 4, 103, 324 

October 1, 139, 824 

November 572, 652 

December j 1, 206, 871 



3,096,151 
4,187,917 
3, 793, 276 
5, 492, 668 
5, 160, 522 
8,390,116 
1,407,850 
6, 567, 780 
2, 275, 283 
11,146,710 
5, 254, 289 
6, 328, 800 



$656, 948 

958, 778 

946, 697 

2, 435, 758 

2, 078, 698 

1,458,237 

952,855 

1,463,704 

364,828 

70, 433 

28,656 

59, 073 



$148, 776 
190, 214 
150,528 
194,241 
157,213 
233, 281 

71,398 
190, 719 

72,612 
351,041 
194, 320 
184,356 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



697 



Value. 




RICE FLOUR, RICE MEAL, AND BROKEN RICE. 



January... 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November . 
December. 




$6,983 
1,970 
1,740 
3,740 
4,431 
3,180 
3,450 
4,922 
3,744 

5, 202 
6,540 

6, 655 



In 1920, the principal country of origin was Japan, which furnished 
us 93 per cent of our imports of uncleaned rice. The bulk of cleaned 
rice came from Hongkong (70 per cent) ; 22 per cent was from French 
Indo-China. Imports of rice flour, rice meal, and broken rice from 
Hongkong amounted to 50 per cent, from Canada to 20 per cent, and 
from Japan to 18 per cent of the total. 

Exports of rice for the year 1914 were 18,223,264 pounds, chiefly to 
Cuba (under a preferential customs treatment) and to Mexico; and 
of rice bran and polish, 4,191,062 pounds. Toward the close of the 
war exports of rice rose tenfold. Later statistics for calendar years 
follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) r. 

Value 


167,932,775 
$12,424,710 


376,875,571 
$34,775,622 


392,612.555 
$37,469,175 


489,439,850 
$16,733,322 



In 1920, Cuba received 16 per cent of the exports; Germany, 14 
per cent; the Dutch East Indies, 8 per cent; and Canada, 7 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision has been short- 
ened, simplified, and made to conform to general usage. 

Suggested changes. — "All the foregoing not specially provided for" 
is an unusual phrase for the conclusion of a paragraph, and is appar- 
ently unnecessary in order to exclude from this paragraph rice 
cleaned for use in the manufacture of canned foods (par. 1643). 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 729. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 729. Rye, 10 cents per bushel of 
fifty-six pounds; rye flour and meal. 30 
cents per one hundred pounds. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 241. Rye, ten cents per bushel; 
rye flour, one-half of one cent per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 589. Rye and rye flour [Free]. 



698 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



RYE. 

Description and uses. — Rye is a cereal grain of relative unimportance 
in the United States compared with wheat, corn, or oats. The grain 
is used both for human food and for stock feed; the plant for soiling, 
occasionally as hay, as a cover crop, and for green manure; the straw 
as bedding for horses, in packing fruit trees, pottery, etc., in making 
straw articles, and in paper. Rye is often mixed with wheat, bran, 
or oats as a horse feed, and with dairy by-products as a satisfactory 
feed for hogs. 

Production. — About 96 per cent of the world's rye crop has been 
produced and consumed in Europe. It is the principal cereal of the 
more northern regions whose climate is not well suited for wheat. 
In 1908, 1,948,000 acres, yielding 31,851,000 bushels, valued at 
$23,455,000, were under cultivation here; this increased to 6,185,000 
acres, yielding 89,103,000 bushels, valued at $134,947,000, in 1918. 
In 1921, however, production declined to 57,918,000 bushels, 
valued at $40,680,000. 

I Imports of rye (grain) rose from 45 bushels in 1913 to 36,156 in 1914, 
valued at $61 and $23,223, respectively- Later statistics for calendar 
years follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 

(9 months). 



Quantity (bushels). 
Value 



597,316 

§1,382,822 



1,107,487 
$1,647,879 i 



791,220 
$1,430, 818. 



140, 253 
$182, 103 



Exports of rye were 2,222,934 bushels in 1914. The United King- 
dom, Italy, and Norway were the principal buyers. Later statistics 
for calendar years follow: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quartity (bushels) I 7,631,639 


32, 898, 166 
$61, 786, 232 


57,070,490 
$122, 239, 537 


25, 191, 887 


Value. $15,615,618 


$39, 769, 194 


t 





In 1920 France purchased 21 per cent; Belgium, 19 per cent; Ger- 
many, 12 per cent; Netherlands, 12 per cent; and Canada, 11 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 699. 

RYE FLOUR. 

Description and uses. — Rye constitutes the chief bread grain of 
over one-third of the inhabitants of Europe. Its use in the United 
States is relatively small. About one-third of the domestic rye is 
made into flour. 

Production increased from 1,532,139 barrels in 1909 to 1,937,385 
barrels, in 1914, valued at $6,383,538 and $7,845,213, respectively. 
Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois milled 
about 85 per cent of the output. In 1919, rye-flour production was 
2,527,752 barrels, valued at $21,236,000. 



StTMMAm OF TAKi VV INFORMATION, 1921. 



699 



Imports of rye flour were 117 barrels in 1914. Later statistics for 
calendar years follow: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



813,992 



1919 



1920 



2, 089, 025 



$51,458 \ $73,463 



1, 645, 944 
$40, 536 



Exports were 8,293 barrels in 1914. Later statistics for calendar 
years follow: 



Quantity (barrels). 
Value 



1918 



1, 446, 075 
$15, 449, 730 



1919 



1, 266, 030 
$12, 424, 508 



1920 



363, 746 
$3, 638, 438 



1921 
(9 months) . 



47, 825 
$331,930 



In 1920 Norway received 78 per cent; Germany, 6 per cent 
Belgium, 4 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 



and 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — Rye and rye flour are trans- 
ferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 589). Rye meal has 
been added. 



PARAGRAPH 730. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 730. Wheat, 25 cents per bushel 
of sixty pounds; wheat flour, semolina, 
crushed or cracked wheat, and similar 
wheat products not specially provided 
for, 50 cents per one hundred pounds. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 242. Wheat, twenty-five cents per 
bushel. 

Par. 243. Wheat flour, and semolina, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 644. Wheat, wheat flour, semo- 
lina, and other wheat products, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section [Free] : 
Provided, That wheat shall be subject to 
a duty of 10 cents per bushel, that wheat 
flour shall be subject to a duty of 45 cents 
per barrel of 196 pounds, and semolina 
and other products of wheat, not specially 
provided for in this section, 10 per centum 
ad valorem, when imported directly or 
indirectly from a country, dependency, 
or other subdivision of government which 
imposes a duty on wheat or wheat flour 
or semolina imported from the United 
States. 18 



18 Wheat, 35 cents per bushel, par. 1; wheat flour and semolina, 20 per centum ad valorem. (Par. 2, emer- 
gency tariff act of 192 L) 



700 



SUM. MARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



WHEAT. 

(See Report T. I. S.-20.) 

Description and uses. — Three principal kinds of wheat — hard, soft, 
and durum — are recognized commercially. Hard wheat is preferred 
for bread flours; soft wheat for pastry, biscuits, and crackers; and 
durum wheat, a very hard variety with a high gluten content, for ma- 
caroni and other edible pastes. In milling practice it is customary to 
mix different types of wheat to obtain flour of varying grades. Color, 
weight, and strength are the principal standards by which wheat is 
judged. In addition to its familiar uses, wheat is also employed for 
the edible pastes, in starch manufacture; in various breakfast foods, 
and especially in semolina; the low grades or "feed wheat" and 
the by-products of flour milling are used for live-stock feed. About 
85,000,000 bushels are required annually for reseeding. 

Production. — The average annual wheat crop during 1911-1919 was 
about 795,000,000 bushels, with a farm value of $1,085 ; 000,000. The 
United States is the world's largest wheat producer. Although wheat 
growing is widely distributed, about half the crop is from the west 
North Central States. Of the hard wheat, the spring varieties are 
produced chiefly in the Dakotas, Minnesota, and Montana, and the 
hard winter varieties largely in Kansas and parts of adjacent States. 
Durum wheat is grown principally in Montana and the western part 
of the Dakotas. Elsewhere soft wheats predominate. Of the world 
production of 3,500,000,000 to 4 ; 000 ; 000,000 bushels, Europe yields 
about one-half, but it also (excepting Russia, Hungary, and Rou- 
mania) absorbs the bulk of world exports. The world crop is largely 
of the soft varieties, that of the harder wheats being confined chiefly 
to Russia, Canada, and the United States. 

Imports fluctuate greatly. They come almost entirely from Can- 
ada, which produces chiefly hard spring wheat of excellent quality. 
During 1897-1913, with a duty of 25 cents per bushel, imports ex- 
ceeded -100, 000 bushels only in years of shortage or poor quality in the 
domestic hard-wheat crop. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Bushels. 
17,025,947 

7,923,825 
35, 808, 668 
18, 809, 264 


$30, 427, 417 
14, 935, 234 
75, 359, 246 
30, 868, 156 


$474 
1 001 


1919 


1920 


9,663 


1921 (9 months) 







In 1920 imports from Canada amounted to 95 per cent of the total. 
General imports are given by months for 1920 and 1921: 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October — 
November. 
December. . 



Month. 



Quantity. 



1920 



Bushels. 

756, 228 

534,692 

665, 154 

227, 284 

474, 891 

283,010 

100,334 

364, 827 

1,842,397 

9, 802, 149 

9, 522, 578 

11,235,112 



1921 



Bushels. 

4, 504, 856 

4,403,712 

2,671,043 

4,451,304 

1,902,667 

89,807 

713,669 

239, 559 

81,031 

878, 115 

1, 184, 776 

2,052,247 



Value. 



1920 



$1,739,399 

1,672,270 

1,528,246 

463, 665 

1,358,871 

611,017 

200, 642 

615, 892 

4,672,925 

22, 656, 037 

19,561,500 

20, 278, 756 



1921 



$7, 604, 877 

7,457,382 

4,564,020 

6,825,112 

3,016,994 

132, 568 

1,177,964 

389, 154 

113,995 

1,061,777 

1,246,454 

2, 142, 868 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



701 



Exports of wheat constitute from 11 to 37 per cent of the domestic 
production during normal years. An increasing proportion takes the 
form of wheat flour rather than of grain. Exports of grain move in 
considerable volume to many countries, chiefly to the United King- 
dom, the Netherlands, and Germany. From 1910 to 1918 (fiscal 
years) they ranged from 34,118,853 to 259,642,533 bushels, valued at 
$80,000,000 to $333,000,000. Later statistics for calendar years 
follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




111,177,103 
$260,612,978 


148,0,86,470 
$356, 898, 296 


218,287,334 
$596,975,396 


237,444,930 




$3,80, 556, 218 







Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 703. 

WHEAT FLOUR. 

(See Report T. I. S.-20.) 

Description and uses. — In the modern flour mills wheat is first 
thoroughly cleaned and scoured, and then subjected to a succession 
of grindings or "breaks" between several sets of rollers (usually 
four), in which the grain is slowly broken and the outer layers of 
hull or skin (producing bran, middlings, shorts) sifted awa}^. The 
flour produced in the various breaks is blended in standard grades. 
About 72 per cent of the wheat is usually received in the form of 
flour, 4^ bushels of No. 2 hard wheat (270 pounds) making 1 barrel 
of "straight" flour (196 pounds) and 70 pounds of feed, with 4 pounds 
of loss. Two main commercial types of flour are (1) the soft, starchy 
flours from soft wheats and (2) the granular flour from hard wheats, 
the latter producing a larger quantity of bread per unit of flour, as 
well as a lighter loaf. Graham flour is the unbolted wheat meal 
ground from the whole kernel, while whole-wheat flour contains all 
of the kernel except the bran. 

. Production of wheat flour in 1914 was 116,403,770 barrels, valued 
at $543,839,000, from 546,000,000 bushels of wheat. The two princi- 
pal milling States were Minnesota (27,132,153 barrels) and Kansas 
(12,777,582 barrels). While there were 6,876 wheat-flour mills in 
1914, the industry is large-scale, over 60 per cent of the flour output 
being ground in 218 large mills, each producing 100,000 barrels or 
more. In 1919, domestic production of wheat flour was 132,478,513 
barrels, valued at $1,436,589,000. 

Import values of wheat flour averaged $500,000 in the years imme- 
diately preceding the World War. They were almost exclusively 
from Canada. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Barrels. 

170, 962 

17, 523 

800, 788 

779, 754 


$1,518,027 

181, 207 

■MOO 

6, 708, 943 


$472 


1919 


337 


1920 


195 


1921 (9 months) 









702 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



In 1920, imports from Canada amounted to 95 per cent of the 
total. General imports are shown below by months for 1 920 and 1 92 1 . 



Month. 



Quantity. 
1920 1921 



j Barrels. 

January ! 29,011 

February I 27, 362 

March | 1 1, 524 

April i 22, 044 

May 20, 948 

June '< 39, 283 

July : ! 26,397 

August j 17, 871 

September 14, 556 

October 163, 327 

November 201, 667 

December I 226, 798 



Barrels. 

220, 443 

202, 324 

174, 464 

118,944 

47, 851 

6,287 

2, 270 

3,697 

3, 519 

45,756 

82,605 

57, 839 



Value. 

1921 



$305, 189 

294, 836 

148,008 

257,246 

237, 559 

474, 584 

344, 301 

229,958 

175,687 

1,784,186 

2, 144, 866 

2,272,880 



81,979,933 

1, 766, 510 

1, 475, 533 

1, 022, 174 

347, 070 

48, 874 

17, 534 

27, 110 

24,693 

282,381 

446,624 

287,453 



Exports of flour for 1910-1918 (fiscal years) ranged from about 
9,000,000 to nearly 22,000,000 barrels, valued at $48,000,000 to 
$245,000,000, going to many countries, in largest quantity to the 
United Kingdom. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



Quantity (barrels) 21,706,700 

Value $244,653,422 



1919 



26,449,881 
$293,452,748 



i92a 



19,853,992 
$224; 472, 448 



1921 
(9 months). 



12,984,000 
$94,808,672 



In 1920 the United Kingdom received 16 per cent; Poland and 
Danzig, 11 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 703. 



SEMOLINA. 



(See Survey G-3.) 

Description and uses. — Semolina is a coarse, granular meal with 
the bran removed, made from hard varieties of wheat. It is exten- 
sively used in macaroni, spaghetti, and other edible pastes. The term 
" semolina" is also applied to the particles retained in the bolting 
machine of the flour mill. Such particles are used in soups, pud- 
dings, etc. Some cereal breakfast foods are also made from semolina. 

Production statistics are not available. This country is one of the 
largest producers and exporters of durum and hard wheats, and sup- 
plies most of the semolina for domestic use. 

Import values of semolina rose from less than $3,000 prior to 1914 
to about $30,000 in later years. Imports since 1917 have been as 
follows: 



StJMMABY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



703 





Calendar year. 


i 

Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 






SEMOLINA. 






1918 




Pounds. 
345, 800 


$18,923 . 
104,323 
37,561 . 


Per cent* 


1920... 




j 1,775,455 


$470 : 


1921 (9 months) . . 




782,225 











I 


CRUSHED WHEAT. 


1918 


; 


75 


»j 

15,132 | 
1,152 

6 . 


$0.30 
73.00 
111.00 


10 


1919 




1 680,351 




1920... 




41,474 




1921 (9 months) . . . 




fiOO 











Exports are included in "All other breadstuffs." 
Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Wheat, wheat flour, semolina, 
and other wheat products not specially provided for, were condi- 
tionally exempt from duty under paragraph 644 of the act of 1913. 
The products specifically enumerated are dutiable under paragraphs 
1 and 2 of the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921. 

The duty upon wheat flour, semolina, and similar products has 
been changed to a weight basis. 

This paragraph specifically includes crushed or cracked wheat. 
To avoid possible conflict with by-product feeds (par. 731), with 
cereal foods and preparations (par. 733), and with biscuits and other 
baked articles (par. 734), the word "other" before "wheat products" 
in paragraph 644 of the act of 1913 was changed to "similar" in this 
paragraph. 

PARAGRAPH 731. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 731. Bran, shorts, and other by- 
product feeds obtained in milling wheat 
or other cereals, 15 per centum ad valo- 
rem per ton; hulls of oats, barley, buck- 
wheat, or other grains, ground or un- 
ground, 10 cents per one hundred pounds; 
dried beet pulp, malt sprouts, and brew- 
ers' grains, $5 per ton; mixed feeds, con- 
sisting of an admixture of grains or grain 
products with oilcake or oilcake meal, or 
molasses, or other feedstuffs, G per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 239. * * * oat hulls, ten cents per 
hundred pounds. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.! 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 192. * * * oat hulls, 8 cents 
per one hundred pounds. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities. 1 



704 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



BY-PRODUCTS OF JELLING. ETC. 

Description and uses. — This provision covers the by-products of 
milling — such as bran, shorts, middlings — used chiefly as feed for 
animals; dried beet pulp; malt sprouts and brewers' grains; mixed 
feeds; and fillers such as hulls. Hulls are used as a filler or roughener 
in some grades of feed for live stock. 

Production of bran and middlings in 1919 was 4,760,957 tons, 
valued at $211,467,000; of feed and offal, 4,563,553 tons, valued at 
$262,736,000. The domestic production of dried beet pulp in 1919 
was 976,501 tons, valued at $4,829,568. 

Import values of bran and middlings from 1914 to 1918 (fiscal 
years) ranged from $750,000 to $2,250,000; imports of oat hulls from 
$165,649 to $220,000; Canada is the chief source of imports. Since 
1917, imports of feedstufTs have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Equiva- 
lent ad 

valorem. 



BRAN AND MIDDLINGS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



I ! I 

Tons. Per cent. 

1,157.| $45,507 ! $1,606 ; 

59,955 i 2,625,213 j 3,871 ! 

30,427 i 1,097,917 ! 7,533 

41,806 | 1,052,094 ', 



BREADSTUFFS, NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR (ANIMAL FOOD). 



i Pounds. 

1918 

1919 6, 943, 270 

1920 1 2, 435, 136 

1921 (9 months) ' 1, 358, 351 



S12, 846 
90, 120 
40, 267 
10, 361 



$1, 927 
13, 446 
6,040 



15.00 
15.00 
15.00 



DRIED BEET PULP. 



1918 2, 829, 975 

1919 23. 469, 958 

1920 '48, 153, 530 

1921 (9 months) ! 38, 936, 051 




OAT HULLS. 



1918 


103 pounds. 
219, 973 


$218,056 
381,759 
258, 214 
62, 543 


$17, 598 
27, 488 
17,693 


8.07 


1919... . 


343,603 


7.20 


1920 


221,167 


6. S3 


1921 (9 months) 


150.681 











Exports of mill feed for 1910-1918 ranged between $1,000,000 and 
$4,000,000, in the earlier years going chiefly to Germany. Exports of 
bran and middlings varied in value from $70,000 to $400,000. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



705 





1918 


1919 


1 Q20 1921 

iyzu (9 months). 


Bran and middlngs: 

Quantity (tons) 


7,372 
$327,285 

217 
$13, 394 

9,652 
$466, 242 


4,517 
$233, 114 

1,960 
$125, 886 

12, 124 
$784, 296 


3,091 1 8 489 


Value 


$162, 958 $196, 216 

401 90 
$23, 949 $4, 852 

10,481 9,771 
$579,914 $376,940 


Dried grains and malt sprouts: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Mill feed: 

Quantity (tons) 


Value 



In 1920 the principal countries of destination for bran and mid- 
dlings were Cuba (34 per cent), Canada (28 per cent), and Mexico 
(15 per cent); for dried grains and malt sprouts, Sweden (88 per 
cent), Denmark (6 per cent), and Canada (2 per cent) ; for mill feed, 
Cuba (66 per cent), Canada (13 per cent), and Mexico (6 per cent). 

Important changes in classification. — To the present specific pro- 
vision for oat hulls, transferred from paragraph 192 of the act of 
1913, has been added a clause relating to hulls of other grains. A 
new specific provision has been made for dried beet pulp, malt 
sprouts, brewers' grains, mill feeds, and mixed feeds. The substan- 
tial extent of the import trade in these products and the fact that it 
has been difficult to determine their dutiable status, appear to warrant 
specific provisions. 

Suggested changes. — In the clause "bran, shorts * * * 15 per 
centum ad valorem per ton" the words "per ton" should be omitted. 

Page 90, line 11, of H. R. 7456: Put "dried beet pulp" after 
"brewers' grains" to avoid a construction applying the word "dried" 
to malt sprouts and brewers' grains as well as to beet pulp. Strike 
out "and" before "brewers' grains" and insert it before "dried." 

Page 90, line 13, of H. R. 7456 : " Oilcake " in two places is set up as 
one word, whereas in paragraph 1623, page 191, line 21, "oil cake" 
appears as two words, and "oil-cake" qualifying "meal" is a com- 
pound word. 

Page 90, line 14, of H. R. 7456 : The rate upon mixed feeds com- 
posed of grain or grain products and other feeds is 6 per cent ad 
valorem. The rate upon dried beet pulp in the same paragraph is 
$5 per ton, or 15 to 20 per cent ad valorem. As a result, it would be 
possible to mix beet pulp with by-product feeds of barley or other 
by-product feeds and ship them in at the lower rate. 



PARAGRAPH 732. 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 732. Screenings, scalpings, chaff, 
or scourings of wheat, flaxseed, or other 
grains or seeds: Unground, 75 cents 
per ton; ground, $1.50 per ton: Provided, 
That screenings, dirt, and other foreign 
matter mixed with grains or seeds pro- 
vided for in this title shall pay the same 
rate of duty as the grains or seeds: Pro- 
vided further, That when grains or seeds 
contain more than 5 per centum of any 
one foreign matter dutiable at a rate 
higher than that applicable to the grain 
or seed the entire lot shall be dutiable at 
such higher rate. 



82304—22- 



45 



706 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 
[No corresponding provision.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] 



SCREENINGS, ETC., OF WHEAT, FLAXSEED, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Screenings, chaff, and scourings are by- 
products obtained by grain elevators, millers, and also from the farm 
thresher. They consist of foreign grains, underdeveloped kernels, 
weeds, wild buckwheat, flax, etc. They are used principally for live 
stock and poultry feed, either directly or after going through various 
stages of separation, or after being mixed with molasses or other 
feeds. In the large grain centers some companies specialize in the 
purchase, further separation, and distribution of elevator screenings. 

Production statistics are not available. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




FLAXSEED OR LINSEED SCREENINGS. 






1918 


Pounds. 

9, 049, 703 
24,068,061 
30,612,310 
12, 782, 804 


$70, 902 
142, 579 
163, 480 
51, 131 


$7,090 
14, 258 
16,348 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 






• 




SCREENINGS NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. 


1918 


U8, 686, 719 
81,499,446 
33, 144, 048 
11, 034, 309 


i $115, 149 

671,393 

276,469 

34,565 


i $11,515 
67, 139 
27,647 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) . 








c 




WHEAT SCREENINGS. 






1918 




54,933,765 
54, 264, 646 
95, 838, 535 
35,990,253 


$429, 521 

366, 557 

574, 843 

86,511 


$42,620 
35,642 
56,095 






1919 






1920 




1921 (9 months) 











* Figures cover period from July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. 

Important changes in classification. — The three clauses in this para- 
graph are new and designed to meet an increasing trade and certain 
trade practices that have developed. The provision as to allowance 
for dirt and impurities is an amplification and extension of a similar 
provision in paragraph 212 of the act of 1913, and the final provision 
as to mixed grains was adopted to prevent evasions of the duties in 
mixing separable grains. 

Suggested changes. — Was it the intention in fixing the rate on screen- 
ings, etc., to make the rate higher on unground than on ground in 
order to discourage the importation of injurious weed seeds? If so, 
should not the rates be reversed ? 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



707 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 733. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 733. Cereal breakfast foods, and 

similar cereal preparations, by whatever 

name known, processed further than 

milling, and not specially provided for, 

17 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

[No corresponding provision.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.! 



CEREAL BREAKFAST FOODS. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph includes cereal foods proc- 
essed further than milling. Milled products, such as cracked wneat, 
oat grits, and corn meal, are dutiable under other provisions. Cereal 
breakfast foods, in general, consist of an important integral part of 
the husked kernel or "meat," but in certain cases they may be more 
or less of a by-product of another preparation, to which heat is ap- 
plied and slight amounts of seasoning added to give a desired flavor. 
Examples of the more important cereal breakfast foods are corn 
flakes and shredded wheat. A large number of cereal preparations 
are on the market. Usually they are sold under patented trade 
names. 

Production of breakfast foods of all kinds amounted in 1914 to 
92,676,085 pounds, valued at $2,932,238, and in 1919 to 96,501,673 
pounds, valued at $4,350,000. 

Imports are not separately stated. 

Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been valued as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Cereal preparations (other than oatmeal and 
rolled oats) 


$6, 854, 197 
5,751,037 


$8, 819, 138 
3, 803, 972 


$7,189,091 
4,754,450 


$3,020,545 
2,097,306 


All other breadstuffs 





In 1920 Germany received 28 per cent of the exports of " cereal 
preparations, other than oatmeal and rolled oats;" England, 21 per 
cent; and Canada, 6 per cent. Of "all other breadstuffs," 18 per 
cent went to Finland; 11 per cent each to Belgium and Canada; 
and 10 per cent each to England and the Netherlands. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 734. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 734. Biscuits, wafers, cake, cakes, 
and similar baked articles, and puddings, 
all the foregoing by whatever name 
known, whether or not containing choco- 
late, nuts, fruits, or confectionery of any 
kind, 28 per centum ad valorem. 



708 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 194. Biscuits, * * * wafers, 
cakes, and other baked articles, and pud- 
dings, by whatever name known, con- 
taining chocolate, nuts, fruit, or confec- 
tionery of any kind, and without regard 
to the component material of chief value, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 417. Biscuits, * * * and 
wafers, not specially provided for in this 
section JFree]. 

Par. 640. Wafers, unleavened or not 
edible [Free]. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 244. Biscuits, * * * wafers, 
and similar articles, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, twent)^ per cen- 
tum ad valorem; biscuits, wafers, cakes, 
and other baked articles, by whatever 
name known, composed in whole or in 
part of eggs, or any kind of flour or meal, 
or other material, when sweetened with 
sugar, honey, molasses, or other material, 
or combined with chocolate, nuts, fruit, 
or confectionery of any kind, or both so 
sweetened and combined, and without 
regard to the component material of chief 
value, valued at fifteen cents per pound 
or less, three cents per pound and fifteen 
per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than fifteen cents per pound, fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 708. Wafers, unleavened or not 
edible [Free]. 

BISCUITS, WAFERS, CAKE, ETC. 

Description. — This paragraph includes a large number of food 
specialties. Many of these preparations are not commercially produced 
in the United States. The statistics do not permit of comparison of the 
numerous products, nor are competitive and noncompetitive imports 
differentiated. Wafers, composed of wheat flour and water only, 
are used as a vehicle for pills and other nauseous medicines, and in 
sacramental observances. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 166 manufacturers of biscuits and 
crackers, with an output valued at $89,484,000; 25,797 other estab- 
lishments, producing "all other bread and bakery products" (bread, 
pies, cakes, pastry, etc.), reported an output worth $402,409,000. 

Imports of wafers, unleavened or not edible, in 1914 were $32,816. 
Previous to the war Germany supplied about 60 per cent of the 
imports, and the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom 
most of the remainder. 

Imports of bread and biscuit before the war ranged hi value from 
$200,000 to $300,000, chiefly from the United Kingdom, Germany, 
and Japan, but declined greatly after 1914. Imports since 1917 
have been as follows: 

BREAD, BISCUITS, AND WAFERS, n. s. P. f.i 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




Pounds. 


$62,381 . 
175,699 . 
2S3,S48 . 
170,659 . 




Per cent. 


1919 


879.746 
1,218,950 

882,881 






1920. . . 






1921 (9 months) ... 













i This classification includes par. 1522— Bread: Provided, That no article shall be exempted from duty 
as bread unless yeast was the leavening substance used in its preparation. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



709 



BREAD, BISCUITS, WAFERS, CAKES, AND OTHER BAKED ARTICLES, AND PUDDINCS, 
ETC., CONTAINING CHOCOLATE, NUTS, FRUIT, OR CONFECTIONERY OF ANY KIND, 
ETC. 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 




Pound*. 

46,325 

93,146 

267,101 

160, 138 


$9. 825 
27,821 
87,030 
38,956 


$2,4.56 
6,954 
21,757 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 













In 1920 the imports of "bread, biscuits, and wafers, n. s. p. f.," 
came principally from England (32 per cent), Canada (31 per cent), 
and Japan (25 per cent). Imports of " bread, biscuits, wafers, etc., 
containing chocolate, nuts, fruit, etc." were from England (40 per 
cent), Japan (23 per cent), and the Netherlands (15 per cent). 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $728,447. They moved to almost 
every country, but chiefly to Oceania, British Africa, and Canada. 
Later statistics of bread and biscuit follow: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


8,585,891 
$1,277,704 


12,827,005 
$2,506,447 


18,755,498 
$3,731,879 


7,504,005 
$1,295,138 


Value 





In 1920, the exports went chief!}' to Cuba (29 per cent), England 
(16 per cent), and Mexico (8 per cent). 

Important changes in classification . — This paragraph combines three 
paragraphs of the act of 1913, paragraph 194 covering biscuits, 
wafers, cakes, etc., when containing chocolate, nuts, and fruit, and 
paragraphs 417 and 640 of the free list, covering biscuits, bread, and 
wafers, not specially provided for, and wafers, unleavened. Ordinary 
commercial bread, however, is kept on the free list (par. 1522). 

Suggested changes.— Page 91, line 5, of H. R. 7456: " Fruit" 
would be better than " : fruits" and in accord with prior acts. 



FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS. 



GENERAL. 

Important changes in classification. — In provisions of the acts of 
1909 and 1913 relating to fruits and fruit products, there are dupli- 
cations and conflicts between provisions of a general character as 
well as between general and particular provisions. Furthermore, 
the general character of many of the clauses renders it difficult to 
obtain statistical information with regard to the conditions and 
volume of imports. 

The reclassification has been made with a view to segregating the 
principal fruits by giving separate paragraphs to the more important 
ones; the general or basket clauses have been narrowed, and the 
wording of the provisions condensed and simplified. 



710 SIMMAFY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

The use of the word "canned" has been avoided throughout this 
schedule. It is believed that the more inclusive wording "prepared 
or preserved, " adequately describes such products. For most pre- 
pared or preserved fruits ad valorem rates have been adopted because 
of the great variation in their values and because of the fact that 
when shipped in glass containers such containers would also require 
appraisal for tariff purposes. 



PARAGRAPH 735. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 735. Apples, green or ripe, 25 
cents per bushel of 50 pounds; dried, 
desiccated, or evaporated, 2 cents per 
pound; otherwise prepared or preserved, 
and not specially provided for, 1\ cents 
per pound . 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 274. Apples, *-■-* * green or Par. 217. Apples, * * * green or 
ripe, twenty-five cents per bushel; * * * ripe, 10 cents per bushel of fifty pounds; 19 
all edible fruits, * * * when dried, * * * all edible fruits, * * * when 
desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in dried, desiccated, evaporated, or pre- 
any manner, not specially provided for pared in any manner, not specially pro- 
in this section, two cents per pound; vided for in this section, 1 cent per 
* * * fruits of all kinds preserved or pound; * * * fruits of all kinds pre- 
packed in sugar, or having sugar added served or packed in sugar, or having 
thereto, or preserved or packed in sugar added thereto or preserved or 
molasses, spirits, or their own juices, if packed in molasses, spirits, or their own 
containing no alcohol, or containing not juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- 
over ten per centum of alcohol, one cent taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 
per pound and thirty-five per centum ad 20 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 
valorem; * * *.. 

APPLES, GREEN OR RIPE. 

(See Survey G-20.) 

Description and uses. — The apple is by far the most important 
fruit, being grown practically throughout the country. The culti- 
vation of long-keeping varieties, increased storage facilities, and im- 
proved methods of distribution render apples available the entire 
year. Great quantities are evaporated or canned and a considerable 
portion is made into unfermented juice, vinegar, apple butter, and 
other products. 

Production. — The estimated annual crop for the years 1910-1914, 
inclusive, averaged approximately 66,000,000 barrels. The greater 
part is consumed locally. Western New York, the Pacific North- 
west, and the Shenandoah-Cumberland district grow over one-half 
the commercial crop. Canada is the principal foreign grower, the 
production of other countries having no important bearing on the 
world markets. Production since 1917 has been as follows: 

" Apples, 30 cents per bushel. (Par. 26, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



711 





Quantity. 

■ 


Value of 


Calendar year. 


Total crop 


Commercial 
crop. 


commercial 
crop Dec. 1 


1918 


Barrels. 
56, 542, 000 
47,362,000 
74, 559, 000 
32,294,000 


Barrels. 
24, 743, 000 
26,159,000 
33, 905, 000 
20,098,000 


$126, 684, 000 


1919 


139,669,000 


1920 


126, 800, 000 


1921 


93,008,000 





Imports for the prewar period 1910-1914, inclusive, amounted 
annually to about 42,000 barrels, valued at $41,000. Imports for 
later years have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Bushels. 

50,332 

464,528 

381, 555 

274, 642 



Value. 



$80,661 
710, 435 
396, 941 
496, 973 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



$5, 033 
46,453 
38,156 ; 



Per cent. 
6.24 
6.54 
9.61 



Export values up to 1918 ranged between $5,000,000 and $8,000,000. 
Shipments went chiefly to the United Kingdom, Canada, and Norway. 
The United States is the largest exporter of apples. Later statistics 
for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (barrels) 


579, 916 
$3, 135, 203 


1, 712, 367 
$14, 471, 282 


1, 797, 711 
$14, 088, 733 


1, 417, 518 
$9,966,657 


Value 





Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 712. 



APPLES, DRIED, DESICCATED, OR EVAPORATED. 

(See Survey G-20.) 

Description and uses. — Both the drying and canning of fruits are 
seasonal mdus tries, and local in the sense that, owing to transportation 
charges, and the perishable character of fruit, factories are located 
in the producing sections and specialize in certain types of fruit. 
The preserving industries, whose output has doubled within the past 
10 years, have helped to stabilize the market conditions for these 
fruits and have exerted a powerful influence in increasing the volume, 
improving the character, and enlarging our international trade in 
fruit. The basic principles of canning are sterilization, to kill decay 
germs, and sealing, to prevent contamination. Usually only the 
best grades of fruits are canned. 

Apples are preserved extensively by various processes of drying 
and evaporating, the dried fruit being used largely by bakers and also 
in home consumption. 



712 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production in 1914 was 54,957,003 pounds, valued at $2,889,406, 
and in 1919, 50,309,702 pounds, valued at $7,082,125. New York 
and California lead in output of dried apples. 

Imports are usually insignificant in quantity and come almost en- 
tirely from Canada. Owing to a short domestic crop in 1921, imports 
were larger than usual. Figures for the years 1918-1921 follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
527 
158, 085 
818, 929 

1, 501, 890 


$75 
27, 942 
82, 952 
96,257 


$5 
1,581 
8,189 


Per cent. 
7.03 


1919 


5.66 


1920 


9.87 


1921 (9 months 











Exports go chiefly to the United Kingdom and the countries of 
northern Europe. Statistics of exports since 1917 by calendar years 
follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


2, 200, 483 
$311, 350 


24, 704, 359 
$4, 109, 828 


8, 827, 806 
$1, 508, 987 


14,802,611 
$1, 473, 336 


Value .....\ 





Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

APPLES, PREPARED OR PRESERVED. 

Description and uses. — Apples are preserved in large quantities by 
canning. The fruit is used for baking and as a desert. 

Production. — New York, Maine, and the Pacific Coast States lead 
in the production of canned apples. In 1914 production was 1,514,- 
939 cases, valued at $2,392,289, and in 1919, 2,447,927 cases, valued 
at $9,081,598. (The standard case contains 24 No. 3 cans, the net 
weight of the contents of the case being 44J pounds.) 

Imports are unimportant and come mostly from Canada. 

Export figures are not available, being included with all other 
canned fruits. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification — Apples have been provided for 
in a separate paragraph, to which has been added specific provision 
for dried apples and for apples otherwise prepared or preserved, now 
dutiable as " all edible fruits when dried, desiccated, or prepared in 
any manner, or as fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or 
having sugar added thereto, or preserved or packed in molasses, 
spirits, or their own juices." The phrase " otherwise prepared or 
preserved" is especially designed to include canned apples. Fruit 
butter, jams, etc., of all kinds are specially provided for in paragraph 
748. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



7ia 



PARAGRAPH 736. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pah. 736. Bananas, 2 cents per bunch; 
dried, desiccated, or evaporated, and 
banana flour, 4 cents per one hundred 
pounds. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 571. Fruits * * * green, ripe, 
or dried. * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section [Free]. 



Par. 488. Fruits * * * green, ripe, 
or dried, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section [Free]. 

Par. 217. * * * all edible fruits 
* * * when dried, desiccated, evapo- 
rated, * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section. 1 cent per 
pound; * * *. 



BANANAS. 

Description and uses. — The banana is imported almost entirely in 
its natural state and may be eaten raw or cooked. Usually it is the 
underripe fruit which is cooked before the starch has been converted 
wholly into sugar. The Martinique is the most common variety. 
Banana flour, meal, and dried banana are used to a limited extent. 
As most bananas are grown in the Tropics, the success of the industry 
is largely a question of transportation. 

Production. — A few bananas are grown in Florida, Louisiana, and 
California; Florida produced 10,048 bunches, valued at $5,638, in 
1909, and 6,405 bunches, valued at $8,010, in 1919. Statistics for the 
other States are not available. The great sources of supply are 
Cen tral America, Jamaica, Mexico, Cuba, and Colombia. No figures 
are available for dried bananas or banana flour. 

Imports in 1914 were 48,691,224 bunches, valued at $16,397,623. 
Nearly one-thnxhof the imports now comes from Honduras; Jamaica, 
Costa Eica, and Panama furnish nearly one-half; Colombia and 
Guatemala are also heavy exporters; Cuba furnishes about 5 per 
cent. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows; 



Quantity (bunches). 
Value 



1918 



1919 



32,137,683 
$15,438,491 



36, 993, OS 
$15,934,55 



1920 



39,319,562 
$19,087,927 



1921 
(9 months;. 



33,702,910 
$15,077,625 



Exports. — None. 

Important changes in classification. — Bananas were exempt from 
duty as fruit not specially provided for under the acts of 1909 and 
1913 (pars. 571 and 488). New provisions have been added for 
dried bananas and banana flour. 

Suggested changes . — Specific provision might be made for plan- 
tains, a species of banana, but commercially a different fruit. (See 
par. 749. p. 742.) 



714 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 737. 

H. R. .7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 737. Berries, edible, in their nat- 
ural condition or in brine, 1 cent per 
pound; dried, desiccated, or evaporated. 
2\ cents per pound; otherwise prepared 
or preserved, and not specially provided 
for, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 274. * * * berries, edible, in Par. 217. * * * berries, edible, in 
their natural condition, one cent per their natural condition, £ cent per 
quart; cranberries, twenty-five per cen- quart; cranberries, 10 per centum ad va- 
tum ad valorem; all edible * * * ber- lorem; all edible * * * berries, when 
ries, when dried, desiccated, evaporated, dried, desiccated, evaporated, or pre- 
or prepared in any manner, not specially pared in any manner, not specially pro- 
provided for in this section, two cents per vided for in this section, 1 cent per 
pound; * * * fruits of all kinds pre- pound; * * * fruits of all kinds pre- 
served or packed in sugar, or having served or packed in sugar, or having 
sugar added thereto, or preserved or sugar added thereto or preserved or 
packed in molasses, spirits, or their own packed in molasses, spirits, or their own 
juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- 
taining not over ten per centum of alco- taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 
hoi, one cent per pound and thirty-five 20 per centum ad valorem; * * *! 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

BERRIES EDIBLE IN THEIR NATURAL CONDITION. 

Description, uses, and production. — Strawberries are extensively 
used as a fresh fruit, for canning, and in making preserves and mar- 
malade. The fruit is kept frozen for use as flavoring in ice creams 
and at soda fountains. The juice is also used as a beverage, for 
flavoring, etc. The very perishable nature of the fruit necessitates 
cmick utilization after it ripens. No other berry is so widely grown 
in America. The crop of 1909 amounted to over 255,000,000 quarts, 
valued at about $18,000,000. In 1919 production was only 177,000,000 
quarts. Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Missouri, Michigan, Ten- 
nessee, Arkansas, and California are the principal producing States. 
The commercial crop follows rather definite channels; thus, strawber- 
ries from Florida move northward during winter, but later are sup- 
planted by the crop produced farther north. 

The term " blackberry" usually includes, for market purposes, the 
dewberry, an early ripening variety. These berries are used primarily 
fresh, though considerable quantities are canned and made into 
jam, preserves, etc. They are widely grown, there being a number of 
centers of commercial production. The crop of 1909 amounted to 
over 55,000,000 quarts, valued at nearly $4,000,000. In 1919 about 
40,000,000 quarts were grown. 

Three general types of raspberries are recognized — the red, black, 
and purple. They are used in the fresh state, for canning, and in 
making . preserves, jams, etc. Black varieties are dried Purple 
varieties are of particular value for canning, because th6y retain their 
form and color longer. The crop of 1919 amounted to nearly 
50,000,000 quarts. 

The loganberry is a hybrid between the Pacific coast trailing black- 
berry and the raspberry. It is too acid for use in the fresh state, but 
loses much of its acidity when cooked, and therefore is used in pies , 
etc. It is extensively canned and dried, and increasingly large quan- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



715 



tities are consumed in the manufacture of unfermented juice. The 
commercial culture of the loganberry is confined to the Pacific Coast 
States. In 1909 the production, including raspberries, was about 
61,000,000 quarts, valued at over $5,000,000. The production of 
loganberries alone in 1919 was about 12,000,000 quarts. 

There are two types of gooseberries, the English varieties and those 
from the native wild species. The latter are superior in flavor, but the 
English berries, on account of their larger size, meet with greater 
favor in the market. The susceptibility of the English varieties to 
mildew has largely restricted their growth here. Gooseberries are 
used principally for the making of jelly, conserves, as pie filling, etc. 
The English berries, when fully ripe, are prized as a fresh fruit. (For 
quarantine regulations see " Currants, p. 716.") In 1909 the crop 
amounted to over 5,000,000 bushels, valued at $417,000. The goose- 
berry is better adapted to the northern and middle latitudes ; it does 
not thrive where the summer season is long and hot. There are 
some centers of commercial production in New York, at various points 
in the Northern States, and on the Pacific coast. The fruit is more 
widely grown for home uses than for commercial purposes. 

Imports of this group of berries for 1911-1918 ranged from 1,000,000 
to 2,000,000 quarts, valued at $100,000 to $150,000. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Quarts. 

772, 144 
1, 829, 823 
2,578,554 
1,538,389 


$83, 704 
249, 371 
364, 009 
217, 938 


$3, 861 
9,149 
12, 893 


Per cent. 
4.61 


1919 


3.67 


1920 


3.54 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports prior to 1918 were between $500,000 and $800,000, and 
went chieflv to Canada. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have 
been as follows*. 1918, $887,561; 1919, $1,181,742; 1920, $791,555; 
1921 (9 months), $621,504. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Paragraph, 
page 717. 

BERRIES, DRIED, DESICCATED, EVAPORATED, OR OTHERWISE PREPARED 

OR PRESERVED. 

Description, uses, and production. — Statistics as to the quantities 
of berries dried are not available. In comparison with other dried 
fruits the amount is not large. Berries are usually preserved by 
canning. The States of California, Oregon, Washington, New York, 
and Michigan lead in this industry. Census returns for 1914 and 
1919 show production figures as follows: 



Canned berries 


1919 


1914 


Quantity. Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Blackberries 


Cases* 

1 910,657 

j 150,350 


$5, 080, 397 
913, 821 


Cases* 
452, 161 
151,636 
89, 593 
39, 508 
414,632 
185,919 


$788,614 
320, 508 




| 87,026 


343, 504 
2.138,817 
4, 278, 939 
3,693,648 


142, 576 




273, 664 






! 551,419 


1, 137, 207 


Strawberries 


! 374,097 


557, 519 


Total 


J 2,347,213 


16, 449, 126 


1,333,449 


2, 946, 724 



i Standard case contains 24 No. 2 cans and the net weight of contents is approximately 30 pounds. 



716 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports of canned berries are insignificant and not separately shown. 
Imports of dried berries are likewise small; detailed figures for the 
latter are given below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,800 

33, 577 

177,095 

15,005 


1377 
5, .506 

28,822 
2,007 


$18 

336 

1,771 


Per cent. 
4 77 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


6.10 
6.14 







Exports of dried and canned berries are not shown. 
Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Paragraph . 
page 717. 

CRANBERRIES. 

Description and uses. — The cranberry is the fruit of a low bush 
growing naturally in moist locations, frequently in decidedly boggy 
regions. Commercial production is restricted to the North. It is used 
primarily for sauce or jelly. 

Production centers chiefly in three districts — the Cape Cod region 
of Massachusetts, the eastern part of New Jersey, and central 
Wisconsin. Statistics of production for the years 1918-1921 have 
been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 




352, 000 
$3,791,000 


549,000 
$4, 597, 000 


449,000 
$5, 514, 000 


373, 000 




.80.192.000 







Imports are extremely small in amount, being only $4 in 1918, 
$177 in 1919, and $299 in 1920. 

Exports are not separately shown. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 717. 



CURRANTS. 



Description and uses. — Currants are used principally in making 
jelly and small quantities are employed in makmg conserves. Spiced 
currants are used for pie filling, etc. Few are consumed fresh because 
of their sharp acidity. Because of the relation which currant and 
goosebeny plants of all varieties bear to the white-pme blister rust, 
stringent quarantine regulations limit the regions for growing currants 
or gooseberries. In the absence of these plants the disease is not 
perpetuated. 

Production in 1909 was over 10,000,000 quarts, valued at $790,000, 
and chiefly in the Central and Northern States. Production in 1919 
amounted to about 7,700,000 quarts. The currant grows farther 
north than many other small fruits. It withstands drought fairlv 
well, and is a home-garden fruit in the Great Plains area where laclc 
of moisture restricts many other fruits and berries. 

ImporU and exports are not separately shown. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 717 



OEXERAL NOTES OX PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. —Berries, green, ripe, or dried, 
have been transferred from the free list (par. 488, act of 1913). The 
rate upon the fresh berries has been changed from the quart to the 
pound basis in accordance with common usage in the trade. 

Imports have been so small that the specific provision for cran- 
berries has been dropped. 



PARAGRAPH 738. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 738. Cherries, in their natural 
state or in brine, 1| cents per pound; 
maraschino cherries and cherries prepared 
or preserved in any manner, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 274. * * * cherries, * * * Par. 217. * * * cherries, * * * 

green or ripe, twenty-five cents per green or ripe, 10 cents per bushel of 

bushel; * * * fruits of all kinds pre- fifty pounds; * * * fruits of all kinds 

served or packed in sugar, or having preserved or packed in sugar, or having 

sugar added thereto, or preserved or sugar added thereto or preserved or packed 

packed in molasses, spirits, or their own in molasses, spirits, or their own juices, 

juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- if containing no alcohol, or containing 

taining not over ten per centum of alcohol, not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 20 

one cent per pound and thirty-five per per centum ad valorem; * * *. 20 
centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 571. * * * fruits in brine, not Par. 488. * * * fruits in brine, not 

speciallv provided for in this section speciallv provided for in this section 

[Free]. * [Free]. 

CHERRIES. 

Description and uses. — Two distinct types of cherries are grown — 
the sweet and the sour. Too acid to be pleasing in the fresh state, 
the sour cherries are principally used for culinary purposes, for 
sauces, and especially for pies. A considerable portion of the crop 
is canned and distributed to restaurants, pie bakers, hotels, etc. 
Sweet cherries are consumed fresh, but large quantities are used in 
canning and in making maraschino cherries. Both sweet and sour 
cherries have various other food uses, as in ice creams, icings, and 
soda-fountain products. Food-preserving companies operate large 
plants in some of the cherry-growing regions. 

Production, while extensive for home use, is restricted commercially 
to a few sections. The sour cherry, being hardier, is more largely 
grown. The crop in 1909 was about 4,126,099 bushels. Commercial 
production is now largely in New York, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, 
Colorado, and the Pacific Coast States. In the Pacific States the crop 
is mostly sweet; elsewhere chiefly sour. In 1919 the domestic pro- 
duction of cherries was 3,945,749 bushels, valued at $14,166,176. 

The production of canned cherries in 1919 was 1,362,832 cases, 
valued at $8,451,029; in 1914 production was 543,213 cases, valued 

20 Cherries in a raw state, preserved in brine or otherwise, 3 cents per pound. (Par. 27, emergency tariff 
act of 1921.) 



718 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



at $1,628,975. (A case consists of 24 No. 2 cans, the average weight 
of contents being about 31 pounds.) 

Imports of fresh cherries are small and come chiefly from Canada. 
Cherries are usually imported in brine and such cherries constitute 
substantially all of the fruit in brine for which statistics for calendar 
years are given below. Exact quantities of glace, candied, and 
maraschino cherries imported are likewise not separately shown, but 
it is estimated that approximately 2,500 tons are annually imported 
from Italy and Spain. 

Imports of fruits in brine (except citron) have been, in calendar 
years, as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



$945,326 



28, 722, 
$2, 677, 



24, 712, 176 
$1,877,291 



1, 317, 824 
$52, 834 



Under the emergency tariff act (May 27, 1921) " cherries in a raw 
state, preserved in brine or otherwise/' were made dutiable separately 
from all other fruits. From May 28 to September 30, 1921, 1,570,768 
pounds, valued at $285,585, were entered for consumption. 

Exports.— -None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — All the provisions for cherries 
have been combined in one paragraph. The provisions for "fruits in 
brine' ' (par. 488, act of 1913), rather than that for " cherries, green or 
ripe" (par. 217, act of 1913), has been held to be the proper classifi- 
cation for cherries in brine. There is, moreover, doubt concerning 
the percentage of brine under such classification. For these reasons 
specific provision is made for cherries in brine. A special provision 
is also included for maraschino cherries, dutiable under the act of 
1913 (par. 217) as fruits preserved or packed in spirits. 

Suggested changes. — Specific provision might be made for sulphured 
cherries, some of which are imported. The first bracket of paragraph 
738 might be amended to read, "Cherries, in their natural state, sul- 
phured, or in brine, [rate]." 



PARAGRAPH 739. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 739. Cider, 10 cents per gallon; 
vinegar, 6 cents per proof gallon: Provided, 
That the standard proof for vinegar shall 
be 4 per centum by weight of acetic acid. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 255. Cider, five cents per gallon. 

Par. 299. Vinegar, seven and one-half 
cents per proof gallon. The standard 
proof for vinegar shall be taken to be that 
strength which requires thirty-five grains 
of bicarbonate of potash to neutralize one 
ounce troy of vinegar. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 202. Cider, 2 cents per gallon. 

Par. 236. Vinegar, 4 cents per proof 
gallon. The standard proof for vinegar 
shall be taken to be that strength which 
requires thirty-five grains of bicarbonate 
of potash to neutralize one ounce troy of 
vinegar. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



719 



CIDER. 

Description and uses. — Cider is the juice of apples or other fruit, 
obtained by grinding the fruit to a pulp and pressing in a mill. It 
is chiefly used as a beverage and in the making of vinegar. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 430 manufacturers of cider in the 
United States, with a product valued at $2,244,618. New York, Illi- 
nois, and Kentucky lead in its manufacture. In 1919 a total of 522 
establishments reported a product valued at $7,243,000. Besides 
this, 19,400,000 gallons, valued at $9,700,000, were made on farms. 
Many households manufacture for consumption or sale, but there 
has been a marked trend toward factory production. 

Imports of cider since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Gallons. 

2,737 

3,281 

99,825 

14, 197 


$2, 852 

4,137 

110, 148 

3,890 


$55 

66 

1,997 


Per cent. 
1.92 
1.59 
1.81 









Exports in 1912 (the last year in which they were separately 
given) were 63,882 gallons, valued at $10,460. About 90 per cent 
went to the United Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 720. 



VINEGAR. 



Description and uses. — Vinegar is usually derived from beer, cider, 
malt, glucose, sugar, or wine, through bacterial action and the removal 
of the alcohol by oxidation. It consists essentially of dilute acetic 
acid and is used chiefly as a temporary preservative. 

Production on farms in 1909 was 7,246,632 gallons. Factory 
production was reported as worth $5,566,274 in 1914. In 1919 
vinegar made on farms amounted to 8,600,000 gallons, valued at 
$2,600,000. There were 198 establishments engaged in factory pro- 
duction of vinegar in 1919 with a total output valued at $17,437,000. 

Imports in 1913 were 303,376 gallons, valued at $84,855. In 1920 
over 40 per cent came from Great Britain, the other most important 
sources being Canada, Japan, and Hongkong. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 1 Quantity. 


Value. 


j Equiva- 

Duty. lent ad 

valorem. 


1918 


Pf. gallons. 

53,323 

99,463 

192,638 

109, 331 


$30, 401 
58, 614- 
89, 626 
52,048 


$2, 133 
3,979 
7,706 


Per cent. 

7 02 


1919 


6 79 


1920 


8 60 


1921 (9 months) 











720 



SUM MAE Y OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports in 1914 were 125,666 gallons, valued at $25,112. They go 
chiefly to Canada, Panama, Mexico, the Philippine Islands, and the 
United Kingdom. Later export figures for calendar years are 
tabulated as follows: 



191S 



Quantity (gallons) . 
Value 



318,975 ! 
$89, 090 



1919 



469, 316 
$135, 869 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



290,912 
$113, 020 



137,350 
$44,780 



Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The two paragraphs relating 
to cider and vinegar have been combined. The standard proof for 
vinegar, as given in the acts of 1909 and 1913, is antiquated. In 
the proposed substitute the present method of determining the 
strength of vinegar is utilized, and the standard given corresponds 
to that of the Department of Agriculture. 



PARAGRAPH 740. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 740. Citrons and citron peel, 
crude, or in brine, 2 cents per pound; 
candied or otherwise prepared or pre- 
served, 4 cents per pound; orange and 
lemon peel, crude, or in brine, candied, 
or otherwise prepared or preserved, 2 
cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 278. Orange peel or lemon peel, 
preserved, candied, or dried, * * * two 
cents per pound; citron or citron peel, 
preserved, candied, or dried, four cents 
per pound. 

Par. 571. * * * fruits in brine, not 
specially provided for in this section 
[Free]. 

Par. 641. Orange and lemon peel, not 
preserved, candied, or dried [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 221. Orange peel or lemon peel, 
preserved, candied, or dried, 1 cent per 
pound; * * * citron or citron peel, 
preserved, candied, or dried, 2 cents per 
pound. 

Par. 488. * * * fruits in brine, not 
speciallv provided for in this section 
[Free]. ' 

Par. 563. Orange and lemon peel, not 
preserved, candied, or dried [Free]. 



CITRON OR CITRON PEEL, PRESERVED OR CANDIED. 

Description and uses. — The citron is a lemonlike fruit, with rind 
thick and tender, and is preserved or candied for confectionery and 
for culinary purposes. The term "citron" is also applied to a 
variety of melon, the rind of which is used for preserves. 

Production. — Citrons are grown in California and Florida, but more 
extensively in the West Indies and southern Europe. California 
produced 2,002 boxes of citrons, valued at $8,008, in 1919. Pro- 
duction figures for Florida are not shown. Most of the candied 
citron comes from Mediterranean countries. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



721 



Imports in 1914 of citron in brine amounted to 2,482,940 pounds, 
valued at $106,677; and of candied citron, 849,557 pounds, valued 
at $66,849. Later figures follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty 



Equivalent 
ad valorem . 



CITRON IN BRINE. 



1918. 
1919. 
1920. 



Pounds. 
3,021,982 
2, 845, 762 
3,342,624 



$171,214 
292, 152 
566,112 
246,363 



1921 (9 months) | 2, 514, 767 

| j ! 

CITRON OR CITRON PEEL, PRESERVED, CANDIED, OR DRIED. 



Per cent. 



1918 


421,681 
400, 248 
875,653 
237,446 


$86,231 

106, 407 

314,618 

53,489 


$8, 434 
8,005 
17, 513 


9.78 


1919 


7.52 


1920 


5.57 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 722. 

ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL. 

Description and uses. — Orange and lemon peels are used in a 
candied or preserved state for confectionery and culinary purposes. 
The United States Pharmacopoeia recognizes two varieties of orange 
peel. (1) Bitter, the dried rind of a sour, inedible fruit, deep orange 
in color, and with a thick and spongy rind. It is not grown here. 
The bitter orange peel is used for flavoring medicines. (2) Sweet, 
the outer rind of^ the ripe edible fruit. When dried it resembles bit- 
ter orange peel and it is used principally as an aromatic and as a 
source of essential oils. Lemon peel is also from the fresh fruit; it is 
usually not dried, but is valued for its oils and for its flavoring 
properties. 

Production. — The domestic lemon and orange growing industries 
do not recover the by-products as extensively as in European practice ; 
the peel is- preserved to some extent in California and Florida, but 
statistics are not available. 

Imports of dried orange and lemon peel were 563,666 pounds, 
valued at $34,004 in 1914. Later statistics follow. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty 



Equivalent 
ad valorem . 



ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL, NOT PRESERVED, 


CANDIED 


, OR DRIED. 


Pounds. 
1918 


$31,037 
45, 138 
54,903 
10,630 


Per cent. 


1919. 1,046,429 




1920. . i 875,700 





1921 (9 months) ' 321, 461 









82304—22- 



-46 



722 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


ORANGE AND LEMON PEEL, PRESERVED, CANDIED, OR DRIED. 


1918.. .. 


Pounds. 

83,584 

193, 724 

351, 547 

141, 277 


$13, 194 
31,463 
70, 182 
17, 521 


$836 
1,937 
3,515 


Per cent. 
6.34 


1919 


6.16 


1920 


5.01 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — None recorded. 
Important changes in classification. 



-See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The acts of 1909 and 1913 
contain provisions for unprepared orange and lemon peel (par. 641, 
act of 1909, and par. 563, act of 1913), as well as provisions for 
prepared orange, lemon and citron peel, and citron (par. 278, act of 
1909, and par. 221, act of 1913). Furthermore considerable quanti- 
ties have been imported under the provision for " fruits in brine" 
(par. 571, act of 1909, and par. 488, act of 1913). The several para- 
graphs relating to peels have been combined, and duties imposed 
upon the crude peel and peels in brine as well as upon the prepared 
product. 

Suggested changes. — Page 91, line 24; page 92, line 1: Insert "or 
dried" after "in brine." 



PARAGRAPH 741. 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 741. Fige, fresh or dried, 2 cents 
per pound ; prepared or preserved in any 
manner, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
dates, 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 274. * * * fruits of all kinds pre- 
served or packed in sugar, or having sugar 
added thereto, or preserved or packed in 
molasses, spirits, or their own juices, if 
containing no alcohol, or containing not 
over ten per centum of alcohol, one cent 
per pound and thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem; * * *. 

Par. 275. Figs, two and one-half cents 
per pound; * * * dates, one cent 
per pound; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 217. * * * fruits of all kinds 
preserved or packed in sugar, or having 
sugar added thereto or ' preserved or 
packed in molasses, spirits, or their own 
juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- 
taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 
20 per centum ad valorem; * * • 

Par. 218. Figs, 2 cents per pound; 
* * * dates, 1 cent per pound; 



FIGS. 

Description and uses. — Two types of figs are grown — the Adriatic, 
chieflv in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and the Smyrna, in Cali- 
fornia. The Adriatic is also grown in California and is still a* large 
proportion of the crop; the Smyrna, planted only in recent years, 
is becoming increasingly important. Small quantities, commercially 
negligible, are also grown in Arizona. The humid climatic conditions 
of the South Atlantic and Gulf States produce a very perishable 
fruit, fermentation setting in within a few hours after picking, unless 



NUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



723 



special precautions are taken. As it has been impracticable to ship 
the fresh fruit long distances except under effective refrigeration, it 
is used in the home or in near-by markets, large quantities being 
canned or otherwise preserved. In the Southern States east of Texas 
there is little orchard planting, but almost every rural and urban home 
raises a family supply, some of which is canned locally. In the Gulf 
coast region of Texas there are many fig orchards, the fruit of which is 
practically all canned. In California the crop is largely dried and 
packed for the trade. 

Production. — California produces practically all of the figs grown 
commercially in this country. In 1909 her production amounted 
to 33,000,000 pounds, valued at $716,000. In 1919 it was about 
26,460,000 pounds, valued at $2,762,000. 

Imports for 1915-1918 (fiscal years) averaged 12,103,184 pounds, 
valued at $612,432, considerably less than the prewar average. 
Before the war most of the dried figs came from Smyrna in Asiatic 
Turkey. Large quantities are still received from Smyrna and also 
from Greece, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. Imports since 1917 have 
been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Rauivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

9,913,732 
18,011,655 
31,074,933 

9, 246, 157 


$702, 368 

3, 210, 649 

3, 890, 782 

875, 476 


$198,275 
360, 233 
621,499 


Per cent. 
28 23 


1919 


11 22 


1920 


15 97 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None. 

Important changes in classification. 
graph, page 724. 



-See General Notes on Para- 



DATES. 



Description andruses. — Dates are raised in the warm, dry, interior 
valleys of California and Arizona, important producing sections being 
the Coachella and Imperial Valleys in California, and localities in 
the vicinity of Phoenix, Ariz. This is an infant industry and develop- 
ment is relatively slow, because Qi the difficult}' in securing offshoots 
from desirable varieties. 

Production does not justify shipments in carload lots. 
California produced 144,992* pounds, valued at $28,998. 
produced 42,812 pounds, valued at $10,703. 

Imports during 1913-1917 averaged 28,066,867 pounds 
Turkey has always been the chief source, supplying in 1920 about 
75 per cent of the imports. Statistics of imports since 1917 are as 
follows: 



In 1919 
Arizona 

Asiatic 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
10, 024, 916 
20, 606, 205 
28,562,114 
23, 325, 889 


i 
$487,886 J $100,249 
989,970 ! 206,062 
1,823,223 i 285,621 
1,340,843 1 


Per cent. 
20 55 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


20.81 
15. 67 




! 





Exports. — None reported. 
Important changes in classification. - 
graph, page 724. 



-See General Notes on Para- 



724 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — Figs and dates have -been 
brought together in one paragraph. The provision for figs has been 
made more specific to accord with the character of the trade and 
more nearly to reflect variations in value. 

Suggested changes. — For dates, as in the case of figs, provision 
might be made for the fruit fresh or dried, and prepared or 
preserved. 



PARAGRAPH 742. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 742. Grapes in barrels or other 
packages, 25 cents per cubic foot of the 
capacity of the packages; raisins, 2 cents 
per pound ; dried currants and other dried 
grapes, 2\ cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 275. * * * raisins and other Par. 218. * * * raiflins and other 

dried grapes, two and one-half cents per dried grapes, 2 cents per pound ; * * * 

pound; * * * currants, Zante or currants, Zante or other, 1$ cents per 

other, two cents per pound ; * * *. pound; * * *. 

Par. 276. Grapes in barrels or other Par. 219. Grapes in barrels or other 

packages, twenty-five cents per cubic foot packages, 25 cents per cubic foot of the 

of capacity of barrels or packages. capacity of the barrels or packages. 

GRAPES. 

Description and uses. — The grapes produced in the United States 
are of three types. (1) Native bunch grapes, the most widely dis- 
tributed; (2) the vinifera or European grapes, confined chiefly to 
California; (3) the muscadine grapes, raised principally in the South 
Atlantic and Gulf States. Growing the muscadine is primarily a 
home industry although some commercial vineyards have been main- 
tained in the past for making wine. The regional distribution of 
these different types is determined by climatic adaptations. 

Production. — The native American bunch grapes are widely grown 
outside of California and the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where 
the other types are chiefly produced. There are commercial pro- 
ducing centers, such as the Hudson River Valley, the lake regions in 
central and western New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, northern 
Ohio, southwestern Michigan, and smaller districts elsewhere. Home 
vineyards are general. There are no adequate statistics of the native 
bunch grapes or the muscadine. The vinifera represent a large 
investment in California. Data of acreage are difficult to secure, but 
the best estimates indicate about 50,000 acres of table grapes, 230,000 
acres of raisin grapes, and 140,000 acres of wine grapes in California 
alone. Estimates of returns to the grape industry of California for 
the year 1919 are: Wine grapes, $15,000,000; table grapes, 
$18,000,000; raisin grapes, $42,500,000; total, $75,500,000. Ship- 
ments of fresh grapes from California were about 6,360 cars in 1913 
and more than 22,068 in 1919. The total domestic production of all 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



725 



kinds of grapes in 1919 was 1,258,420 tons, valued at $95,586,021. 
Of this amount California produced 1,027,822 tons, valued at 
$65,780,628. In 1919 a total of 87,644 cases of grapes, valued at 
$514,219, were canned, mostly in California. 

Imports of grapes amounted to an annual average of 1,048,815 
cubic feet (packed in barrels), valued at $1,227,171 for 1914-1918 
(fiscal years). They have ranged from 2,237,730 pounds in 1908 to 
533,599 pounds in i919. These are largely late-ripening, long-keep- 
ing, European varieties, mostly from Spain. Some quantities are 
also brought in from Canada and the West Indies. Statistics of 
imports since 1917 follow: 



Calendar year. 


! Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 

1919 


Cubic feet. 

: 667,851 

! 533, 599 


$992, 747 

843,529 

1,484,568 

376, 431 


$166, 963 
133,400 
247, 889 


Per cent. 
16.82 
15. 81 


1920 


991,554 


16.70 


1921 (9 months) 


! 191.489 




. 







Exports. — Not recorded separately. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 726. 

RAISINS. 

Description and uses. — Raisins are dried grapes of certain varieties 
of the vinifera or European type. While producible from many 
kinds of grapes, particular qualities are required for raisins of high 
grade, and few varieties possess these qualities in a sufficient degree. 
The raisins most prized are the Alexandria and the Sultanina. 

Production is confined, commercially, to California, where condi- 
tions are favorabl&to desirable raisin varieties and where sun drying 
is feasible. Output has steadily increased for several years. The 
pack has ranged from 254,000,000 pounds in 1915 to 395,000,000 
pounds in 1919. Production varied from 125,000,000 pounds in 
1910 to 196,000,000 pounds in 1914. California produced 293,- 
300,581 pounds in 1919 valued at $35,544,262. 

Imports in 1918 were only 949,285 pounds, valued at $157,486, with 
an average of about 3,500,000 pounds during 1910-1914. Normally 
the imports, mostly from Spain and Asiatic Turkey, are unimportant 
compared with production or exports. In 1920 imports were un- 
usually large; over 55 per cent came from Spain. Statistics of im- 
ports of raisins and other dried grapes follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantitv. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

202,672 
1,357,545 
40,538,897 
12,863,067 | 


$26, 965 

391, 018 

6, 792, 197 

1, 782, 704 


$4,053 
27, 141 
810,488 


Per cent. 
15.03 


1919 


6.94 


1920 


11.94 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports rapidly increased, up to the enactment of the Federal pro- 
hibition law, reaching a maximum of 110,183,033 pounds in 1919. 



726 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Australasia were the prin- 
cipal countries of destination. Exports of raisins and other dried 
grapes since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds) ! 52, 657, 814 

Value ! $4,668,021 



110,183,033 
$13, 089, 366 



53, 312, 126 

$9, 505, 202 



10,680,20) 
$1,979,694 



Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

DRIED CURRANTS, ZANTE OR OTHER. 

Description and uses. — The Zante or currants of commerce are in 
fact the dried product of certain varieties of European grapes, domes- 
tic production of which has been negligible. Recent experiments indi- 
cate that this type of grape can be grown commercially in California. 
The dried currant is used for culinary purposes. 

Production has been inconsiderable, but small commercial plantings 
are being made. 

Imports from 1907 to 1917 have ranged from about 30,000,000 
pounds to 39,000,000 pounds. These imports came almost entirety 
from Greece. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

3, 967, 411 
13,567.066 
55, 560, 624 
26, 244, 044 


S503, 557 
2, 108, 482 
6,-073, 481 
2, 426, 767 


$59, 511 
203, 506 
833, 409 


Per cent. 
11. 82 


1919 


9.65 


1920 


13. 72 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification.— See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Fresh grapes have been com- 
bined with dried grapes, raisins, and dried currants. 

The provision here for dried currants covers only dried currant 
grapes of the Zante and other varieties, which are similar in nature 
to raisins. Garden currants are a different fruit, being more nearly 
related to berries. Trade in garden currants is unimportant. Such 
currants, in the absence of specific provision therefor, have been 
held to come within the provision for berries in their natural condition. 

" Other dried grapes" consist mostly of wine grapes, imports of 
which have recently much increased. 

The provision for assessing duty on grapes per cubic foot of the 
capacity of the package has been retained, because most of the 
imported grapes are packed in cork dust, making difficult the deter- 
mination of the actual weight of fruit without spoiling the fruit. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



727 



PARAGRAPH 743. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 743. Lemons, 2 cents per pound; 
limes, oranges, and grapefruit, 1 cent per 
pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 277. Lemons, one and one-half 
cents per pound; oranges, limes, grape 
fruit, shaddocks, or pomelos, one cent 
per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 220. Lemons, 21 limes, oranges, 
grapefruit, shaddocks, and pomelos in 
packages of a capacity of one and one- 
fourth cubic feet or less, 18 cents per 
package; in packages of capacity exceed- 
ing one and one-fourth cubic feet and 
not exceeding two and one-half cubic 
feet, 35 cents per package; in packages 
exceeding two and one-half and not 
exceeding five cubic feet, 70 cents per 
package; in packages exceeding five 
cubic feet or in bulk, £ of 1 cent per 
pound. 



LEMONS. 

Description and uses. — The lemon, even more than the orange, 
requires a warm climate, relatively free from frost. Lemons are 
picked at a certain size, varying from 2\ to 2\ inches in diameter, 
and stored in curing rooms, sometimes two or three months, until a 
typical yellow color is acquired. Great care must be exercised in 
picking, packing, and marketing. Besides the familiar uses of the 
fresh fruit, there are important by-products, including citrate of 
lime, and citric acid. 

Production. — Commercial cultivation of the lemon is confined to 
California, where production increased from 2,756,000 boxes in 1909 
to 6,551,000 boxes valued at $19,000,000 in 1919. Florida also 
grows some lemons, chieflv for home use. Production in this State 
amounted in 1919 to 31,204 boxes valued at $93,612. 

Imports for 1913-1917 (chiefly from Sicily) fluctuated from 
100,000,000 to 175,000,000 pounds, with values from $2,062,030 to 
$5,981,635. Lemons are entered in packages of varying size, but 
most of the imports are received in boxes whose contents exceed 1J 
but do not exceed 2 J cubic feet. Statistics of imports since 1917 
by calendar years follow; 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Value $1,857,588 



Duty. 



360, 519 



$2, 437, 802 
352, 586 



$2, 904, 529 
542, 076 



$1, 044, 872 



The following statistics show the value of lemons imported by 
months for 1920 and 1921 under the operation of the emergency 
tariff act. 



" Lemons, 2 cents per pound. (Par. 10, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



728 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Month. 



January. 
February 
March... 

April 

May 

June 



1920 



$156,229 
82,251 
343,526 
305,747 
357, 870 
537, 102 



1921 



$67,232 
32,369 
85, 768 
38,517 
78,678 
94,630 



Month. 



July 

August 

September . 
October . . . 
November. 



$337, 543 

456, 387 

67, 754 

131, 635 

44, 142 

December I 84, 343 



1920 



1921 



$304, 058 
242,440 
100, 116 
105,839 
54, 669 
24,491 



Exports for 1914-1918 (fiscal years) ranged from 70,000 to 193,000 
boxes, valued at $308,707 to $1,088,000. Over 85 per cent go to 
Canada. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (boxes) . 
Value 



193,347 

$1,088,823 



306, 916 
$1, 371, 848 



293,050 

$1, 188, 053 



242,959 
$1,023,696 



Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 730. 

LIMES. 

Description and uses. — Limes are a variety of citron, and are used 
for the same purposes as the lemon. They also yield citrate of lime 
and citric acid. The trade demands sizes from 1J to 1J inches in 
diameter. 

Production. — The tree, less hardy than the lemon tree, is commer- 
cially restricted to warm localities in Florida. California has suc- 
cessfully cultivated some home orchards, but produced only 136 boxes 
in 1919. Production in Florida for 1909 and 1919 was 11,302 and 
27,725 boxes, valued at $12,457 and $97,040, respectively. 

Imports, largely from the West Indies, are shown for calendar 
years in the following table : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




$66, 754 
6,528 


$95, 588 
17,224 


$84,249 
16,747 


$91, 789 


Duty 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 730. 

ORANGES. 

Description and uses. — The important orange-growing sections of 
this country are in California and Florida; smaller areas are in 
Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. The crop 
requires a warm climate, relatively free from frost. The trees begin 
to Dear the third year, but not in commercial quantities until the 
fifth or sixth year; they bear profitably from 20 to 40 years. The 
industry is highly specialized. The fruit is picked very carefully, 
to avoid bruising, and is assorted into several grades in packing 
houses. By means of mechanical sizers the fruits of each grade are 
divided into the different commercial sizes. There are by-products, 
including orange marmalade, candied orange peel, orange vinegar, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



729 



Production of oranges in recent years has varied from approxi- 
mately 10,000,000 to 24,000,000 boxes— 7,000,000 to 17,000,000 
boxes in California, 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 boxes in Florida; the 
remainder in Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. 
The quantity and value of the crop in the two States of California 
and Florida for later calendar years follow : 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


Quantity (boxes) 


24,200,000 
$84, 480, 000 


22, 528, 000 
$60, 202, 000 


29, 700, 000 
$64, 908. 000 


30,700,000 
$63, 850, 000 






Imports of oranges for 1914-1917 varied from approximately 
$50,000 to $100,000. The heaviest shipments came from the West 
Indies and Japan. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 




1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Value 


$107, 206 
23, 591 


$52, 790 
12, 359 


$58,371 
12,256 


$8, 389 


Duty 








Exports for 1914-1918 ranged from 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 boxes, 
valued at $3,800,000 to $4,480,000. The larger shipments were to 
Canada. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 


I 

j 1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (boxes) 

Value 


857, 159 
$4, 279, 429 


1,777,468 
$7, 638, 450 


1, 517, 994 

$7,518,638 


1,828,70 
$6,644,21 





Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Paragraph, 
page 730. 

GRAPEFRUIT. 

Description and uses. — Florida is the most important grapefruit 
producer. This fruit is also raised commercially in California, but is 
of minor importance compared with orange and lemon holdings. It 
is grown commercially in Arizona to a small extent, and is also 
found in home orchards in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ala- 
bama. Its important use is as a breakfast fruit. 

Production in Florida has increased from 1,061,537 boxes in 1909 
to 3,158,431 boxes in 1919, the latter crop being valued at $6,158,941. 
California produced 122,515 boxes in 1909 and 465,085 boxes valued 
at $930,170 in 1919. 

Imports, practically all from Cuba, are shown for calendar years in 
the following table: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




$323, 007 
53, 198 


$611,129 
81,381 


$627, 726 
60, 597 


$398,796 


Duty ; 







730 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORM ATIOX, 1921. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTE ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The duty has been simplified 
by changing from the complicated package to the pound basis. 
The terms " shaddocks" and " pomelos" have been dropped because 
they are merely synonyms for grapefruit. 



PARAGRAPH 744. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 744. Olives in brine, green, 20 
cents per gallon; ripe, 20 cents per gallon; 
pitted or stuffed, 30 cents per gallon; 
dried ripe olives, 4 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 275. * * * olives, in bottles, Par. 218. * * * olives, 15 cents per 
jars^ kegs, tins, or other packages, con- gallon. 22 
taining less than five gallons each, twenty- 
five cents per gallon; otherwise, fifteen 
cents per gallon. 

OLfVES. 

Description and uses. — The products of the industry relating to 
this fruit are pickled olives (green or ripe), salt-cured olives, pitted 
or stuffed olives, and olive oil. 

Production. — The fruit is grown in a warm, dry climate, free from 
frost, and its production requires skill and long experience in culture. 
The tree begins to bear commercially when 5 to 7 years old, and 
may- be productive for several centuries. 

Domestic olive culture is confined to California and small areas in 
Arizona, with a total acreage of about 1 per cent of the Spanish or 
Italian crop. Only recently has the industry been firmly placed, and 
its present status is due largely to improvements in growing and 
handling, especially in pickling the ripe olive, in which the United 
States has virtually a monopoly. Competing countries have not pro- 
duced ripe olives, partly because of the presence of the olive fly, which 
honeycombs the ripe fruit. Domestic producers have had little 
success in pickling green olives. 

Spain, the principal source of our imported olives, grows chiefly 
those used for pickling, while those grown for oil predominate in 
Italy, whence is normally derived most of the olive oil. In the 
domestic industry, pickles and oil are largely joint products, the 
culls and injured ripe olives being processed for oil and the better 
grades pickled. Olives for oil, usually grown without irrigation, are 
being abandoned for the more profitable ripe olives. The competi- 
tion of foreign oils is a strong trade factor. 

-' Olives, in solutions, 25cents per gallon; olives, not in solutions, 3 cents per pound. (Par. 28, emergency 
tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



731 



In 1921 there were in the United States about 40,000 acres in 
olives, of which between 20,000 and 30,000 acres were bearing. 
About 50 per cent of the olives were pickled, and the remainder were 
salt-cured, pickled green, or crushed for oil. The pickled ripe olives 
amount to over 1,000,000 gallons annually. The output varies with 
fluctuations in yield and in the percentage suitable for pickling. 
In California production in 1909 was 16,132,412 pounds, valued at 
$401,277, and in 1919, 17,564,020 pounds, valued at $1,405,121. 
According to the California Olive Association production of pickled 
ripe olives and salt-cured olives for the last three calendar years 
was as follows: 



1918 



1919 



Pickled ripe olives. 
Salt-cured olives.. 



.pounds. 
....do... 



8,910,000 ! 10,791,000 
2,247,000 , 1,198,000 



1920 i 



6, 930, 000 
1,498,000 



1 Estimated. 

Growers estimate the average value of present bearing lands, both 
good and bad, at $750 per acre (for 1921) and nonbearing lands 
at $500. 

Both the pickling and the oil processing are performed in specially 
equipped packing plants, sometimes in connection with olive groves. 
There were 26 commercial processing plants in California and Arizona 
in 1921, and half of these were equipped for making olive oil. As 
the packing season lasts only three or four months, these establish- 
ments usually engage in canning other products. In the Mediter- 
ranean countries olives are generally grown and processed as a 
family enterprise, and brokers buy, assemble, and grade the product 
at gathering stations. The pickling process consists in first neutral- 
izing with an alkali (usually lye) the tannic acid of the olive, after 
which the product is aerated to " settle" the color and impart the char- 
acteristic black tinge. The lye is then washed off, the olives placed 
in brine solutions, and later canned. The price varies with the size 
of the olives. 

Imports, principally from Spain, ranged during 1910-1917 between 
3,000,000 and 5,000,000 gallons, about five times the domestic crop. 
They consisted of the highest-priced product, green olives, mostly 
" queens" or large-sized olives, and included relatively but a small 
amount of the lower-priced Manzanilla or small olives. The ship- 
ments are largely in bulk, being bottled or packed here. The bot- 
tling and packing and the pitting and stuffing of imported olives is a 
considerable industry. The revenue ranged from $500,000 to $860,000 
during 1910-1917. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Gallons. 
2, 558, 245 
3, 960, 253 
4,195,384 
3, 374, 960 


51,207,475 
2,348,580 
4,286,244 
2, 249, 597 


$383,704 
594,033 
629,307 


Per cent. 
32 
25 
15 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 








732 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



The following statistics show the quantity and value of olives 
imported by months for 1920 and 1921 under the operation of the 
emergency tariff act : 



Month. 



January. . . 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September 
October... 
November 
December. 



Quantity. 



1920 



Gallons. 
512, 888 
344, 875 
422, 264 
737, 603 
640,641 
431,096 
232,705 
619,745 
189, 757 
154, 820 
155, 644 
335, 937 



1921 



Gallons. 
561,497 
217, 617 
217,740 
401, 604 
588, 167 
378, 495 



Value. 



1920 



$409, 233 
326, 538 
436,065 
771, 401 
746,461 
563, 839 
266, 784 
755, 027 
207,762 
142, 721 
112,631 
186, 712 



1921 



$269, 898 
151,096 
150,940 
266, 508 
336,450 
176,207 
254,217 

63, 137 
270,697 
115,015 

94, 114 
124,406 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Because of the distinctive 
trade in ripe, green, and pitted or stuffed olives, special provision has 
been made for each of these classes. 



PARAGRAPH 745. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 745. Peaches and pears, green or 
ripe, one-half of 1 per cent per pound; 
dried, desiccated, or evaporated, 1 cent 
per pound; otherwise prepared or pre- 
served, and not specially provided for, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 274. * * * peaches, * * * 
and pears, green or ripe, twenty-five cents 
per bushel; * * * all edible fruits, 
* * * when dried, desiccated, evapo- 
rated, or prepared in any manner, not 
specially provided for in this section, two 
cents per pound; * * * fruits of all 
kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or 
having sugar added thereto, or preserved 
or packed in molasses, spirits, or their own 
juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- 
taining not over ten per centum of alco- 
hol, one cent per pound and thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 217. * * * peaches, * * * 
and pears, green or ripe, 10 cents per 
bushel of fifty pounds; * * * all edi- 
ble fruits, * * * when dried, desic- 
cated, evaporated, or prepared in any 
manner, not specially provided for in this 
section, 1 cent per pound; * * * fruits 
of all kinds preserved or packed in sugar, 
or having sugar added thereto or preserved 
or packed in molasses, spirits, or their own 
juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- 
taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 
20 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



PEACHES, GREEN OR RIPE, DRIED AND CANNED. 

Description and uses. — Peaches are dried and canned in large 
quantities, are used fresh, and are made into marmalade and other 
products. In California, the State of largest production, about 90 
per cent of the crop is canned or dried. 

Production. — The annual peach crop, about one-half of which is 
commercial, ranges between 35,000,000 and 53,000,000 bushels. Al- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192) 



733 



though centers of production are widely distributed, California pro- 
duces a much larger proportion of the commercial crop than any 
other one State; New York, Georgia,. Arkansas, and Washington are 
also important peach-growing vStates. Canada, Argentina, and Ger- 
many are large producers. In 1919 production of canned peaches 
reached a total of 7,706,855 cases, valued at $46,516,225, compared 
with 3,407,906 cases in 1914, valued at $9, 585, 773. California pro- 
duced practically all of the domestic dried peaches in 1919, the total 
output amounting to 73,379,193 pounds, valued at $12,109,624. 

Production figures by calendar years for peaches, green or ripe, 
are as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


Quantity (bushels) 


34, 133, 000 
$55, 092, 000 


53, 178, 000 
$100, 485, 000 


45,620,000 
$95, 970, 000 


32,733,000 
$52,176,000 




' 



Imports of fresh peaches are not separately shown. The geographi- 
cal distribution and nature of the fruit make the Lake Ontario dis- 
trict in Canada the only source of import; but as the Ontario fruit 
ripens at a time when our markets are usually fully supplied, there is 
normally little to induce importation. Statistics oi imports of 
peaches, quinces, cherries, plums, and pears, green or ripe, follow: 



Calendar year. 



191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Quantity, 



Value. 



Bushels. 

4,633 

21, 692 

43,380 

i 18, 668 



$13, 639 
119, 806 
281, 18S 
i 72, 33S 



Duty. 



$463 
2,169 
4,338 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



Per cent. 
3.40 
1.81 
1.54 



1 Cherries in a raw state were provided for in the emergency tariff act; hence are not included here from 
May 29 to Sept. 30, inclusive. 

Imports of the various kinds of dried fruits, never large, have not 
been separately reported. Statistics for the group follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



i Pounds. 

191 S ! 69, 139 

1919 545, 645 

1920 947,088 

1921 (9 months) 784, 804 




Exports of fresh peaches are insignificant, because of their perish- 
able nature. However, dried and canned peaches are exported in 
considerable amount to the United Kingdom and in lesser amounts 
to Canada, France, and Cuba. Export statistics by calendar years for 
each follow: 



Peaches, dried: 

Quantity (pounds) 
Value 

Peaches, canned: 

Value 



1918 



4, 839, 598 
$544, 455 

$1, 178, 547 



1919 



9, 022, 334 
$1, 559, 873 



1920 



7, 924, 831 
$1, 465, 609 



$9,489,850 . $6,342,319 



1921 
(9 months). 



4, 188, 603 
$472, 984 

$2, 487, 694 



734 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

PEARS. 

Description and uses.— The pear is used principally fresh, although 
large quantities are canned or dried, the latter operation being con- 
ducted commercially only in California. Pear blight, a serious tree 
disease which can not be controlled by spraying, prevents the domestic 
cultivation of pears in considerable areas. 

Production. — -While pear trees are widely planted for home use, 
important commercial production is confined to about 11 States, 
nearly one-half of this crop being grown in California. Although the 
pear is grown throughout the world, it is produced primarily for 
domestic consumption. In 1919 production of canned pears reached 
a total of 1,951,374 cases, valued at $14,202,963. California pro- 
duced 5,750 tons of dried pears in 1919 and about 2,500 tons in 
1920. 

Production of pears, green or ripe, is given, for calendar years, in 
the following table: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


Quantity (bushels) 


12, 993, 000 
$17, 902, 000 


15,101,000 

$27, 852, 000 


16, 805, 000 
$27,865,000 


10, 705, 000 


Farm value, Dec. 1 


$18,342,000 







Imports. — -Not separately shown. (See p. 733.) 

Exports, largely the Kieffer variety, now chiefly grown in New 
Jersey, Delaware, and some other sections, amount to about $1,000,- 
000, and go principally to the United Kingdom and Canada. Exports 
of green and ripe pears since 1917 by calendar years have been valued 
as follows: 1918, $928,841; 1919, $1,764,671; 1920, $2,202,121: 1921 
(9 months), $1,134,223. 

Canned pears to the value of $5,113,738 were exported in 1920, 
and to the value of $2,696,223 during the first nine months of 1921. 
Over half went to the United Kingdom ; Cuba and Canada were the 
next largest purchasers. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The specific provision for 
quinces has been eliminated. The total imports of the group — 
peaches, plums, cherries, and pears, green or ripe — are not large, and 
quinces are believed to constitute an insignificant proportion of the 
total. 

A new provision is here made for dried peaches and pears, and for 
peaches and pears otherwise prepared or preserved, now dutiable 
under the provisions in paragraph 217 of the act of 1913 for fruits, 
dried, preserved or packed in sugar, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 735 

PARAGRAPH 746. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 746. Pineapples, three-fourths of 
1 cent each; pineapples, prepared or pre- 
served in any manner, 3| cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 274. * * * fruits of all kinds Par. 217. * * * fruits of all kinds 
preserved or packed in sugar, or having preserved or packed in sugar, or having 
sugar added- thereto, or preserved or sugar added thereto or preserved or 
packed in molasses, spirits, or their own packed in molasses, spirits, or their own 
juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- 
taining not over ten per centum of alco- taining not over 10 per centum of alcohol, 
hoi, one cent per pound and thirty-five 20 per centum ad valorem ; * * * pine- 
per centum ad valorem; * * * pine- apples preserved in their own juice, 20 
apples preserved in their own juice, not per centum ad valorem. 
having sugar, spirits, or molasses added Par. 222. Pineapples, in barrels or 
thereto, twenty-five per centum ad other packages, 6 cents per cubic foot of 
valorem the capacity of the barrels or packages; 

Par. 279. Pineapples, in barrels and in bulk, $5 per thousand, 
other packages, eight cents per cubic foot 
of the capacity of barrels or packages; in 
bulk, eight dollars per thousand. 

PINEAPPLES. 

Description and uses. — Pineapple is used as fresh fruit, as a canned 
product and in several fruit drinks. It is usually packed in slices, 
chunks, or in crushed or grated form, with a sirup or with the juice of 
the fruit alone. The ordinary canned pineapple of commerce has 
water added to the juice and sugar. The cores are preserved and 
used by confectioners. The fruit varies greatly in size, flavor, and 
value. 

Production commercially is in Hawaii, in Porto Rico, and in 
Florida. The cold weather of 1917-18 and a disease known as " pine- 
apple wilt" reduced Florida's crop from 400,300 crates, valued at 
$499,118 in 1914, to 26,016 crates, valued at $110,569 in 1919. 
The planting of pineapple slips on virgin soil where possible, and 
the use of better cultural methods are gradually restoring the indus- 
try. Since 1900 production in Hawaii has rapidly increased. Begin- 
ning in 1901 with 2,000 cases of canned pineapple the output expan- 
ded to 5,071,976 cases, valued at $18,997,975 in 1919. The value of 
the Porto Rico crop in 1919 was $319,493. In 1919 a total of 156,755 
cases of pineapple valued at $1,365,484 were canned in continental 
United States, practically the entire amount being packed in Mary- 
land. The largest foreign canning center is Singapore. The pine- 
apple industry is also important in the Philippine Islands, Siam, and 
the West Indies. 

Import values of fresh pineapple amounted to $1,220,571 in 1913. 
Fresh fruit is received chiefly from Cuba. Imports of pineapples 
preserved in their own juices averaged $112,3-54 from 1909 to 1913; 
in 1914 thev were $206,736. Later statistics follow: 



736 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 






Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




FRESH PINEAPPLES. 



1918 




Pounds. 


$845, 905 
1,045,882 
1, 422, 600 
1, 541, 425 


$98,002 
110, 125 
99,373 


Per cent. 
12 


1919 


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 




11 


1920 






7 


1921 (9 months) ... 

















PINEAPPLES PRESERVED IN THEIR OWN JUICE 






1918 




$25, 176 

10,717 

127. 285 


$5, 035 

2,143 

25,322 


20 


1919 


213,293 
905, 156 


20 


1920 - - - 


20 


1921 (9 months) 




814 832 

















It should be noted that the bulk of the preserved pineapples are im- 
ported under the classification " fruits preserved in sugar," etc. (see 
p. 741), which are not subdivided as to the various fruits. 

Exports in 1920 were valued at $3,025,522, and went chiefly to 
Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium. 

Cannery waste (pulp, cores, etc.) consists of a variety of fruits, but 
is largely pineapple. In 1920 exports of this product amounted to 
1,248,320 pounds, valued at $76,634; these went chiefly to the 
United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands. 

Important changes in classification. — The two provisions of the act 
of 1913 relating to pineapples have been combined, the dutiable 
basis for fresh pineapples placed on a piece basis, and the descriptive 
provisions for the preserved fruit shortened and simplified. 

Suggested changes. — At the hearings before the Finance Committee 
(vol. 7, pp. 3103 and 3107) it was stated that pineapples not in bulk 
are imported in standard crates of 1.96 cubic feet, containing from 
18 to 48 pineapples. The larger pineapples are more valuable, some- 
times selling for two or three times as much as the smaller sizes ; a rate 
per pineapple therefore, bears more heavily upon the lower priced 
product. This paragraph might accordingly be changed to read — 

Pineapples, [rate] per crate of 1.96 cubic feet; in bulk, [rate] per thousand. 



PARAGRAPH 747. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 747. Plums, prunes, and pru- 
nelles, green or ripe, one-half of 1 cent 
per pound; dried, one-half of 1 cent per 
pound; otherwise prepared or preserved, 
and not specially provided for, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 274. * * * plums, * ■ * * 
green or ripe, twenty-five cents per 
bushel; * * * all edible fruits, * * * 
when dried, desiccated, evaporated, or 
prepared in any manner, not specially 
provided for in this section, two cents 
per pound; * * * fruits of all kinds 
preserved or packed in sugar, or having 
sugar added thereto, or preserved or 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



* plums, * * * 
cents per bushel of 



Par. 217. * * 
green or ripe, 10 

fifty pounds; * * * all edible fruits, 
* * * when dried, desiccated, evap- 
orated, or prepared in any manner, not 
specially provided for in this section, 1 
cent per pound; * * * fruits of all 
kinds preserved or packed in sugar, or 
having sugar added thereto or preserved 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 737 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

packed in molasses, spirits, or their own or packed in molasses, spirits, or their 

juices, if containing no alcohol, or con- own juices, if containing no alcohol, or 

taining not over ten per centum of containing not over 10 per centum of 

alcohol, one cent per pound and thirty- alcohol, 20 per centum ad valorem; 

five per centum ad valorem; * * *. * * *. ( 

Par. 275. * * * plums, prunes, and Par. 218. * *v* plums, prunes, and 

prunelles, two cents per pound; * * *. prunelles, 1 cent per pound; 



* # * 



PLUMS, GREEN OR RIPE. 

Description and uses. — Three main types of plums are grown in 
America — the European or Domestica, the Japanese, and the numer- 
ous native species. The European and Japanese types are used prin- 
cipally fresh and for canning; the native plums, to a limited extent 
fresh, especially for culinary purposes, for canning, marmalades, 
jellies, etc. Certain European plums, the damsons, for example, 
are used entirely for preserves and marmalades. 

Production of plums and prunes in 1909 was 15,480,170 bushels, the 
Pacific States yielding over 80 per cent. In 1919 production amounted 
to 19,500,000 bushels, valued at $41,900,000. The types are some- 
what regional, commercial production of the European varieties 
being chiefly in New York, Michigan, Ohio, California^ and the Pacific 
Northwest. The native species are hardiest and more widely dis- 
tributed. 

In 1919 a total of 571,521 cases of plums, valued at $2,228,183, was 
canned as compared with 288,326 cases, valued at $438,238, in 1914. 
About two- thirds of the pack is canned in California. 

Imports of plums, prunes, and prunelles are small, averaging about 
$50,000 from 1910 to 1914, and come principally from Canada. 
Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


i 
Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
15,086 
62, 227 
145,956 

47,7fv5 ' 


$4,180 
16,656 

36,786 
10,70t . 


$151 

t;22 

1, 4*50 


■ 
/'<•/• ant. 
3. t?0 


1919 


3.74 


1920..; 


3 9T 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports of this group are not separately shown except for dried 
prunes. (See Prunes.) 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 738. 

PRUNES. 

Description and uses. — Prunes consist of certain varieties of Domes- 
tica or European plums, which can be dried without fermentation or 
removal of the pits — the horticultural characteristic which differen- 
tiates a prune from a plum. 

Production. — Prunes for drying are grown chiefly in California and 

Oregon, and to a small extent in Washington. In California the fruit 

is largely sun dried; in Oregon and Washington, wholly by artificial 

heat. The crop varies widely — in 1919 the domestic production was 

82304—22 47 



738 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



136,377,066 pounds valued at $18,253,691, of which amount Cali- 
fornia produced about 85 per cent. 

A total of 273,710 cases of prunes valued at $1,271,410 was canned 
in 1919; of this amount Oregon put up over 40 per cent, and Cali- 
fornia and Washington most of the remainder. 

Import statistics are not separately shown for prunes. (See 
Plums, p. 737.) 

Exports averaged about 80,000,000 pounds from 1910 to 1914. 
They go chiefly to the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the 
countries of northern Europe. Later statistics by calendar years 
follow : 





191S 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




22, 888, 112 
$2, 177, 976 


108,208,257 
$15, 721, 951 


75, 138, 779 
$11,738,312 


us. 514, 318 




$1,821, 11V7 







Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification.- — Parts of two paragraphs 
relating to plums, prunes, and prunelles have been combined; and 
the apparently duplicate provision for plums in paragraphs 274 and 
275 of the act of 1909 and paragraphs 217 and 218 of the act of 1913, 
has been corrected. 



PARAGRAPH 748. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 748. Pickled fruits and nuts, and 
sauces of all kinds, not specially provided 
for; comfits, sweetmeats, and all jellies, 
jams, marmalades, fruit butters, and 
similar products, 28 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 253. Pickles, including pickled 
nuts, sauces of all kinds, not specially 
provided for in this section, * * * 
forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 274. * * * comfits, sweetmeats, 
and fruits of all kinds preserved or packed 
in sugar, or having sugar added thereto, 
or preserved or packed in molasses, spir- 
its, or their own juices, if containing no 
alcohol, or containing not over ten per 
centum of alcohol, one cent per pound 
and thirty-five per cent ad valorem; if 
containing over ten per centum of alcohol 
and not specially provided for in this 
section, thirty-five per centum ad \alo- 
rem and in addition two dollars and fifty 
cents per proof gallon on the alcohol con- 
tained therein in excess of ten per centum; 
jellies of all kinds, thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 201. Pickles, including pickled 
nuts, sauces of all kinds, not specially 
provided for in this section, * * * 25 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 217. * * * comfits, sweetmeats, 
and fruits of all kinds preserved or packed 
in sugar, or having sugar added thereto or 
preserved or packed in molasses, spirits, 
or their own juices, if containing no 
alcohol, or containing not over 10 per 
centum of alcohol, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; if containing over 10 per centum 
of alcohol and not specially provided for 
in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem, 
and in addition $2.50 per proof gallon on 
the alcohol contained therein in excess 
of 10 per centum: jellies of all kinds, 20 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PICKLES AND SAUCES. 



739 



Production of pickles and sauces was valued at $45,303,671 in 1914; 
New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois leading. In 1919 a total of 
507 establishments reported a product valued \tj$78, 843, 545. 

Import values of pickles, including pickled nuts and sauces, of all 
kinds, not specially provided for (except fish paste or sauce), before 
the war ranged from $915,549 to $1,246,240. These products come 
chiefly from Japan, Italy, United Kingdom, and Hongkong. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendaf year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$329, 527 
1, 115, 324 
1, 468, 927 
1, 246, 062 


$82, 324 
278, 826 
367, 214 


Per cent. 

25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports of pickles, sauces, etc., amounted to $928,611 in 1914. 
The United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, and Cuba are the principal 
buyers. Later statistics (for calendar years) follow: 1918, $1,129,918; 
1919, $2,039, 641; 1920, $2,273,059; 1921 (9 months), $1,382,143. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 740. 



COMFITS, SWEETMEATS, ETC., PRESERVED IN SUGAR, ETC. 

Production of these commodities is not stated separately. In 1914, 
however, the value of preserves, jellies, and jams made in factories 
was $15,033,346. Large quantities put up for consumption in the 
home are not included. In 1919 the value of all preserves, jellies, and 
jams put up in 205 establishments was $65,458,000. This amount 
does not include the output of other factories that may manufacture 
these products in small quantity along with other products, or fac- 
tories that may reclaim some of their by-products in this way. 

Imports of comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits, etc., containing not over 
10 per cent of alcohol, averaged $639,576 during 1909-1913. Fol- 
io wmg the reduction of the tariff, imports amounted to $818,435 in 
1914. These came largely from France, England, Italy, and the 
West Indies. Later imports by calendar years have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Value , 


$352,913 
68,752 


i $641,371 
U26,676 


$1,352,676 
267,966 


» $562, 494 


Duty 







1 Includes comfits, sweetmeats, etc., containing over 10 pft- cent of alcohol, as follows: $180 value, $101 
duty, .56.11 per centum ad valorem. 

2 Includes $100 worth of comfits, sweetmeats, etc., containing over 10 per cent of alcohol. Imports of 
comfits, sweetmeats, etc., containing alcohol averaged 759 gallons valued at $3,816 for 1909-1913. They 
declined after the war. 

Exports. — Not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 740. 



740 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 
JELLIES OF ALL KINDS. 



Imports averaged $53,545 from 1909 to 1913. Later statistics by 
calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Value 


$72, 721 
13,965 


$774, 557 
79, 547 


$423,051 
82,962 


$106, 184 


Dutv 







Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision in paragraph 
201 of the act of 1913, for "pickles, including pickled nuts, and sauces 
of all kinds, not specially provided for in this section" has been 
changed to "pickled fruits and nuts, and sauces of all kinds, not 
specially provided for." This changed provision has been combined 
with part of paragraph 217, act of 1913, for "comfits, sweetmeats, 
* * *; jellies of all kinds * * *." The provision has been ex- 
panded to include "jams, marmalades, fruit butters, and similar 
products." 

Conflicting provisions. — H. R. 7456 has made separate provision 
for the more important fruits, including their dried and prepared or 
preserved forms; in consequence, there may be conflict between the 
provision for "pickled fruits" and the provisions for particular fruits 
prepared or preserved. Likewise "sauces," although placed in a 
paragraph relating to fruits, consist largely of vegetable products 
such as soy, shoyu, and chutney. Further, the provision for com- 
fits and sweetmeats may conflict with the several provisions for par- 
ticular fruits prepared or preserved, as well as with the general pro- 
vision in paragraph 749 for "fruits prepared or preserved" and 
"mixtures of two or more fruits." 

Suggested changes. — These conflicts might be avoided by striking 
out the provisions for "pickled fruits and nuts, and sauces of all 
kinds, not specially provided for; comfits, sweetmeats, and," page 
93, lines 3 and 4; by inserting the words "or pickled" after the word 
"brine" in paragraph 749, line 7, page 93; by substituting a semi- 
colon for the colon after the word "pound" in line 7, page 95, para- 
graph 759, and inserting the words "pickled, or otherwise prepared 
or preserved, and not specially provided for," followed by a colon, 
thereafter; by inserting the words "sauces of all kinds, not specially 
provided for," followed by a semicolon in paragraph 773 after the 
words "not specially provided for" in line 12, page 97, and by omit- 
ting the words "comfits, sweetmeats, and" altogether from H. R. 
7456. 

It is furthermore suggested that the words " and similar products" 
in this paragraph, lines 5 and 6, page 93, be omitted. With these 
changes this paragraph would read: 

All jellies, jams, marmalades, and fruit butters [rate]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



741 



PARAGRAPH 749. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 749. Fruits in their natural state. 
or in brine, dried, desiccated, evaporated, 
or otherwise prepared or preserved, and 
not specially provided for. and mixtures 
of two or more fruits. 20 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided. That all provisions of 
this title for fruits and berries prepared 
or preserved shall include fruits and 
berries preserved or packed in sugar, or 
having sugar added thereto, or preserved 
or packed in molasses, spirits, or their 
own juices. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



quinces. " * 
* * when dried. 



Par. 274. * * 
all edible fruits. 
desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in 
any manner, not specially provided for 
in this section, two cents per pound: 
* * * fruits of all kinds preserved or 
packed in sugar, or having sugar added 
thereto, or preserved or packed in mo- 
lasses, spirits, or their own juices, if con- 
taining no alcohol, or containing not over 
ten per centum of alcohol, one cent per 
pound and thirty -five per centum ad 
valorem: * * *. 

Par. 571. Fruits or berries, green, ripe, 
or dried, and fruits in brine, not specially 
provided for in this section [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 217. * * * quinces, * * * 
all edible fruits. * * * when dried, 
desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in 
any manner, not specially provided for 
in this section, 1 cent per pound : * * * 
fruits of all kinds preserved or packed in 
sugar, or having sugar added thereto or 
preserved or packed in molasses, spirits, 
or their own juices, if containing no 
alcohol, or containing not over 10 per 
centum of alcohol. 20 per centum ad 
valorem: * * *. 

Par. 488. Fruits or berries, green, ripe, 
or dried, and fruits in brine, not specially 
provided for in this section [Free]. 



ALL OTHER FRUITS, FRESH, DRIED, OR PRESERAED. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph relates to a large number 
of fruits and fruit preparations, which individually enter into a small 
import trade. 

Production statistics are given in the following table: 







1919 


1914 




Quantity. 


Value. 

__ 

S6, 034. 697 
6, 384; 934 

25, 167, 772 
2,701,348 


Quantity. 


Value, 


Fruits, n. s. p. f .: 

Apricots 

A 11 other dried fruits 

Canned fruits, n. o. p. f.: 

Apricots 

Other canned fruits 


pounds.. 

do 

cases.. 

do.... 


24, 192. 628 
37,852,258 

3,939,768 
516.558 


39, 397, 294 

47, 189, 970 

1,051, S16 
86, 850 


S3, 615. 857 
2, 408, 061 

3, 060, 626 
3--<6,082 



Imports of "all other" fruits and berries, green, ripe, and dried, 
have been, bv calendar vears, as follows: 1918, §65,424; 1919, 
$139,379; 1920, $127,665; 1921 (9 months), $175,138. 

Exports for calendar years have been as follows: 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



All other fruits, green or npe $3, 396, 709 

All other fruits, dried $752, 868 

Apricots, dried: 

Quantity (pounds) 5, 262, 206 

Value $754, 780 

All other canned fruits $4, 134, 272 

All other preserved fruits $1, 989, 945 



$4, 713, 008 
$2, 557, 451 

37, 143, 824 

$8,505,348 

$31,985,772 

$4,518,343 



$4, 1S7.624 
$2, 168. 279 

9, 881, 256 
$2, 58i; 750 
$7, 032, 694 
$1, 882, 180 



$2,974,956 
$615, 582 

17, 784, 882 

$3,351,880 

$2, 599, 966 

$453, 039 



742 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph below. 

PLANTAIN. 



Description and uses. — The plantain is a species of banana. It 
has a coarse texture and is not so sweet as the ripe banana. In 
tropical countries it is used extensively. If specific provision is not 
made for it in other paragraphs (see Bananas, p. 713) it would be 
dutiable under this basket clause. 

Production. — There is no production in the United States. British 
Honduras, via New Orleans, is our principal source. 

Imports were valued at $50,276 in 1914. Later statistics by calen- 
dar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 


Quantity (bunches) 




115, 806 
J41,424 


193,026 ' 179,976 


Value 


$12, 712 


$59,961 S60.431 









Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification— -This paragraph combines two 
provisions of the act of 1913 — paragraph 217, a dutiable catchall 
clause for edible fruits prepared or preserved, and paragraph 488, a 
free-list provision for fruits and berries, green, ripe, dried, or in brine. 
The last-named provision has given rise to much litigation. 

A proviso has been added to the effect that the provisions for 
fruits and berries shall include such fruits whether preserved in 
sugar, molasses, etc. 

A new provision has also been added for mixtures of two or more 
fruits. 

Conflicting provisions. — The provision for " mixtures of two or 
more fruits" might be construed to include fruits in their natural 
state, n. s. p. f., and afford an opportunity for evading higher specific 
duties. 

Suggested changes. — For the reasons stated under the subheading 
" Conflicting provisions," under paragraph 748, the words "or 
pickled" might be inserted after the word "brine" in line 7, page 93. 
To agree with paragraph 773, the words "in any other way" should 
be inserted after the word "preserved" in line 8, page 93, and the 
word "otherwise" before "prepared" in line 8, page 93, be stricken 
out. 

With a view to the avoidance of possible conflicts of this paragraph 
with eo nomine provisions for fruits, prepared or preserved, it is 
suggested that the word "specific 
in line 10, page 93. 



" be inserted before "provisions" 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



743 



PARAGRAPH 750. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 750. Berries and fruits, of all 
kinds, and similar products, prepared or 
preserved in any manner, containing 5 
per centum or more of alcohol shall pay 
in addition to the rates provided in this 
title $5 per proof gallon on the alcohol 
contained therein: Provided, however, 
That nothing in this Act shall be con- 
strued as permitting the importation of 
intoxicating liquor in violation of the 
eighteenth amendment to the Constitu- 
tion, or any Act of Congress enacted in its 
enforcement. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 274. * * * fruits of all kinds 
preserved or packed in * * * spirits, 
* * * if containing * * * not 
over ten per centum of alcohol, one cent 
per pound and thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem; if containing over ten per cent- 
um of alcohol and not specially provided 
for in this section, thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem and in addition two dollars 
and fifty cents per proof gallon on the 
alcohol contained therein in excess of ten 
per centum; * * *. 



spirits, 
* not 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 217. * * * fruits * 
preserved or packed in * * * 
* * * if containing * * 
over 10 per centum of alcohol, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; if containing over 
10 per centum of alcohol and not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per centum 
ad valorem, and in addition $2.50 per 
proof gallon on the alcohol contained 
therein in excess of 10 per centum; 



FRUITS PRESERVED IN ALCOHOL, ETC. 



Imports and exports. — See paragraph 737, p. 716. 

Important changes in classification. — A separate paragraph has been 
here provided f or-fruits preserved in alcohol, and the wording of these 
provisions has been changed more nearly to accord with prohibition 
legislation. Such legislation applies to intoxicating beverages, and 
not to fruits. Owing to natural fermentation, fruits may contain 
one-half of 1 per cent or more of alcohol. For this reason, and be- 
cause of difficulties of administration, the penalty clause was applied 
to fruits containing 5 per centum or more of alcohol. The final 
proviso has been added to avoid conflict with laws respecting the 
enforcement of prohibition legislation. 

Suggested changes. — It is suggested that the words "and similar 
products" be eliminated, being unnecessary. It is difficult to deter- 
mine what products are " similar" to fruits and berries preserved in 
alcohol. 

Because of the varying value of the alcoholic liquors in which fruits 
may be packed, and the difficulties of administration, an ad valorem 
rate appears preferable to the rate per proof gallon for the penalty 
clause. 



744 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORM ATIOST, 1921. 

NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE STOCK. 

GENERAL. 

Imports of all nursery and greenhouse stock provided for in para- 
graphs 751 ? 752, and 753 are admitted only under the license and 
inspection of the Federal Horticultural Board of the Department of 
Agriculture. Because of the danger of importing insect pests and 
plant diseases, this license is granted only for such stock as can not 
be produced in sufficient quantities within the United States. All 
other bulbs, seedlings, cuttings, and similar plant material are under 
an absolute quarantine. In view of these conditions, the specific 
tariff provisions relating to the items under quarantine have been 
eliminated; the small quantities of quarantined propagating stock 
that are allowed entry, under special regulations, would be dutiable 
under the basket clauses. 

Specific duties are suggested by New York customs officials for 
most of this material because of difficulty in determining market 
values and in identifying different varieties of bulbs. 

The two paragraphs in the dutiable list of the 1913 act relating to 
nursery and greenhouse stock have been rearranged into three para- 
graphs. The first paragraph covers bulbs and flowers, the second 
relates chiefly to ornamental shrubbery, and the third to fruit stocks. 

Paragraph 489 of the act of 1913, relating to tropical and semi- 
tropical fruit plants, is eliminated from the free list, as this item is 
provided for in the suggested new paragraphs. The items in para- 
graph 595 of the act of 1913, " bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible 
and not otherwise provided for in this section; * * * coniferous 
evergreen seedlings," are also provided for in the suggested reclassi- 
fication. Paragraph 510 is also eliminated, since few hop roots have 
been imported for a number of years and none are likely to be im- 
ported. 

PARAGRAPH 751. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 751. Tulip, narcissus, and hya- 
cinth bulbs and lily of the valley pips, $4 
per thousand; lily of the valley clumps, 
$10 per thousand; crocus bulbs, $1 per 
thousand; lily bulbs, $4 per thousand; all 
other bulbs and roots, root stocks, conns, 
tubers, and herbaceous perennials, im- 
ported for horticultural purposes, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; cut flowers, fresh or 
preserved, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

j Par. 263. Orchids, palms, azaleas, and Par. 210. Orchids, palms, azalea indica, 

all other decorative or greenhouse plants and cut flowers, preserved or fresh, 25 

and cut flowers, preserved or fresh, per centum ad valorem; lily of the valley 

twenty-five per centum ad valorem; lily pips, tulips, narcissus, begonia, and 

of the* valley pips, tulip, narcissus, bego- gloxinia bulbs, $1 per thousand ; hyacinth 

nia, and gloxinia bulbs, one dollar per bulbs, astilbe, dielytra, and lily of the 

thousand; hyacinth, astilbe, dielytra, valley clumps, $2.50 per thousand; lily 

and lily of the valley clumps, two dollars bulbs and calla bulbs or corms, $5 per 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 745 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

and fifty cents per thousand; lily bulbs thousand; herbaceous peony. Iris Kaemp- 
and callabulbs, five dollarsper thousand; ferfi or Germanica. canna. dahlia, and 
peony, Iris Ksempferii or Germanica, amaryllis bulbs, $10 per thousand; all 
canna, dahlia, and amaryllis bulbs, ten other bulbs, roots, root stocks, conns, 
dollars per thousand; all other bulbs, and tubers, which are cultivated for their 
bulbous roots or corms which are eulti- flowers or foliage, 50 cents per thousand: 
rated for their flowers or foliage, fifty Provided, That all mature mother flower- 
cents per thousand . ing bulbs imported exclusively for prop- 

Par. 588. Hop roots for cultivation agating purposes shall be admitted free 

[Free]. of duty. 

Par. 668. * * * bulbs and bulbous Par. 510. Hop roots for cultivation 

roots, not edible and not otherwise pro- [Free]. 

vided for in this section: * .* ."! * Par. 595. * * * bulbs and bulbous 

[Free]. roots; not edible and not otherwise pro- 
vided for in this section: * * * 
[Free]. 

BULBS, ROOTS. ETC. 

Description, uses, and production. — -Tulip bulbs are used largely for 
outdoor bedding to give vivid spring-no wer effects, and also by 
florists for forcing. Production to a limited extent has begun in the 
Pacific Northwest and Michigan. They can be grown in some 
sections on the Atlantic seaboard, but because of hand labor required, 
the European-grown stock is the cheaper. Domestic production of 
merchantable stocks in 1920 was not less than 1,000,000 bulbs. 
Most bulbs are grown in Holland. 

Narcissus bulbs are used largely by florists for forcing as cut 
flowers, also in the indoor window garden and for outdoor planting, 
both in formal beds and in open woodlands and meadows. Many 
varieties are grown in increasing numbers along the Atlantic coast, 
in the Pacific Northwest, and in Michigan. They are native to 
various parts of -^Europe and Asia. Holland is the most important 
producer, but some imports are from Great Britain and one important 
variety comes from China. The most important early forcing 
varieties are of French origin. Cheap labor has undoubtedly deter- 
mined the present trade relations, though less hand labor is required 
than in growing some other bulbs. 

Hyacinths are low-growing bulbous plants used largely for spring 
bedding effects, and by florists in vast quantities for forcing for 
winter blooms. Three to five years are required to grow full-sized 
bulbs. A few bulbs have been grown experimentally in the Pacific 
Northwest, but great labor cost entailed by man}^ handlings, has 
delayed commercial production. The one grower engaged in the 
production of the Dutch stocks operates on a small scale. Two 
classes are imported — the Dutch and the Roman; the former from 
the Netherlands and the latter from the south of France. 

Lily of the valley is a small, dainty spring flower. It is grown as 
a hardy garden plant, but largely by florists, for forcing at all seasons. 
The "pip" is a bud capable of producing a flower stalk with its 
accompanying roots, while " clump" denotes several of these together, 
not separated and sorted. Production in this country is in its 
infancy, but is being attempted in several localities. From two to 
three years are required to produce a crop. The plants grow wild 
in many parts of Europe, but practically all commercial pips are 



746 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



grown in two limited areas in Germany, on specially adapted soil 
under expert cultivation. 

The crocus belongs to the same natural order as the iris but is a 
very different plant. It is grown mainly in beds and borders, is 
naturalized, and is adapted to cool greenhouse culture. The varie- 
ties are prized mostly for their gorgeous display and the earliness of 
their appearance in the spring. Some varieties blossom before the 
snow disappears, others produce flowers in autumn, but it is the 
spring flowering kinds that we import almost entirely. There is no 
domestic supply, although the stocks are easily produced. 

The lily family contains many species prized for their size and the 
beauty of their flowers. The principal ones are Lilium longiflorum, 
called Bermuda or Easter lily, of which there are many varieties; 
Lilium speciosum, or show lily; and Lilium candidum, or Madonna 
lily. These and many other species are used for outdoor culture in a 
small way; they are also commonly forced by florists for spring 
flowers. Practically none of the bulbs used for forcing are grown 
here, but some for garden use are domestic. Lilium longiflorum is 
grown extensively in Bermuda and Japan; Lilium speciosum, mostly 
in Japan; and IAlium candidum, largely in southern France; many 
varieties, to a limited extent, in western Europe. Domestic produc- 
tion has been greatly stimulated in the past 2 years. 

The calla lily is much used by florists for forcing, as a house plant, 
And as a common garden plant in the warmer sections of the country. 
The corms are grown on a large scale outdoors in California, where 
many of the blooms are also marketed. Domestic stocks are rapidly 
supplying the demands of the trade. 

All other bulbs and roots, root stocks, corms, tubers, and herbaceous 
perennials including such flowering stocks as dielytra, astilbe, iris, 
t>egonia, canna, gladiolus, dahlia, amaryllis, and peony are now 
excluded from this country by quarantine regulations. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


LILY OF THE VALLEY PIPS, TULIP, NARCISSUS, BEGONIA, AND GLOXINIA BULBS. 


1918 


Thousands. 
50,786 
63, 176 

107, 778 
78, 194 


$658, 874 
1, 116, 641 
2, 023, 552 
1, 474, 169 


$50, 786 
63, 176 
107, 778 


Per cent. 
7.71 


1919 


5.66 


1920 


5.33 


1921 (9 months) 










HYACINTH BULBS, ASTILBE, DIELYTRA, AND LILY OF THE VALLEY CI 


,UMPS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



11,490 
16,852 
19,518 
22,443 



$425, 316 
550, 759 
746, 556 
771, 020 



$28,725 
42, 130 
48, 795 



6.75 
7.65 
6.54 



LILY BULBS AND CALLA BULBS OR CORMS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



2,449 

8,642 
8,827 
2,007 




SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



747 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 



PEONY, HERBACEOUS, IRIS KAEMPFERII OR GERMANICA, CANNA, DAHLIA AND 

AMARYLLIS BULBS. 



1918 ; 


Pounds. 

560 

362 

163 

43 


$36, 380 

18, 802 

4,490 

23, 930 


$5, 600 
3,620 
1,630 


Per cent. 
15.39 


1919 


19.25 


1920 


36. 30 


1921 (9 months) 





















BULBS, MATURE MOTHER FLOWERING, IMPORTED EXCLUSIVELY FOR PROPAGA- 
TING PURPOSES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



2,720 
9,805 
2,629 
1,006 



$16, 319 

68, 026 
36, 517 
14, 274 



ALL OTHER BULBS, ROOTS, ROOT STOCKS. CORMS, AND TUBERS WHICH ARE CULTI- 
VATED FOR THEIR FLOWERS OR FOLIAGE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



37,553 $383,033 ' $18,776 

57,910 i 1,034,623 : " 28,955 

55,664 1,225,195 j 27,832 

62,953 1,137,427 ' 



4.90 
2.80 
2.27 



ORCHIDS, PALMS, AZALEAS, AND ALL OTHER DECORATIVE OR GREENHOUSE PLANTS 

PRESERVED OR FRESH. 



1918 


Number. 


$25, 381 
150, 429 
31, 816 
22, 656 


$6, 286 

37, 106 

7,854 


25.00 


1919 


145, 714 

5,834 

70, 159 


25.00 


1920 ; 

1921 (9 months) 


25.00 









The following table indicates the number of bulbs of each kind 
imported under the quarantine regulations for the fiscal year ended 
June 30, 1921: 



Country of origin. 


Crocus. 


Hyacinth. 


Lily. 


Lily of 
the Valley. 


Narcissus. 


Tulip. 


Unclassi- 
fied. 








30,000 

102,986 

6,172 










Benmida 






| 






::::::::::::;:::::::: 








China 








4,343,136 

1,079,069 

40,966,054 


! 







50 
3.609 666 


3,282 

193, 283 

15, 803, 175 




200 






10,500 





259,910 





Germany 




856. 850 




Holland 


5,504,305 18,959,175 


75,969 1 2,749,896 
. ...!.. 


31,557,816 
1,000 


54,815,233 


1,415,369 




Italy 




I 




3,341,000 




- . 1 


6,275,666 




9,120 















Total 


5,514,805 22.568.891 


22,490,533 i 3.606.746 


77,956,195 


55,075,343 


4, 756, 369 















Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 748. 



748 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

CUT FLOWERS. 

Description and uses. — Fresh cut flowers are used in large quanti- 
ties, the business in greenhouse flowers probably amounting to 
$60,000,000. Preserved flowers, notably palm leaves, are used to 
some extent. 

Production. — Cut flowers are extensively produced in the United 
States; a few concerns attempt putting preserved leaves on the 
market. Canada is the only country from which we import fresh 
flowers in quantity. Dried flowers come from southern France and 
Cape Colony; palm leaves from Japan, formerly via Germany, where 
they were dyed. • 

Imports were valued at $24,681 in 1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 . 


$8. 705 
58, 193 
39, 254 
16, 886 


$2, 176 
14, 548 
9,813 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 




25 


1920 




25- 


1921 (9 months) 















Exports of cut flowers were valued at $121,287 in 1914. Practically 
all go to Canada. Later exports for calendar years have been as 
follows: 1918, $173,991; 1919, $171,407; 1920, $180,789; 1921 (nine 
months), $120,504. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — " Tulip" has been substituted 
for " tulips" of the act of 1913 (par. 210). " Tulips" in the act of 
1913 was applied to the flower (Maltus v. United States, 6 Ct. Oust. 
Appls., 525, of 1916; United States v. American Express Co., 8 Ct. 
Cust. Appls., 195, of 1917). 

Some varieties of bulbs and roots named in the act of 1913, but 
which are now under quarantine, are omitted. Imports of these 
have never been important and should the quarantine be lifted they 
would be caught by the general provision in paragraph 751. The 
provision in the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 510) for hop roots is 
also omitted. 

The provision "all mature mother flowering bulbs imported exclu- 
sively for propagating purposes" has been eliminated in order to 
simplify administration. This term has no definite meaning in the 
trade and has been a source of litigation. 

Suggested changes. — Nurserymen have suggested that hyacinth 
bulbs be not grouped with tulip, narcissus, and lily of the valley 
pips for the reason that hyacinth bulbs are considerably higher in 
price than the other three. 

It is also suggested that the provision for lily of the valley clumps 
(groups of lily of the valley pips in earth), which are now excluded 
by quarantine, be eliminated. " Clumps" added to the general pro- 
vision in paragraph 751 would catch any future, importation of lily 
of the valley or other clumps. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



749 



The revised paragraph might read as follows : 

Tar. 751. Tulip, lily, and narcissus bulbs, and lily of the valley pips, $4 per thou- 
sand; hyacinth bulbs, $ — per thousand; crocus bulbs, $1 per thousand; all other 
bulbs and roots, root stocks, clumps, corms, tubers, and herbaceous perennials, im- 
ported for horticultural purposes, 20 per centum ad valorem; cut flowers, fresh or 
prosprvpd, 25 per centum ad valorem. 



PARAGRAPH 752. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 752. Seedlings and cuttings of 
Manetti. multiflora. brier, rugosa. and 
other roses, $2 per thousand plants: cut- 
tinge, seedlings, and grafted plants of 
other deciduous or evergreen ornamental 
trees, shrubs, or vines, including green- 
house plants. 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 264. Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings 
of * * * Manetti multiflora and briar 
rose, three years old or less, one dollar per 
thousand plants: * * * rose plants, 
budded, grafted, or grown on their own 
roots, four cents each; stocks, cuttings 
and seedlings of all * * * orna- 
mental trees, deciduous and evergreen 
shrubs and vines, and all trees, shrubs, 
plants, and vines commonly known as 
nursery or greenhouse stock, not specially 
provided for in this section, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 668. * * * evergreen seed- 
lings; * * * [Free], 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 211. Stocks, cuttings, or seedlings 
of * * * Manetti multiflora and briar 
rose, Rosa rugosa, three years old or less, 
$1 per thousand plants; * * * rose 
plants, budded, grafted, or grown on their 
own roots, 4 cents each; stocks, cuttings, 
and seedlings, of all * * * orna- 
mental trees, deciduous and evergreen 
shrubs and vines, and all * * * 
shrubs, plants, and vines commonly 
known as nursery or greenhouse stock, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 595. * * * coniferous ever- 
green seedlings; * * * [Free]. 



ROSE PLANTS FOR STOCKS. 

Description, uses, and production.— Manetti is a variety of rose 
used as a stock upon which to bud or graft other more desirable 
varieties, both for garden and greenhouse culture. Production is 
rare here because of the ease of securing cheap foreign-grown stocks 
from northern France, Belgium, and adjacent regions. Multiflora 
brier, and rugosa are roses used by some nurserymen instead of the 
Manetti as stocks on which to graft or bud named varieties of roses. 

Imports of Manetti for four years preceding the war averaged about 
5,000,000. Other varieties are not stated separately. In the fiscal 
year ended June, 1920, of 3,514,636 rose plants were imported. 
Roses used as stocks including Manetti, multiflora, brier, and rugosa 
are imported under unlimited permits of the Department of Agri- 
culture. All other varieties are imported only under special permit 
and in limited quantities for propagation. 

Imports of rose plants, budded, grafted, or grown on their own 
roots, are as follows: - 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem . 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Number. 

818,235 

143,483 

28,585 

18,976 


$69,091 
19,503 
3,151 
5,018 


$32, 729 
5,739 
1,143 


Per cent. 
47.37 
29.43 
36.29 









750 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The following table indicates the number of rose stocks imported 
under the quarantine regulations for the fiscal year ended June 30, 
1921: 



Country of origin . 


Rose 
stocks. 


Country of origin. s g«£; 






■ 




1, 181, 100 
2, 176, 282 
2, 264, 010 


Scotland j 43, 000 

Ireland ' 269, 800 




Holland 






Total j 5,934,192 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 751. 

PLANTS. 

Description, uses, and production. — The rugosa rose, an ornamental 
shrub for garden planting, in Europe, is used as a stock for grafting. 
It is grown by all nurserymen handling ornamental shrubs. 

Ornamental trees are used for street, park, and home-ground 
planting. They are produced here and in France and in other 
sections of western Europe. Many different kinds of ornamental 
shrubs are used for park, cemetery, and home ornamentation. These 
shrubs are generally produced here in nurseries, the kinds varying 
with the region. Western Europe, especially France, furnishes a 
supply for propagating purposes only. Various kinds of broad-leafed 
evergreens are found, mainly in the warmer sections. Most sections 
produce these shrubs in nurseries. France, Belgium, Holland, and 
other parts of western Europe cultivate them extensively. 

Imports in 1916 of ornamental trees were over 2,000,000; of orna- 
mental shrubs, over 4,000,000; and of evergreens, 2,500,000. The 
plant quarantine of the Department of Agriculture now prevents the 
importation of these plant materials. 

Exports are insignificant. They are excluded from many European 
countries. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 751. 

NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE STOCK, N. S. P. F. 

Description and uses. — " Nursery and greenhouse stock" is a blanket 
phrase, probably including many different plants grown in small 
quantities. 

Production. — Many of these plants are grown to some extent in the 
United States. Western Europe and Japan are notable producers. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 

Fruit and ornamental trees, deciduous and evergreen shrubs and vines, and all trees, 
shrubs, plants, and vines commonly known as nursery or greenhouse stock, n. s. p. f. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 




Thousands. 


$211, 575 

572, 554 

12, 089 

26, 293 


$31, 736 

85,883 

1,813 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


4,664 
316 
701 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 751 

Exports of nursery stock were valued at $315,065 in 1914, and 
went for the most part to Canada. This stock is excluded from 
some European countries. Later exports have been as follows 
(calendar years) : 1918, $239,621; 1919, $405,270; 1920, $405,006;; 
1921 (nine months), $266,363. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Coniferous evergreen seedlings 
on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595) are made dutiable. 

Suggested changes. — Page 94, line 7, of H. R. 7456: Change "other 
roses'' to " other rose stocks." Strike out "plant's" as redundant.. 

Page 94, line 8: Insert "or budded" after "grafted." 

Page 94, lines 9, 10: Strike out "including greenhouse plants " and 
insert "and all nursery or greenhouse stock, not specially provided 
for." This change will cover nursery or greenhouse stock not 
specially provided for in paragraphs 751, 752, or 753. 

The tariff and legislative committee of the Society of American 
Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists requests restoration of the 
three-year limitation for rose plants. The term "not more than 
three years old" would perhaps be better than "three years old or 
less." At present practically all imported rose stocks are less than 
three years old. 

With the above changes, paragraph 752 would read : 

Seedlings and cuttings of Manetti, multiflora, brier, rugosa, and other rose stocks,, 
all the foregoing not more than three years old, $2 per thousand; cuttings, seedlings, 
and grafted or budded plants of other deciduous or evergreen ornamental trees, shrubs,, 
or vines, and all nursery or greenhouse stock not specially provided for, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 



PARAGRAPH 753. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 753. Seedlings, layers, and cut- 
tings of plants for apple, cherry, pear, 
plum, quince, or other fruit stocks, $2 per 
thousand plants; grafted or budded fruit 
trees, cuttings and seedlings of grapes, 
currants, gooseberries, or other fruit vines 
or bushes, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 264. Stocks, cuttings, or seed- Par. 211. Stocks, cuttings, or seed- 
lings of Myrobolan plum, Mahaleb or lings of Myrobolan plum, Mahaleb or 
Mazzard -cherry, * * * three years Mazzard cherry, * * * three years- 
old or less, one dollar per thousand plants; old or less, $1 per thousand plants; stocks, 
stocks, cuttings, or seedlings of pear, cuttings, or seedlings of pear, apple, 
apple, quince and the Saint Julien plum, quince, and the Saint Julien plum, three 
three years old or less, two dollars per years old or less, $1 per thousand plants; 
thousand plants; * * * stocks, cut- * * * stocks, cuttings, and seedlings, 
tings and seedlings of all fruit * * * of all fruit * * * trees, deciduous and 
trees, deciduous and evergreen shrubs evergreen shrubs and vines, and all trees, 
and vines, and all trees, shrubs, plants, shrubs, plants, and vines commonly 
and vines commonly known as nursery known as nursery or greenhouse stock, 
or greenhouse stock, not specially pro- not specially provided for in this section, 
vided for in this section, twenty-five per 15 per centum ad valorem, 
centum ad valorem. 



752 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF lis FORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 572. Fruit plants, tropical and 
semitropical, for the purpose of propaga- 
tion or cultivation [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 489. Fruit plants, tropical and 
semitropical, for the purpose of propaga- 
tion or cultivation [Free]. 



STOCKS, CUTTINGS, AND SEEDLINGS OF ALL FRUITS N. S. P. F. 

Description and uses. — This collection of plant material includes 
the stock used by nurserymen in the propagation of fruits. Large 
numbers of seedlings used for budding or grafting stocks for apple, 
cherry, pear, plum, quince, or other fruits are imported by nursery- 
men, but under plant-quarantine regulations of the Department of 
Agriculture. These regulations restrict imports of grafted or budded 
fruit trees, vines, or bushes to new varieties or to those not available 
in this country. 

Production. — Great numbers of apple and other seedlings from 
imported seed (largely from France) are grown here for stock pur- 
poses. The growing of fruit-tree seedling stocks other than peaches 
is chiefly by specialists, located principally near Topeka, Kans. We 
have a native supply of peach pits, and nurserymen who propagate 
peach trees grow their own seedlings. 

Import statistics do not adequately segregate the different kinds of 
plants for detailed consideration. For a period of seven or eight 
years prior to 1915 the imports of pear, apple, quince, and St. Julien 
plum seedlings had ranged from 14,211,000 to 25,743,000; in 1918 
imports were 3,606,000, valued at $27,305; in 1919, 3,821,000, valued 
at $35,269; and in 1920, 4,008,000, valued at $90,752. Imports of 
myrobolan plum, mahaleb or mazzard cherry (Manetti multijlora), 
and brier rose (Rosa rugosa, see below) were 24,695,000, valued at 
$128,314 in 1914; and 10,886,000, valued at $82,118 in 1918; 
8,144,000, valued at $99,033 in 1919; and 9,141,000, valued at 
$242,142 in 1920. The foregoing "data for 1918 and later relate to 
calendar years. 

Imports for consumption of the various fruit stocks since 1917 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quaatity. 


Value, i Duty. 

1 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


MYROBOLAN PLUM, MAHALEB OR MAZZARD CHER 
AND BRIER ROSE, ROSA RUGOSA. 3 YEAI 


RY, MANETTI MULTIFLORA, 
LS OLD OR LESS. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Thousands. 
10,886 
8,144 
-9,141 
13,075 


$82, 118 

99,033 

242, 142 

255,578 


Per cent. 
810,886 : 13.26 
8, 144 8. 22 
9,141 3.78 


- 







PEAR, APPLE, QUINCE, AND THE ST. JULIEN PLUM, 3 YEARS OLD OR LESS. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


3,606 
3,821 
4,008 
9,485 


$27,305 $3,606 

35,269 ' 3,821 

. 90,752 4,008 

172,694 


13.21 
10.83 
4.42 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



753 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, i Value 



D t • Equivalent 
DutJ - lad valorem. 



FRUIT PLANTS, TROPICAL AND SEMITROPICAL, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROPAGA- 
TION OR CULTIVATION. 



1918 


Pounds. 


$723 

5,285 

32,500 

1,256 




Per cent. 


1919... 


298 

600 

70 






1920 







1921 (9 months) . 













The following table indicates the number of fruit stocks of each 
kind imported under the quarantine regulations for the fiscal year 
ended June 30, 1921. 



















Fruit stocks. 


Country of origin. 


Apple. 


Cherry. 


Pear. 


Plum. 


Quince. 


All other 
fruits. 






1,018 










Czechoslovakia 


150 


50 






3 


Costa Rica 








200 




100 

4, 396, 450 

584,100 












France 


8, 003, 698 
884,648 


3, 214, 104 
469,070 


2,000,375 
285, 133 


1, 036, 250 
29,000 


344,890 


Holland 


25,000 


Ireland 




Italy 








103,000 




35,309 


Japan 






3,000 




Mexico 










1,500 


















I" 


Total 


4,980,800 R. 889- 364 1 3 686 224 


2, 388, 508 


1, 065, 250 


406,902 








' ' 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Fruit plants, tropical and 
semi tropical, for the purpose of propagation or cultivation, on the 
free list of the act of 1913 (par. 489), are made dutiable. 

All fruit-stock material has been combined in this paragraph. A 
few varieties of fruits named in prior acts are omitted. Special pro- 
vision for material under quarantine has been dropped since the 
small quantity of quarantined propagating stock allowed entry under 
the special regulations will be dutiable under the general provision 
in this paragraph. 

Suggested changes. — Page 94, line 11, of H. R. 7456: Strike out 
"plants for" and in line 13 strike out "plants" as redundant. 

Page 94, line 12: Change "or" to "and" before "other." 

Page 94, line 15: Insert "plants" after "vines." 



PARAGRAPH 754. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 754. Almonds, not shelled, 4 
cent* per pound; shelled, 12 cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 280. Almonds, not shelled, four 
cents per pound; clear almonds, shelled, 
■ix cents per pound; * * *. 

82304—22 48 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 223. Almonds, not shelled, 3 
cents per pound; almonds, shelled, 4 
cents per pound; * * *. 



754 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ALMONDS. 

(See Survey G-34.) 

Description and uses. — iUmonds are of two kinds, the bitter and 
the sweet. Bitter almonds are cultivated to a limited extent in the 
Mediterranean region. The nuts are used in making flavoring 
extracts and prussic acid. That which enters most largely into 
commerce is the sweet or edible almond, native to Mediterranean 
countries and southwestern Asia. The nuts contain a bland, fixed 
oil of agreeable flavor, and are used in confectionery (especially in 
sweet chocolate), in deserts, and also in emulsion that forms a pleasant 
diluent drink. It is as edible nuts, however, either as unshelled, 
shelled, or as " salted almonds," that they are chiefly used. 

(For discussion of shelling percentages see Survey G-34.) 

Production in the United States is limited to California, which 
reports, for 1920, 2,408,040 almond trees of bearing age and 1,407,901 
trees not of bearing age. At 75 trees per acre, this is equivalent to 
32,107 acres of bearing and 18,772 acres of nonbearing orchards. 
The acreage has increased largely in recent years. The present yield 
is low per acre, principally because many trees are just beginning to 
bear. Few domestic almonds are sold in the shelled form, while 
imports are for the most part received in this form. Statistics of 
production since 1917 are as follows: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


Quantity (pounds) 10, 200, 000 


15, 699, 748 
$3,924,940 


12,000,000 


1 12, 000, 000 


Value • 









Preliminary. 



Imports of shelled almonds in 1913 amounted to 12,655,057 pounds 
and to 13,896,621 pounds in 1914. Imports of almonds not shelled 
amounted to 5,501,059 pounds in 1914. Both kinds come mostly 
from Spain, Italy, and France. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


ALMONDS, SHELLED. 






Pounds. 


$5, 609, 630 
9, 739, 287 
7,201,773 
3, 533, 100 


$844, 269 

1,060,695 

750, 785 


Per cent. 


1918 




21,106,846 
26, 517, 377 
18, 769, 626 
11,805,125 


15.05 


1919 


10. 89 


1920 


10.43 


1921 (9 months). .. 












ALMONDS, NOT SHELLED 








1918 


6, 147, 240 
6,316,059 
6,460,732 
2, 049, 092 


$940, 739 

1,098,714 

1,044,341 

282, 573 


$184,417 
189, 482 
193, 822 


19.60 


1919 


17.25 


1920 


18.56 


1 921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



755 



Exports. — -None recorded. (See par. 759.) 

Important changes in classification. — The principal nuts have been 
given separate paragraphs; several that were formerly caught in the 
basket clause have been specifically named and the operation of the 
general or basket clause correspondingly limited. (See Survey 
G-34 entitled "Almonds, walnuts, pecans, and other nuts.) 



PARAGRAPH 755. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 755. Cream or Brazil nuts, 1 cent 
per pound; filberts, not shelled, 2\ cents 
per pound; shelled, 5 cents per pound; 
chestnuts, including marrons, in their 
natural state, dried, or baked, one-half of 
1 cent per pound; prepared or preserved, 
and not specially provided for, 15 cents 
per pound; pignolia nuts, 1 cent per 
pound; pistache nuts, 1 cent per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 281. Filberts * * * not 
shelled, three cents per pound; shelled, 
five cents per pound. 

Par. 283. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for in 
this section, one cent per pound; but no 
allowance shall be made for dirt or other 
impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or 
unshelled. 

Par. 635. Nuts: Brazil nuts, cream 
nuts, marrons crude, * * * [Free]. 



Par. 224. Filberts * * * not shelled, 
2 cents per pound; shelled, 4 cents per 
pound. 

Par. 226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for in 
this section, 1 cent per pound; but no 
allowance shall be made for dirt or other 
impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled or 
unshelled. 

Par. 557. Nuts: Marrons, crude; * * * 
[Free]. 



CREAM OR BRAZIL NUTS. 

(See Survey G-34.) 

Description and uses. — The cream or Brazil nut, used largely on the 
table and in confections, is almost entirely imported. 

Production. — The nut is a native of the Amazon and Rio Negro 
River valleys. The tree is too tender for cultivation in the United 
States. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to 11,431,531 pounds Practically all 
imports come from Brazil. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
12,401,091 
40,621,914 
13,035,436 
29,910,910 


$697,687 
2,987,190 
1,734,555 
1,436,800 


$124 011 


Per cent. 

17 77 


1919 


406,219 i 13.60 
130 354 ' 7 52 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 757. 



756 



SUMMARY OF TARJFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



FILBERTS. 

(See Survey G-34.) 

Description and uses. — Filberts are also known as hazelnuts and 
cobnuts. Native hazels are rather widely distributed, but the Euro- 
pean varieties are not cultivated to a great extent in the United 
States. Hazelnuts yield about 50 per cent of their weight in a bland, 
fixed oil, often called "nut oil," which has drying properties that 
make it useful to painters; it is also a base for expensive perfumes. 

Production. — Some of the European varieties have been grown here 
experimentally but not as yet commercially. 

Imports in 1914 of filberts, not shelled, were 10,836,072 pounds, 
valued at $841,019 and yielded a revenue of $220,669; of shelled nuts, 
1,798,147 pounds, valued at $278,974 and yielded a revenue of 
$74,080. These came chiefly from Spain, Italy, and Turkey in 
Europe. Asiatic Turkey formerly was an important source of 
shelled nuts. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Ca'endar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva'ent 
ad valorem. 




FILBERTS, NOT SHELLED 








1918 




Pounds. 

8,295,5C>5 
14,555,279 
14, 884, 604 

5.847.210 


$988, .641 

2, 977, 583 

2, 100, 184 

510,044 


$165,911 
291,288 
297, 015 


Per end. 
16.78 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). . 


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 


9.78 
10.67 




! 






FILBERTS, SHELLED. 


1918 


3,754,801 
3, 393, 250 
4,711,293 
2, 328, 860 


$820, 628 

1,092,050 

1,279,(03 

402. 509 


$150, 192 
135, 730 
188,452 




18.30 


1919 


12.43 


1920 


14. 73 


1921 .{9 months) .. 









" 





Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 757. 

CHESTNUTS, INCLUDING MARRONS. 
(See Survey G-34.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Wild chestnuts are grown 
throughout the eastern part of the United States, and in some locali- 
ties are marketed in relatively large quantities. In the last few years 
a fatal fungous disease has attacked chestnut trees in practically 
every section of the country. The chestnut is cultivated in Spain 
Italy, and other southern European countries where the nut is very 
sweet, acquires a large size, and is known as the marron. 

Imports of crude marrons amounted to 18,849,257 pounds in 1914. 
They now come chiefly from Italy; a few are imported from Spain. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



757 



Quantity (pounds). 
\ alue 



151,887 
*7:9«i 



1919 



5,012,194 
$393,803 



1920 



29,484,037 

Jl,7ir»,i8i 



1921 (9 months). 



2,141,281 
*10«, l'i9 



Exports. — None recorded. 
Important changes in classification. 
graph below. 

PIGNOLIA NUTS. 



See General Notes on Para- 



(See Survey G-34.) 

Description, uses, and production. — -Pignolia or pine nuts are the 
seeds of a considerable number of both American and foreign pines. 
The nuts are marketed without the shell and in appearance somewhat 
resemble puffed rice. The kernels are very rich and form an im- 
portant article of food in some countries. A few species of American 
pines yield edible nuts, but the domestic product is commercially not 
important. Southern Europe, Chile, and Mexico produce quantities 
of the nut. 

Imports. — Some pignolia nuts are imported; statistics of imports 
are, however, lacking. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

PISTACHE NUTS. 
(See Survey G-34.) 

Description, uses, and production. — The pistache is a small, green- 
fleshed nut used chiefly in flavoring and for coloring ice cream and 
confections. It Is also excellent to eat when roasted and salted. 
The nut is grown only in a very limited way in California and certain 
semiarid regions of the Western States. It is cultivated chiefly in 
the Mediterranean countries and southwestern Asia. 

Imports are not segregated from all other nuts ; it is estimated they 
have amounted to about $250,000 annually. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Marrons, crude, are free of duty 
under paragraph 557 of the act of 1913. Parts of three paragraphs of 
the act of 1913 (224, 226, and 557) have been combined, so as to bring 
together such nuts as are produced to a small extent in the United 
States. The specific provision for cream or Brazil nuts, dropped in 
1913, has been restored, since the trade is of considerable dimensions. 
Provisions have been added for prepared or preserved marrons, to 
include, among others, baked marrons, and for pignolia and pistache 
nuts. Imports of these nuts are of considerable proportions, and 
specific provision seems desirable. 



758 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 756. 



H. It. 7456. 



Par. 756. Coconuts, one-half of 1 cent 
each; coconut meat, shredded and desic- 
cated, or similarly prepared, 4^ cents per 
pound . 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 278. * * * cocoanut meat or 
copra desiccated, shredded, cut, or sim- 
ilarly prepared, two cents per pound; 
* * * 

Par. 635. Nuts: * * * cocoanuts in 
the shell * * * [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 221. * * * coconut meat or 
copra desiccated, shredded, cut, or sim- 
ilarly prepared, * * * 2 cents per 
pound. 

Par. 557. Nuts: * * * coconuts in 
the shell * * * [Free]. 



COCONUTS. 



( See S urvey A-l 1 . ) 



Description and uses. — The coconut is a tropical fruit of a species of 
the palm tree. The nut, both ripe and unripe, is used extensively as 
an edible fruit, the milky center as well as the outer meat being 
nourishing food. Most of the whole nuts imported are used in the 
manufacture of shredded coconut for confectionery and culinary pur- 
poses. 

Production in continental United States in 1919 was limited to the 
Florida crop of 613,000 nuts, valued at $43,000. In 1919 Porto Rico 
produced 24,608,000 coconuts, valued at $1,001,460. 

Imports of coconut in the shell in 1914 were valued at $2,150,500, 
and in 1918 at $2,792,165. Of the 1920 importation (91,164,605 coco- 
nuts), Panama furnished 21 per cent; Jamaica 17 per cent; Trinidad 
and Tobago, 24 per cent; and Honduras, 16 per cent. Importations 
since 1917 by calendar years of coconuts in the shell have been as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 




68, 255, 512 
$2, 493, 898 


85,081,922 
U, 053, 282 


91,164,605 
$4, 230, 221 


42, 495, 984 




$1, 156, 902 







Exports. — None recorded. 
Important changes in classification.- 
graph, page 759. 



-See General Notes on Para- 



COCONUT MEAT, SHREDDED AND DESICCATED OR SIMILARLY PREPARED. 

(See Survey A-ll. 1 ) 

Description and uses. — Coconut meat is prepared for food purposes 
by shredding and artificial drying, either with or without the addition 
of sugar. The domestic demand is made up of the package or house- 
hold trade and the requirements of manufacturing bakers and con- 
fectioners for bulk goods. The package trade is supplied by domestic 
producers who manufacture and pack shredded coconut from nuts 
imported from the West Indies and Central America. Unsweetened 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



759 



shredded coconut prepared in Ceylon enters largely into the bulk 
trade. 

Production. — Domestic production is estimated at from 20,000,000 
to 25,000,000 pounds annually. 

Imports reached a total in 1914 of 9,307,924 pounds, valued at 
$742,701. This product comes chiefly from the British East Indies. 
Statistics of imports since 1917 are as follows: 



ralendar year. 


Quantify. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pound*. 
19,987,575 
28, 900', 376 
30,631,022 
21,351,135 


$2,462,513 
3, 972, 016 
4,879,685 
1,914,122 


$399, 751 
578,008 
612,620 


Per cent. 
16 23 


1919 


14.55 


1920 . 


12. 55 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 
Important changes in classification. 



-See below. 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — Coconuts have been trans- 
ferred from the free list (par. 557) of the 1913 act. "Copra" is 
omitted here because the word is not applied in trade to the shredded 
meat of the coconut, but is confined to the unshredded meat as oil 
material, which is covered by paragraph 1620 of H. R. 7456. 



H. R.. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 757. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 757. Peanuts, not shelled, 3 cents 
per pound; shelled, 4 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 282. Peanuts or ground beans, Par. 225. Peanuts or ground beans, un- 
unshelled, one-half of one cent per pound; shelled, f of 1 cent per pound; shelled, £ 
shelled, one cent per pound. of 1 cent per pound. 23 

PEANUTS. 



(See Survey G-36.) 

Description and uses. — The bulk of the domestic peanut crop is 
used in the manufacture of peanut oil (see par. 45), peanut butter, 
confectioner's and baker's goods, and as roasted and salted peanuts. 
In 1916 approximately 4,000,000 bushels went into peanut butter, 
and about 7,000,000 bushels were crushed into 50,000,000 pounds of 
oil. Cottonseed oil mills manufacture peanut oil, using the same 
equipment. The meal left after extracting the oil serves as the basis 
for a high-grade cattle and dairy feed. The peanut is a soil im- 

« Peanuts or ground beans, 3 cents per pound. (Par. 6, emergency tariff act of 1821.) 



760 



SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



prover, and gives a valuable hay crop. Where the boll-weevil has 
interfered with the growing of cotton, the peanut production has 
increased rapidly; and its culture is possible on millions of acres of 
southern soils adapted to this crop. 

Production. — From 1899 to 1918 the acreage, in peanuts rose from 
516,654 to 2,291,000 acres, the yield from 11,964,000 to 54,434,000 
bushels, and farm values from $7,270,515 to $95,829,000. This in- 
crease was due chiefly to the growing market for peanuts and their 
products, to the realization of the usefulness of the crop as a soil 
improver, and to the handling of the crop by machinery. In Virginia 
and North Carolina peanuts are grown largely for confectionery pur- 
poses; farther South, for oil and for forage. In the Gulf States the 
increase in production has been very marked. 

Production during recent years has been as follows: 



Quantity (pounds) 



1919 



1920 



783,273,000 ] 841,474,000 



Value $73,094,000 $44,256,000 



1921 



816,465,000 
$32, 288. OCa 



Imports have greatly increased since 1913, notwithstanding the 
great expansion in domestic production. The increase of shelled 
peanuts coming from southern France, Spain, and Japan has been 
the more pronounced. Japan supplies about three-fourths of the 
unshelled nuts, chiefly absorbed in the Pacific States, far distant 
from important domestic sources. Larger imports are made in the 
form of peanut oil. Since 1917 imports have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



PEANUTS OR GROUND BEANS, NOT SHELLED. 



1918 


Pounds. 

1,719,276 

5,383,828 

7,222,486 

4,614,686 


$117,427 
368,184 
642,095 
247,039 


$6,447 
20,189 
27,084 


Per cent. 
5.49 


1019 


5.4S 


1920 


4.22. 


1921 (9 months) 











PEANUTS OR GROUND BEANS, SHELLED. 



1918 


60,811,453 
25,521,105 
103,552,486 
38,931,465 


$3,934,946 
2,000,776 
9,846,655 
1,896,709 


[ 
$456,086 
191.408 
776,644 


11. 59 


1919 


9.57 


1920 


7.89 


1921 (9 months) ... . 









The following statistics show by months the quantity and value 
of both unshelled and shelled peanuts imported in 1920 and in 1921 
under the operation of the emergency tariff act: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



761 



Month. 



Quantity. 



1920 



1921 



Value. 



1920 



1921 



PEANUTS, NOT SHELLED. 



January. . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November. 
December. . 



Pounds. 


Pounds. 




158, 844 


354,951 


$15,249 


760,781 


84, 656 


66,246 


1,062,153 


361,916 


86,830 


2, 794, 879 


818,783 


263,330 


1,094,887 


1,582,460 


100,694 


1, 468, 136 


794,991 


137,695 


797,933 


38, 574 


58,989 j 


260, 561 


329,987 


21,663 ! 


165, 599 


67,005 


12,651 


32, 610 


59, 610 


2,248 : 


27, 010 


2, 598 


1,993 1 


79, 726 


28,310 


4,624 



$16, 192 

14^420 
43,517 
68, 572 
32, 099 

2,273 
11,944 

3,135 

3, 013 
267 

1,845 



January 
February 
March 
April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October. . . 
November 
December. 



PEANUTS, SHELLED. 




8,324,542 


1,230,145 


$809, 154 


16,276,079 


2, 290, 165 


1,537,067 


26,361,065 


4,386,220 


2,630,484 


27,042,490 


15,177,797 


2,769,652 


18,385,786 


10,257,514 


1,574,968 


6,930,324 


1,683,263 


661,213 


1,859,085 


361,769 


184,984 


4, 825, 263 


55,437 


338, 503 


130,720 


10,707 


13, 641 


652, 855 


4,468 


49, 028 


21, 327 


14,069 


2,101 


780 


55, 667 


85 



$63,953 

122,138 

181,991 

662,903 

392,459 

68,335 

11,635 

2,701 

1,097 

381 

856 

4,948 



Exports range between 10,000,000 and 20,000,000 pounds and move 
chiefly to Canada. Figures for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 


s. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) 


Quantity ( pounds) 


12,319,004 
$1, 602, 657 


19,778,490 
$2,123,411 


9,366,434 
$1,115,351 


11,063,404 


Value 


$728,856 







Important changes in classification. — The term " ground beans" has 
been eliminated as unnecessary. The effectiveness of a duty upon 
peanuts is to a considerable degree conditioned by the duty upon 
peanut oil, for which the great bulk of the imported peanuts is used. 



PARAGRAPH 758. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 758. Walnuts of all kinds, not 
shelled, 2} cents per pound; shelled, 7£ 
cents per pound; pecans, unshelled, 1 
cent per pound; shelled, 2 cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 281. * * * walnuts of all knids, 
not shelled, three cents per pound; 
shelled, five cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 224. * * * walnuts of all kinds, 
not shelled, 2 cents per pound; shelled, 
4 cents per pound. 



762 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 283. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for in 
this section, one cent per pound; but 
no allowance shall be made for dirt or 
other impurities in nuts of any kind, 
shelled or unshelled. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for in 
this section, 1 cent per pound; but no 
allowance shall be made for dirt or other 
impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled 
or unshelled. 



WALNUTS OF ALL KINDS. 



(See Survey G-34.) 



Description and uses.— The Persian walnut, commonly called the 
English walnut, is very popular as a table nut and much used in 
cakes and confections. 

Production. — because of climatic requirements profitable commer- 
cial production is restricted to Pacific Coast States, chiefly to south- 
ern California. The California crop in 1919 amounted to 59,091,390 
pounds, with approximate valuation of $ 1 4 , 1 8 1 , 934 . Total production 
in pounds has been as follows: 1918, 40,230,000; 1919, 59,091,390 
($14,181,934); 1920,4,000,000. 

Imports of walnuts not shelled averaged for 1913-1917, 20,561, H)4 
pounds per annum. Imports of shelled walnuts in the same time 
averaged 14,029,644 pounds. Imports came principally from France, 
Italy, and Chile, and recently in increasing quantities from China. 
Statistics of imports since 1917 are as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Dutv. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



WALNUTS, NOT SHELLED. 



1918 

1919.: 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 

3,875,315 
16, 667, 276 
17, 339, 096 
10,980,108 



$509, 311 
3, 161, 334 
2, 662, 268 
1,192,093 



$77, 507 
333, 316 
346, 782 



Per cent. 
15.22 
10.54 
13.03 



WALNUTS, SHELLED. 


1918 ■-•-■ 


9, 164, 103 
9, 800, 762 
13, 972, 917 
9, 708, 122 


$3, 504, 501 
5, 001, 569 
5, 562, 769 
3,396.581 


$366,564 
392,030 
558,917 


10.46 


1919 


7.84 


1920 


10.05 


1921 f 9 months) 









Exports.— None recorded, 



PECANS. 



(See Survey G-34.) 

Description and uses. — The pecan is widely distributed throughout 
the Gulf States, and is one of the most important American nuts. 
Formerly a large proportion was gathered wild, but orchards of the 
better varieties are now cultivated and may be expected in the 
coming years to produce an increasing quantity of thin-shelled nuts. 

Production in 1919 amounted to 31,808,548 pounds valued at 
$7,792,086. Texas produced over half the crop; Oklahoma, Georgia 
and Louisiana had the next largest crops. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



763 



Imports of pecans in 1914 amounted to 2,621,161 pounds. They 
come almost entirely from Mexico. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 

Pounds. 
1,239,717 
1,791,265 
2, 194, 620 
551,247 


Value. 


n nfv Equivalent 
vm ?' a.l valorem. 


191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


3143,316 j 
226,529 
283,395 
66,502 I 


$12, 397 
17,943 
21,946 


Per cent. 
8.65 
7.92 
7.74 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Special provision has been 
made for pecans as the volume of the trade seems to warrant it. 

Suggested changes. — In order to carry out the general plan of 
having separate paragraphs for the important nuts, in an alphabetical 
arrangement, it is suggested that pecans be taken out of this para- 
graph, and given a separate paragraph, between peanuts and walnuts. 



PARAGRAPH 759. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 759. Edible nuts, shelled or un- 
shelled, not specially provided for, 1 cent 
per pound: Provided, That no allowance 
shall be made for dirt or other impurities 
in nuts of any kind, shelled or unshelled. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 283. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for in 
this section, one cent per pound; but no 
allowance shall be made for dirt or other 
impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled 
or unshelled. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 226. Nuts of all kinds, shelled or 
unshelled, not specially provided for in 
this section, 1 cent per pound; but no 
allowance shall be made for dirt or other 
impurities in nuts of any kind, shelled 
or unshelled. 



ALL OTHER NUTS, N. S. P. F. 

(See Survey G-34.) 

Import statistics given below include pignolia and pistache nuts and 
all others not mentioned specifically in the tariff act of 1913. 



Calendar year. 




Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 





NUTS, SHELLED OR UNSHELLED 


N. S. P. F. 






1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 




Pounds. 

984, 062 
2, 163, 097 
3, 789, 902 
2, 558, 431 


$204, 815 
581, 100 
8B2, 583 
534, 329 


$9,832 
21,612 
37,640 


Per cent. 
4.81 
3.72 
4.27 











OLIVE NUTS, GROUND. 



1918 


m \ 


$3 
19 
20 


15.00 


1919 


129 


15.00 


1920 


132 1 


15.00 


1921 (9 months) 


161 L... 











764 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports go chiefly to Canada. They include almonds, walnuts, 
pecans, and all other nuts except peanuts. Exports of individual 
varieties have not in the past been large; in consequence, they have 
not been separated by customs authorities. Late statistics for 
calendar years follow: 1918, $541,641; 1919, $1,462,408.; 1920, 
$857,123; 1921 (9 months), $526,548. 

Important changes in classification. — " Edible" excludes from this 
paragraph non edible oil nuts. Nearly all of such nuts are covered 
by specific provisions, with a general provision (par. 760) for oil- 
bearing materials. 

Suggested changes. — For the reasons stated under the subheading 
"conflicting provisions" under paragraph 748, a semicolon might be 
substituted for the colon after the word " pound" in line 7, page 95, 
and the words " pickled, or otherwise prepared or preserved, and 
not specially provided for, [rate]" followed by a colon, be inserted 
thereafter. 

SEEDS AND STOCKS. 
GENERAL. 

The dutiable and free provisions for seeds and stocks imported for 
industrial purposes, for replanting, or as spices have been rearranged 
into three dutiable paragraphs: 
. 760. Oil-bearing materials. 

761. Grass seeds. 

762. Other field and garden seeds. 

Seeds used chiefly as spices have been transferred to the spice 
paragraph (780) ; roots, root stocks, and seedlings to the paragraphs 
relating to nursery and greenhouse stock (pars. 750-752) ; and a num- 
ber of new provisions have been added. For the details of these 
changes and additions see paragraphs 760, 761, 762, as well as the 
others cited. 



PARAGRAPH 760. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 760. Oil-bearing seeds and ma- 
terials: Castor beans, one-half of 1 cent 
per pound; flaxseed, 25 cents per bushel 
of fifty -six pounds; poppy seed, 32 cents 
per one hundred pounds; sunflower seed, 
2 cents per pound; apricot and peach 
kernels, 3 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 266. Seeds: Castor beans or seeds, Par, 212. Seeds: Castor beans or.seeds, 
twenty-five cents per bushel of fifty 15 cents per bushel of fifty pounds; flax- 
pounds; flaxseed or linseed * * * seed or linseed * * *, 20 cents per 
twenty-five cents per bushel of fifty-six bushel of fifty-six pounds; 24 poppy seed, 
pounds; poppy seed, fifteen cents' per 15 cents per bushel of forty-seven pounds; 
bushel; * * *. * * *. 

Par. 280. * * * apricot and peach Par. 223. * * * apricot and peach 

kernels, four cents per pound. kernels, 3 cents per pound. 

Par. 668. Seeds: * * * flower * * * Par. 595. Seeds: * * * flower * * * 

seeds; * * * [Free]. seeds; * * * [Free]. 



" Flaxseed, 30 cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds. (Par. 3, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021 



765 



CASTOR BEANS OR SEEDS. 



(See Survey A-ll). 



Description and uses. — Castor beans or seeds are employed princi- 
pally for oil manufacture. The oil is used for industrial purposes, 
as a medicine, and as a lubricant for airplanes. 

Production is cheaper perhaps in India and other Asiatic countries 
than elsewhere, and is insignificant here, chiefly because of the large 
amount of hand labor required, especially in harvesting. Efforts in 
1918 to grow these beans to supply oil for airplanes met with little 
success, because of the inexperience of agriculturists, unseasonable 
conditions, and other causes. 

Imports averaged annually 838,861 bushels for 1910-1913. They 
came mainly from India and parts of Asia. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Bushels. 

858, 157 
1, 133, 824 
1, 259, 307 

540,318 


$2,327,051 

3, 488, 702 

2, 937, 148 

664,032- 


$128,638 
169, 938 
188, 893 


Per cent. 
5 52 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


4.87 
6.43 









In 1920, about 65 per cent of the imports were from Brazil, and 
about 13 per cent were from England. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 769. 



FLAXSEED OR LINSEED. 



(See Report T. I. S.-20.) 



Description and uses. — Flaxseed or linseed is used almost exclu- 
sively for making linseed oil. The by-product, oil cake, is a valuable 
feedstuff and fertilizer. 

Production of flaxseed has been steadily declining. It has been 
essentially a frontier crop, thriving on the frontier and moving with 
it. It has been unpopular because of flaxwilt and other factors 
apart from the competition of more profitable crops. The domestic 
production declined from 25,856,000 bushels in 1909 to 8,112,000 
bushels in 1921. The Dakotas, Montana, and Minnesota produce 
nearly all of the output of the United States. 

Imports during 1910-1913 averaged 6,909,209 bushels per annum. 
Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Bushels. 
12,397,597 
14, 042, 542 
24, 616, 766 

8, 599, 517 


$32, 618, 623 
44, 382, 395 
74,519,675 
13,858,063 


$2,479,519 
2, 808, 508 
4, 923, 353 


Per cent. 
7 60 


1919 


6.33 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 











766 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



In 1920, 92 per cent of the imports were from Argentina. 

Flaxseed is dutiable at 30 cents per bushel of 56 pounds under 
paragraph 3 of the emergency tariff act of 1921. General imports by 
months for 1920 and 1921 have been as follows: 



Mouth. 



January... 
February . 
March...*.. 
April. . . : . . 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October. . . 
November 
December. 



Quantity 



1921 



Bushels. 
2, 1S6, 287 
1.082,736 
2, 263, 533 
1,703,611 
4, 253, 319 
2, 312, 742 
1 , 796, 954 
1,695,510 
2, 007, 240 
2, 202, 447 
1, 466, 098 
1,670,713 



Bushels. 

386, 638 

341, 180 

903, 070 

1,091,584 

1 , 728, 398 

880, 5S83 

776, 036 

i , 896, 590 

598, 805 

648, 038 

1, 576, 195 

1,499,127 



Value. 



1920 



1921 



m. 



702,682 I 
785,497 | 
085,524 ! 
333. S60 
445,400 ! 
565,269 
442,181 
251,974 
948, 534 
121,030 
982, 192 
958,441 : 



$721,519 
625, 905 
1.554.797 
1,681,726 
2,603,301 
1/241.3*8 
1.219.944 
:3, 136, 280 
1,073,409 
1,145,263 
2, 869, 434 
2, .560, 235 



Exports are relatively insignificant. Statistics for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 follow:" 




1918 


1919 1920 1921 (9 mouthy. 


Quantity (bushels) 


25, 508 
$134, 985 


16,595 15,753- 262 




$125,143 $112,037 $1,365 





In 1920, 68 per cent of the exports went to Canada and 26 per cent 
to the United Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 769. 

POPPY SEED. 

Description and uses. — The most important is the white or oil 
poppy, noted for its yield of opium and the bland, fixed oil obtained 
from the seed by crushing. It is native to most warm countries. 
The seeds contain no opium and yield about 40 per cent oil. The 
oil cake is used for fertilizer and for feeding cattle. 

Production. — The poppy plant is grown extensively in Asia Minor, 
Persia, India, Egypt, south Russia, and northern France. The seed 
from Manchuria is of low quality. 

Imports for 1910-1914 averaged annually 56,084 bushels. France 
and Germany were the principal countries in which poppy seed was 
crushed. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. ; Value. 



T)ntv ' Equivalent 

UUC5 * ad valorem. 



Bushels. Per ant. 

1918 4, 438 S24, 581 , $666 . 2. 71 

1919 22,911 231,121 j 3.437 1.49 

1920 \ 59,582 168,131 «, 937 1.91 

1921 (9 months) J 65,012 j 272,231 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 769. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



767 



SUNFLOWER SEED. 

Description and uses. — The seed is the product of the sunflower 
plant. It yields an oil that is an ingredient in certain high-class 
paints used by artists. It is also used for feeding purposes. 

Imports are not separately stated but are included in " Flower 
seeds." 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 769. 

APRICOT AND PEACH KERNELS. 

Description and uses.— The principal use of these fruit kernels is in 
the production of apricot and peach kernel oil. In preparing the 
fruit for drying it is split open and the pit removed. The pits are 
used quite extensively in California for fuel, and during the war were 
employed in making charcoal for gas masks. 

Production. — The source of these kernels is primarily the canning 
factories and, in California, the apricot and peach drying yards. 

Imports averaged annually 22,874 pounds for 1912-1916. Later 
statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


i 
Quantity, j 

i ! 


Value. 


T) t Kauivalent 
i)uty - ad valorem. 


1918 




Pound?.. 
1 241,105 


$19, 117 

7,847 
14, 453 
7,070 


Pet rent. 
17. 233 37. 83 


1919 




1 38,416 


1.152 ' 14.69 


1920 




j 65,215 


1,955 13.53 


1921 '9 months).. 




30,411 








i 



Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 769. 

OIL-BEARING SEEDS, N. S. P. F. 

The following seeds, not specially provided for in H. R. 7456, are 
used chiefly for oil: 

COTTONSEED. 

Description and uses. — Cottonseed, from the fibrous cotton plant, 
is used principally in making cottonseed oil; the residual cottonseed 
meal or cake is used for cattle feed and fertilizer. Cottonseed hulls, 
used chiefly for feeding cattle, and linters (for guncotton, mattresses, 
etc.) are less important by-products. About 540,000 tons of cotton- 
seed for planting are required annually by farmers in the Southern 
States. 

Production of cottonseed averages nearly 6,000,000 tons per annum 
in the United States. 

Imports in 1914 were 4,446 tons, valued at $66,035. Later statistics 
for calendar years follow: 



. 


1 
1918 1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity ( pounds) 

Value 


36, 946, 885 
$914, 991 


67,051,897 
$1,776,135 


76,597,283 

$1,290,520 


49,371,3*80 
$255 457 







768 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



Exports of domestic cottonseed amounted in 1914 to 8,171 tons, 
valued at $215,115. Before the war most of the exports went to 
Germany. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (nound>) 


1,741,499 

$09, 707 


1 , 918, 848 

$88, 743 


■),270,382 
S309, 135 


2 447 673 




S97.S54 





In 1920, about 75 per cent of the exports went to Mexico and about 
9 per cent to the Barbados. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 769. 

HEMPSEED. 

Description and uses.— Hempseed when crushed yields an oil used 
in making soap and an oil cake serving as cattle feed. The seed is 
used also as feed for poultry and cage birds and for sowing. 

Production. — Hemp is native to temperate Asia, but grows also 
in Europe, India, and Canada. Kentucky supplies practically all 
of the domestic output. In 1909, 5,416 bushels were gathered from 
516 acres; the acreage increased to 42,000 in 1917. Further figures 
are unavailable. China and Japan furnish large quantities, of no 
value for seeding, which is used for poultry feed. 

Imports in 1914 were 2,031,438 pounds, valued at $38,315. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


20,512 

$2, 241 


3,108,047 
$142, 177 


6,030,608 
$221,904 


8KL019 


Value 


$12, 830 





Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 769. 



RAPESEED. 



Description and uses. — Rapeseed is used for planting, oil, and feed. 
Rape produces an abundance of green forage, valued highly by 
farmers for feeding or grazing live stock and poultry. It is grown to 
some extent in practically every State. The seed, together with 
millet, canary, and hemp seed, is used also in bird-seed mixtures. 
Rapeseed is also crushed for oil. 

Production. — It is not produced here commercially. Prior to the 
war our supply came from England; during the war it came from 
Japan, where large quantities of seed less desirable for planting pur- 
poses are produced. 

Imports in 1914, an average year, were 5,970,937 pounds, valued 
at $211,301. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



769 



1918 



1919 



Quantity (pounds) 2. 62.">, 259 

Value $175,357 



5,080,039 
$317,262 



1920 



5, 798, 272 
$368,012 



1921(9months). 



2,804,951 
$1 10, 575 



Important changes in classification , etc— ^See below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Three provisions relating to 
oil seeds and materials have been combined in this paragraph. The 
duty on castor beans and poppy seed has been changed from the 
bushel to the pound basis and a provision added for sunflower seed 
which is exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 595). 

Suggested changes. — It is suggested that provision be made by 
name for cottonseed, hempseed, rapeseed, Chinese or Japanese tung 
nuts, perilla and sesame seed, and soya beans, and that a general 
provision be added for oil seeds and oil-bearing vegetable materials 
not specially provided for. If these articles or any of them should 
be exempted from duty, they should come within paragraph 1620; 
if, however, a duty is imposed they should be provided for in this 
paragraph. 

(See also pars. 762 and 1626.) 



PARAGRAPH 761. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 761. Grass seeds: Alfalfa, 2 cents 
per pound; alsike clover, 3 cents per 
pound; crimson cloA'er, 1 cent per pound; 
red clover, 3 cents per pound: white 
clover, 3 cents per pound; clover, not 
specially provided for, 2 cents per pound ; 
millet, one-half of 1 cent per pound; 
timothy, 2 cents per pound; hairy vetch, 
2 cents per pound; spring vetch", 1 cent 
per pound ; all other grass seeds not 
specially provided for, 2 cents per pound . 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. G68. Seeds: * * * all * * * Pah. 595. Seeds: * * * all * * * 
grass seeds; * * * not specially pro- grass seeds; * * * not specially pro- 
vided for in this section [P'ree]. Tided for in this section [Free]. 



GRASS SEEDS. 



ALFALFA SEED. 



Description and uses. — The quantity of alfalfa seed used annually 
in the United States for planting is estimated as more than 25,000,000 
pounds. 

Production is very uncertain and is commercially localized in South 
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Utah, Mon- 
tana, Idaho, California, and Arizona. Excessive rains or drought 
82304—22 49 



770 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



and injury to the crop inflicted by grasshoppers, alfalfa weevil, and 
other insects affect the production. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to 7,439,261 pounds, valued at $740,810. 
Much of it conies from Turkestan, but is inferior to the domestic seed. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




167, 487 
$41, 762 


6, 241, 948 
$1, 328, 581 


12,110,131 
$3, 203, 845 


1, 680, 067 
$231, 481 







Exports. — None specifically recorded. 



CRIMSON CLOVER SEED. 



Description and uses. — Crimson clover seed is used solely for plant- 
ing/ American farmers sowing annually over 4,000,000 pounds. 

Production here of crimson clover seed, although greatly increased 
during late years, does not equal requirements. It is produced suc- 
cessfully in Tennessee (2,500,000 pounds in 1919) and lightly in Ala- 
bama, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. 

Imports averaged annually 6,266,737 pounds for 1914-1917. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


938, 323 
$177, 881 


5, 837, 948 
$1, 099, 923 


5, 429, 770 
$594, 532 


4,681,792 


Value 


$291,554 





Exports are not separately stated, 
seed, n. s. p. f.," page 772. 



See statistics under " Clover 



RED CLOVER SEED. 

Description and uses. — In the United States red clover seed is used 
exclusively for planting, the estimated annual requirement being over 
100,000,000 pounds. 

Production is principally in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, 
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Oregon, and Idaho. The 
amount decreased during the war. Government officials and large 
seed dealers agree that there is a world shortage of red clover seed. 
The wholesale price has ranged from $15 to $50 per 100 pounds. 

Imports for 1913-1917 averaged 11,989,767 pounds per annum. 
In 1918 (fiscal year) nearly all came from Italy, France, and Canada. 
Before the war Germany was the most important source. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months) . 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



931, 307 
$176, 111 



7, 025, 591 
$2, 410, 056 



12,692/711 
$4,627,485 



15, 640, 393 
$2, 233, 565 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



771 



In 1920 imports were chiefly from France, about 54 per cent, and 
from Italy, about 35 per cent. 

Exports are not separately stated.. See statistics under " Clover 
seed, n. s. p. f." 



ALSIKE CLOVER SEED. 



Description and uses. — The seed of alsike clover, used primarily for 
planting, was employed more extensively in 1918 and 1919 than 
formerly, probably because of the scarcity and higher price of red 
clover seed. 

Production. — Most of this seed is grown in Michigan, Illinois, 
Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Idaho, but production is 
not sufficient for domestic requirements. 

Imports in 1914 were 5,349,156 pounds, valued at $804,092, and 
came chiefly from Canada. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1 

1918 


1919 


1 
1920 1921 (9 months). 




6,078,038 i 
31,409,879 


7, 071, 548 
$2, 483, 780 


2, 170, 884 
8853, 780 


4, 504, 619 
$795,608 







Exports are not separately stated, 
seed, n. s. p. f." 



See statistics under ''Clover 



WHITE CLOVER SEED. 



Description and uses. — White clover seed, used primarily for plant- 
ing, is sown extensively in pastures and on lawns together with other 
clover and grass seed. Compared with the extent to which the crops 
are grown, however, little seed is required- — probably not over 
1,000,000 pounds per annum. 

Production. — Wisconsin, Idaho, and Illinois produce most of this 
seed. In Illinois it is mainly a by-product of redtop seeds. Some of 
the supply is obtained from Canada. 

Imports in 1914 were unusually large; 1,122,551 pounds, valued at 
$207,088. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 

j 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity ( pound*) 84, 412 

Value , U-\ 9S2 


329, 585 
399, 737 


540, 825 
$1'30, 783 


1, 151, 417 
8299, 128 



Exports 
seed, n. s. 



are not separately stated. 

D. f." 



See statistics under " Clover 



CLOVER SEED. X. S. 1'. P 



Description and uses. — Sweet clover, white flowered {Melilotus 
alba), is becoming important as a cultivated crop. It grows wild 
throughout most of the corn belt, portions of the Rocky Mountain 
States, and on the black lands of Alabama and Mississippi. It is 
valuable in restoring waste lands to profitable cultivation. Its in- 
creasing use for hay and pasture has created a strong demand for 
the seed. 



772 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production is quite large, but data are not available. Sales by 
dealers in 1919 were double those of 1917 or 1918. This plant has a 
wide adaptation and produces seed abundantly. Seed is produced 
commercially in Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, 
South Dakota, Kentucky, Mississippi, and to a less extent in some 
other States. Canada also produces sweet clover seed and during 
1919 relatively large quantities were imported from that country for 
planting. 

Imports of clover seed designated as "all other" amounted to 
6,034,673 pounds, valued at $515,143 in 1914. Later statistics for 
calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


1,739,649 
8307,756 


4,777,326 
$1,308,468 


4,742,892 
$1, 299, 306 


8,146,977 
$738, 529 


Value 







In 1920, imports of all varieties of clover seed, except red, came 
principally from France (43 per cent) , and Canada (33 per cent) . 

Exports of clover seed, for calendar years, since 1917 have been as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


5,985,526 
$1,836,124 


7,943,749 
$3,206,316 


4,985,695 
$1,928,140 


3,990,790 


Value 


$787, 590 







In 1920, exports went principally to Canada (about 21 per cent), 
to England (about 20 per cent), and to Denmark (about 19 per 
cent) . 



MILLET SEED. 



Description and uses. — -About 25,000,000 pounds of millet seed are 
annually sown for hay and forage. Large quantities are also used 
in poultry feed and bird-seed mixtures. 

Production is sufficient for planting purposes. Kansas, Missouri, 
Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, the Dakotas, Iowa, Tennessee, and Colo- 
rado produce the bulk of the seed. 

Imports from 1914 to 1918 were relatively small. The Orient 
supplies a part of domestic requirements for poultry and bird-seed 
mixtures. Statistics of imports since 1917 by calendar years follow: 



1918 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value. .*. 



14.014 
$553 



1919 



1,775,226 
S30. 549 



88, 575 
$3,653 



1921 
(9 months). 



214, 146 
$5,628 



TIMOTHY SEED. 



Description and uses. Timothy is America's greatest cultivated 
hay grass. The seed is used solely for planting. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



773 



Production of timothy seed annually exceeds our planting needs. 
Most commercial timothy seed is produced in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, 
South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Utah, and 
Idaho. 

Imports were not separately stated prior to 1918, but were included 
in "All other grass seeds." Since 1917 imports by calendar years 
have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds). 


88, 435 
$12, 309 


85,443 
$8, 424 


4,119 

$650 


117,207 
$5,401 


Value 




Exports in 1914 were 
go mostly to Canada. 


12,480,294 pounds, valued at $688,118. They 
Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: 




1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


8,564,384 
$881, 154 


13,346,358 
$1,633,271 


13, 522, 134 
$1,666,332 


13,165,717 

$944,698 


Value 





VETCH SEED. 



Description and uses. — Vetch, both hairy (winter) and common 
(spring) are grown here for hay and forage, and the seed is used for 
planting. The hairy, or winter variety, is considered much more 
valuable, except perhaps on the Pacific coast, but high prices in 
recent years restrict its use. 

Production. — Hairy, or winter vetch seed is difficult to grow, small 
quantities being produced only in Michigan in connection with, or as 
a by-product of, rye for grain. Most of the hairy vetch seed comes 
from Russia, but quantities have been small since 1914. The Willam- 
ette Valley in Oregon produces most of our common, or spring vetch 
seed. The demand for this species, although the price is lower, 
rarely exceeds production and little is imported. 

Imports of hairy vetch in 1914 were 3,405,750 pounds, valued at 
$135,875; and of spring vetch, 630,881 pounds, valued at $24,085. 
Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: 





1918 1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Hairy vetch seeds: 

Quantit y (pounds) 

\ alue 


225,023 461,848 
$20,381 | $62,194 

224,852 ' 273, Mi 
$10, 850 $17, 432 


1, 521, 504 
$213, 150 

612, 002 
$44, 195 


1,736,178 
$101, 410 

266, 765 
$11 105 


Spring \ etch seeds: 

Quantity (pounds) 


V alue ..". 







GRASS SEED N. 



Description and uses. — -A few other kinds of grass seeds n. s. p. f. 
included in this section are imported. Canada blue-grass seed, prac- 
tically all from Ontario, Canada, is used for planting. It was formerly 



774 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



used to adulterate Kentucky blue-grass seed. Kentucky blue-grass 
seed is used for sowing, principally in pastures. Sufficient is pro- 
duced in Kentucky, Missouri, and Iowa for domestic requirements. 
Very little is imported. A mixture of alsike clover and timothy 
seed is extensively sown for hay. Although this mixture is 
largely imported, there is also a limited domestic production. 
Orchard grass seed, used for sowing in pastures and meadows, thrives 
in shady places. Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and Virginia produce the 
greater part of the requirements. Large quantities formerly were 
imported from New Zealand, but the strain is inferior. Redtop seed 
gives a valuable hay and pasture grass, especially on wet and acid soils. 
It is used mostly in mixtures with alsike clover and alsike and timothy, 
and is a constituent of lawn and turf grass mixtures. Illinois pro- 
duces the greater portion of the supply; Iowa and Missouri also pro- 
duce fairly large quantities. Very little is imported. English rye- 
grass seed is used in meadow and pasture mixtures and also in turf- 
grass mixtures. It is imported from Europe. Italian rye-grass seed, 
used for the same purpose as English rye grass, is normally imported 
from Europe; in recent years a variety has come in quantities from 
Argentina. 

Imports of " all other" grass seed (including timothv, treated above) 
amounted to 23,350,147 pounds, valued at $742,941 in 1914. Ger- 
many furnished the bulk in 1914, while in 1918 (fiscal year) Ireland, 
Russia, and Canada furnished about 75 per cent. Later statistics for 
calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


5, 345, 659 
$480,393 


6,771,617 
SI, 158, 274 


6,777,120 
$1,019,417 


7,563,758 


Value 


$933,337 





Exports in 1914 were 5,156,801 pounds, valued at $600,368, chiefly 
to Germany, Canada, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. Later 
exports of grass seeds (except clover and timothy) for calendar years 
are shown as follows : 



Quantity (pounds) . 
Value 



1918 


1919 


1920 


2, 952, 193 
$542,704 


4, 440, 490 
$717,102 


4, 252, 152 
$812, 801 



1921 

(9 months). 



3,687,281 
$514,598 



In 1920, exports were principally to Canada (31 per cent) and 
England (17 per cent). 



to 



GENERAL NOTE ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification.— New specific provision; the 
seeds covered by this paragraph are exempt from duty under the 
provision in paragraph 595 of the act of 1913 for "all grass seeds." 



SUMMAKY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



775 



PARAGRAPH 762. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 762. Other garden and field seeds: 
Sugar beet, 1 cent per pound; other beet, 
4 cents per pound ; cabbage, 12 cents per 
pound; canary, 1 cent per pound; carrot, 
4 cents per pound; cauliflower, 25 cents 
per pound; celery, 2 cents per pound; 
kale. 6 cents per pound; kohlrabi, 8 cents 
per pound; mangelwurzel, 4 cents per 
pound ; onion, 20 cents per pound ; parsley, 
2 cents per pound; parsnip, 4 cents per 
pound; pepper, 15 cents per pound; 
radish, 4 cents per pound; spinach, 1 cent 
per pound; tree, 8 cents per pound; 
turnip, 4 cents per pound; rutabaga, 4 
cents per pound; flower, 4 cents per 
pound; all other garden and field seeds 
not specially provided for, 20 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That the provisions 
for seeds in this title shall include such 
seeds whether used for planting or for 
other purposes. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 668. Seeds: * * * canary, 

* * * cauliflower, * * * cotton, 

* * * fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, 
mangelwurzel, * * * rape, Saint 
John's bread or bean, sugar beet, sorghum 
or sugar cane for seed; * * * all flower 

* * * seeds; * * * all the foregoing 
not specially provided for in this section 
[Free]. 

Par. 266. Seeds: * * * oil seeds 
not specially provided for in this section, 
twenty-five cents per bushel of fifty-six 
pounds; * * * mushroom spawn, and 
spinach seed, one cent per pound; beet, 
except sugar beet, carrot, corn salad, 
parsley, parsnip, radish, turnip and ruta- 
baga seed, four cents per pound; cabbage, 
collard, kale and kohl-rabi seed, eight 
cents per pound; egg plant and pepper 
seed, twenty cents per pound; seeds of 
all kinds not specially provided for in 
this section, ten cents per pound. 



Par. 595. Seeds: * * * cauliflower, 
celery, * * * cotton, * * * fenu- 
greek, hemp, hoarhound, mangelwurzel, 

* * * rape, Saint John's bread or bean, 
sorghum, sugar beet, and sugar cane for 
seed; * * * all flower * * * seeds; 

* * * all the foregoing not specially 
provided for in this section fFree]. 

Par. 212. Seeds: * * * oil seeds 
not specially provided for in this section, 
20 cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds; 

* * * mushroom spawn, and spinach 
seed, 1 cent per pound; canary seed, £ 
cent per pound; * * * beet (except 
sugar beet), carrot, corn salad, parsley, 
parsnip, radish, turnip, and rutabaga 
seed, 3 cents per pound; cabbage, collard, 
kale, and kohl-rabi seed, 6 cents per 
pound; egg plant and pepper seed, 10 
cents per pound ; seeds of all kinds not 
specially provided for in this section, 
5 cents per pound: Provided, That no 
allowance shall be made for dirt or other 
impurities in seeds provided for in this 
paragraph. 



OTHER GARDEN AND FIELD SEEDS. 



SUGAR-BEET SEED. 



Description and uses. — The sugar beet, closely related to certain 
varieties of garden beet, is grown almost solely for the production 
of sugar. The roots yield sugar the first year, but seeds are not 
produced until the second year. 

Production of sugar-beet seed in 1916 was 5,539,000 pounds. 
Because it was difficult to import seed during the war, the seed 



776 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



acreage was increased; nevertheless the production of 1921 decreased 
to 3,575,000 pounds. Idaho, Colorado, Utah, California, and Michigan 
lead. Beet-sugar manufacturers, who control the supply, endeavor 
to carry sufficient seed to meet requirements for one or two years 
and thus provide against emergencies. 

Imports in 1914 were 10,490,089 pounds, valued at $804,209—86 
per cent from Germany, 6 per cent from Austria-Hungary, and 3.5 
per cent from Russia. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



4,298,375 
SI, 341, 341 



1919 



9,830,068 
$2,137,091 



1920 



23, 446, 067 
$5, 213, 410 



1921 
(9 months). 



6,385,999 
SI, 280, 825 



In 1920 about 40 per cent of the imports came from Germany, 
about 38 per cent from the Netherlands, and about 19 per cent from 
Denmark. 

Important changes in classification. — Sugar-beet seed is transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 

BEET SEED (EXCEPT SUGAR BEET AND MANGEL WURZEL). 

Description and uses. — Beet seed is used primarily for planting in 
this country, nearly 500,000 pounds of the garden variety being sown 
annually. 

Production increased rapidly during the war— in 1916, 200,000 
pounds; in 1918, 2,509,000 pounds, but in 1921 decreased to 180,000 
pounds. California leads; smaller quantities come from Washington 
and Connecticut. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,076,525 pounds. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

351, 592 
160, 962 
238,111 
152, 864 


$173,037 
108, 233 
50,353 
23, 940 


$10, 548 


Per cent. 


1919. . 


4,829 


4.46 


1920 


7,143 


14.19 












CABBAGE . 


SEED. 









Description and uses. — Cabbage, one of our principal truck crops, 
is a common home garden product; over 500,000 pounds of seed are 
required annually. 

Production commercially in 1916 was 217,000 pounds; in 1918, 
157,000 pounds; and in 1921, 224,000 pounds. Long Island and 
Puget Sound are the cabbage-seed producing sections. 

Imports averaged 251,927 pounds for 1910-1913. Denmark and 
Holland were normally the principal exporting countries. Later 
statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



777 



Calendar yoar. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 






Pounds. 
114,973 
168, 951 
390,741 
144.240 


$196, 370 

357, 853 

299,354 

92, 120 


86, 898 

10, 137 
23,444 


Percent. 

3 51 


1919 


2 83 


1920 


7 83 


1921 (9 months) 














CANARY SEED. 









Description and uses. — Canary seed, from an annual grass of that 
name, is native to the Canary Islands, southern Europe, northern 
Africa, and Asia. It has been naturalized in England and parts of 
the United States, and is cultivated as a food for cage birds in the 
south of Europe, especially in Germany and England. A fine flour 
prepared from this seed is used in sizing high-grade cotton and silk 
goods. 

Imports were 4,503,280 pounds in 1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad va- 
lorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

3,244,697 

5,954,434 

5,292,922 

5,228,165 


$292, 302 
551, 143 
311,192 
206,775 


$16, 223 
29,745 
26,465 


Per cent. 
5.55 


1919 




1920 


8.51 


1921 (9 months). .- 











CARROT SEED. 



Description and uses. — The carrot is a vegetable grown in home 
and market gardens. Some of the large-rooted varieties are grown 
under field culture for stock feeding. Probably 450,000 pounds of 
carrot seed are sown for these purposes. 

Production increased from 534,000 pounds in 1916 to 2,125,000 
pounds in 1918, but in 1921, declined to 76,200 pounds. Practically 
all domestic carrot seed is produced in California. 

Imports averaged 144,056 pounds for 1910-1913.; the}' came chiefly 
from France. Statistics of imports since 1917 are as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad va- 
lorem . 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months^ 


Pound?. 
27, 758 
15,666 
69, 428 
33, 633 


S23, 904 
18,859 
15,807 
9,464 


$833 

470 

2.083 


Per cent. 
3.48 
2.49 

13. 18 







CAULIFLOWER SEED. 

Description and uses. — Cauliflower seed is used primarily for plant- 
ing, about 7,500 pounds being used annually for home and market 
gardens. 

Production of cauliflower seed is negligible, because of unfavorable 
climatic and soil conditions. It is produced more successfully in 
Holland and Denmark, where the domestic supply is obtained. 



778 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports averaged 9,834 pounds annually for 1913-1917. Statistics 
of imports since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: 





1918 


1919 

i 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


8,068 

$37, 008 


12,141 i 

$146,071 


16, 918 
$138, 882 


8,240 
$73, 919 


Value 





Important changes in classification. — Cauliflower seed is transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 



CELERY SEED. 



Description and uses. — Celery seed is used largely for planting, and 
also as a condiment. 

Production of celery seed commercially has increased from 5,200 
pounds in 1916 to 65,000 pounds in 1918, and in 1921 was 45,800 
pounds, practically all in California. Market gardeners assert that 
imported French-grown seed of some varieties, notably Golden Self- 
Blanching, produces plants more nearly true to type. 

Imports for 1910-1913 averaged 147,764 pounds annually. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


239, 231 
$90, 948 


768, 101 
$312, 636 


593, 722 
$116, 361 


267, 252 


Value 


$37, 354 







Important changes in classification. — Celery seed is transferred from 
the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 



KALE SEED. 



Description and uses. — Kale is grown in family and truck gardens 
and is used as a vegetable or " greens," also, especially the Siberian 
kale, as a forage plant for live stock and poultry. The quantity of 
seed required for planting is estimated at from 50,000 to 65,000 
pounds. 

Production is mainly in New York, Washington, California, and 
Connecticut. The commercial production in 1916 was 29,000 pounds; 
in 1918, 16,700 pounds; and in 1921, 29,700 pounds. 

Imports were 31,806 pounds in 1913 and 38,073 pounds in 1914. 
Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

9,858 

IS, 866 

77,069 

29, 190 


$7, 419 

12, 062 

20, 572 

8,499 


$591 
1,132 
4,624 


Per cent. 
7.97 


1919 


9.38 


1920 


22. 48 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



779 



KOHL-RABI SEED. 



Description and uses. — Kohl-rabi is. a vegetable forming an edible 
''bulb," popular in home gardens, and grown somewhat by truckers. 
Its seed are used solely for planting. The plants are stored in pits, or 
otherwise protected from freezing, as are cabbage, beets, carrots, etc. 

Imports in 1914 were 15,612 pounds, valued at $4,283, about an 
average quantity. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
14, 726 
17, 109 
22, 728 
10, 028 


$11, 499 
10, 938 
12, 020 
4, 554 


$884 
1,027 
1,364 


Per cent. 
7.68 


1919.... 


9.39 


1920 


11 35 


1921 (9 months) 






1 



MANGELWURZEL (MANGEL BEET) SEED. 

Description and uses. — Mangelwurzel seed is used in this country for 
planting. The root provides a succulent feed for dairy cows and other 
farm live stock. 

Production of mangelwurzel seed, very small prior to 1918, was in 
that year 286,974 pounds. The seeding requirement is about 320,000 
pounds. Commercial growers have had excellent success with this 
seed, and the industry seems fairly well established, California and 
Washington leading. 

Imports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — Mangelwurzel seed is trans- 
ferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 

ONION SEED. 

Description and uses. — Onion seeds are produced from the flower 
stem of the plant the second year. The bulb is usually set out in the 
spring of the second year and the seeds are harvested when mature. 

Production. — -In 1919, 2,618,000 pounds of onion seeds were pro- 
duced. In 1920 and 1921 production declined sharply to 800,800 
and 334,000 pounds, respectively. 

Imports are not separately stated, but are included with " all other" 
seeds. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



PARSLEY SEED. 



Description and uses. — Parsley is used for garnishing meats and 
other foods and as a condiment. The seed is also crushed for its oil. 

Production is in California, the annual average being 88,000 pounds. 
In 1921, 27,500 pounds were produced. 

Imports during 1916-1918 averaged 58,116 pounds, running some- 
what below domestic production. Later statistics follow: 



780 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 
64,595 
52,713 
179, 774 
136, 118 



Value. 



$12, 754 
20, 717 
21,475 
16,287 



j, t j Equivalent 
Duty - ad valorem. 


$1,938 
1,581 
5,393 


Per cent. 
15.19 
7.63 
25.11 







PARSNIP SEED. 



Description and uses. — Parsnip is a root crop grown in home and 
market gardens for table food and on farms for live stock. About 
120,000 to 150,000 pounds of the seed are used annually for planting. 

Production, mainly in California, amounted to 67,000 pounds in 
1916, 167,000 pounds in 1918, and 25,700 pounds in 1921. 

Imports averaged annually 102,557 pounds for 1913-1917. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 

• 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

9,461 

43,817 

17,015 

39,613 


$4,653 

26,457 

3,731 

5,457 


$284 


Per cent. 
6.10 


1919 


1,315 4.97 


1920 


510 


13.68 


1921 (9 months) 













PEPPER SEED. 



Description and uses. — Peppers are grown in home and market gar- 
dens for use in condiments, sauces, pickles, etc. 

Production. — Pepper seed is easily cultivated in many sections of 
the country. The commercial output, omitting that retained for 
home sowing, was 17,000 pounds in 1916, 56,000 pounds in 1918, and 
99,200 pounds in 1921. New Jersey, Georgia, Mississippi, and Cali- 
fornia lead in production. 

Imports in 1914 were 11,536 pounds, valued at $4,879. Later sta- 
tistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 . 




Pounds. 
13,778 
6,420 
2,050 
5,415 


$12, 183 
9,748 
2,245 
4,185 


$1,377 
642 
205 


Per cent. 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . . 


6.59 
9.13 




■ 







RADISH SEED. 



Description and uses. — -The radish is grown extensively in home 
and market gardens. Over 800,000 pounds of radish seed, used 
solely for planting, are sold annually, not including the seed from 
home gardens for local use. 

Production in 1916 was 720,000 pounds; in 1918, 1,935,000 pounds; 
and in 1921, 258,000 pounds. Radishes produce seed the first sea- 
son. California and Michigan are the chief sources of supply. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



781 



Imports during 1910-1914 averaged annually 491,097 pounds. 
Much of the seed formerly came from France. When that supply 
was cut off, domestic growers planted. larger acreages, and since 1918 
considerable quantities have been available for export. Imports 
since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


Pounds. 

82,334 

111,562 

320,487 

144,492 


$55,664 
64,236 
76,924 
31,672 


$2,470 
3,347 
9,615 


Per cent. 
4.44 
5.21 
12.50 









SPIxVACH 8EED. 

Description and uses. — Spinach seed is used solely for planting; 
about 800,000 or 900,000 pounds are sown annually. 

Production of commercial spinach seed increased from 45,000 pounds 
in 1916 to 1,650,000 pounds in 1918, but in 1921 decreased to 24,700 
pounds. 

Imports averaged 1,241,757 pounds annually during the period 
1910 to 1914. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


1 Quantity. 

i 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1918 

1919 

1920 


Pounds. 

i 1,067,039 

367,032 

1, 139, 143 


S353, 931 

80,357 

132, 574 

52,231 


$10, 670 
3,670 
11,391 


Per cent. 
3.01 
. 4.57 
8 59 


1921 (9 months).. 




527. 760 














TREE SEEDS. 









Description and uses.— Tree seeds, both coniferous and hardwood, 
are largely produced in this country on a commercial scale for 
reforestation purposes, by either State or Federal organizations. 
Although occasionally florists or nurserymen are interested in the 
trade in tree seeds, the project in this country is largely under 
Government supervision. 

Production. — No accurate statistics regarding the production of 
tree seeds are available. 

Imports are not separately stated, but are included in "All seeds. 
n. s. p. f., page 784." 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



TURNIP AND RUTABAGA SEEDS. 



Description and uses. —Turnip and rutabaga are root crops grown 
extensively in home and market gardens for food purposes, and on 
farms for live stock. The seed is used solely for planting and about 
2,000,000 pounds (1,500,000 pounds turnip and 500,000 pounds 
rutabaga) are required annually. 



782 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — Washington, California, New York, and Connecticut 
are the leading producing areas. The commercial output of turnip 
seed increased from 20,000 pounds in 1916 to 200,700 pounds in 1918 
but declined to 59,000 pounds in 1921. Production of rutabaga 
seed increased between 1916 and 1918 from 3,800 pounds to 27,300 
pounds. 

Imports for 1914 were 1,580,713 pounds compared with an average 
of 1,773,613 pounds for 1910-1913. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1,751,876 
1,810,479 
1, 846, 607 
1,997,304 


$580,388 j 
668,541 j 
420,724 | 
289,642 I. 


$52,556 
54, 314 
55,398 


Per cent. 
9.06 


1919 


8.12 


1920 


13. IT 


1921 (9 months) 











FLOWER SEEDS. 

Description and uses. — Flower seeds are used for planting purposes. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $295,195; in 1918, $142,152; 1919, 
$269,376; 1920, $656,379; 1921 (nine months), $189,577. (Statistics 
for 1918-1921 are by calendar years.) 

Important changes in classification. — Flower seeds are transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 

COLLARD SEED. 

Description and uses. — Collard, a favorite vegetable in some of the 
Atlantic and Gulf States, is used in much the same way as cabbage. 
The seed is used solely for planting. 

Production. — Collard seed is easily produced wherever the plant 
is grown as a vegetable. Most commercial seed is produced in 
Georgia. Data are not available as to the output, but it appears ta- 
be sufficient to meet domestic requirements. 

Imports averaged annually 2,359 pounds from 1915 to 1918. 
Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1919 


Pounds. 
1,050 
50 
112 


$1,837 
13 
21 


$63 
3 


Per cent. 
3.43 


1920 


23.08 


1921 (9 months). 











Important changes in classification. - 
imports being small. 



-Specific provision dropped r 



CORN-SALAD SEED. 



Description and uses. — Corn salad is used as a garnish and for 
salad, as is parsley or cress. The seed is used in the United States 
primarily for planting. Only small quantities are imported. 



SUMMAKY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



788 



Imports for 1915-1918 averaged annually 4,118 pounds, valued 
at $741 — somewhat less than the prewar average. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918... 




Pounds. 

3,347 

7,734 

13,624 

1,488 


$1,276 

3,793 

6,124 

939 


$100 
232 
409 


Per cent. 

7.87 


1919 - 


6.12 


1920 




6.67 


1921 (9 months) 















Important changes in classification. — Specific provision dropped, 
imports being small. 



EGGPLANT SEED. 



Description and uses. — This vegetable produces a large, purple, 
egg-shaped fruit, and is grown extensively in family and market 
gardens. Seed for planting is produced here in sufficient quantity 
to meet domestic demands. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to 886 pounds, valued at $836. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,350 
958 
525 

1,156 


$2,121 

2,105 

9S5 

1,676 


$135 
96 
53 


Per cent. 
6.36 


1919 


4.55 


1920 


5.33 


1921 (9 months). 











Important changes in classification. — Specific provision dropped, 
imports being small. 

FENUGREEK SEED. 

Description and uses. — Fenugreek, allied to clover, is cultivated as 
a fodder and for its strong-smelling, oily seed, used as a flavoring sub- 
stance of patent stock feeds. It is native to eastern Europe and 
western Asia. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,619,230 pounds, valued at $29,601. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1, 502, 968 
$139, 969 



1919 



1920 



1,118,083 
$69,824 J 



1, 199, 978 
$33, 042 



1921 (9 months). 



159, 225 
$3,824 



Important changes in classification. — Fenugreek seed is on the free 
list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). Since this paragraph, as revised 
in H. R. 7456, includes only seeds primarily used for sowing, fenu- 
greek is not specifically mentioned here. It is apparently covered 
by paragraph 1562 as a drug seed. 



MUSHROOM SPAWN. 



Description and uses. — Mushroom is the popular name for various 
species of edible fungi. It is the fruiting body of the fungus, the 



784 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



result of a more or less matted growth called the spawn, consisting 
of numerous white threads disseminated through the soil. The com- 
mercial spawn comes in bricks or flakes; these are made of horse 
manure impregnated with the fungus. Parasitic fungi sometimes 
interfere with mushroom culture and cause serious losses. 

Imports for 1910-1914 averaged annually 279,064 pounds. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918. 


Pounds. 
13, 215 
23,275 
19,096 
18, 440 


$571 i $132 

925 I 233 

545 191 

3,183 


Per cent. 
23.14 


1919 


25.17 


1920 


35.04 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. 
imports being small. 



•Specific provision dropped, 



SORGHUM SEED. 



Description and uses. — -Sorghum includes sweet sorghum and grain 
sorghum, the latter mostly kafir, feterita, and milo. Sweet sorghum 
seed is used only for planting; the seed of grain sorghum is used for 
feed and for making alcohol and yeast, as well as for planting. 

Production. — Sorghums are grown extensively, principally in the 
southern half of the Great Plains area. Production in Kansas, Texas, 
Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona in 1915 was 
114,460,000, bushels, with a farm value of $51,157,000; in 1918 only 
66,396,000 bushels, with farm value of $99,848,000. It is cultivated 
in Europe, India, and other parts of Asia. 

Imports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification.— Sorghum seed is on the free 
list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). It is not mentioned specifically in 
H,R. 7456. 



ALL SEEDS N. S. P. F. 



Imports of all seeds not specially provided for under the act of 
1913 are shown as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 
253,463 
338, 310 
526, 809 
335, 606 


$205, 335 
254, 267 
274,544 
221,757 


$12, 672 
16,915 
26, 340 


1919 


1920 ; 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports of seeds, except cotton, grass seeds, and flaxseed, for 
calendar years, are as follows: 1918, $2,031,776; 1919, $2,771,836; 
1920, $2,187,318; 1921 (9 months), $795,856. 

In 1920 about 29 per cent of these exports went to England and 
about 22 per cent to Canada. 



SUGAR-CANE FOR 8EKD. 



Description and uses. -Sugar cane does not yield much fertile seed. 
The seed is used principally for the development of new varieties and 
strains. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 785 

Production figures are unimportant. 

Import statistics are combined with " seeds, including bulbs, and 
bulbous roots, etc./' and are insignificant. 

Important changes in classification. —Sugar-cane for seed is on the 
free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). It is not mentioned specifically 
in H. R. 7456, imports being small. 

st. John's bread or bean. 

Description. — -St. John's bread or bean (also called locust bean and 
carob) is a brown, leathery fruit pod 4 to 10 inches long, containing a 
gummy pulp, about 60 per cent sugar. The seeds are bitter and of 
no use except for planting. 

Production. — The locust tree bearing this fruit grows in the Mediter- 
ranean region, and is being introduced into California. No produc- 
tion figures are available. 

Imports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — St. John's bread or bean is on 
the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). It is not mentioned spe- 
cifically in H. R. 7456. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions for garden and 
field seeds, other than grass seed, that are used chiefly for replanting, 
have been combined and alphabetically arranged. (See pars. 212 and 
595 of the act of 1913.) The provisions for cotton, hemp, and rape 
seed on the free list (par. 595) of the act of 1913 have been omitted. 
The provisions for collard, corn salad, eggplant, hoarhound, mush- 
room spawn, sorghum, and St. John's bread have been omitted from 
specific mention because relatively unimportant. Fenugreek, being 
chiefly used for medicinal or drug purposes in stock feeds, has like- 
wise been omitted'. It is apparently provided for in paragraph 1562 
as a drug seed. 

The proviso in paragraph 212 of the act of 1913, prohibiting allow- 
ance for dirt and impurities in seeds, has been eliminated, since it*has 
been incorporated in paragraph 732, with a similar proviso for grains. 

A clause has been added to the effect that the provision for seeds 
includes such seeds for whatever purpose used. 

Provisions have been added for onion and tree seeds. 

Suggested changes. — Provision for shrub seeds might be added to 
tree seeds, to avoid possible conflict. 

The catch-all clause for all other garden and field seeds includes 
a wide range of seeds of minor importance, whose dutiable value it 
is difficult to determine. For this reason the American Seed Trade 
Association has requested that specific duties be retained. Figures 
submitted by a leading importer show imports under this group of 
161,871 pounds, valued at $53,099, average value per pound about 
33 cents (from 1911 to 1921, inclusive). 

Page 96, line 10, of H. R. 7456: Change "title" to "schedule." 

(See also paragraph 760.) 

82304—22 50 



786 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 763. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 763. Beans, green or unripe, one- 
half of 1 cent per pound; dried, If cents 
per pound; in brine, prepared or pre- 
served in any manner, 2 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 249. Beans, forty-five cents per Par. 197. Beans, * * * not spe- 
bushel of sixty pounds. cially provided for, 25 cents per bushel of 

Par. 251. Beans, * * * prepared or sixty pounds. 25 
preserved, or contained in tins, jars, bot- Par. 199. Beans * * * prepared or 
ties, or similar packages, two and one- preserved, or contained in tins, jars, bot- 
half cents per pound, including the ties, or similar packages, including the 
weight of immediate coverings; * * *. weight of immediate coverings, 1 cent per 

pound; * * *. 
Par. 606. Soya beans [Free]. 

BEANS. 

(See Survey G-8.) 

GENERAL. 

Description and uses. — This group embraces principally dried, 
but also green and pod beans, soya beans, and canned or prepared 
beans. 

Many varieties of beans, largely, serve special purposes: Lima 
beans, for cooking; the white or navy bean, for baking; large white 
beans for soups ; cowpeas (par. 765) and broad beans for live-stock 
feed. Besides its uses for fodder, silage, and soiling, the bean plant is 
a valuable cover crop and soil renovator. The great bulk of the 
commercial crop, employed almost exclusively for human food, 
is. marketed as dry beans; the culls are fed to live stock, and the 
straw is consumed as roughage or fertilizer. Green or unripe beans 
(including string beans) enter only into a rather local or seasonal 
tratle when not canned or preserved in brine. White beans are pre- 
ferred for food, most colored beans selling at lower prices. The chief 
use of soya beans is as a raw material for soya bean oil and cake. 
They also enter into certain oriental food preparations provided for 
in paragraph 773. 

Production. — The United States ranks among the six largest bean- 
producing nations; the domestic harvest of dried beans in 1918, when 
Eroduction was greatly stimulated by war demands, was 17,397,000 
ushels, with a farm value of over $90,000,000; the planted area was 
1,744,000 acres, about two and one-half times that of 1909. In 
1921, only 9,118,000 bushels were produced. The commercial crop 
comes from a few sections of dense production; of the record crop of 
1918, California produced approximately one-half, Michigan about 
one-fourth, New York and Colorado most of the remainder. In 
California, Limas and small whites are the principal varieties; in 
Colorado and the Southwest, pintos and pink: beans; in Michigan 
and New York, the white or navy bean. 



»s Beans, 2 cents per pound. (Par. 5, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



787 



In 1919 the commercial acreage in green beans was 71,970, and the 
harvest was valued at $8,031,449; the harvested area of soya beans 
in 1921 was 186,000 acres, and the yield 2,815,000 bushels. 



BEAN'S, PREPARED OR PRESERVED. 



Description and uses. — White, Lima, and string beans are those 
principally used in the canning industry. Baked beans are chiefly of 
the common white variety. Soya beans also are made into various 
food preparations, especially for use by orientals. 

Production of canned beans rose from 77,640,450 pounds in 1904 to 
401,350,000 pounds in 1919, valued at $4,133,810 and $39,408,603, 
respectively. About 73 per cent were baked beans; about 16 per 
cent, string beans; 4 per cent, Lima beans; and 7 per cent, all other. 
Canning factories are located in the regions of largest production. 
Baked beans are produced chiefly in Indiana, New Jersey, and Penn- 
sylvania; string beans in New York, Maryland, and Wisconsin; and 
Lima beans in New Jersey, whence one-half of the total output is 
derived. 

Imports of beans and lentils ranged around 1,000,000 bushels, 
valued at about $1,500,000, during 1910-1914, chiefly from Europe. 
In the war period imports increased greatly, because of the demand 
from the Army; Japan was the principal contributor. 

Imports of prepared .beans declined from 3,461,541 pounds in 1908 
to 800,264 pounds in 1913, valued at $347,476 and $49,933, respec- 
tively. Imports rose to 1,081,631 pounds in 1914 and 2,510,722 
pounds in 1915, but decreased to 568,460 pounds in 1917. Later 
statistics follow: 





Calendar year. Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


BEANS AND LENTILS. 


1918 




Bushels. 
2,082,850 
2,309,007 
2,0 2,271 
1, 185, 895 


$8, 864, 028 
8,322,802 
7,066,395 
3.228,439 


$520,333 
577,144 
510,440 


Per cent. 
5.87 


1919 


6.93 


1920 


7.23 


1921 (9 months) 














SOYA BEANS. 


1918 


1 Pounds. 

; 1, 433, 3 19 

j 4,368,780 

3. 136. 850 


§111,818 
201,496 
180, 759 
115,533 






1919 .. 






1920 






1921 (9 months) . . 




3,414,625 
















PREPARED BEANS. 








1918 

1919 ;... 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . . 





243,170 
385,443 
801,906 , 
379,441 


$16, 061 
33,005 
75,452 
29,389 


$2,432 
3,854 
8,019 


15.14 
11.68 
10.63 











788 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Since beans are provided for in the emergency tariff act of 1921 
(par. 5), statistics 20 of imports by months for 1920 and 1921 are 
given below: 



Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1920 


1921 


1920 


1921 


Januarv 


Bushels. 

492, 191 

213,340 

264,069 

139,648 

7^,942 

265, 311 

219,644 

1^8,230 

109,952 

53, 308 

70, 371 " 

38,610 


Bushels. 
36,958 
30,812 
52,114 
19,430 
33,166 
11,212 
13,369 
4,536 
8,810 
15,736 
24,661 
23,254 


$2,300,364 
762,167 
1,107,766 
477,374 
298,334 
712,118 
670,136 
408,155 
297,350 
162,764 
201, 052 
112, 299 


$95,421 
79,231 

115,203 
44,351 
54,365 
30,421 
34 252 


February 


March 


April 


May... 


June 


July 


August 


11*273 


September 


18' 350 


October 


44' 282 
53,475 
64,968 


November 


December 



Exports of canned beans are not itemized. The total export of 
canned vegetables increased in value from 1782,973 to $6,340,359 
from 1908 to 1920. 

Exports of beans ranged from 400,868 bushels in 1909 to 4,489,078 
bushels in 1918 (fiscal year). Later statistics of the export of beans, 
for calendar years, follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantitv (bushels) 


2,398,854 
$14,226,277 


3, 795, 420 
$19,965,737 


1,764,735 
$7,672,241 


1,079,739 
$3,673,664 


Value 





In 1920, 50 per cent went to Cuba, 21 per cent to Danzig, and 14 
per cent to Germany. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Provisions for beans in the 
act of 1913 are here combined; and lentils, added in the act of 1913, 
have been put in a separate paragraph (par. 765) with chickpeas 
and cowpeas. Soya beans, prepared or preserved, appear in para- 

fraph 773. Specific provision has been made for green or unripe 
eans (which include string beans). The words "in brine" have 
been added to prepared or preserved beans in order to make string 
beans in brine, for instance, dutiable under this paragraph rather 
than under the general provision for vegetables in brine. Bushel 
equivalents have been dropped, since the trade is largely conducted 
on the basis of weight. 

Since no specific provision has been made for soya beans, not 
prepared or preserved, exempt from duty under the act of 1913 (par. 
660), they would be dutiable under this paragraph. 

Suggested changes. — Since the principal use ot soya beans is crush- 
ing for oil, it is better to classify them, except when prepared or 
preserved, with oil-bearing materials in paragraph 760. 

26 Figures are for beans and lentils to July, 1921. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PARAGRAPH 764. 



789 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 764 . Sugar beets, 80 cents per ton ; 
other beets, 17 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 250. Beets, twenty-five per cen- 
tum ad valorem; sugar beets, ten per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



Pah. 1 98. Beets of all kinds, 5 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



SUGAR BEETS AND OTHER BEETS. 



Description and uses. — The beet is a root crop consisting chiefly of 
mangels, garden, and sugar beets. Mangels and garden beets are 
raised for seed, feed, and table use. Sugar beets are by far the most 
important . 

Production of sugar beets averaged 5,056,393 short tons during 
1910-1914, valued approximately at $28,417,000; in 1920 production 
was 8,545,000 short tons, with a farm value of $99,396,000. The 
principal producing States are California, Colorado, Michigan, Utah, 
Nebraska, Idaho, Ohio, and Wisconsin. In 1909 the value of the 
beet crop, exclusive of sugar beets, was $352,696, about one-third in 
the Middle Atlantic States, the remainder widely distributed. 

Imports of sugar beets in 1913 were valued at $28,751. Following 
the reduction of the tariff from 10 per cent to 5 per cent, imports in 
1914 reached a value of $75,590, but decreased to $30,774 in 1918 
(fiscal years) . 

Imports of mangels and garden beets in 1913 were valued at $3,344, 
nearly one-half from Cuba; the value rose to $16,772 in 1914, and to 
$14,466 in 1918 (fiscal year.) Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Value. 






SUGAR BEETS. 








1918.. .? 




S28, 571 


SI, 429 

4,274 

951 


Per cent. 
5 


1919 




96, 149 


5 


1920 




19, 023 


5 


1921 (9 months) 




154, 227 















ALL OTHER BEETS. 



1913 $10, 160 ! 

1919 20, 341 i 

1920 39, 704 

1921 (9 months) , 42, 973 I. 

I 



S508 
1,016 
1,985 



Per cent. 
5 
5 

5 



790 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 765. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 765. Chickpeas or garbanzos, 1 
cent per pound; cowpeas, one-half of 1 
cent per pound; lentils, 2 cents per 
pound; lupins, one-half of 1 cent per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision. Chick- Par. 197. * * * lentils, not spe- 
peas and cowpeas classable as peas; lentils dally provided for, 25 cents per bushel of 
and lupins classable as vegetables.] sixty pounds. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities. Chickpeas and cow- 
peas classable as peas; lupins classable as 
vegetables.] 

CHICKPEAS, COWPEAS, LENTILS, ETC. 

(See Survey G-8.) 

Description and uses. — Chickpeas or garbanzos are used as a vege- 
table and in soups — in the United States chiefly by Latin- Americans. 
The great bulk of the domestic crop of cowpeas is used for feeding 
purposes, but some varieties, notably the Blackeye, are utilized for 
food, in both the green and dried form. The lentil, the seed of a 
leguminous plant similar to the bean and pea, is largely used in soups 
and purees, chiefly by foreign residents. Lupines, the seed of a 
leguminous plant, rich in protein, are used for feed and to some extent 
for food, particularly by Europeans. 

Production. — Chickpeas or garbanzos are extensively produced in 
Mexico and Spain, but the American production is largely confined 
to- a small acreage in California. That State also produces a small 
crop of lentils, and most of the commercial Blackeye cowpeas. The 
great bulk of the domestic requirements of chickpeas and lentils, and 
substantially all of the lupines used for food, are imported. The 
South, especially the Southeastern States, devote several millions 
of acres to cowpeas, nearly all for feeding purposes. In 1921, the 
harvested acreage of cowpeas was 1,133,000 and the yield 9,581,000 
bushels. 

Imports of these legumes are not separately stated. 

Exports. — None reported. 

Important changes in classification. —New specific provisions for 
chickpeas, cowpeas, and lupines, the dutiable status of which has been 
the subj ect of litigation. The first two have been held du tiable as peas , 
though botanically and commercially distinct products. Lentils have 
been transferred .to this paragraph from paragraph 197, of the act of 
1913, for beans. 

Suggested changes. — The proper spelling is "lupines." 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



791 



PARAGRAPH 766. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 766. Mushrooms, fresh, or dried 
or otherwise prepared or preserved, 33 £ 
per centum ad valorem; truffles, fresh, or 
dried or otherwise prepared or preserved, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pau. 251. * * * mushrooms, and 
truffles, prepared or preserved, or con- 
tained in tins, jars, bottles, or similar 
packages, two and one-half cents per 
pound, including the weight of immedi- 
ate coverings; mushrooms, cut, sliced, or 
dried, in undivided packages containing 
not less than five pounds, two and one 
half cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 199. * * * mushrooms and 
truffles, including the weight of imme- 
diate coverings, 2\ cents per pound. 



MUSHROOMS AND TRUFFLES. 



(See Survey G-9.) 



Description and -uses.— Mushrooms and truffles are food luxuries, 
since they possess but little food value relative to their price. Mush- 
rooms are very perishable and are imported only in the canned and 
dried form, while most of the domestic product is marketed fresh. 
About one pound of fresh mushrooms goes into an 8-ounce can, while 
about 5 pounds are required for one can of dried. But the prices per 
pound of canned and dried are about the same. 

Production of mushrooms has increased considerably in recent years. 
It is estimated that between 5,000,000 and 6,000,000 pounds were pro- 
duced in 1920. - 

Truffles are not commercially grown in this country. 

Imports of mushrooms and truffles in 1914 were 9,188,177 pounds, 
and in 1917 4,419,374 pounds, valued respectively at $1,306,818 and 
$1,462,510. About 80 per cent are from France. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 

1919 


Pounds. 
1,290,114 
2,084,676 
3,132,842 
3, 271, 340 


$524,917 
1,354,337 
1,527,807 
1, 135, 590 


$32,253 
52, 117 
78, 321 


Per cent. 
6.14 
3.85 


1920 

1921 (9 months).. 


5.13 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Suggested changes. — In view of the fact that in the agricultural 
schedules of H. E,. 7456 specific rates of duty have been adopted 
wherever they were possible, attention is invited to the fact that such 
rates are feasible in the case of mushrooms and truffles. 



792 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 767. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 767. Peas, green or dried, 75 cents 
per one hundred pounds; peas, split, 1 
cent per pound; peas, prepared or pre- 
served in any manner, 2 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 251. * * * pease, * * * Par. 199. * * * peas, prepared or 

prepared or preserved, or contained in preserved, or contained in tins, jars, 

tins, jars, bottles, or similar packages, bottles, or similar packages, including the 

two and one-half cents per pound, in- weight of immediate coverings, 1 cent 

eluding the weight of immediate cover- per pound; * * *. 

ings; * * *. Par. 209. Peas, green or dried, in bulk 

Par. 262. Pease, green, in bulk or in or in barrels, sacks, or similar packages, 

barrels, sacks, or similar packages, 10 cents per bushel of sixty pounds; split 

twenty-five cents per bushel of sixty peas, 20 cents per bushel of sixty pounds; 

pounds; seed pease, forty cents per bushel peas in cartons, papers, or other similar 

of sixty pounds; pease, dried, not specially packages, including the weight of the 

provided for in this section, twenty-five immediate covering, J cent per pound . 
cents per bushel; split psase, forty-five 
cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease in 
cartons, papers, or other small packages, 
one cent per pound. 

PEAS. 

(See Survey G-8.) 

Description and uses. — Peas included in this provision are of the 
field variety. They are grown for human food and for stock feed, 
for canning, forage, green manuring, and seed. The green garden 
pea is used in the fresh state; dried peas are used in soups and purees, 
and sometimes are baked like beans ; split peas are used in soup, etc. 

For prepared or preserved peas, two varieties are used, the smooth, 
round pea, known as the early or Alaska type, and the wrinkled sweet 
pea, not quite spherical. The two have distinct flavors, the latter 
being generally sold as sweet or sugar peas. 

Production. — The pea is native to Asia and South Europe. It is 
cultivated both as a field and garden crop in many parts of the United 
States, principally in the South Atlantic and east North Central 
States. In 1909 the product was 7,129,000 bushels of dried peas, 
valued at over $10,000,000, while the crop of green peas approxi- 
mated $3,000,000. The estimated production of dried peas for seed 
in 1918- was 65,912,000 pounds, or over 1,000,000 bushels. In 1919 
the commercial area in green peas was 103,686 acres and the har- 
vest was valued at $7,164,988. 

Production of canned peas in 1914 was 264,787,520 pounds, and 
in 1919, 279,771,810 pounds, valued respectively at $15,089,047 and 
$25,073,220. Wisconsin and New York supply about 65 per cent of 
the total. 

Imports of green or dried peas were 611,666 bushels, valued at 
$1,150,611 in 1914; of split peas, 251,353 bushels, valued at $332,271. 
Other peas in cartons, papers, or other similar packages amounted in 
1914 to 35,000 pounds, valued at $3,025. 

Imports of canned peas in 1914 amounted to 4,504,729 pounds, 
valued at $344,118, French peas constituting the bulk. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 

Later statistics follow: 



793 



Calendar A T ear. 



Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 



Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 



PEAS, DRIED, IN BULK OR IN BARRELS, SACKS, OR SIMILAR PACKAGES. 



1018 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Bushels. 
632,414 
708,810 
573,397 
393, 550 



$2,130,697 
2, 537, 182 
2, 084, 882 
1, 380, 487 



$63, 207 
70, 881 
57,340 



Per cent. 
2.96 
2.79 
2.75 



PEAS, GREEN, IN BULK OR IN BARRELS, SACKS, OR SIMILAR PACKAGES. 



1918 


16,425 
4,981 
4,067 j 
4,778 


$65, 713 
15,666 
17,616 

15,778 


$1,642 
498 
407 


2. 50 


1919 


3.18 


1920 


2.31 


1921 (9 months) 











SPLIT PEAS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


8,495 
23.609 
10,450 

8,819 


$37, 660 
80, 078 
38, 222 - 
21,238 


$1,699 
4,722 
2,090 


4.51 
5.90 
5.47 









PEAS IN CARTONS, PAPER, OR SIMILAR PACKAGES. 



1918 


Pounds. 
555 

2,127 
8,056 
1,436 


$75 

502 

1,457 

165 


$2 

7 

40 


2.47 


1919 


1.41 


1920 


2.76 


1921 (9 months) 











PEAS, PREPARED OR PRESERVED, OR CONTAINED IN TINS, JARS, BOTTLES OR SIMI- 
LAR PACKAGES. 



1918 

1919... 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



49, 123 

402, 915 

1, 913, 498 

1, 492, 844 



$4, 504 

84,445 

270, 856 

185,609 



$491 
4,029 
19,135 



10.91 
4.77 
7.06 



In 1920, 78 per cent of imports of dried peas came from Mexico. 

Exports of dried peas in the fiscal year 1918 were 266,824 bushels, 
valued at $1,346,816; these went largely to Belgium, England, Can- 
ada, Norway, and France. Earlier or more complete figures are un- 
available. Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (bushels) 


322, 452 

SI, 689, 457 


476, 106 
$2,664,511 


295, 679 
$1,415,528 


92, 813 
$397, 497 


Value 





In 1920, Canada received 22 per cent; Germany, 15 per cent; 
Cuba, 14 per cent; England, 13 per cent; and Poland and Danzig, 
11 per cent. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions of the act of 
1913 (pars. 199 and 209) for peas, green, dried, split, and canned (pre- 
pared or preserved) have been combined and the provision (par. 



794 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

199) regarding the inclusion of the containers in the dutiable weight 
has been dropped. Likewise, the clause (par. 209) regarding peas 
in cartons and similar packages has been eliminated, imports in this 
form being insignificant. Finally, the rate of duty has been placed 
upon the basis of weight rather than measure, since the trade is 
largely so conducted. 

Specific provision has been made in paragraph 765 for chickpeas 
and cowpeas. 

PARAGRAPH 768. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 768. Onions, 75 cents per one 
hundred pounds; garlic, 2 cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1900. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 261. Onions, forty cents per Par. 208. Garlic, 1 cent per pound; 
bushel of fifty-seven pounds; garlic, onions, 20 cents per pushel of 57 pounds. 27 
one cent per pound. 

ONIONS AND GARLIC. 

(See Survey G-15.) 

Description and uses. — Besides its wide culinary use, the onion is 
an important ingredient of many sauces and relishes. . Of the numer- 
ous varieties those of Italy, Spain, Mexico, California, and the Ber- 
mudas are specially noted for size and quality. Garlic is an onionlike 
bulbous plant, native to Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. 
It may be used in the fresh state as a condiment, and as an ingredient 
in some sauces. 

Production. — In 1910 there were 47,625 acres under onion cultiva- 
tion, producing a crop valued at $6,709,047. The corresponding 
figures for 1921 were 55,829 acres, producing a crop valued at $20,- 
966,000 and amounting to 12,652,000 bushels. New York, Ohio, 
and Texas grew about one-third of the output. The growing of 
Bermuda onions has been attempted in southern Texas, and has 
become a successful and important industry. Commercial production 
of garlic in the United States is very small. 

Imports of onions in 1914 were 1,096,781 bushels, valued at $890,508, 
and in the calendar year 1920, 1,818,514 bushels, valued at $2,362,316. 
In the latter year 78 per cent came from Spain and 10 per cent from 
Egypt. In 1914, 9,282,302 pounds of garlic were imported as 
compared with 7,688,000 pounds in the calendar year 1920. In the 
latter year Italy furnished 50 per cent; Spain, 29 per cent; and 
Mexico, 14 per cent. Our Latin population consumes the greater 
part. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 

27 Onions, 40 cents per bushel of fifty-seven pounds. (Par. 8, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



795 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 




Equivalent 
ad valorem . 



ONIONS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Bushels. 
262,381 
740,254 

1,818,514 
574, 874 



GARLIC. 



$214,013 : $52,193 

1,017,135 148,000 

2,362,316 363,703 

602, 817 



Per cent. 
25.04 
14.57 
15.40 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 
3,991,868 
9, 960, 346 
7,688,410 
4,940,977 


$219,808 

1,334,327 

870,326 

271,614 


1 

539,919 ! 
99,375 i 
76,864 





18.16 
7.51 



General imports of onions, included in paragraph 8 of the emer- 
gency tariff act, are given by months for 1920 and 1921 in the follow- 
ing table: 



Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1920 


1921 


1920 


1921 


January . . 


Bushels. 
335,569 
244, 153 


Bushels. 
20,733 
63. 732 


$432,694 
297,926 
385,392 
228,604 
204,761 
226, 836 
119, 853 
40,393 
72,504 
183, 943 
120,642 
50, 249 


$20, 322 
66, 625 


February 


March 


369,262 ! 41,405 

143,371 j 7,243 
88,452 : 13,016 

104,942 9,036 
95,009 i 32,181 
35,224 , 125,029 
59,743 ' 261,965 

177, 742 306. 447 


49,760 


April 


15, 425 


May 


22,018 


June 


12, 175 

- 34,075 

125,895 


July 


August 


September 


254. 602 


October L 


355, 634 
722,061 
569,457 


November 

December 


119,396 
46,295 


652, -883 
442,413 



Exports of onions increased from 386,322 bushels in 1914 to 534,192 
bushels in the fiscal year 1918, and in value from $435,953 to $788,584. 
About 50 per cent of the exports go to Cuba and 25 per cent to Canada. 
Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months) 



Quantity (bushels) 692, 855 

Value \ $1,112,074 



816,959 
$2,095,142 



945,778 
$2,075,862 



732,969 
$970,779 



Important changes in classification. — The basis of duty on onions 
has been changed from bushels to pounds to conform to commercial 
usage. 



796 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 769. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 769. White or Irish potatoes, 42 
cents per one hundred pounds; dried, de- 
hydrated, or desiccated potatoes, 3£ cents 
per pound; potato flour, 1^ cents per 
pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 265. Potatoes, twenty- five cents Par. 581. Potatoes, and potatoes dried , 

per bushel of sixty pounds. desiccated, or otherwise prepared, not 

Par. 480. * * * articles manufac- specially provided for in this section: 

tured, in whole or in part, not provided Provided, That any of the foregoing speci- 

for in this section, * * * twenty per tied articles shall be subject to a duty of 

centum ad valorem. (Abstract 23912, 10 per centum ad valorem when imported 

T. D. 30901, of 1910.) directly or indirectly from a country, de- 

[No corresponding provision for dried, pendency, or other subdivision of govern - 

dehydrated, or desiccated potatoes.] ment which imposes a duty on such arti- 
cles imported from the United States. 28 

WHITE OR IRISH POTATOES. 

(See Report T. I. S.-20 and Survey G-33.) 

Description and uses. — The chief domestic consumption of potatoes 
is 7 of course, in the familiar table uses. Relatively small quantities 
are used for starch, for potato flour, and for dried or riced potatoes. 
Large quantities of cull potatoes are fed to swine and other animals 
on American farms. Potatoes are employed extensively in European 
industries, principally in making starch, dextrin, alcohol, glucose, and 
lactic acid; corn, which is in this country usually cheaper, is here 
substituted for these purposes. 

The fresh potato is from 75 to 80 per cent water. Potato flour con- 
sists of the whole potato except the peel, washed, cooked and dried, 
ground and bolted. It is used chiefly for mixing with bread flours, also 
for soups and other food products. Dried or dehydrated potatoes 
in the form of chips, flakes, or "rice," contain all the potato except the 
water and peel, and are used almost entirely for food. 

Production and prices of potatoes fluctuate greatly. Between 1916 
and 1920 the harvest ranged from 287,000,000 to 430,000,000 bushels. 
Though widely cultivated, the bulk of the commercial crop is concen- 
trated in Aroostook County, Me., western New York, western Michi- 
gan, Minnesota, Colorado, Idaho, and central California. Each of the 
potato crops — the "early," the "seed," and the "late" — enter into 
a distinct market. Early potatoes are grown principally in the South 
and move northward, seed and late varieties move southward and 
eastward. Europe produces about 90 per cent of the world's harvest, 
its physical and economic conditions being well suited to this crop. 

Domestic manufacture of potato flour began about 1917, and in 
1918 in Hive factories the production was about 2,500,000 pounds. 
Sixteen plants were producing dried or delrydrated potatoes in 1918, 
chiefly for Army use, with an output of about 7,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of potatoes from the principal producing countries have 
been barred by quarantines since October, 1912, only Canada and the 
Bermudas shipping without restriction. Shipments of potatoes from 

28 Potatoes, 25 cents per bushel of sixty pounds. (Tar. 7, emergency tariff act of 1921.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



797 



the Bermudas are from 150,000 to 200,000 bushels annually; from 
Canada, about 200,000 to nearly 6,000,000 bushels annually since 
1914. In 1920, 85 per cent of the imported potatoes came from 
Canada and 13 per cent from Denmark. 

Imports of both potato flour and dried potatoes amounted to about 
550,000 pounds, valued at $17,000, in 1914. Normally these imports 
came chiefly from Germany and the Netherlands. In 1920, 48 per 
cent of dried and desiccated potatoes came from Canada and 40 per 
cent from the Netherlands. Statistics of imports since 1917 are as 
follows : 



Ca'endar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty.i 



POTATOES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Bushels. 
1,201,385 
5, 543, 686 
6,061,718 
1.243,715 



$1,367,668 
5, 907, 064 

12, 526, 534 
1, 390, 904 



876, 582 

862 

5.934 



POTATOES, DRIED, DESICCATED, OR OTHERWISE PREPARED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 




469,961 


$115,558 I 


1, 888, 697 


480,194 i 


3,421,405 


310,496 


3,451,745 


140,995 



$11,367 
7 
6 



Dried potatoes are dutiable only when imported from a country which imposes a duty on potatoes 
ported from the United States. 



Since potatoes are provided for in the emergency tariff act of 
1921, a comparison of general monthly imports for 1920 and 1921 is 
given below: 



Month. 



Quantity, 



Value. 



January 

February . . 

March 

April 

May 

Tune 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November . 
December. . 



Bushels. 

494, 532 

294,754 

624, 158 

1,179,597 

1,118,008 

399, 637 

65, 400 

268, 847 

236, 696 

443, 170 

615,612 

321, 334 



1921 



Bushels. 
384, 173 
219, 872 
353, 999 
317,638 
172, 643 

23, 805 
5, 122" 

55,214 
116,249 
160, 536 
136, 865 

69,446 



1920 



607,730 

1,314,285 

3,061,036 

3,332,006 

1, 204, 964 

178, 661 

427,353 

245, 781 

396,401 

581, 893 

308,544 



1921 



$317,759 
235, 007 
281, 163 
191,791 
154, 441 

41, 867 
6,077 

59,221 
103, 578 
141,663 
143,408 

76.212 



Exports for 1910-1918 (fiscal years) were between 1,000,000 and 
4,000,000 bushels, chiefly to Cuba and Canada. Later statistics (for 
calendar years) of exports of potatoes, except sweet potatoes, follow: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


guantil v (bushels) 3, 853, 187 


3, 642, 322 
86,475,203 


4, 153, 565 
$10,199,928 


3, 149, 101 
$4,263,820 


value... *5, 834,349 





798 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

In 1920, 65 per cent of the exports went to Cuba and 20 per cent 
to Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — Potatoes covered by this para- 
graph were conditionally free under paragraph 581 of the act of 1913. 
Potatoes are dutiable under the emergency tariff act of 1921 (par. 7). 
The rate of duty in H. K. 7456 has been changed from bushel measure 
to a rate per 100 pounds to conform to trade usage. The paragraph 
has been restricted specifically to white or Irish potatoes since the potato 
provision has been held to embrace sweet potatoes, a commercially 
distinct product. Imports of sweet potatoes and yams are restricted 
by quarantines. Such as are allowed entry would be dutiable under 
the provision for " vegetables, not specially provided for." 

Specific provision has been made for potato flour. 



PARAGRAPH 770. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 770. Tomatoes in their natural 
state, 1 cent per pound; tomato paste, 
28 per centum ad valorem; all other, 
prepared or preserved in any manner, 
10 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 252. Vegetables * * * pre- Par. 200. Vegetables, *, * * pre- 
pared * * * not specially provided pared * * * not specially provided 
for in this section, * * * forty per for in this section, * * * 25 per 
centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for toma- [No corresponding provision for toma- 
toes in their natural state; classable as toes in their natural state; classable as 
vegetables.] vegetables.] 

TOMATOES. 

Description and uses. — The limited keeping quality of the tomato 
restricts the trade in the raw product. For this reason and because 
of its popularity for many uses it is the most widely canned of all 
vegetables. It is packed whole, and as pulp, puree, and a mixture 
of whole tomatoes and puree. Tomato puree is the whole tomato 
with skin and seeds removed and concentrated to a little less than 
half its bulk. It is used as a basis for soups and sauces. Tomato 
paste is heavily concentrated tomato produced by evaporating pulp 
in a vacuum kettle or by first making pulp and then draining it. 

Production. — For 1919 the Census reports that the commercial area 
in tomatoes was 316,000 acres, with a harvest valued at $38,675,000. 
A preliminary estimate of production in 1921 gives 1,044,000 tons as 
compared with 1,648,000 tons in 1920. The falling off was largely 
in canning stock. In 1919 the value of canned tomatoes produced 
was $38,068,000; of tomato paste, $1,301,000; and of tomato pulp, 
$3,819,000. 

Imports of raw tomatoes are not separately reported. Some are 
grown by Americans on the west coast of Mexico for export to the 
United States during the winter season. Some are also imported 
from the West Indies. Shipments in the season 1920-1921 were 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



799 



estimated at over 20,000,000 pounds. Imports of canned tomatoes, 
mostly of tomato paste from Italy, are given below: 



• 

Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 




Doz. cans. 


$6, 743 

9,620 

366,055 

308,634 


SI, 686 

2,405 

91,514 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


4,161 
235,060 
235,907 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) . , 






.. 


. 





Exports of raw tomatoes are not separately reported. In 1920, 66 
per cent of the exports of canned tomatoes went to Cuba. Export 
values of canned tomatoes have since 1917 by calendar years been as 
follows: 1918, $479 260; 1919. $2,127,896; 1920, $1,079,582; 1921(9 
months), $332,650. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 

Suggested changes. — Widely different rates are provided for tomato 
paste and other canned tomatoes. In view of the fact that the 
paste may be packed in varying degrees of concentration, it may 
be possible to avoid the higher rate by shipping products such as 
puree, pulp, etc. The dividing line between tomato paste and toma- 
toes prepared or preserved, is also not clearly defined, and the pro- 
vision may therefore be difficult to administer. 



PARAGRAPH 771. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 771. Turnips, 12 cents per one 
hundred pounds. 

ACT OF 1909. 

[No corresponding provision; classable 
as vegetables.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provisions; classable 
as vegetables.] 



TURNIPS. 



Description, uses } and production. — The turnip is a vegetable of 
relatively minor importance in this county, only about 4,000 acres 
being planted in 1919. 

Imports come from Canada, largely through Buffalo. Figures for 
the years 1918-1921 are given below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


• i 

Bushels. 
11,593,231 


i $484, 373 
790,164 
711,425 
174,278 


i $72,656 
118,525 
106,714 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


2,155,243 


15 


1920 


1.886.843 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


668^78 








1 July 1 to Dec. 31. 











Exports are not separately reported. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



soo 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 772. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 772. Vegetables in their natural 
state, not specially provided for, 20 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That in the 
assessment of duties on vegetables no 
segregation or allowance of any kind shall 
l>e made for foreign matter or impurities 
mixed therewith'. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 254. Cabbages, two cents each. 

Par. 269. Vegetables in their natural Par. 215. Vegetables in their natural 
state, not specially provided for in this state, not specially provided for in this 
section, twenty-five per centum ad section, 15 per centum ad valorem, 
valorem. 



VEGETABLES IN THEIR NATURAL STATE, N. S. P. P. 

Description and uses. — The common cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, cauli- 
flower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts are all of the same family. 
They are perhaps the most important of more than a score of veg- 
etables of minor commercial interest included in this paragraph. 
Cabbage serves as green fodder for cattle, in addition to its use as a 
food for man, and a dye known as cauline may be made therefrom. 

Production of cabbage in 1919 from 123,994 acres was valued at 
$21,848,112. It grows in every State, and in 1920 twelve States 
reported a production of 820,750 tons, valued at $25,266,000. Com- 
plete production statistics for "all other vegetables" are unavailable, 
but in 1919 nearly 1,000,000 acres were devoted to these crops. 

In 1919 the commercial acreage and value of harvest of the more 
important vegetables were reported by the Census as follows : Aspara- 
gus, 30,244 acres, $5,102,135; cantaloupe and muskmelons, 78,436 
acres, $10,766,591; celery, 20,148 acres, $9,462,277; sweet corn, 
271,584 acres, $17,297,561; cucumbers, 51,643 acres, $8,579,102; 
lettuce, 21,544 acres, $8,535,093; watermelons, 159,088 acres, 
$10,466,133. 

Imports of cabbage in 1913 were valued at $262; in 1914, at $22,875. 
Imports decreased during the war. Imports of all other vegetables 
n. s. p. f., valued at $998,565 in 1913 and $1,083,458 in 1914, came 
chiefly from Canada, Italy, Cuba, and Belgium. Later statistics 
follow: 





Calendar year. 


j Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


CABBAGES. 


1918 








$4,483 

12,831 

99,808 

3,354 


$672 
1,925 
14,971 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 




15 


1920 




15 


1921 (9 months) ... 















SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



801 



Calendar year. 




SWEET POTATOES. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



1918 


Pounds. 

364 

2.848 

50 

57 


$479 

1, 591 

94 

77 


$10 

157 

1 


Per cent. 


1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 











VEGETABLES IN THEIR NATURAL STATE, n.s.p.k. 



1918 ' i $1,131,479 

1919 i l 224, 693 

1920 | j 1.833,318 

1921 (9 months) | 1, 609, 922 



$154,643 
176,502 
267,456 



Exports of "all other" vegetables in 1914 amounted to $1,712,000; 
in 1918, $2,204,464; 1919, $3,237,009; 1920, $2,807,439; 1921 (9 
months), $2,441,250. (Statistics for 1918-1921 are for calendar 
years.) 

In 1920, Canada was the destination of 80 per cent of the exports. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for nonallowance 
for foreign matter or impurities is new and designed to simplify ad- 
ministration. 



PARAGRAPH 773. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 773. Vegetables, if cut, sliced, or 
otherwise reduced in size, or if parched or 
roasted, of if pickled,-or packed in salt, 
brine, oil, or prepared or preserved in any 
other way and not specially provided for; 
soya beans, prepared or preserved in any 
manner; bean stick, miso, bean cake, and 
similar products, not specially provided 
for; soups, pastes, balls, puddings, hash, 
and all similar forms, composed of vege- 
tables, or of vegetables and meat or fish, 
or both, not specially provided for, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 252. Vegetables, if cut, sliced, or 
otherwise reduced in size, or if parched 
or roasted, or if pickled, or packed in salt, 
brine, oil, or prepared in any way; any of 
the foregoing not specially provided* for 
in this section, and bean stick or bean 
cake, miso, and similar products, forty 
per centum ad valorem. 

fNo corresponding provision for the 
other commodities; soya beans classable 
as beans.] 

82304-22 51 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 200. Vegetables, if cut, sliced or 
otherwise reduced in size, or if parched or 
roasted, or if pickled, or packed in salt, 
brine, oil, or prepared in any way; any of 
the foregoing not specially provided for 
in this section, and bean stick or bean 
cake, miso, and similar products, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities; soya beans classable 
as soya beans or as vegetables, prepared.] 



802 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFORMATIOX. 1921. 



VEGETABLES PREPARED OR PRESERVED. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph covers all prepared and 
preserved vegetables not elsewhere provided for. It embraces 
principally canned vegetables, but also those preserved in brine, 
oil, etc., and packed in kegs, boxes, and similar containers. It also 
provides for fancy food preparations of vegetables or of vegetables 
mixed with meat or fish. Our canning and preserving industry 
exceeds that of any other country, but Asiatic and European food 
specialties are imported largely for resident aliens. In preserving 
supplies of perishable commodities during the seasons of surplus for 
periods of scarcity and in extending the range of markets, the indus- 
try saves vast quantities of foodstuffs, and tends to stabilize prices 
and conditions of distribution. 

Bean stick or bean cake is an oriental food product made from 
ground and fermented soya beans. Miso is a cooked and fermented 
combination of rice and soya beans, generally used in making soup. 

Production of canned vegetables (exclusive of beans, peas, and 
tomatoes) in 1919 was valued at $56,904,000. While canning and 
preserving is carried on extensively, the industry is local, factories 
being located near those sections where the vegetables are grown. 
California produces about 98 per cent of the canned asparagus; more 
than 80 per cent of the canned corn was packed in the seven States 
of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, New York, and Ohio; 
while Maryland far exceeds any other State in canned tomatoes. 

Imports in 1913 of vegetables prepared or preserved were valued at 
$2,213,365; they rose to $2,681,247 in 1914, but declined during the 
war. Italy furnished the greater portion, but considerable quantities 
came from France, Spain, and Belgium. Imports of bean stick or 
bean cake and miso were valued at $73,097 in 1914, soya bean cake 
constituting about 70 per cent. Edible bean cake and miso are im- 
ported to meet the demand of the oriental population. Later statis- 
tics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 






VEGETABLES, PREPARED 


OR PRESERVED. 






1918 


Pounds. 


$459,241 
1,623,242 
2,251,847 
1,178,004 


$114, 810 
405,781 
562,956 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


12, 763, 376 
20, 379. 212 
11,015,210 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 






1 



BEAN CAKE, OR BEAN STICK, MISO, OR SIMILAR PRODUCTS. 




1918 ...1 


$121, 299 
247, 851 
198, 133 
142,963 


$30,325 
61,963 
49, 533 


25 


1919 i .1 3,519,146 


25 


1920 2, 272, 420 


25 


1921 (9 months) 12 012, 986 











Export values of all canned vegetables in 1910-1914 ranged from 
$783,000 to $1,822,000. The United Kingdom and Canada were 
the chief markets. Later statistics, for calendar years, follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



803 



Soups, canned 

Corn, canned 

All other vegetables, canned (except corn 
soups, tomatoes) 



1918 



1919 



1920 



\ 1921 (9 months). 



$1,085,173 
195,632 

10,659,454 



$1,980,624 i $1,506,010 
334,519 



548,037 
6,698,834 



3,420,248 



$760,457 
125,726 

1,252,320 



Important changes in classification. — New specific provision has 
been made for soya beans, prepared or preserved. Some retain 
their identity as beans. These have been exempt from duty as soya 
beans. There is also a new provision for vegetables with or without 
meat or fish, in the form of soups, hash, etc. 

Suggested changes. — For the reasons stated under the subheading 
" Conflicting provisions'' under paragraph 748, the words " sauces 
of all kinds, not specially provided for," followed by a semicolon, 
might be inserted in this paragraph after the words "not specially 
provided for" in line 19, page 97. 

Conflict with paragraph 749 might be avoided by imposing the 
same rate of duty on vegetables, prepared or preserved, and fruits 
prepared or preserved. 



PARAGRAPH 774. 



H. R. 7456. 
Par. 774. Broom corn, $2 per ton. 
ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS, 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 434. Broom corn [Free]. 



Par. 233. Broom corn, three dollars 
per ton. 

BROOM CORN. 

Description and uses. — Broom corn belongs to the sorghum group 
of plants. Two kinds, "standard" and " dwarf," are commonly 
grown. The dwarf is produced in the semiarid regions of the South- 
west, the standard in the more humid sections of Illinois, Kansas, 
Oklahoma, and Texas. The standard brush is 18 to 30 inches long, 
used largely in carpet brooms; the dwarf makes a brush 1 or 2 feet 
long, such as the whisk and other small brooms. Special equipment 
in the form of drying sheds, threshers, and balers, is required in 
broom-corn production. 

Production of broom corn in 1920 was 33,900 tons, valued at 
$4,263,000. The principal producing States are Oklahoma, Illinois, 
Kansas, Texas, and New Mexico. 

Imports of broom corn for 1910-1914 ranged from 186 to 7,622 tons. 
Austria-Hungary was formerly the chief source. 

Later statistics for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


2,399 


13 
$4,290 


1,361 
876, 715 


49 


Value 


| $364,936 


13,941 



804 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



In 1920, 97 per cent came from Kwantung leased territory. 

Exports during 1910-1914 ranged from 3,000 to 4,000 tons, valued 
at $327,000 to $461,000, and went chiefly to Canada and Cuba. 
Later statistics, for calendar years, follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 


Quantity (tons) 


4,343 
$1,396,348 


4,316 

$899, 790 


3,917 
1776,631 


1 913 


Value 


$266* 600 





In 1920, 79 per cent went to Canada and 18 per cent to Cuba. 
Important changes in classification. — Transferred from free 
paragraph 434, act of 1913. 



list, 



PARAGRAPH 775. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 775. Acorns, and chicory and 
dandelion roots, crude, 1£ cents per 
pound; ground, or otherwise prepared, 3 
cents per pound; all coffee substitutes 
and adulterants, and coffee essences, 3 
cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 291. Chicory root, raw, dried, or 
undried, but unbound, one and one-half 
cents per pound; chicory root, burnt or 
roasted, ground or granulated, or in rolls, 
or otherwise prepared, and not specially 
provided for in this section, three cents 
per pound. 

Par. 294. Dandelion root and acorns 
prepared, and articles used as coffee, or as 
substitutes for coffee not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, two and one-half 
cents per pound. 

Par. 484. Acorns, raw, dried or un- 
dried, but unground [Free]. 

Par. 554. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, 
or undried, but unground [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 230. Chicory root, raw, dried, or 
undried, but unground, 1 cent per pound; 
chicory root, burnt or roasted, ground or 
granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise pre- 
pared, and not specially provided for in 
this section, 2 cents per pound. 

Par. 233. Dandelion root, and acorns 
prepared, and articles used as coffee, or as 
substitutes for coffee not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 2 cents per 
pound. 

Par. 389. Acorns, raw, dried or un- 
dried, but unground [Free]. 

Par. 473. Dandelion roots, raw, dried 
or undried, but unground [Free]. 



ACORNS, AND CHICORY AND DANDELION ROOTS, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Dandelion root and dried acorns, ground, are 
among the substitutes for or adulterants of coffee. Other substitutes 
are chicory, parsnips, carrots, beets, various cereals, and saccharin 
fruits, such as roasted figs, dates, and raisins. The regulations under 
the pure food and drugs act, requiring proper branding, discourage 
the use of such substitutes and adulterants. 

Dandelion root is also used as a bitter material in so-called tonics 
and blood purifiers, chiefly proprietary. 

Production. — Dandelion root is collected for commerce in various 
European countries where the plant is both wild and cultivated. It 
is grown extensively as a garden plant in America, but wild supplies 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



805 



are more than sufficient for domestic medicinal purposes. The low- 
priced foreign product has taken the market, but domestic dandelion 
appeared during the war scarcity. 

Practically all of the domestic chicory is grown in Michigan — 
18,196,000 pounds in 1919. It has been grown also in California, 
New York, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Connecticut. 

Imports of dandelion root and acorns, prepared, used as substitutes 
for coffee, were 132,262 pounds, valued at $17,780 in 1913, and 162,487 
pounds, valued at $15,481 in 1914. Practically all came from Ger- 
many and Austria. Imports of dandelion roots for the fiscal years 
1909-1918 averaged annually 87,205 pounds, valued at $11,555. 

In 1920, of the imports of raw chicory 49 per cent came from 
Belgium and 29 per cent from Germany. Recent statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



DANDELION ROOT. CRUDE. 



1918 


Pounds. 
99,431 
115, 4X9 
232,097 
109,977 


$25,084 
17,804 
36,201 
12,217 




Percent. 


1919 






1920 






1921 (9 months) 


*•; :;::;; 




i 



ACORNS, RAW BUT UNGROUND. 



1919 


5,000 

18,618 

110 


$500 

494 

4 






1920 






1921 (9 months) 













CHICORY ROOT, RAW, DRIED, OR UNDRIED, BUT UNGROUND. 



1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



6,745,169 $446,404 
833,325 : 28,514 



$67,452 



ESSENCES OR EXTRACTS OF COFFEE. 



15.11 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



110 
3,527 
13,924 
2,655 




CHICORY ROOT, GROUND OR OTHERWISE PREPARED. 



DANDELION ROOT AND ACORNS, PREPARED, 


ETC., N. S. P. F. 




1918 4,684 

1 919 2, 517 

1920 23,683 

1921 (9 months) 1,392 


$671 ; 
1,324 
3,595 ! 
1,016 ... 


$94 | 

50 j 

474 ! 


13.96 

3.80 

13.17 












1919 56 $28 

1920 1,750,878 129,910 

1921 (9 months) 172,383 13,774 



$1 

35,018 



4.00 
28.95 



Exports are not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Two dutiable and two free 
paragraphs relating to coffee substitutes and adulterants have been 
here combined and a new item, coffee essences, added. 



806 * I'm: maby of tariff information, 1021. 

PARAGRAPH 776. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par, 776. Chocolate and cocoa, sweet- 
ened or unsweetened, powdered, or other- 
wise prepared, 17£ per centum ad valo- 
rem, but not less than 2 cents per pound; 
cacao butter, 3£ cents per pound . 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 292. Chocolate and cocoa, pre- Par. 231. Unsweetened chocolate and 
pared or manufactured, not specially pro- cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not 
vided for in this section, valued at not specially provided for in this section, 8 
over fifteen cents per pound, two and one- per centum ad valorem. Sweetened choc- 
half cents per pound; valued above fif- olate and cocoa, prepared or manufac- 
teen and not above twenty-four cents per tured, not specially provided for in this 
pound, two and one-half cents per pound section, valued at 20 cents per pound or 
and ten per centum ad valorem; valued less, 2 cents per pound; valued at more 
above twenty-four and not above thirty- than 20 cents per pound, 25 per centum 
five cents per pound, five cents per pound ad valorem. The weight and the value 
and ten per centum ad valorem; valued of the immediate coverings, other than 
above thirt}^-five cents per pound, fifty the outer packing case or other covering, 
per centum ad valorem. The weight and shall be included in the dutiable weight 
value of all coverings, other than plain and the value of the merchandise, 
wooden, shall be included in the duti- Par. 232. Cocoa butter or cocoa butter- 
able weight and value of the foregoing ine, * * * and all substitutes for 
merchandise; powdered cocoa, unsweet- cocoa butter, 3| cents per pound, 
ened, five cents per pound. 

Par. 293. Cocoa butter or cocoa butter- 
ine, * * * and all substitutes for 
cocoa butter, three and one-half cents per 
pound. 

CHOCOLATE AND COCOA. 

Description and uses. — Chocolate and cocoa are derived from the 
cacao bean or crude cacao (par. 1548). After being cleaned, sorted, 
blended, and roasted, the crude cacao is crushed into small fragments, 
termed " chocolate nibs," from which the shells or husks are re- 
moved by a winnowing process. The nibs are then ground into a 
molasseslike product which hardens upon exposure to air. This is 
the unsweetened chocolate ("chocolate liquor" in the trade) of this 
paragraph. Confectioners and bakers take most of the marketed 
product, and a considerable proportion is used as cooking chocolate. 
The great bulk of this liquor is further elaborated for sweetened choc- 
olate or cocoa powder and butter. The removal of all but about 20 
per cent of the natural fat content, enabling the product to powder, 
distinguishes cocoa from chocolate. There is much demand for this 
fat or cacao butter. 

The familiar sweet chocolate is prepared by milling or stirring the 
liquor, adding sugar and cocoa butter, and sometimes other ingredi- 
ents and pouring the semifluid mass into molds to harden or "cake." 
There is a growing market for Swiss or milk chocolate, which involves 
merely the addition of powdered milk. In the manufacture of cocoa 
and cocoa butter the chocolate liquor is subjected to hydraulic pres- 
sure, a large part of the oil or fat expressed, the pressed mass passed 
through a fine sieve, dried thoroughly, and canned or packed. 

Production. — The output of the cocoa and chocolate industry in- 
creased about tenfold from 1895 to 1918. In 1914, 36 factories (ex- 
clusive of confectioners) had a capital of $24,000,000 and a product 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



807 



valued at $36,000,000. The industry is localized in the Eastern States, 
four plants producing about half the domestic output. Automatic 
machinery is employed almost exclusively and raw materials consti- 
tute the principal item of cost. In 1917 the 29 largest factories 
reported the following production, which is substantially the total for 
this country: 

Pounds. Pounds. 

Cocoa powder 56, 241, 669 Cooking chocolate L3, 725, 61 7 

Cacao butter 17, 348, 012 Chocolate liquor 16, 635, 892 

Sweet chocolate 68, 835, 847 | Chocolate coating 75, 373. 052 

In 1919 the total value of the products of the 48 establishments 
was $139,000,000, divided as follows: Chocolate cakes, sweetened and 
unsweetened, $51,000,000; chocolate liquor and coating, $36,000,000; 
chocolate, including milk chocolate, $12,000,000; cocoa, $24,000,000; 
cacao butter, $14,000,000; all other products, $2,000,000. 

Imports of chocolate (largely unsweetened) are chiefly from Swit- 
zerland. Values declined from $845,639 in 1907 to $379,876 in 1914, 
due to the sale of Swiss patents to an American concern and the 
erection o£ a branch factory here by a leading German manufacturer 
to avoid import duties. 

Import values of cocoa were $373,888 in 1907, $379,876 in 1914, and 
$483,740 in 1917. Holland is the principal competing country, with 
the product " Dutch process " cocoa, designed for the high-grade trade, 
and falling almost entirely under the classification " powdered, un- 
sweetened." Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



I 
Quantity. | Value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



COCOA, SWEETENED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 
10,083 
82,272 
6,770 
9,350 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



38, 775 

58, 531 

j 264, 623 

116,399 


$9,686 
19,414 
95,300 : 
44,751 



Per cent. 






COCOA. UNSWEETENED. 








1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


38 
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. lib, 357 

977,524 

830. 551 


$20 
296, 901 
377, 128 
198, 287 


$160 
23,752 
30, 170 


8.00 

8.00 
8.00 










CHOCOLATE, SWEETENEI 


. 







$1,976 . 

4,393 . 

22,405 . 



CHOCOLATE, UNSWEETENED. 



1918 

1919 


2,246 

1,190 

28, 798 

80,679 


$866 

569 

13, 738 

15,310 


$69 

46 

1,099 


8.00 

8.00 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


8.00 









808 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



CACAO BUTTER AND SUBSTITUTES FOR. 



1918 


1 

Pounds. 1 

3,049 ; 

8,179 1 

14,080 ! 

448,378 j 

i 


$872 

2,539 

6,705 

96, 999 


$107 
286 
493 


Per cent.} 
12.24 


1919 


11.27 


1920 


7.35 


1921 (9 months) 











In 1920, 60 per cent of the cacao butter came from the Netherlands 
and 30 per cent from Germany. 

Exports during 1910-1914 were valued at $300,000 to $500,000. 
Later statistics, for calendar years, follow : 



Cocoa and chocolate, prepared or manufac- 
tured (notincluding confectionery): 

Value 

Cacao butter: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1918 



$6,961,457 



1919 



$21,380,801 

7,320,255 
$3,031,748 



1920 



$9,047,918 

5,377,188 
$1,948,617 



1921 

(9 months). 



$975,786 



2,295, 
$601, 



In 1920, 50 per cent of the cacao butter went to Canada and 20 
per cent to Belgium. The latter country also took 44 per cent of 
the manufactured cocoa and chocolate. 

Important changes in classification. — The two paragraphs relating 
to cocoa, chocolate, and cacao butter have been combined and sim- 
plified. The graduated specific and ad valorem duties upon cocoa 
and chocolate have been replaced with an ad valorem rate, a mini- 
mum specific rate being provided to prevent dumping of low-priced 
products, and the provision with respect to containers eliminated, being 
unnecessary. 

The provisions for "cocoa" butterine and "cocoa" butter substitutes 
have been eliminated, and the spelling changed to the correct form, 
cacao butter, to avoid confusion with " coco " butters made from cocoa- 
nut oil. The provision for refined deodorized cocoanut oil is also elimi- 
nated ; the article falls within the general provision for cocoanut oil in 
paragraph 50, H. R. 7456. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 777. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 777. Ginger root, candied, or 
otherwise prepared or preserved, 15 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

[No corresponding provision; classable 
as sweetmeats.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision; classable 
as sweetmeats.] 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



809 



GINGER ROOT, CANDIED OR PRESERVED. 

Description and uses. — Candied or preserved ginger root is a delicacy 
or "comfit" resulting from the addition of heavy rich sirups or coat- 
ings of sugar to the cleaned and specially prepared root. In certain 
sections of China the preserved root is prepared in small earthen 
jars, in which manner it is shipped to this country. 

Production. — In this country the candied ginger root is an important 
product of certain candy manufacturers and confectioners. 

Imports. — In 1914, 478,058 pounds of ginger, preserved or pickled, 
valued at $36,434, were imported. About 95 per cent came direct 
from China or Hongkong. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


i Quantity. 

! 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


! 

1 Pounds. 
224,791 


J30, 116 
102,580 
124,858 
31,808 


$6,023 
20,516 
24,972 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


J 581,435 


20 


1920 


I 540, 158 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


1 142. 434 











Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



PARAGRAPH 778. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 778. Hay, $4 per ton; straw, $1 
per ton. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 258. Hay, four dollars per ton. Par. 205. Hay, $2 per ton. 

Par. 267. Straw, one dollar and fifty Par. 213. Straw, 50 cents per ton, 
cents per ton. 



HAY AND STRAW. 



(See Report T. I. S.-20. i 

Use. — About four-fifths of the domestic hay is consumed on farms 
where grown, while the trade is in large part due to the demand for 
horse feed in the urban centers. Timothy, the principal variety of the 
Northern States, is preferred for this purpose. 

Production. — The crop of tame hay, approximately three-fourths 
of which is raised in the Northern States, averaged over 80,000,000 
tons in the years 1914 to 1918, and its farm value was over 
$1,000,000,000. Production in 1921 was 81,567,000 tons of tame hay, 
and 15,235,000 tons of wild hay, the farm value of the two being 
$1,000,776,000. 

Imports of hay fluctuate according to domestic crop conditions. 
From 1910 to 1914 they ranged from 96,763 to 699,213 tons. Partly 
because of quarantines, which prohibit imports from nearly all coun- 
tries, and also because of the high cost of transporting so bulky a 
product, Canada is the only foreign competitor in domestic markets. 



810 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



Shipments move from the eastern provinces to adjacent eastern mar- 
kets and consist principally of timothy. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem . 


1918 




Tons. 
398,937 
202, 648 
208,621 

38, 466 


$4, 82.4, 106 

3, 081, 537 

4, 482, 015 

782, 416 


» 

$797, 874 
405, 296 
417, 242 


Per cent. 
16 54 


1919 


13.15 


1920 


9.31 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports ranged from 50,151 to 60,720 tons during 1910-1914. 
They went chiefly to Canada and Mexico. Later statistics, for cal- 
endar years, follow : 





' 1918 


1919 j 


1920 


1921 (9 months;. 




28,342 
$904,030 


32,142 
1962,975 


63, 154 
$1,797,396 


36,90J 
$839, 1 1 *■ 


Value 







PARAGRAPH 779. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 779. Hops, 24 cents per pound; 
hop extract, $1.50 per pound; lupulin, 75 
cents per pound . 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 260. Hops, sixteen cents per 
pound; hop extract and lupulin, fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par, 207. Hops, 16 cents per pound; 
hop extract and lupulin, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. 



HOPS, ETC. 



Description and uses. — The hop is a perennial twining herb of the 
nettle family, which produces burs or "hops," used in brewing. The 
yellow, resinlike pollen covering the base of each hop is called lupulin 
and imparts the bitter taste to beer, while the amount in the hop 
practically determines its value. The chief substitutes for the hop 
are imported hop extract and lupulin, occasionally also quassia, 
gentian, and camomile. The last three impart an unpleasant, rough, 
and bitter taste to beer. Hop extract is the essence of the hop in a 
semisolid form. Hop extract and lupulin are seldom separated from 
the hop in this country. The two commodities are combined in the 
statistics. 

The quantity of hops consumed by brewers declined from 42,000,000 
pounds in 1917 to 6,000,000 pounds in 1920, including hops used to 
make "cereal beverages." 

Production. — In 1921 production was 29,140,000 pounds, valued at 
$7,117,000, on an area of 28,000 acres. Of the total crop, California 
produced about 50 per cent; Oregon, 30 per cent; Washington, 18 
per cent; and New York, 2 per cent. In 1915, 52,986,000 pounds 
were produced. 

Imports of hops in 1914 were-5,360,748 pounds, valued at $2,775,882, 
with a revenue of $857,719; 46 per cent from Austria-Hungary and 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFOK AIATION, 1921. 811 

53 per cent from Germany. Imports of hop extract and lupulin 
were valued at $49,451 in 1914, and at $24,059 in the calendar year 
1920. Later statistics (for hops) follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quant.il v. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad va'orem 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 ( 9 months 


Tgunds. 

106,711 

379. 40.5 

4, 075, 999 

i,419,409 


S59, 185 

191,092 

2,482,286 

583,053 


517,074 

60, 705 

652, 160 


Per rrvi. 
28.85 
31.71 
26.27 










In 1920, 29 per cent of the imported hops came from Belgium, 28 
per cent from Czechoslovakia, and 23 per cent from Germany. 

Exports of hops in 1914 were 24,262,896 pounds, valued at 
$6,953,529, 90 per cent to England and 5 per cent to Canada. Ship- 
ping conditions and short supply greatly reduced exports from 1916 
to 1919. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 



1918 1919 



Quantity (pounds) 3, 670, 352 i 20, 797, 504 

Value..' ; $970,598 i $8,832,255 



1920 1921 (9 months 



25,624,055 12,991,902 

$17, 088, 472 54, 7C , 100 



In 1920, England took 69 per cent and Ireland 14 per cent. 



PARAGRAPH 780. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 780. Spices and spice seeds: 
Anise seeds, 2 cents per pound; caraway 
seeds, 1 cent per pound: cardamom seeds, 
10 cents per pound; cassia, cassia buds, 
and cassia vera, unground, 2 cents per 
pound; ground, 5 cents per pound: cloves, 
unground, 3 cents per pound; ground, 
6 cents per pound: clove stems, unground, 
2 cents per pound; ground, 5 cents per 
pound; cinnamon and cinnamon chips, 
unground, 2 cents per pound; ground. 5 
cents per pound; coriander seeds, one- 
half of 1 cent per pound; cummin seeds, 

1 cent per pound ; curry and carry powder, 

2 cents per pound : fennel seeds, 1 cent per 
pound; ginger root, not preserved or 
candied, unground, 2 cents per pound; 
ground, 5 cents per pound: mace, un- 
ground, 4 cents per pound; ground, 8 
cents per pound; Bombay, or wild mace, 
unground. 18 cents per pound; ground. 
22 cents per pound: mustard seeds 
(whole"), 1 cent per pound; mustard, 
ground, prepared in bottles or otherwise, 
5 cents per pound: nutmegs, unground, 2 
cents per pound: ground, 5 cents per 
pound; pepper, capsicum or red pepper 



812 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. It. 7456. 

or cayenne pepper, and paprika, un- 
ground, 2 cents per pound; ground, 5 
cents per pound; black or white pepper, 
unground, 2 cents per pound; ground, 5 
cents per pound; pimento (allspice), un- 
ground, 1 cent per pound; ground, 3 
cents per pound; whole pimientos, 
packed in brine or in oil, or prepared or 
preserved in any manner, 6 cents per 
pound; sage, unground, 1 cent per pound; 
ground, 3 cents per pound; turmeric, 10 
cents per pound; mixed spices, and spices 
and spice seeds not specially provided 
for, including all herbs or herb leaves in 
glass or other small packages, for culinary 
use, 20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That in all the foregoing no allowance 
shall be made for dirt or other foreign 
matter: Provided further, That the im- 
portation of pepper shells, ground or 
unground, is hereby prohibited. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 266. Seeds: * * * seeds of all 
kinds not specially provided for in this 
section, ten cents per pound. 



Par. 668. Seeds: Anise, * * * cara- 
way, cardamom, * * * coriander, 
* * * cummin, fennel, * * * mus- 
tard, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 298. Spices: Mustard, ground or 
prepared, in bottles or otherwise, ten 
cents per pound ; capsicum or red pepper, 
or cayenne pepper, two and one-half 
cents per pound; sage, one cent per pound; 
spices not specially provided for in this 
section, three cents per pound. 

Par. 679. Spices: Cassia, cassia vera, 
and cassia buds; cinnamon and chips of; 
cloves and clove stems; mace; nutmegs; 
pepper, black or white, and pimento; all 
the foregoing when unground; ginger 
root, unground and not preserved or 
candied [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 552. Curry, and curry powder 
[Free]. 

Par. 698. Turmeric [Free]. 

[No corresponding provision for whole 
pimientos; dutiable as vegetables pre- 
pared.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 212. Seeds: * * *; caraway seed, 

1 cent per pound; anise seed, 2 cents per 
pound; * * * seeds of all kinds not 
specially provided for in this section, 5 
cents per pound: Provided, That no allow- 
ance shall be made for dirt or other im- 
purities in seeds provided for in thia 
paragraph. 

Par. 595. Seeds: Cardamom, * * * 
coriander, * * * cummin, fennel, 
* * * mustard, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 235. Spices, unground: Cassia 
buds, cassia, and cassia vera; cinnamon 
and cinnamon chips; ginger root, un- 
ground and not preserved or candied; 
nutmegs; pepper, black or white; capsi- 
cum or red pepper, or cayenne pepper; 
and clove stems, 1 cent per pound; cloves, 

2 cents per pound; pimento, } of 1 cent 
per pound; sage, $ cent per pound; mace, 
8 cents per pound; Bombay or wild mace, 
18 cents per pound; ground spices, in 
each case, the specific duty per pound 
enumerated in the foregoing part of thie 
paragraph for unground spices, and in 
addition thereto a duty of 20 per centum 
ad valorem; mustard, ground or prepared, 
in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per pound; 
all other spiced not specially provided for 
in this section, including all herbs or 
herb leaves in glass or other small packages 
for culinary use, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 471. Curry, and curry powder 
[Free]. 

Par. 634. Turmeric [Free]. 

[No corresponding provision for whole 
pimientos; dutiable as vegetables pr«- 
pared.] 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



813 



SPICES AND SPICE SEEDS. 



ANISE. 



Description, uses, and production. — Anise is the seed of an annual 
plant native to Egypt and other Mediterranean regions. It is culti- 
vated in the south of Europe, South America, India, Cuba, and in 
Germany, especially around Erfurt, where a large quantity is pro- 
duced. Anise is used as a spice, in the preparation of liqueurs, and 
as a medicinal stimulant. Oil of anise, a volatile oil obtained by 
crushing and distilling the seed, is used for similar purposes. Anise 
has a warm, sweetish taste and an agreeable odor. 

Imports averaged annually 1,083,339 pounds from 1910 to 1913. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1915 . 


Pounds. 
275,625 
494,450 
425,845 
261,204 


$37,482 
89,721 
67, 144 
29,580 


$5,512 
9,889 
8,517 


Per cent. 
14.71 


1919 


11.02 


1920 


12. 08 


1921 (9 months) .. 










CARAWAY 


SEED. 









Description, uses, and production. — This is a grass seed growing 
wild in Europe and parts of Asia, and cultivated in Europe and 
America. The grass nas a branching stem from 1 to 2 feet high, 
finely divided leaves, and dense, whitish flowers. The seed is used 
medicinally, and as an aromatic condiment by distillers, confec- 
tioners, and perfumers in the preparation of liqueurs, cakes, scented 
soaps, etc. Caraway oil, fragrant and volatile, is obtained by crush- 
ing the seeds and distilling with water. It serves the same purposes 
as the seed. 

Imports averaged 3,279,230 pounds from 1910 to 1913. In 1914 
they declined to 1,909,300 pounds, compared with 3,691,831 pounds 
in 1913. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


i 
Quantity, j 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1 918 


Pounds, i 
382,581 i 
2,013,887 i 
1,887,587 ; 
2,535,121 j 


$151,355 
370, 343 
140,901 
132. 921 


$3, 826 
20, 139 
18,876 


Per cent. 
2.53 


1919 


5.44 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


12.85 













CAEDAM( 


)M. 









Description, uses, and production. — Cardamom is the fruit of 
various species of East Indian or Chinese plants of the ginger 
family. The true official cardamom is native to Malabar and culti- 
vated in India. The fruit is three-celled and contains numerous 
small seeds, which form a pleasant, pungent spice used as a condi- 
ment and as medicine on account of its cordial and stimulative 
qualities. 



814 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192] 



Imports in 1914 were 80,782 pounds, valued at $72,148. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 



. 


1918 


1919 


1920 1921(9nionths)- 




220, 739 
$97,876 


147,480 
$64, 196 


199, 144 
$132, 621 


218, 626: 
$71, 250 


Value 







Important changes in classification. — Cardamom seed is exempt from 
duty under paragraph 595 of the act of 1913. 

CASSIA BUDS AND CASSIA. 

Description and uses. — Cassia buds are the dried, unripe fruit of 
the cultivated tree Cinnamomum cassia, and are used as a spice, the 
flavor differing slightly from cinnamon. They are of little commercial 
importance. Cassia is the dried bark of the same tree and is used 
as a spice, in the preparation of incense, and for the production of 
the essential oil for flavoring material. Good cassia is sweet and 
aromatic, with a flavor resembling that of cinnamon. 

Production. — This spice comes from Canton and Hongkong. 
There is no probability of its production here. 

Imports of unground and ground cassia buds steadily declined 
from 638,979 pounds in 1908 to 23,367 pounds in 1913. In 1915, 
200 pounds of ground buds were imported, and in 1917, 139,224 
pounds. Imports of unground and ground cassia increased from 
3,692,300 pounds in 1908 to 7,151,605 pounds in 1913. A total of 
9,019,350 pounds was imported in 1917. After 1914 the ground 
spice ranged from 200 to 24,800 pounds a year. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



CASSIA BUDS, UNGROUND. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 

445, 647 

18, 851 

250, 842 

399, 636 



$67, 713 

1,646 

26, 487 

29, 553 



■S4, 456 

189 

2,508 



Per cent. 
6.58 
11.45 
9.47 



CASSIA BUDS, GROUND. 


1918 


200 
24, 800 


$20 
7,753 


$6 
1,799 


30.00 


1920 


23.20 







CASSIA AND CASSIA VERA, UNGROUND. 



1918 


7, 665, 048 
6, 330, 857 
6,642,381 
5, 095, 448 


S598, 996 
608, 658 
770, 844 
392, 784 


$76, 650 
63,309 
66,424 


12.80 


1919 , 


10.40 


1920 


8.62 


1921 (9 months) 











CASSIA AND CASSIA VERA, GROUND. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 




SUMMARY OF TARTFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



815 



In 1920, of the total imports of cassia and cassia vera those from 
Hongkong were 38 per cent, from Dutch East Indies 32 per cent, 
and from China 27 per cent. 

Exports were not separately stated. ' 



CORIANDER SEED. 



Description, uses, and production. — Coriander, a native of the south 
of Europe and of the East, is naturalized in England and in some 
parts of the United States. The seed is used as a flavor in cooking 
and as a stimulant and carminative. It is popular among the Ger- 
mans, who put it in bread and liquors. Sugar-coated coriander seeds 
are used as confections. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,238,430 pounds, valued at $46,158. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow : 



1918 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



2,298,015 
$246, 417 



1919 



1920 



573,252 
$42,151 



2,135,979 
$86,656 



1921 (9 months). 



760, 774 
S22.018 



Important changes in classification. — Coriander seed is transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 



CUMMIN SEED. 



Description and uses. — Cummin seed, constituting the cummin of 
pharmacy, is stimulative and carminative. It is employed in the 
making of curry powder and in veterinary medicines. 

Production. — There is no production here; the seed is imported. 

Imports in 1914 were 530,350 pounds, valued at $31,709. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Quantity (pounds) . 
Value 



1,230,890 
$159,900 



1,182,364 
$131,870 



1,357,990 
$104,436 



685,775. 
$42, 227 



Important changes in classification. — Cummin seed is transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 



Description, uses, and production. — Curry is a kind of sauce or 
relish, made of meat, fish, fruit, eggs, or vegetables, cooked with 
spices, such as cayenne pepper, coriander seed, ginger, garlic, etc. 
It is very popular in the eastern Tropics especially in India, where it 
originated. Curry powder, the mixture oi spices used for making 
curry sauce, is composed of ginger, cayenne pepper, turmeric, and 
coriander seed, to which salt, cloves, ground cinnamon, garlic, 
scraped coconut, etc., may be added. 

Imports in 1914 were $11,807, about 95 per cent of which came 
from the United Kingdom. Since 1917 imports by calendar years of 
curry and curry powder have been as follows : 



816 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 






25,076 
$9,669 


41,113 
$14,873 


13,449 
$4,132 


Value 


$5, 193 



Important changes in classification. — Curry and curry powder are 
transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 471). 



FENNEL SEED. 



Description, uses, and production. — The fennel grows wild in southern 
Europe, and is cultivated in both Europe and America. The aromatic 
seeds are used as a condiment and as a medicine. 

Imports in 1914 were 207,135 pounds, valued at $12,299. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




161,082 
$20,087 


178,075 
$28,261 


237,693 
$20,858 


65,86J 
$10,039 


Value 





Important changes in classification. — Fennel seed is transferred from 
the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 



CINNAMON. 



Description and uses. — Cinnamon is the dried bark of cultivated 
varieties of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Its quality varies with the 
age of the bark and the geographical source. Chips are coarse and 
inferior in quality. Cinnamon is used as a spice and in making 
incense; its essential oil is distilled for use in perfumery and spice. 

Production. — Large quantities are produced in Ceylon, the Spice 
Islands (Moluccas), China, Java, the Philippines, and around Singa- 
pore. 

Imports of the ground and unground were 520,459 pounds in 1908 
and 1,405,832 pounds in 1913. Imports of ground cinnamon have 
been negligible. Small amounts from the Philippines are admitted 
free. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



UNGROUND CINNAMON. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 
675,718 
482,697 
673,473 
309,016 



$115, 165 
103,062 
178,714 
66,464 




GROUND CINNAMON. 



1918 

1919 

1920 . 


1,553 

; 902 1 

1,480 ! 


1 

$308 ; 

233 

343 ' 
41 JJ. 


$77 
54 
83 


25.01 
24.22 
24.31 


1921 (9 months) 


265 1 




i ! 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



817 



CLOVES. 



Description and uses. — Clove stems, the dried stem of the flower 
buds of Caryophyllus aromaticus, have a legitimate use in the pro- 
duction of oil of cloves. 

Cloves are the dried flower buds of Caryophyllus aromaticus. The 
clove tree grows to a height of 12 to 20 feet, and rarely attains 40 feet. 
Cloves produce spice and the essential oil of cloves, used as a spice, 
as a perfume, and as a source of the chemical eugenol, in turn used 
m making vanillin. The last named is one of the chief flavoring 
substances of vanilla and, together with coumarin, is used to make 
artificial vanilla flavor. 

Production. — Cloves grow in the Spice Islands, the Malay Penin- 
sula, Sumatra, the West Indies, and Mascarene Islands. 

Imports of cloves during 1909-1913, while cloves were on the free 
list, averaged per annum 4,463,043 pounds, valued at $516,830. 
Ground cloves have not been imported appreciably since they were 
made dutiable. 

Imports of clove stems were 293,316 pounds in 1909 and 32,830 
pounds in 1913, then on the free list. Imports in 1914, when dutiable, 
were only 243 pounds, but reached 57,160 pounds in 1916. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



CLOVES, UNGROUND. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921(9monthi). 



Pounds. 

4,964,593 

5,473,269 

5,648,930 

3.482,194 



$1,341,137 

1,376,211 

2,004,925 

625,369 



$99,292 
109,465 
112,979 



Per cent. 
7.40 
7.95 
5.64 



CLOVES, GROUND. 



1918 


: : 


5 
5 

26 


$2 
2 
6 




25.00 


1919 




25.00 


1920 


$2 


28. $7 









CLOVE STEMS, UNGROUND. 



1918 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



33, 132 

3,739,968 

79,958 



$4,276 

410,011 

8,148 



$331 
37,400 



7.75 
9.12 





CLOVE STEMS, GROUND. 








1918 

1919 

1920 


2,160 

100 

3 

1 


$327 
11 
2 


$87 

$ 


26.61 
29.09 

21. W 









In 1920 the imports of cloves, unground, from England were 50 
per cent of the total and from British East Africa 35 per cent. 
Exports are not separately shown. 



J04— 22- 



-52 



818 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



GINGER. 



Description and uses. — Ginger is the washed and dried, or decorti- 
cated and dried, rhizome of Zinziber officinals. The ginger grown in 
Jamaica has particular qualities of excellence and is sold as " Jamaica 
ginger." 

Production. — The plant is an herbaceous perennial, cultivable more 
widely than most spices — in the Himalaya Mountains of India to an 
altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, in the Canton (China) region, in the 
Malay Peninsula, in northern Australia, in West Africa, the West 
Indies, and Central America. A high grade, eaualing the Jamaica 
product, is being experimentally produced in Florida. 

Imports of ground and unground root totaled 7,856,401 pounds, 
valued at $406,197 in 1913. On the ground root a tariff of 1 cent per 
pound plus 20 per cent is laid and the maximum import has remained 
below 6,000 pounds except in 1917, when it reached 361,050 pounds. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva'ent 
ad valorem. 




UNGROUND GINGER ROOT. 






1918 


Pounds. 
4, 627, 135 
4, 979, 923 
7, 103, 115 
3,834,109 


8392,092 

570, 856 

1,021,763 

375,752 


«46, 271 
49,799 
71, 031 


Per cent. 
11. HO 


1919 


8.72 


1920 


6.95 


1921 (9 months) .. . . 











GROUND GINGER ROOT. 


1918 




5,425 

310 

3,552 

1,723 


$328 

36 

820 

265 


$120 
10 

200 


36.54 


1919 


2S. 61 


1920 


24.33 


1921 (9 months) 











The bulk of the imports of ginger root unground comes from 
England (41 per cent), British India (15 per cent), British West 
Africa (16 per cent). 

MACE (NOT WILD). 

Description and uses. — Mace, the dried arillus of Myristica jragrans , 
is used as a spice. 

Production.— (See "Nutmegs," p. 820.) 

Imports were 611,005 pounds, valued at $244,117, in 1913. With 
a duty of 8 cents per pound on unground mace the 1914 importation 
fell to 287,926 pounds, valued at $113,162. Imports of ground mace 
are insignificant. Imports of mace, unground, since 1917 have been 
as follows: 






Quantity. Value. 


Duty. 




Calendar year. 


Equiva'eni 
ad valorem. 


191S 


Pounds. 
308,377 1 $98,413 
5;r-,391 ! 171,507 
528.721 , 171.791 
439, 349 | 92, 125 


*24,670 
42,911 
42, 29.S 


Per cent. 
25. 07 


1919 


25. 02 


1920 

1921 (9 monl hs) 


24. R2 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1821. 



19 



WILD MACE. 

Description, uses, and production. — Bombay or wild mace is the 
arillus of the fruit of Myristica malabarica. The seed is oblong, 
tawny, and hairy, longer than the true nutmeg, and as broad. The 
shell is black and wrinkled longitudinally, and the kernel yields a red 
oily juice. The seeds are valued only for the oil or as an adulterant 
for true nutmeg. The arillus is used for adulterating mace. 

Imports since 1913, when a tariff of 18 cents per pound was assessed 
on the unground article, have been insignificant. Later statistics 
follow : 



Ca'en 


iar voir. 


Quantity. 


Value! 


Duty. 


Equiva'ent 
ad valorem. 




UNGROUND WILD MACE 






1918 




Pounds. 

1,573 

4,839 

373 


$580 

595 

51 


S2S3 
871 


Per cent 

48.82 


1920 


146. 39 


1921 ft* months) 












GROUND WILD MACE. 






1920 

1921 f 9 month*) 


1 

20 

18.358 


$4 
4.K97 


$4.40 


110.00 













MUSTARD SEED. 



Description and uses. — Mustard seed is ground into powder to make 
the common table mustard. It is used also for seeding. 

Production. — Mustard grows wild in middle and southern Europe 
and western United States, where it is also cultivated. In 1909 the 
seed production of California was 3,168,270 pounds. 

Imports in 1914 were 11,543,941 pounds, valued at $370,964. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





I 
1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


9,768,081 ! 
$596, 157 i 

I 


14,226,213 ! 
$1,259,931 


9,063,335 
$952, 064 


4, 916, 195 




$192, 337 







Thirty-two per cent of the imports come from Japan, 31 per cent 
from England, and 11 per cent from Denmark. 

Important changes in classification. — Mustard seeds are transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595). 



GROUND MUSTARD. 



Description and uses. — Black and white mustard produce seeds 
which are ground into powder to make the common table mustard. 
The two varieties when mixed make the best product. Mustard has 
medicinal qualities, as a rubefacient. The white plants are used 
for salads and the curled for greens. 

Production. — -Data for ground or prepared mustard are lacking. 



820 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports in 1913 were 1,433,118 pounds, valued at $383,710, with 
revenue of $143,311. Later imports of mustard, ground or prepared 
in bottles or otherwise, are as follows : 



Calendar year. 



1918 

1919 

1920.... 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 

880, 527 
1,500,358 
1, 566, 258 

712,317 



Value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



$362, 494 
797, 118 
776,400 
384,449 



Percent. 
$52,832 ; 14.57 

90,021 ; 11.29 

93, 975 12. 10 



Ninety-seven per cent of 'the above imports come from England. 
Important changes in classification. — Mustard seed is transferred 
from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 595.). 



NUTMEGS. 



Description and uses. — Nutmeg is the dried seed of Myristica 
fragrans. The tree is somewhat bushy, growing to a height of 30 or 
40 feet. The fruit, the nutmeg of commerce, is used as a spice. 

Production. — It is a native of the eastern Moluccas (known as the 
Spice Islands), Banda, Amboina, Gilolo, and western New Guinea, and 
is cultivated in the Malay Peninsula, Zanzibar, and the West Indies. 

Imports were 3,458,339 pounds in 1913 and 4,201,872 pounds, 
valued at $661,012, with revenue of $42,018 in 1917. Later statistics 
follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



| Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



NUTMEG, UNGROUND. 



Pounds. 

1918 3,570,069 

1919 3,519,529 

1920 i 4,041,138 

1921 (9 months) 2,174,279 



$604,677 
603, 939 
791,051 
259.992 



$35, 701 
35, 195 
40.411 



Per cent. 
5..0O 
5.83 
5.11 





NUTMEG, GROUND. 








1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


1 

! 1,000 

' 33,620 

10, 066 


1 

$274 j 

7,151 I 

661 . 


$65 
1,766 


23.65 
24.70 


Jil— -- 


i 


1 





The bulk of the imports of nutmegs, unground, comes from the 
Dutch East Indies (39 per cent), Netherlands, and the British West 
Indies." 



CAYENNE PEPPER. 



Description and uses. — Cayenne (or red) pepper is the dried ripe 
fruit of some species of capsicum. Cayenne is a hot, pungent, red 
pepper, while paprika is mild. 

Production. — The cayenne peppers are cultivated extensively in 
the East Indies, Zanzibar, Japan, Africa, Mexico, and continental 
United States. War conditions stimulated cultivation of red pepper 
in the United States, especially in southern California. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



821 



Imports averaged about 5,000,000 pounds from 1909 to 1913. Im- 
ports in 1914 were 6,522,463 pounds of unground and 1,322,308 
pounds of ground, totaling nearly 8,000,000 pounds. Later statis- 
tics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. ] Value 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



UNGROUND CAYENNE PEPPER. 



1918 


Pounds. 
2, 543, 792 
1, 746, 735 
2, 950, 462 
1, 764, 568 


$307, 073 
194, 399 
467, 792 
221, 393 


$25, 438 
17, 467 
29, 505 


Per cent. 
8.25 


1919 


8.99 


1920. . . 


6.31 


1921 (9 months) 











GROUND CAYENNE PEPPER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



2, 256, 676 
1, 882, 603 
2, 422, 888 
2, 105, 460 



$504,324 $123,432 
593,040 137,434 
985,530 221,335 
370,736 I 



24.47 
23.17 

22.46 



Of the unground pepper the largest proportion comes from the 
Dutch and British East Indies. Spain ships most of the ground 
article. 



PAPRIKA. 



Description and uses. — " Paprika," or " sweet pepper," is sometimes 
mistaken for "red pepper." Paprika, such as "Hungarian paprika," 
has a peculiar mild pungency and flavor. "Spanish paprika" is also 
known in the trade. 

Production. — Paprika is cultivated in Hungary, Spain, and China. 

Imports. — Statistics of imports of paprika are included in "Cayenne 
(or red) pepper." 

Suggested changes. — Omit "pepper" before "capsicum" and sub- 
stitute "paprika," transferring "and" from in front of paprika to 
follow "paprika," making this provision read: 
Paprika and capsicum or red pepper or cayenne pepper, unground. 



BLACK PEPPER. 



Description and uses. — Black pepper is the dried immature berry 
and white pepper the dried mature berry of Piper nigrum. In mak- 
ing white pepper the "pepper shells," are obtained as a by-product. 
The shells have been used as an adulterant of black pepper. 

Production. — The pepper plant is strictly tropical, being success- 
fully cultivated only between latitudes 20° N. and 20° S., in the Spice 
Islands, Borneo, Ceylon, Sumatra, tropical Africa, Zanzibar, the 
Malay Peninsula, Java, India, Cochin-China, and southern China. 
It requires a heavy rainfall. 

Imports of unground and ground black or white pepper in 1913, 
while on the free list, were 27,568,317 pounds, valued at $2,855,183. 
In 1914, under a duty, they were 21,959,367 pounds, valued at 



822 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



$2,197,945, with revenue of $181,133. Ground pepper imports in 
1917 were negligible — 187,182 pounds. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 



UNGROUND BLACK PEPPER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 
31, 570, 899 
20, 312, 641 
22,687,239 
23, 740, 391 


$5,000,151 
3, 269, 678 
3, 842, 710 
2, 028, 768 


$315, 709 
203, 126 
226, 872 





Per cent. 
6.32 
6.21 

5.90 



GROUND BLACK PEPPER, 



1918 


33,082 ! 

12,578 

182,039 ! 

9,840 


$7, 524 
5,183 

44,959 
1, 355 


$1,836 

1,162 

10, 812 


24.40 


1919 


22.43 


1920 


24. 05 


1921 (9 months) 











The sources of imports of pepper, black or white, unground, are as 
follows: Dutch East Indies 40 per cent, England 26 per cent, British 
Straits Settlements 14 per cent, Netherlands 13 per cent. 

PIMENTO (ALLSPICE). 

Description and uses.— Pimento or allspice is the dried, nearly ripe 
fruit of Pimento, officinalis. The fruit is a white or purple one-seeded 
drupe about the size of a pea. When ripe it has a sweet pulp which 
has lost much of its aromatic property, and so it is gathered imma- 
ture. It is used as a spice and to distill aromatic oil of pimento. 

Production.— The tree is native to the West Indies, growing in cal- 
culous soil on the islands of Cuba, Haiti, Trinidad, the small islands 
of the Caribbean Sea, and in Mexico, Costa Kica, and Venezuela,, but 
is most abundant in Jamaica. 

Imports of unground pimento for 1909-1913 averaged 6,148,742 
pounds, valued at $210,158. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




UNGROUND PIMENTO. 



1918 


Pound. 
3, 557, 125 
2,211,648 
3, 621, 016 
2, 239, 159 


$164, 028 
160, 059 
275. 108 
97, 117 


$26,678 
16, 587 
27, 158 




Per cent. 
16. 25 


1919 


10.36 


1920 


9.87 


1921 (9 months) 











GROUND PIMENTO. 



191S 

1919 

1920 


82,634 

23,656 

42, 813 

7,821 


$4, 267 
3,799 
5,376 
2,232 


$1, 473 

937 

1,396 


34. 52 
24.67 
25, 97 


1921 (9 months)-. 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



823 



PIMIENTOS. 



Description and uses.— Pimientos are sweet peppers, picked when 
ripe. They are usually packed in oil in small cans for use in salads, 
fancy dressings, and condiments. 

Production^—Untii recently canned pimientos used in this country 
were almost entirely of foreign origin. In more recent years some of 
the South Atlantic States have hegun to grow pimientos for canning 
purposes. 

Imports. — Imports are included in " all other canned or preserved 
vegetables." 

SAGE. 

Description and uses. — Sage, the dried leaf of Salvia officinalis, is 
used as a spice, particularly in flavoring sausages. 

Production. — The plant is cultivated in the Temperate Zone, the 
spice quality becoming inferior in the warmer regions. Our home- 
grown sage is superior to the Austro-Hungarian article imported 
before the war and much of the Italian and Greek product imported 
recently. Domestic production of dried sage is estimated at 30,000 
to 40,000 pounds. 

Imports of unground sage averaged 1,363,199 pounds, valued at 
$23,268, during 1909-1913. Imports of ground sage are insignificant, 
Later imports of unground sage are shown as follows : 



Calendar year. _ 


Quantity. ; 

! 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


i 

Pounds, j 
1,291,547 

980,390 ! 
2,275,005 j 

828,237 ! 
i 


$171,686 
142, 669 
194, 580 
50, 738 


$6, 458 
4,902 
11,375 


Per cent. 
3.76 
3.44 
5.85 







TURMERIC ROOT. 



Description and uses. — turmeric root is a vegetable product native 
to India and cultivated largely in tropical climates. It is sold in- the 
form of a dry powder, and used principally in coloring mustard; it 
is also employed as a dye in foods and pharmaceutical preparations. 
This root has a peculiar odor and a warm, bitterish, slightly aromatic 
taste. In the East it is employed as an ingredient of curry powders. 
The coloring principle of turmeric is called curcumin. 

Production. — In the preparation of turmeric, the root is cleaned, 
boiled, dried, and the outer skin removed. It comes chiefly from 
India and China, and is not produced in this country. 

Import values of turmeric for the period 1910-1918 averaged 
$51,423. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




1,230,229 
$68, 852 


1,215,057 403,352 




111,278 


$86,141 






' 



Important changes in classification. — Turmeric is transferred from 
the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 634). 



824 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



HOARHOUND 8EED. 



Description and uses. — Hoarhound (or horehound) belongs to the 
mint family. The seed is used only for flavoring. 

Production. — Hoarhound is native to southern and eastern Europe. 
The white variety grows in America, but no record of seed produc- 
tion can be found. Dealers usually handle the imported seed. 

Imports of hoarhound are included under " spice seeds n. s. p. f./ ? 
below. 



ALL OTHER SPICES AND SPICE SEEDS, N. S. P. F., INCLUDING HERBS OR HERB LEAVES. 

Imports under this head are unimportant, the average annual 
value from 1909 to 1913 being only $6,823. After the duty was 
changed from 3 cents a pound to 20 per centum ad valorem, the 
average value per annum of imports from 1914 to 1918 (fiscal years) 
was $6,460. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$9,063 
11,536 
9,360 
1,557 


51,813 
2,307 


1919 


27,945 
22,538 
6,419* 


1920 


1,872 


1921 (9 months) 









The principal sources of imports are Jamaica, 30 per cent; British 
East Africa, 18 per cent; England, 13 per cent. 

Exports have in recent calendar years been as follows: 1918, 
$480,508; 1919, $588,462; 1920, $516,171; 1921 (nine months), 
$150,982. 

The bulk of the exports are as follows : To Canada 30 per cent, to 
Mexico 15 per cent, to Cuba 6 per cent. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The several provisions for spices 
and seeds chiefly used as spices have been combined and alphabet- 
ically rearranged. Instead of the present specific duty upon un- 
ground spices, and combined specific and ad valorem rates upon 
ground spices, specific rates have been adopted throughout. Trans- 
fers from the free list of the act of 1913: Cardamom, coriander, cum- 
min, fennel and mustard seed (par. 595) ; curry and curry powder 
(par. 471); and turmeric (par. 634). There are new provisions for 
paprika, mixed spices, and whole and canned pimientos. The im- 
portation of pepper shells is prohibited. These have no condimental 
value and are used for adulterating pepper. The detection of this 
adulteration involves an expenditure of time and expense on the 
part of food-control officials that is out of proportion to the im- 
portance of the trade. Allowance for dirt or other foreign matter is 
prohibited. 

Suggested changes. — "Aniseed" is the preferred spelling for "anise 
seeci. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PARAGRAPH 781. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



825- 



Par. 781. Teasels, 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 268. Teazels, thirty per centum Par. 214. Teazels, 15 per centum ad 
ad valorem. valorem. 



TEASELS. 



Description and uses. — The flower heads or teasels of the teasel 
plant are covered with stiff, hooked bracts, which, when dried, are 
used by woolen mills to raise a nap on woolen cloths. Teasels are 
arranged on a cylinder so that their recurved hooks catch the fibers 
of the wool, causing them to stand up and form a nap. While strong 
enough for the work, the teasel hooks are sufficiently elastic to pre- 
vent breaking the cloth. The plant is a biennial, in its second year 
a bush about 6 feet high. Its main stalk produces the strongest 
and largest or "king" teasel; the larger branches, the "queens or 
"mediums"; and the smaller branches, "buttons" or the smallest 
teasels. "Kings" are used on blankets, "buttons" on broadcloths. 

Production. — Onondaga County, N. Y., raises almost the entire 
domestic supply of teasels; they are grown to a small extent in 
Oregon. In 1909 only 162 acres were devoted to this crop (110 acres 
in New York), with a production of 78 tons and a farm value of 
$13,760. 

Imports of teasels, largely "kings," are almost exclusively, from 
France, and range in value between $15,000 and $75,000. Southern 
France produces the most wiry hooks known, useful for deep-napped 
woolens. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


igi8 


$11,886 
22,007 
32, 964 
73, 545 


$1,783 
3,301 
4,945 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are no longer separately reported. 



SCHEDULE 8.— SPIRITS, WINES, AND OTHER BEVERAGES. 

PARAGRAPH 801. 



H. R. 7456. 

Pal. 801. Liqueurs, as defined in the. 
National Prohibition Act, when im- 
ported in compliance with the pro- 
visions of that Act, shall he dutiable 
at the rates hereinafter provided in 
this title. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Schedule H. — Spirits. Wines, and Schedule H — Spirits, Wines. 

Other Beverages. 



Other Beverages. 
[No corresponding provision.] 



[No corresponding provision.] 



Suggested changes. — Page 99, line 23, of H. R. 7456 : " Liqueurs " 
should be " liquors." 

Page 100, line 1, of H. R. 7456: Insert after "Act," " or any subse- 
quent act," so as to include any later law than the national prohibi- 
tion act. 



PARAGRAPH 802. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 802. Brandy and other spirits 
manufactured or distilled from gran 
or other materials, cordials, liqueurs, 
arrack, absinthe, kirsehwasser, ratafia, 
and bitters of all kinds containing 
spirits, and compounds and prepara- 
tions of which distilled spirits are the 
component part of chief value and not 
specially provided for, $5 per proof 
gallon. 

ACT OE 1909. 



Par. 300. Brandy and othier spirits 
manufactured or distilled from grain 
or other materials, and not specially 
provided for in this section, two dollars 
and sixty cents iter proof gallon. 

Par. 802. On all compounds or prep- 
arations' of which distilled spirits are 
a componenl part of chief value there 
shall be levied a ditty not less than 
that imposed upon distilled spirits. 



ACT OE 1913. 

l\u;. 287. Brandy and other spirits 
manufactured or distilled from grain 
or other materials, and not specially 
provided for in this section. $2.00 per 
proof gallon. 1 

Par. 239. (hi all compounds or prep- 
arations of which distilled spirits are 
a component part of chief value there 
shall be levied a duty not less than 
that imposed upon distilled spirits. 



1 Imported spirits are subject to the duty imposed by this paragraph as well as to the 
intornal-revenue tax. 



826 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



827 



pAB. 303. Cordials, liqueurs, arrack. 
absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and 
other spirituous beverages or hitters 
of all kinds, containing spirits, and not 
specially provided for in this section. 
two dollars and sixty cents per proof 
gallon. 



240. Cordials, liqueurs, arrack, ab- 
sinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other 
spirituous beverages or hitters of all 
kinds, containing spirits, and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
$2.60 per proof gallon. 



DISTILLED SPIRITS. 

Imports under this paragraph since 1917 have been as follows 



Calendar war. 



Quantity. 



BRANDY. 



Value. 



Dutv 



191S 


Prodfoallons. 
102. 285 
G.3. 985 
28, 462 
14. 309 


$447,538 

308. 260 

16S.923 
62. 272 


$330, 219 


1919 


171,117 


1920 


73,941 


1921 (9 months) 









IN 



RUM. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



1918 




23. S04 
1, 471 

7.021 
12.594 


$59, 984 

3, 113 
1 7, s.54 
39.121 .. 


$97,619 


1919 


3,847 


1920 


1.8,255 


L921 (9 months) 











29. 622 


$34,670 


$39, 828 


33,060 


29. 639 


59, 148 


56, 44(3 


2.5. 637 


146,410 


331 


445 





CORDIALS LIQUEURS, ARRACK, ABSINTHE, KIRSH WAsSER. RATAFIA. AXD OTHER 
SPIRITUOUS BEVERAGES OR BITTERS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (? months). 



28, 90S 
12. 820 
49,915 
99, 189 



$68,066 ■ §95.123 

40, 790 ; 33, 332 

196,325 129,779 
274.706 



COMPOUNDS' OR PREPARATION'S OF WHICH DISTILLED SPIRITS 
PART OF CHIEF VALUE, x. s. P. F. 


ARE 


A COMPONENT 


1919 6 




S4 §16 


1920 216 • 


S27 ! 56 2 




| 


WHISKY. 







1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



243.121 $880,550 $876,301 

136,765 437,216 360,360 

751.929 
137,364 . 625,083 



SPIRITS. MANUFACTURED OR DISTILLED, x. s. P. F., FROM GRAIN. 


1918 


| 16,048 $27 j 493 









SPIRITS, MANUFACTURED OR DISTILLED, x. s. P. F 

(EXCEPT GRAIN). 


.. FROM 


OTHER MATERIALS 


1918 


35. 535 

9 

2,037 

452 


$63,792 $120,456 


1919 


15 


1920 


7.839 5,296 


1921 (9 months) 


895 





828 

Exports since 1918 by calendar 3-ears are shown in the following 
table : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) . 




WHISKY— BOURBON. 






Quantity (proof gallons) 




57,454 
$160,265 


247,553 
$7,101,568 


1,196,169 
$2,746,644 


119, 12c 


Value 





$465,171 




WHISKY— RYE. 








Quantity (proof gallons) 


72,910 
$240,300 


842,942 
$1,560,816 


2,119,692 
$5,374,121 


32,892 




$193,083 






RUM. 


Quantity (proof gallons) 




184,635 
$191,197 


120,519 
$179,769 


96,943 
$90,688 


32,657 


Value 




$18,100 




ALL OTHER DISTILLED 


SPIRITS. 








136,322 
$452,034 


247,238 
$689,549 


902,108 
$1,364,944 


8,987 




$65,447 







Important changes in classification. — Paragraphs 237, 239, and 240 T 
act of 1913, have been combined in this paragraph, 



PARAGRAPH 803, 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 803. Champagne and all other 
sparkling wines, $6 per proof gallon. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 306. Champagne and all other 
sparkling wines, in bottles containing 
each not more than one quart and more 
than one pint, nine dollars and sixty 
cents per dozen ; containing not more 
than one pint each and more than one- 
half pint, four dollars and eighty cents 
per dozen; containing one-half pint 
each or less, two dollars and forty 
cents per dozen ; in bottles or other 
vessels containing more than one quart 
each, in addition to nine dollars and 
sixty cents per dozen bottles, on the 
quantity in excess of one quart, at the 
rate of three dollars per gallon ; but 
no separate or additional duty shall be 
levied on the bottles. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 243. Champagne and all other 
sparkling wines, in bottles containing 
each not more than one quart and 
more than one pint, $9.60 per dozen; 
containing not more than one pint 
each and more than one-half pint, 
$4.80 per dozen; containing one-half 
pint each or less, $2.40 per dozen; in 
bottles or other vessels containing 
more than one quart each, in addition 
to $9.60 per dozen bottles, on the 
quantity in excess of one quart, at the 
rate of $3 per gallon ; but no separate 
or additional duty shall be levied on 
the bottles. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



829 



SPARKLING WINES. 



Imports of wines containing not more than 24 per cent of alcohol — 
champagne and all other sparkling, in bottles — since 1917 are shown 
in the following table : 



Calendar year. 



• Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



CONTAINING ONE-HALF PINT OR LESS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Dozens. 
864 



$4,545 



$2,074 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



Per cent. 

45.62 



145 

106 



4S 



33.10 



CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE-HALF AND NOT MORE THAN ONE PINT. 



1918 


43,739 i 
5,824 | 
9,152 
9,017 

1 


$404,539 
65,581 
88,663 
100,479 


$209,947 
27,955 
43,930 


51.90 


1919 


42.63 


1920 


49.55 


1921 (9 months) 











CONTAINING MORE THAN ONE 


PINT AND NOT MORE THAN ONE QUART. 


1918 ! 

1919 




68,147 $1,212,173 
12,986 276,463 
16,653 i 330,387 
16,107 j 346,286 


$654,211 53.97 
124,666 i . 45.09 
159,869 48.39 


1920... 


1921 (9 months) 








1 



Imports of champagne and other sparkling wines — quantity in 
bottles or vessels in excess of 1 quart per bottle or vessel — were 308 
gallons in 1918, since when no imports have been recorded. 

Exports of all wines ior the calendar years 1918-1921 are showi 
below : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (gallons) 


3,225,048 
$2,040,815 


4,926,425 
$4,754,765 


4,573,587 
$3,279,341 


15,474 


Value 


$27,714 





Important changes in classification. — The duty has been put en- 
tirely on the gallon basis, instead of on the basis of one dozen bottles 
with a gallon basis for quantities in excess of one quart (par. 243, 
act of 1913) : and the provision excepting the bottles from a separate 
duty has been dropped (they would be dutiable at one-third the 
regular rates under par. 809). 



PARAGRAPH 804. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 804. Still wines, including ginger 
wine or ginger cordial, vermuth, and 
rice wine or sake, and similar bever- 
ages not specially provided for, $1.25 
per gallon: Provided, That any of the 



830 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



foregqiugj articles specified in this 
paragraph when imported containing 
more than 24 per centum of alcohol 
shall be classed as spirits and pay 
duty accordingly. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 307. Still wines, including gin- 
ger wine or ginger cordial, vermuth, 
and rice wine or sake, and similar 
beverages not specially provided for in 
this section, in casks or packages other 
than bottles or jugs, if containing four- 
teen per centum or less of absolute 
alcohol, forty-five cents per gallon ; if 
containing more than fourteen per 
centum of absolute alcohol, sixty cents 
per gallon. In bottles or jugs, per 
case of one dozen bottles or jugs, con- 
taining each not more than one quart 
and more than one pint, or twenty- 
four bottles or jugs containing each 
not more than one pint, one dollar and 
eighty-five cents per case ; and any ex- 
cess beyond these quantities found in 
such bottles or jugs shall be subject to 
a duty of six cents per pint or frac- 
tional part thereof, but no separate or 
additional duty shall be assessed on 
the bottles or jugs : Provided, That any 
wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth im- 
ported containing more than twenty- 
four per centum of alcohol shall be 
classed as spirits and pay duty accord- 
ingly : * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 244. Still wines, including giir- 
ger wine or ginger cordial, vermuth., 
and rice wine or sake, and similar 
beverages not specially provided for 
in this section, in casks or packages 
other than bottles or jugs, if contain- 
ing 14 per centum or less of absolute 
alcohol, 45 cents per gallon ; if con- 
taining more than 14 per centum of 
absolute alcohol, 60 cents per gallon. 
In bottles or jugs, per case of one 
dozen bottles or jugs, containing each* 
not more than one quart and more 
than one pint, or twenty-four bottles 
or jugs containing each not more than 
one pint, $1.85 per case; and any ex- 
cess beyond these quantities found in 
such bottles or jugs shall be subject 
to a duty of 6 cents per pint or frac- 
tional part thereof, but no separate or 
additional duty shall be assessed on 
the bottles or jugsr Provided, That 
any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth 
imported containing- more than 24 per 
centum of alcohol shall be classed as 
spirits and pay duty accordingly : 



STILL WINES. 

Imports of all still wines containing not more than 24 per cent of 
alcohol have been as follows since 1917 : 



s 


Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
id valorem. 


1918 




$4. 794, 324 

1,276,793 

999.920 

962,686 


S2, 305, 396 
532, 462 


rer cent. 
4S 1 


1919 


41 7 


1920 





411,462 41. T 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. — The duty has l>een put en 
tirely on the gallon basis instead of partly per gallon and partly pei 
case with a pint basis for excess quantities (par. 244, act of 1913) 
and the provision excepting the bottles and jugs from a separate 
duty has been dropped (they would be dutiable at one-third the 
regular rates under par. 809). The provision requiring wines* 
cordials, brandy, etc., to be packed in packages containing not less 
than one dozen bottles or jugs, or be assessed as if the package con- 
tained at least one dozen has been eliminated; also the specific pro- 
vision for regulations determining the percentage of alcohol in wines 
and fruit juices. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



83J 



PARAGRAPH 805. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

I 'ah. 805 ; Ale, porter, stout, beer, and 
lln d mall extract, $1 per gallon ; malr 

extract, sold or condensed. t>0 per 
cent inn ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 308. Ale, porter, stout, and beer, 
in bottles or jugs, forty-five cents per 
gallon, but no separate or additional 
duty sball be assessed on the bottles or 
jugs ; otherwise than in bottles or jugs, 
twenty-three cents per gallon. 

Par. 309. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, 
twenty-three cents per gallon ; in bottles 
or jugs, forty-five cents per gallon ; 
solid or condensed, forty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 245. Ale, porter, stout, and beer 
in bottles or jugs, 45 cents per gallon, 
but no separate or additional duty 
shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs ; 
otherwise than in bottles or jugs, 2? 
cents per gallon. 

Par. 246. Malt extract, fluid, in casks 
23 cents per gallon ; in bottles or jugs, 
45 cents per gallon ; solid or condensed, 
45 per centum ad valorem. 



MALT LIQUORS. 

Imports of malt liquors since 1917 have been as follows : 



- 


Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 . 


Gallons. 
381,091 
11,998 
8 


$383,566 
10,493 

8 


$126,877 
3,884 


1919 


1920 







Exports of malt liquors since 1917 by calendar years have been as 
follows : - 





1918 1919 

i 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




IN BOTTLES. 






Quantity (dozen quarts) 




1,077,593 
$2, 075, 767 


1,006,927 
$2, 179, 809 


371,812 

$747, 550 


3, 700 


Value 




$8,937 






IN OTHER COVERINGS. 




97,160 i 36,638 
$35, 479 


11,388 
$7, 390 


1,425 


Value 


$1, 459 











Important changes in classification. — One rate has been provided 
for ale, porter, stout, beer, and fluid malt extract, regardless of the 
character of the containers, and the provision excepting from sepa- 
rate duty bottles and jugs containing ale, porter, stout, and beer has 
been dropped. (They would be dutiable at one-third the regular 
rates under par. 809.) The articles contained in this paragraph 
were covered by two paragraphs in the act of 1909 (308 and 309) and 
in the act of 1913 (245 and 246). 



832 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



MALT EXTRACT. 



Description and uses. — Two distinct articles are known as malt 
extract. One is a strong, heavy beer, used both as a beverage and as 
a tonic ; the other, a viscous, semisolid substance, containing about 45 
per cent solid matter and less than 2 per cent alcohol, used medici- 
nally and as an emulsifying agent. A form of the latter, easily con- 
vertible into beer by the addition of yeast, sugar, and water, has 
recently appeared on the market. 

Imports of fluid malt extract were valued at $12,137 in 1914 and 
of solid and condensed malt extract at $767. Nearly all came from 
the United Kingdom. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


FLUID IN BOTTLES. 


1918 


Gallons. 

2 

1 

3,243 

1,227 


SI 

4 

3,204 

2,039 




Per cent. 
90.00 


1919 




11.25 


1920 


$1,459 


45.55 


1921 (9 months) 










FLUID IN CASKS. 


1920 1 


1,678 
240 


$2,723 
359 


$386 j 14.17 


1921 (9 months) 

) 








1 No imports of fluid malt extract in casks in 1918 and 1919. 

SOLID OR CONDENSED. 


I Pounds. 
1918 i 


$44 

15 

349 


$20 
7 




1920 

1921 (9 months) 


56 

1,507 


45.00 









PARAGRAPH 806. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 806. Cherry juice, prune juice, 
or prune wine, and all other fruit juices 
and fruit sirups, not specially provided 
for, containing less than one-half of 1 
per centum of alcohol, 70 cents per 
gallon ; containing one-half of 1 per 
centum or more of alcohol, 70 cents per 
gallon and in addition thereto $5 per 
proof gallon on the alcohol contained 
therein. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 310. Cherry juice and prune 
juice, or prune wine, and other fruit 
juices, and fruit sirup, not specially 
provided for in this section, contain- 
ing no alcohol or not more than eight- 
een per centum of alcohol, seventy 
cents per gallon ; if containing more 
than eighteen per centum of alcohol, 
seventy cents per gallon and in addi- 
tion thereto two dollars and seven 
cents per proof gallon on tbe alcohol 
contained therein. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 247. Cherry juice and prune 
juice, or prune wine, and other fruit 
juices, and fruit sirup, not specially 
provided for in this section, containing 
no alcohol or not more than 18 per 
centum of alcohol, 70 cents per gallon ; 
if containing more than 18 per centum 
of alcohol, 70 cents per gallon and in 
addition thereto $2.07 per proof gallon 
on the alcohol contained therein. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



833 



CHERRY JUICE, PRUNE JUICE, ETC. 

Description and uses. — ("berry juice and other fruit juices are ob- 
tained by pressing or crushing' the fresh fruit; the sirups are made 
by mixing sugar with the fruit. Nonalcoholic juices or combinations 
of them, and especially grape juice, are widely used as beverages, 
fruit sirups and crushed fruits in flavoring soda water and other 
" soft drinks " and confections. Fortified fruit juices, made by the 
addition of from 15 to IT per cent of alcohol to prevent fermentation, 
are utilized entirely in making cordials and other alcoholic beverages. 
Prune juice, similarly made, is used in blending whisky and flavor- 
ing chewing tobacco. 

Production of nonalcoholic fruit juices and sirups is extensive, the 
domestic output being wholly consumed here. Juices made abroad 
are usually fortified. In 1916 the output of grape juice was 5,000,000 
gallons, made principally in New York and Ohio. California con- 
tributed only 150,000 gallons, the European grapes grown in that 
State not being adapted to this purpose. Some competition in cherry, 
blackberry, raspberry, and other fruit juices may be expected from 
France. Germany, and Austria — where methods of manufacture and 
handling are highly developed — when a satisfactory substitute is pro- 
vided for the alcohol used to prevent fermentation. 

Imports of cherry and other fruit juices and sirups in 1914 were 
65,295 gallons-, valued at $56,795; of prune juice or wine, 23,932 gal- 
lons, valued at $17,462. Prior to the war these alcoholic juices were 
derived chiefly from France, Germany, and Austria. Imports since 
1917 of all fruit juices and sirups have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Gallons. 
3,165 
4,850 

22,747 : 


$7,478 

3,938 

44,744 


$2,226 
1,134 


1919 


* 


1920 


3,065 







Important chamges in classification. — The dividing line as to alco- 
holic content has been changed from 18 per cent to one-half of 1 per 
cent. 



PARAGRAPH 807. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. SOT. Ginger ale. ginger beer, 
lemonade, soda water, and similar 
beverages* containing no alcohol, and 
beverages containing less than. one-half 
of 1 per centum of alcohol, not specially 
provided for, 15 cents per gallon. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pab. 311. Ginger ale, ginger beer, 
lemonade, soda water, and other simi- 
lar beverages containing no alcohol, 
in plain green or colored, molded or 

82304—22 53 



Par. 248. Ginger ale, ginger beer, 
lemonade, soda water, and other simi- 
lar beverages containing no alcohol, in 
plain green or colored, molded or 



834 SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

pressed, glass bottles, containing each pressed, glass bottles, containing each 

not more than three-fourths of a pint, not more than one-half pint, 12 cents 

eighteen cents per dozen ; containing per dozen ; containing each more than 

more than three-fourths of a pint each one-half pint and not more than three- 

and not more than one and one-half fourths of a pint, 18 cents per dozen; 

pints, twenty-eight cents per dozen ; containing more than three-fourths of 

but no separate or additional duty a pint each and not more than one and 

shall be assessed on the bottles ; if one-half pints, 28 cents per dozen ; but 

imported otherwise than in plain green no separate or additional duty shall be 

or colored, molded or pressed, glass assessed on the bottles ; if imported 

bottles, or in such bottles containing otherwise than in plain green or col- 

more than one and one-half pints each, ored. molded or pressed, glass bottles, 

fifty cents per gallon, and in addition or in such bottles containing more 

thereto duty shall be collected on the than one and one-half pints each, 50 

bottles, or other coverings, at the rates cents per gallon, and in addition 

which would be chargeable thereon if thereto duty shall be collected on the 

imported empty. Beverages not spe- bottles, or other coverings, at the rates 

cially provided for containing not more which would be chargeable thereon if 

than two per centum of alcohol shall imported empty. Beverages not spe- 

be assessed for duty under this para- cially provided for containing not more 

graph. than 2 per centum of alcohol shall be 

assessed for duty under this para- 
graph. 

SOFT DRINKS. 

Description and uses. — Ginger ale or ginger beer is made by add- 
ing a small quantity of ginger or capsicum extract and sugar to 
water. For lemonade or lemon beer, citric acid or lemon juice is 
similarly used. Soda water, seltzer, and vichy are waters impreg- 
nated with carbonic acid gas. Other nonalcoholic or " soft " drinks, 
such as root beer, orangeade, sarsaparilla, fruit phosphates, cream 
soda, birch beer, juniper ale, nop, lemon soda, and various well- 
known proprietary drinks consist mainly of sweetened carbonated 
water with some flavoring matter. Near-beer, hop ale, and similar 
cereal beverages are also included. 

Production of carbonated beverages and " soft " drinks in 1914 was 
valued at $58,401,000, derived from 5,463 establishments capitalized 
at $53,233,000, employing over 15,000 persons, paying wages of 
$8,864,000, and using materials valued at $26,779,000. In 1919 the 
output of 5,112 establishments was valued at $130,673,000. These 
figures include artificial mineral waters and lime and grape juices. 
The industry is well established in every State — New York, Penn- 
sylvania, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Alabama leading in 
the order named. 

Imports of ginger ale and ginger beer in 1914 were valued at 
$374,515 ; lemonade, soda water, and similar beverages imported were 
valued at $65,740. Later statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



885 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


GINGER ALE AND GINGER BEER. 

- 


1918 




J40, 215 
53,436 

87, 528 
95, 862 


$6,819 


1919 


6,637 


1920. . 


11,927 


1921 (9 months) 










LEMONADE, SODA WATER, AND SIMILAR BEVERAGES. 




1918 




$17,676 
66, 895 
28, 318 
20, 646 


$2, 308 


1919 


5,172 


1920. 


3,953 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports of "other beverages," comprising cider, ginger ale, min- 
eral water, and soda water, amounted to $375,919 in 1914 and $509,- 
872 in 1918. 

Important changes in classification. — The duty has been put en- 
tirely on the gallon basis instead of partly per dozen bottles and 
partly per gallon (par. 248, act of 1913). The alcoholic con- 
tent of beverages not specially provided for has been changed from 
" not more than 2 per centum " to " less than one-half of 1 per 
centum." The provisions for duty or exemption from duty on bot- 
tles have been eliminated. The bottles would be dutiable at one- 
third the regular rates under paragraph 809. 



PARAGRAPH 808. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 808. All mineral waters and all 
Imitations of natural mineral waters, 
and all artificial mineral waters not 
specially provided for, 10 cents per 
gallon. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 312. All mineral waters and all 
imitations of natural mineral w T aters, 
and all artificial mineral waters not 
specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, in bottles or jugs containing not 
more than one pint, twenty cents per 
dozen bottles ; if containing more than 
one pint and not more than one quart, 
thirty cents per dozen bottles; if im- 
ported in bottles or in jugs containing 
more than one quart, twenty-four cents 
per gallon ; if imported otherwise than 
in bottles or jugs, eight cents per gal- 
lon ; and in addition thereto, on all of 
the foregoing, duty shall be collected 
upon the bottles or other containers 
at one-third of the rates that would 
be charged thereon if imported empty 
or separately. 



Par. 249. All mineral waters and all 
imitations of natural mineral waters, 
and all artificial mineral waters not 
specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, in bottles or jugs containing not 
more than one-half pint, 10 cents per 
dozen bottles ; if containing more than 
one-half pint and not more than one 
pint, 15 cents per dozen bottles ; if 
containing more than one pint and not 
more than one quart, 20 cents per 
dozen bottles ; if imported in bottles or 
in jugs containing more than one 
quart, 18 cents per gallon ; if imported 
otherwise than in bottles or jugs, 8 
cents per gallon ; and in addition 
thereto, on all of the foregoing, duty 
shall be collected upon the bottles or 
other containers at one-third of the 
rates that would be charged thereon 
if imported empty or separately. 



836 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



M I N ER A L W ATERS . 

Description. — Mineral water, bottled for table or medicinal use, is 
the commercial name of spring and well water having mineral con- 
tents possessing physiological properties. 

Artificial mineral waters and imitations of natural mineral waters, 
made by adding sodium or magnesium sulphates, hydrogen sulphide, 
or other sulphureous or saline substances to water, are often of 
marked therapeutic value and widely used. 

Production of mineral waters in 1916 was 55,928,491 gallons, 
valued at $5,735,035, and obtained from 802 commercial springs in 
47 States or Territories, chief among them Wisconsin (25 per cent 
of the total), New York (12 per cent), California (8.7 per cent), and 
Maine (6 per cent). 

Imports of natural and artificial mineral waters were 3,364,676 
gallons, valued at $955,788 in 1913, and 1,172,440 gallons, valued at 
$624,302 in 1916. Germany, France, and Austria were formerly 
the principal sources. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 




$241, 788 
116,948 
203, 901 
116, 977 


$39, 567 


1919. . - 


16', 742 


1920. 


42, 485 


1921 (9 months) 










Exports. — Large quantities of a few domestic waters are exported, 
but statistics are not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The duty has been put en- 
tirely on the gallon basis instead of partly per dozen bottles or jugs 
and "partly per gallon (par. 249, act of 1913). The provision for 
duty at one-third the regular rates on bottles and other containers 
has been dropped from this paragraph. The bottles and jugs would 
be dutiable at one-third the regular rates under paragraph 809. 



PARAGRAPH 809. 



H. R 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 809. When any article provided 
for in this title is imported in bottles 
or jugs-, duty shall be collected upon 
the'bottles or jugs at one-third the rate 
provided on the bottles or jugs if im- 
ported empty or separately. # 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 

Important chcuiiges in classification. — This is a new general provi- 
sion. 

Suggested changes.— Page 101, line 10, of H. R. 7456: "Title" 
should be " schedule." 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



837 



PARAGRAPH 810. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pab. 810. Each and every gauge or 
wine gallon of measurement shall be 
counted as ar least 1 proof gallon ; and 
the standard for determining the proof 
of brandy and other spirits or liquors 
of any kind when imported shall be 
the same as that which is defined in 
the taws relating to internal revenue. 
The Secretary of the Treasury, in his 
discretion, may authorize the ascer- 
tainment of the proof bf wines, 
cordials, or oilier liquors and fruit 
juices by distillation or otherwise, in 
cases where it is impracticable to as- 
certain such proof by the means pre- 
scribed by existing law or regulations. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 301. Each and every gauge or 
wine gallon of measurement shall be 
counted as at least one proof gallon ; 
and the standard for determining the 
proof of brandy and other spirits or 
liquors of any kind imported shall be 
the same as that which is defined in 
the laws relating to internal revenue : 
Provided, That it shall be lawful for 
the Secretary of the Treasury, in his 
discretion, to authorize the ascertain- 
ment of the proof of wines, cordials, or 
other liquors, by distillation or other- 
wise, in cases where it is impracticable 
to ascertain such proof by the means 
prescribed by existing law or regula- 
tions: * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pak. 238. Each and every gauge or 
wine gallon of measurement shall be 
counted as at least one proof gallon; 
and the standard for determining the 
proof of brandy and other spirits or 
liquors of any kind imported shall be 
the same as that which is defined in 
the laws relating to internal revenue : 
Provided, That it shall be lawful for 
the Secretary of the Treasury, in his 
discretion, to authorize the ascertain- 
ment of the proof of wines, cordials, or 
other liquors, by distillation or other- 
wise, in cases where it is impracticable 
to ascertain such proof by the means 
prescribed by existing law or regula- 
tions: * * *. 



PARAGRAPH 811. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pak. 811. No lower raie or amount f 

of duty shall be levied, collected, and 
paid on the articles enumerated in 
paragraph 802 of this title than that 
fixed by law for the description of first 
proof; but it shall be increased in pro- 
portion for any greater strength than 
the strength of first proof, and all 
imitations of brandy, spirits, or wines 
imported by any names whatever shall 
be subject to the highest rate of duty 
provided for the genuine articles re- 
spectively intended to be represented, 
and in no case less than $5 per gallon : 
Provided, Thar any brandy or other 
spirituous or distilled liquors imported 
in any sized cask, bottle, jug. or other 
packages, of or from any country, 
dependency, or province under whose 



838 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

laws similar sized casks, bottles, jugs, 
or other packages of distilled spirits, 
wine, or other beverage put up or filled 
in the United States are denied en- 
trance into such country, dependency, 
or province, shall he forfeited to the 
United States. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Pak. 304. No lower rate or amount of 
duty shall be levied, collected, and 
paid on brandy, spirits, and other 
spirituous beverages than that fixed 
by law for the description of first 
proof; but it shall be increased in 
proportion for any greater strength 
than the strength of first proof, and 
all imitations of brandy or spirits or 
wines imported by any names what- 
ever shall be subject to the highest 
rate of duty provided for the genuine 
articles respectively intended to be 
represented, and in no case less than 
one dollar and seventy-five cents per 
gallon. 

Par. 301. * * * And provided far- 
ther. That any brandy or other spiritu- 
ous or distilled liquors imported in 
any sized cask, bottle, jug, or other 
packages, of or from any country, de- 
pendency, or province under whose 
laws similar sized casks, bottles, jugs, 
or other packages of distilled spirits, 
wine, or other beverage put up or filled 
in the United States are denied en- 
trance into such country, dependency, 
or province, shall be forfeited to the 
United States ; and any brandy or other 
spirituous or distilled liquor imported 
in a cask of less capacity than ten 
gallons from any country shall be for- 
feited to the United States. 



Pak. 241. No lower rate or amount 
of duty shall be levied, collected, and 
paid on brandy, spirits, and other 
spirituous beverages than that fixed 
by law for the description of first 
proof; but it shall be increased in 
proportion for any greater strength 
than the strength of first proof, and all 
imitations of brandy or spirits or 
wines imported by any names what- 
ever shall be subject to the highest 
rate of duty provided for the genuine 
articles respectively intended to be 
represented, and in no case less than 
$1.75 per gallon. 

Pak. 238. * * * And provided fur- 
ther, That any brandy or other spiritu- 
ous or distilled liquors imported in any 
sized cask, bottle, jug, or other pack- 
ages, of or from any country, de- 
pendency, or province under whose 
laws similar sized casks, bottles, jugs, 
or other packages of distilled spirits, 
wine, or other beverage put up or filled 
in the United States are denied en- 
trance into such country, dependency, 
or province, shall be forfeited to the 
United States; and any brandy or 
other spirituous or distilled liquor im- 
ported in a cask of less capacity than 
ten gallons from any country shall be 
forfeited to the United States. 



Important changes in classification. — This paragraph is made up 
of paragraph 241 and part of paragraph 238, act of 1913. The pro- 
vision for the forfeiture of brandy and other spirituous or distilled 
liquor imported in a cask of less capacity than ten gallons has been 
eliminated. 

Suggested changes. — Page 102, line 3, of H. K. 7456 : Should not 
"title" be " schedule"? 

Page 102, lines 9 and 10, of H. R. 7456: "Proof" should appar- 
ently be inserted between " per " and " gallon." 



PARAGRAPH 812. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 812. There shall be no construc- 
tive or other allowance for breakage, 
leakage, or damage on wines, liquors. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



839 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



cordials, or distilled spirits, except 
that when it shall appear to the col- 
lector of customs from the ganger's 
return, verified by an affidavit by the 
importer to be filed within five days 
after the delivery of the merchandise, 
that a cask or package has been broken 
or otherwise injured in transit from a 
foreign port and as a result thereof 
a part of its contents, amounting to 
10 per centum or more of the total 
value of the contents of the said cask 
or package in its condition as ex- 
ported, has been lost, allowance there- 
for may be made in the liquidation of 
tbe duties. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 307. * * * And provided fur- 
ther, That there shall be no construc- 
tive or other allowance for breakage, 
leakage, or damage on wines, liquors, 
cordials, or distilled spirits * * *.* 



Par. 244. * * * And provided fur- 
ther, That there shall be no construc- 
tive or other allowance for breakage, 
leakage, or damage on wines, liquors, 
cordials, or distilled spirits, except 
that when it shall appear to the collec- 
tor of customs from the gauger's re- 
turn, verified by an affidavit by the 
importer to be filed within five days 
after the delivery of the merchandise, 
that a cask or package has been broken 
or otherwise injured in transit from a 
foreign port and as a result thereof 
a part of its contents amounting to 10 
per centum or more of the total value 
of the contents of the said cask or 
package in its condition as exported, 
has been lost, allowance therefor may 
be made in the liquidation of the 
duties. * * *." 



PARAGRAPH 813. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 813. No wines, spirits, or other 
liquors or articles provided for in this 
title containing one-half of 1 per 
centum or more of alcohol shall be 
imported or permitted entry except on 
a permit issued therefor by the Com- 
missioner of Internal Revenue, and 
any such wines, spirits, or other liquors 
or articles imported or brought into 
the United States without a permit 
shall be seized and forfeited in the 
same manner as for other violations 
of the customs laws. 



a This proviso concluded with the following sentence : 

" Wines, cordials, brandy, and other spirituous liquors, including bitters of all kinds, and 
bay rum or bay water, imported in bottles or jugs, shall be packed in packages containing 
not less than one dozen bottles or Jugs in each package, or duty shall be paid as if such 
package contained at least one dozen bottles or jugs, and in addition thereto, duty shall 
be collected on the bottles or jugs at the rates which would he chargeable thereon if im- 
ported empty. The percentage of alcohol in wines and fruit juices shall be determined 
in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury shall by regulation prescribe." 



840 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 

Important changes in classification. — The provision is new. 
Suggested changes.— Pug* 103, line 6, of H. R. 7456: "Title" 
should be " schedule." 

PARAGRAPH 814. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. §14. The Secretary of the Treas- 
ury is hereby authorized and directed 
to make all rules and regulations neces- 
sary for the enforcement of the pro- . 
visions of this title. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 

Important changes in classification. — The provision is new. 
Suggested changes.— P 'age 103, line 15, of H. E, 7456: "Title" 
should be " schedule." 



SCHEDULE 9.— COTTON MANUFACTURES. 

PARAGRAPH 901. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 901. Cotton yarn, including 
warps, in any form, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, combed, or plied, of num- 
bers not exceeding number 40, one-fifth 
of ] cent per number per pound ; ex- 
ceeding number 40 and not exceeding 
number 120, 8 cents per pound and, 
in addition tbereto, one-fourth of 1 
cent per number per pound for every 
number in excess of number 40; ex- 
ceeding number 120. 28 cents per 
pound: Provided. That none of the 
foregoing, of numbers not exceeding 
number 100. shall pay less duty than 5 
per centum ad valorem and. in addi- 
tion thereto, for each number, one- 
fifth of 1 per centum ad valorem ; nor 
of numbers exceeding number 100. less 
than 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Cotton yarn, including warps, in any 
form, bleached, dyed, colored, or plied, 
of numbers not exceeding number 40, 
one-fourth of 1 cent per number per 
pound: exceeding number 40 and not 
exceeding .number 120. 10 cents per 
pound and. in addition thereto, three- 
tenths of 1 cent per number per pound 
for every number in excess of number 
40: exceeding number 120, 34 cents 
per pound : Provided, That none of the 
foregoing, of numbers not exceeding 
number 100. shall pay less duty than 
7 per centum ad valorem and. in addi 
tion thereto, for each number, one- 
fifTh of 1 per centum ad valorem; nor 
of numbers exceeding number 100, less 
than 27 per centum ad valorem. 

Any of the foregoing yarns, if 
Combed, shall pay in addition to the 
rates of duty provided in the preceding 
paragraph, if exceeding number 9 and 
not exceeding number 40. I cent per 
pound : if exceeding number 40. '2 
cents pei- pound. 

Cotton waste, manufactured or 
otherwise advanced in value, cotton 
card laps, sliver, and roving, 5 per 
centum ad valorem. 



842 



SUMMARY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Schedule I. — Cotton Manufactures. 

Par. 313. Cotton thread and carded 
yarn warps or warp yarn, in singles, 
whether on beams or in bundles, 
skeins, or cops, or in any other form, 
except spool thread Of cotton, crochet, 
darning, and embroidery cottons, here- 
inafter provided for, not colored, 
bleached, dyed, or advanced beyond 
the condition of singles by grouping 
or twisting two or more single yarns 
together, two and one-half cents per 
pound on all numbers up to and in- 
eluding number fifteen, one-sixth of a 
cent per number per pound on all 
numbers exceeding number fifteen and 
up to and including number thirty, 
and one-fifth of a cent per number per 
pound on all numbers exceeding num- 
ber thirty : Provided, That none of the 
foregoing shall pay a less rate of duty 
than fifteen per centum ad valorem ; 
colored, bleached, dyed, combed, or ad- 
vanced beyond the condition of singles 
by grouping or twisting two or more 
single yarns together, whether on 
beams, or in bundles, skeins, or cops, 
or in any other form, except spool 
thread of cotton, crochet, darning, and 
embroidery cottons, hereinafter pro- 
vided for, six cents per pound on all 
numbers up to and including number 
twenty-four, and on all numbers ex- 
ceeding number twenty-four and up to 
number eighty, one-fourth of one cent 
per number per pound; on number 
eighty and up to number two hundred, 
three-tenths of one cent per number 
per pound ; on number two hundred 
and above, sixty cents per pound, and 
one-tenth of one cent per number per 
pound additional for every number in 
excess of number two hundred ; cable- 
laid yarns or threads, made by group- 
ing or twisting two or more grouped 
or twisted yarns or threads together, 
not colored, bleached, or dyed, four- 
tenths of one cent per number per 
pound ; colored, bleached, or dyed, 
nine-twentieths of one cent per num- 
ber per pound : Provided further, That 
said threads and yarns, colored, 
bleached, dyed, combed, advanced be- 
yond the condition of singles, and 
cable-laid yarns or threads, as herein- 
before provided, except those (other 
than cable-laid threads and yarns) 
finer than number one hundred and 
forty shall not pay a less rate of duty 
than twenty per centum ad valorem: 



ACT OF 1913. 

Schedule I— Cotton Manufactures. 1 

Par. 250. Cotton thread and carded 
yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether 
on beams or in bundles, skeins, or 
cops, or in any other form, not combed, 
bleached, dyed, mercerized, or colored, 
except spool thread of cotton, crochet, 
darning and embroidery cottons, here- 
inafter provided for, shall be subject 
to the following rates of duty : 

Numbers up to and including number 
nine, 5 per centum ad valorem ; exceed- 
ing number nine and not exceeding 
number nineteen, 71 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; exceeding number nineteen and 
not exceeding number thirty-nine, 10 
per centum ad valorem ; exceeding 
number thirty-nine and not exceeding 
number forty-nine, 15 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number forty -nine 
and not exceeding number fifty-nine, 
171 per centum ad valorem ; exceeding 
number fifty-nine and not exceeding 
number seventy-nine, 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number seventy- 
nine and not exceeding number ninety- 
nine, 22£ per centum ad valorem; ex- 
ceeding number ninety-nine, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. When combed, 
bleached, dyed, mercerized, or colored, 
they shall be subject to the following 
rates of duty : Numbers up to and in- 
cluding number nine, 71 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number nine and 
not exceeding number nineteen, 10 per 
centum ad valorem ; exceeding number 
nineteen and not exceeding number 
thirty-nine, 121 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; exceeding number thirty-nine 
and not exceeding number forty-nine. 
171 per centum ad valorem ; exceeding 
number forty-nine and not exceeding 
number fifty-nine, 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number fifty -nine 
and not exceeding number seventy- 
nine, 221 per centum ad valorem; ex- 
ceeding number seventy-nine and not 
exceeding number ninety-nine, 25 per 
centum ad valorem ; exceeding number 
ninety-nine, 271 per centum ad va- 
lorem. Cotton waste and flocks, manu- 
factured or otherwise advanced -in 
value, cotton card laps, roping, sliver, 
or roving. 5 per centum ad valorem. 



1 7 cents per pound, in addition to the rates of duty imposed thereon by existing law, is 
imposed by par. 17 of the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921, on manufactures of which 
cotton having a staple of 11 inches or more in length is the component material of chief 
value. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 843 

ACT OF 1913. ACT OF 1913. 

And provided further, That all the 
foregoing threads and yarns as herein- 
before provided, when mercerized or 
subjected to any similar process, shall 
pay. in addition to the foregoing spe- 
cific rates of duty, one-fortieth of one 
cent per number per pound ; cotton 
card laps, roping, sliver, or roving, 
thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 
Cotton waste and flocks, manufactured 
or otherwise advanced in value, twenty 
per centum ad valorem. 

COTTON YARN. 

i See Report. T. I. S.— 12.) 

Description and uses. — Cotton yarn is spun from roving, and may 
be of upland, American staple, Egyptian, sea-island, or other cotton ; 
it may be carded or combed, ring spun or mule spun, made with 
varying degrees of twist from extra soft up to extra hard ; it may be 
unbleached, bleached, printed, dyed, or colored; plain or finished 
(gassed, mercerized, prepared, polished) ; and it may be in the single 
or doubled or cabled. There are many varieties of cotton yarn, and 
several modifying adjectives are required for the precise identifica- 
tion of any particular count. The relative values depend on various 
factors, but particularly on the material used and the count to which 
spun. 

Number or count of yarn means the number of 840-yard hanks 
required to weigh 1 pound. No. 1 cotton yarn measures 840 yards 
to the pound and No. 100 cotton yarn measures 84,000 yards to the 
pound ; the higher the count, the finer the yarn. 

Production.— In quantity the United States ranks first, followed 
by the United Kingdom, British India, Japan, France, Germany, 
Russia, and Italy. In 1914 domestic production amounted to 2,170,- 
578,612 pounds. Of the 2,467,914,386 pounds domestic output in 
1919, the makers consumed about 75 per cent. Of the 625,071,000 
pounds, valued at $460,479,000, offered for sale in 1919, the knitting 
industry was the largest purchaser. In domestic spinning the nor- 
mal limit is about 100s warp and 120s filling, while 93 per cent of 
the output consists of coarse and medium counts not above 40s. The 
United Kingdom leads in number of spindles and supplies a major 
portion of the fine and special yarns used in international trade. 

Imports are less than 0.5 per cent of domestic consumption, the 
maximum being 10,564,304 pounds in 1917. During the 30 fiscal 
years ended June 30, 1920, imports averaged 4,964,209 pounds, valued 
at $3,425,668 per annum. Imports were 6,853,235 pounds, valued 
at $4,092,072 in 1914. The larger portion consists of two-ply un- 
bleached yarns mule spun in England from Egyptian cotton. About 
60 per cent are gassed or otherwise finished. Lace yarns, mostly 
" prepared " or flattened for use in brass bobbins, constitute the 
leading import. The second largest import is of soft-spun yarns 
for mercerization and for combination with silk in knitting and in 
the weaving of broad and narrow fabrics. The main count imported 
is two-ply 78s, and the main competitive range is from 58s to 78s. 



844 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports are supplemental rather than competitive, and as the 
domestic industry develops the average count imported steadily 
tends upward. The tariff plays a minor part in this trade. 
Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 

3,975,200 

3,979,107 

9,992,073 

2,236,431 


$6, 336, 365 
7,188,592 

23,926,270 
3,127,719 


$1, 470, 781 


1919 


1, 680, 126 


1920 


5, 445, 245 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports of cotton yarn were valued at $716,036 in 1914. During 
and since the war they have increased greatly, exceeding imports. 
Exports are mainly of counts under 40s, knitting yarns leading. 
Argentina, Canada, Hongkong, and Colombia were the leading buyers 
in 1920. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



13, 355, 800 
$8,846,694 



1919 



20,699,124 

$14, 488, 630 



1920 



1921 
(9 months;. 



24, 099, 399 
$20, 014, 949 



11,077,263 
$4,435,440 



Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 901 is intended 
to cover all types and varieties of cotton yarn except the special 
yarns which are put up in short lengths for use in handwork. It 
does not include any sewing thread. Since sewing thread and yarns 
for handwork are more specifically provided for in paragraph 902 
it is- unnecessary that paragraph 901 should note their exception; the 
phrase used in the 1913 act (par. 250) " except spool thread of cotton, 
crochet, darning and embroider}' cottons, hereinafter provided for " 
has therefore been omitted. 

Since paragraph 901 relates solely to cotton yarn, it is appropri- 
ately headed " Cotton yarn, including warps, in any form." In most 
foreign tariffs " cotton yarn " is considered inclusive and exclusive, 
but to prevent any possibility of the courts' construing cotton yarn 
in the form of warps (a number of ends gathered together, sized or 
not sized, on beams or in balls or other form) as further advanced 
than cotton yarn, there have been added the words "including 
warps." The phrase " in any form " has been substituted for the 
present wording (par. 250, act of 1913) " whether on beams or in 
bundles, skeins or cops, or in any other form " as being simpler and 
fully as inclusive. 

As in previous acts, cotton yarns have been classified as " basic " 
and " advanced," each with its own progressive rates of duty. The 
basic term "not bleached, dyed, colored, combed, or plied," refers 
solely to grey carded single yarns. Advanced yarns include those 
that are bleached, dyed, colored, or plied, and an additional duty is 
imposed when they are combed. The term " colored " is used in 
addition to the term " dyed " in order to cover printed yarns, and 
also yarns which are made of two or more rovings or two or more 



Sl'.MMARV OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 846 

yarns only one of which may be dyed. The term w * plied " means that 
two or more yarns have been twisted together to form ply yarn. 
The act of 1913 provides no differential for ply yarns which in the 
grey are dutiable under the basic rates; in H. R. 7456 a differential 
is provided for ply yarns, as was the case in the act of 1909. This 
differential, however, is not intended to include grouped yarns. Im- 
ports of grouped yarns, that is, single yarns wound together with- 
out twisting, are small and almost entirely for use in electrical wire 
covering. There is apparently no object in including grouped yarns 
with ply yarns since the cost per pound of multiple winding is 
usually less than the cost of single-end winding; the more ends 
wound together side by side the greater the weight obtained in a 
given time and hence the less the unit cost. 

The term " plied " includes not only two or more single yarns 
twisted together but also cabled yarns made by twisting together- 
two or more ply yarns. The act of 1909 provided a further differen- 
tial for cabled yarns over ordinary ply yarns, but this has been 
omitted for the reason that practically all imports consist of fine 
cabled 3 r arns, particularly 130/9 and 140/9, known as harness-twine 
or heald yarn, needed for making loom harness for the silk industry : 
these must be made so carefully and are required in amounts so small 
that domestic manufacturers do not find it profitable to attempt their 
manufacture. 

The progressive rates are levied, as in preceding acts, on the yarn 
count, that is, the number of 840-yard hanks that weigh 1 pound. 
The higher the count the finer the yarn, and, other things being equal, 
the higher the percentage of labor costs ; therefore the duty increases 
progressively with the yarn number. The progressive rates on ad- 
vanced yarns are higher than those on the basic gray single yarns, 
and increase at a faster rate of progression. Group progression was 
used in the act of 1913, but. as it involves a jump in the rates of duty 
between each group, individual-count progression used in the act of 
1909 is more logical. In the revised classification both basic and ad- 
vanced yarns have one rate of progression up to and including No. 
40, and another and steeper rate of progression above Xo. 40 up to 
and including Xo. 120. above which the rate becomes stationary. 
The change in the rate of progression, on both basic and advanced^ 
yarns, at Xo. 40 is made because that number marks the normal ring- 
spinning limit of yarns made from short-stapled upland cotton not 
over 1 T V inches in length. Above Xo. 120 there is rarely any domestic 
yarn made for sale; the stoppage of the advance in duties at this 
point should stimulate the production of lace, fine ply voiles, and 
other goods which require extra high count yarns not produced in 
this country. 

It is inadvisable to break up the smooth rate of progression and 
complicate the paragraph by inserting a flat rate of duty on coarse 
yarns up to 10s, as imports of such yarns are small, being less than 
1 per cent of the total yarn import. Aside from a few special knitting 
yarns, they consist mainly of turkey-red yarns for border and name 
work on towels ; these towel yarns are in demand because they are fast 
dyed rather than because they are low priced. There is likewise no 
object in changing the rate of advance of duties at 15s, 20s, 24s, or 30s. 
such as occurred in tariffs before the American industry attained its 



846 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



full growth, and the same rate of progression can well be used from 
the coarsest up to No. 40s. 

The act of 1909 provided a cumulative differential for yarns sub- 
jected to mercerization and the act of 1913 included mercerized yarns 
in the advanced classification. Testimony secured by the Tariff "Com- 
mission shows that skein mercerization is as cheap in this country 
as abroad, and that warp mercerization is considerably cheaper here ; 
also that this was the normal condition prior to the war. Such being 
the case, it has been deemed advisable to omit any differential for 
mercerizing, particularly as none has been used for other finishing 
processes such as preparing, polishing, or gassing. 

The act of 1909 (par. 313) provided a minimum ad valorem rate of 
15 per cent flat for all single gray yarns and a minimum ad valorem 
rate of 20 per cent flat for advanced yarns not exceeding No. 140, 
above which there was no minimum. H. R. 7456 substitutes pro- 
gressive ad Valorem minimums for both basic and advanced yarns 
up to No: 100, above which the rate remains stationary. (For more 
detailed discussion see Chap. VI of Tariff Information Series, No. 12, 
entitled, " Cotton Yarn.") 

Suggested changes. — There is apparently no provision for un- 
bleached combed yarns up to No. 9. There is also doubt whether 
the provision beginning " any of the foregoing yarns," page 104, line 
IT, relates to the first part of the paragraph. If it does not there is 
no provision for any unbleached combed yarns. It is suggested that 
lines 17 to 21, page 104, be omitted and the word "combed" be in- 
serted after the word " colored " in line 5, page 104, which would 
make the part of the paragraph relating to " bleached, dyed, etc.," ex- 
actly complementary to the first part of the paragraph relating to 
" not bleached, dyed, etc." 

COTTON CARD LAPS, SLIVER, AND ROVING. 

Description, uses, and production. — Eaw cotton in the bale is 
opened m the mills and there partially cleaned and made into laps, 
usually 40 inches wide and about 18 inches in diameter. These laps 
are then run through the card and drawn down into a loosely com- 
pressed but untwisted rope called a sliver. After further attenua- 
tion and cleaning a small amount of twist is inserted in the sliver, 
which thereupon becomes roving, and this is further attenuated and 
twisted into yarn. The amount of cotton card laps, sliver, and roving 
produced for sale in 1919 was 4,260,000 pounds, valued at $1,956,000. 

Imports. — Laps, sliver, and roving are ordinarily not articles of 
commerce, owing to the difficulty of handling them without damage 
and because spinning mills have their own preparing machinery. 
Imports are usually negligible. In 1914 they amounted to $367. 

Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 



Pounds. 
Value . . . 
Duty... 



1918 



$4,627 



1919 



1920 



100,612 

$31,684 

84 



1921 
(9 months). 



Includes 100,000 pounds, valued at $30,000, from Philippine Islands. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



847 



Exports. — None recorded. 

COTTON WASTE, MANUFACTURED OR OTHERWISE ADVANCED IN VALUE. 

Description, uses, and production. — Waste occurs in each process 
of manufacture. A part of this waste is remanufactured in the mills 
where made and part is sold for manufacture elsewhere. Waste is on 
the free list (par. 467), but when bleached, dyed, manufactured, or 
otherwise advanced in value is dutiable under this paragraph. 

Imports in 1914 were 45,147 pounds, valued at $2,182. 

Imports for the calendar years 1918-1920 were as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


P ounds 


400 

$72 

4 


1,500 

$187 

9 


500 
$56 


Duty 


3 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Suggested changes. — The deletion of the phrase "cotton waste, 
manufactured or otherwise advanced in value, not specially provided 
for," is suggested, with the intent that all cotton waste, in whatever 
condition, shall fall under paragraph 1557. Imports are insignifi- 
cant and will undoubtedly continue so, whether dutiable or free. 
Cotton waste which has been made into card laps, sliver, roving, 
yarn, or finished articles will, of course, take the same rates as apply 
to such merchandise made from raw cotton. 



PARAGRAPH 902. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 902. Cotton sewing thread; 
crochet, darning, embroidery, and knit- 
ting cottons, put up for handwork, in 
lengths not exceeding eight hundred 
and forty yards ; one-half of I cent per 
hundred yards: Provided, That none 
of the foregoing shall pay a less rate 
of duty than 17 nor more than 33^ 
per centum ad valorem. In no case 
shall the duty be assessed on a less 
number of yards than is marked on the 
goods as imported. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pap. 314. Spool thread of cotton, 
crochet, darning, and embroidery cot- 
tons, on spools, reels, or balls, contain- 
ing on each spool, reel, or ball, not ex- 
ceeding one hundred yards of thread, 
six cents per dozen; exceeding one 
hundred yards on each spool, reel, or 
ball, for every additional hundred 
yards or fractional part thereof in ex- 
cess of one hundred, six cents per 
dozen spools, reels, or balls; if in 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pae. 251. Spool thread of cotton, 
crochet, darning, and embroidery cot- 
tons, on spools, reels, or balls, or in 
skeins, cones, or tubes, or in any other 
form, 15 per centum ad valorem. 



848 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1913. 



ACT OF 1909. 



skeins, cones or tubes, containing less 
than six hundred yards each, one-half 
of one cent for each one hundred yards 
or fractional part thereof: Provided, 
That in no case shall the duty be as- 
sessed upon a less number of yards 
than is marked on the spools, reels, 
cones, tubes, skeins, or balls : And pro- 
vided further, That none of the fore- 
going shall pay a less rate of duty 
than twenty per centum ad valorem. 

COTTON SEWING THREAD AND " COTTONS." 
(See Report T. I. S— 12.) 

Description and uses. — Cotton sewing thread is ply or cable yarn 
that has been finished by polishing; it is usually either bleached or 
dyed. It may be two, three, or four-ply, or six-cord cabled ; the last 
named is usually put up on spools for the retail trade and the former 
on tubes, cones, or large bobbins for the use of garment makers. 

The count of cotton yarn indicates the number of 840-yard hanks 
required to weigh 1 pound. Sewing thread, however, is numbered 
or lettered arbitrarily, and the same is true of one class of cotton 
yarns, namely, those known as •" cottons." This term refers solely to 
yarns, usually soft spun and in two, three, four, or eight fold, put up 
in short lengths for handwork — not to those put up in the longer 
lengths customary for machine work. Knitting cotton is similar to 
crochet, darning, and embroidery cottons, the four terms often being- 
used interchangeably. 

Production of cotton thread in 1914 was 26,507,023 pounds, valued 
at $22,917,099 ; in 1919 it was recorded as 58,096,000 pounds, valued at 
$57,125,000, but included a considerable quantity manufactured on a 
contract basis, for which the cost of materials was not included in the 
value of products. The production of " cottons " for handwork was 
not recorded separately from other cotton yarns. For these reasons 
exact comparison with imports is impossible. 

The United Kingdom is the only large exporter of cotton sewing 
thread, though a substantial amount is normally exported from Ger- 
many and smaller amounts from Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, France, 
and Japan. 

Imports of cotton seAving thread and " cottons " during the 30 fiscal 
years ended June 30, 1920, averaged in value $798,089 per annum. Im- 
ports in 1914 were valued at $2,066,346. 

Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 ] 


100 yards. 
50,688,323 
46,474,969 
52,055,369 
34,053,166 


$1,871,885 
1,851,957 
3,302,142 
1,392,577 


$280,783 
277,794 
495, 321 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) > 









includes 135,688 pounds, valued at $484,850, under the emergency tariff act. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 849 

Imports of cotton sewing thread, which are small, come mainly 
tVoni England: imports of ? cottons" for handwork, most largely 
from Alsace, constitute the bulk of the imports under this paragraph. 

Exports of cotton sewing thread and k * cottons," mainly the former, 
are larger than imports. Kor the last four calendar years exports 
have been valued as follows: 1918, $2 ,824,7 To : 1919, $4,307,762: 
1920, $4,471.1)17: 1921 (9 months), $1,498,329. 

The chief purchasers of American cotton sewing thread in 1920 
were Canada. Philippine Islands. Cuba. Mexico, and Australia. 

Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 902 covers cotton 
sewing thread, for hand or machine work, and special yarns which 
are put up in short lengths for handwork. These two classes of 
goods are grouped for the reason that they are usually numbered 
or lettered arbitrarily without reference to the true yarn count. In- 
stead of the progressive rates based on the yarn count, as used in 
the preceding paragraph for cotton yarns intended for machine 
work, there has been adopted a system of progressive rates based on 
the length. The flat rate per hundred yards results in the duty per 
pound advancing in proportion to the fineness of the yarns for hand- 
work and likewise in proportion to the fineness of the sewing thread. 

" Cotton sewing thread," the first class of articles here covered, is 
the term agreed upon by both manufacturers and importers. " Spool 
thread of cotton," as used in preceding tariffs, was a misnomer, as 
imports of cotton thread, when intended for use by garment makers, 
are put up on tubes, cones, or large bobbins, instead of on spools. 

" Crochet, darning, embroidery, and knitting cottons, put up for 
handwork," clearly defines the particular class of cotton yarns which 
are excepted from the provisions of the preceding paragraph on cot- 
ton yarn and here specifically provided for because of the arbitrary 
numbering ordinarily employed. The provisions of the acts of 1897, 
1909, and 19 13, are extended or at least clarified by the addition of 
the word "knitting." "Knitting cottons" are so similar to other 
" cottons " or soft-spun yarns here provided for that the labeling is 
often " Cottons for crocheting, embroidering, or knitting," yet under 
the act of 1913 it is possible to levy a different rate on the same yarn 
if invoiced as knitting cotton from that which would apply were it 
invoiced as crocheting cotton. This anomaly is avoided by the use 
of the above wording. 

The term " cottons " had its origin in the fact that most of the 
short lengths of yarn used for handwork are of a soft and loosely 
twisted or " cottony " character, and although some are fully as hard 
twisted as ordinary yarns for machine work the use of the term 
" cottons " instead of " yarns " implies that this provision is limited 
to yarns for handwork. By the use of the specific wording " put up 
for handwork" confusion of meaning is avoided and short lengths 
of yarn put up for machine work are prevented from coming in 
under this paragraph. Practically the only short lengths of yarn 
used in machine work are the minute bobbins known as schiffli or 
bobbin yarns, which are wound on a bare spindle and used on em- 
broidery machines to fasten in place the embroidery yarns proper. 
As these schiffli yarns, whatever their length, are similar to yarns 
used in machine knitting and other industries and are numbered 

82304—22 54 



850 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

according to the true yarn count, they should be dutiable at the pro- 
gressive rates provided in paragraph 901. It is not intended that 
any yarns used for machine work should be imported under the pro- 
visions of paragraph 902. 

Ordinarily it is not economically feasible to use as short lengths 
for machine work as are preferred for handwork, and a clear line 
of demarcation between ordinary yarns for machine work and spe- 
cial yarns for handwork is afforded by the phrasing " in lengths not 
exceeding 840 yards." Yarn in lengths of more than 840 yards, if 
imported for handwork, would be dutiable under H. B,. 7456 as 
ordinary cotton yarn. The appraiser at New York, however, states 
that such importations are rare and that 840 yards, which is the 
length of one hank as used in cotton yarn numbering, is the logical 
point of demarcation between yarns for machine work and yarns 
for handwork. 

The act of 1909 bracketed together sewing thread and yarns for 
handwork and assessed a rate of 6 cents per dozen spools of not over 
100 yards each on either class put up on spools, reels, or balls, and 
a rate of one-half cent per 100 yards on either put up in skeins, 
cones, or tubes. The two rates come to the same thing, one-half cent 
per 100 yards, but the arrangement is illogical in that no distinction 
is drawn between the two dissimilar articles, " sewing thread " and 
"yarns for handwork," whereas a distinction is made as to the 
entirely immaterial matter of the way the two should be put up for 
sale. The new wording is designed to improve import statistics, in 
that there will be separate records for sewing thread and yarns for 
handwork, irrespective of how each may be put up. Cotton yarns 
in short lengths for handwork are imported in substantial amounts, 
whereas imports of cotton sewing thread are small. 

Both minimum and maximum rates of duty have been provided 
for articles in paragraph 902. The provision, also used in the act of 
1909, that the duty shall not be levied on a less number of yards than 
is marked on the goods as imported, is again inserted as a preventive 
measure against the fraudulent marking of lengths. 

Suggested changes. — Attention may be called to the fact that the 
rate of one-half cent per 100 yards on cotton sewing thread makes 
the duty per pound higher than that provided for in paragraph 903 
on any countable cotton cloth, including Jacquard woven fancies. 
For instance, a No. 24 six-cord thread made of No. 50 yarn has a 
finished length of about 6,760 yards per pound, and a No. 60 three- 
cord thread made of No. 50 yarn has a finished length of about 13,520 
yards per pound. The duty of one-half cent per 100 yards would 
mean a duty of 38.8 and 67.6 cents per pound, respectively, on six- 
cord and three-cord sewing thread made from No. 50 yarn. In con- 
trast, the specific duty on cotton cloth, printed, dyed, colored, or 
woven-figured, with No. 50 average yarn count, would be 28.5 cents 
per pound, and the specific duty on No. 50 cotton yarn, printed, 
dyed, colored, or plied, if combed, would be 15 cents a pound. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 851 

PARAGRAPH 903. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pak. 903. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
printed, dyed, colored, or woven-fig- 
ured. containing yarns The average 
number of which does not exceed num- 
ber 40, forty one-hundredtbs of 1 cent 
per average number per pound ; ex- 
ceeding number 40, 16 cents per pound, 
and, in addition thereto, fifty-five one- 
hundredths of 1 cent per average num- 
ber per pound for every number in ex- 
cess of number 40: Provided. That 
none of the foregoing, when containing 
yarns the average number of which 
does not exceed number 100, shall pay 
less duty than 9 per centum ad valorem 
and. in addition thereto, for each num- 
ber, one-fifth of 1 per centum ad 
valorem ; nor when exceeding number 
100, less than 29 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Cotton cloth, bleached, containing 
yarns the average number of which 
does not exceed number 40, forty-five 
one-huudredths of 1 cent per average 
number per pound ; exceeding number 
40, 18 cents per pound and, in addition 
( hereto, three-fifths of 1 cent per aver- 
age number per pound for every num- 
ber in excess of number 40: Provided, 
That none of the foregoing, when con- 
taining yarns the average number of 
which does not exceed number 100, 
shall pay less duty than 13 per centum 
ad valorem and, in addition thereto, 
for each number, one-fifth of 1 per 
centum ad valorem ; nor when exceed- 
ing number 100, less than 33 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Cotton cloth, printed, dyed, colored, 
or woven-figured, containing yarns the 
average number of which does not ex- 
ceed number 40. fifty-five one-hun- 
dredths of 1 cent per average number 
per pound : exceeding number 40. 22 
cents per pound and, in addition 
thereto, sixty-five one-hundredths of 1 
cent per average number per pound 
for every number in excess of number 
40: Provided, That none of the fore- 
going, when containing yarns the aver- 
age number of which does not exceed 
number 300. shall pay less duty than 
13 per centum ad valorem and. for 
?ach number, one-fifth of 1 per centum 
ad valorem ; nor when exceeding num- 
ber 100, less than 33 per centum ad 
valorem. Plain gauze or leno woven 
cotton nets or nettings shall be classi- 
fied for duty as cotton cloth. 



852 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



1'ak. 31"). Cotton cloth, valued at not 
over seven cents per square yard, not 
bleached, dyed, colored. stained, 
] tainted, or printed, and not exceeding 
titty threads to the square inch, count- 
ing the war)) and tilling, one cent per 
square yard; if bleached, and valued 
ai not over nine cents per square yard, 
one and one-fourth cents per square 
yard : if dyed. Colored, stained. * * * 
or printed, and valued at not over 
twelve cents per square yard, two cents 
per square yard; cotton cloth, not 
bleached, dyed. colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, exceeding fifty and 
not exceeding one hundred threads to 
the square inch, counting the warp 
and rilling, and valued at not over 
seven cents per square yard, not ex- 
ceeding six square yards to the pound, 
one and one-fourth cents per square 
yard : exceeding six and not exceeding 
nine square yards to the pound, one 
and one-half cents per square yard; 
exceeding nine square yards to the 
pound, one and three-fourths cents per 
square yard; cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, not exceeding one hundred 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, and valued at 
over seven and not over nine cents per 
square yard, two and one-fourth cents 
per square yard ; valued at over nine 
and not over ten cents per square 
yard, two and three-fourths cents per 
square yard; valued at. over ten and 
not over twelve and one-half cents per 
square yard, four cents per square 
yard : valued at over twelve and one- 
half and not over fourteen cents per 
square yard, five cents per square yard ; 
valued at over fourteen cents per 
square yard, six cents per square yard. 
but not less than twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem ; cotton cloth, ex- 
ceeding fifty and not exceeding one 
hundred threads to the square inch. 
counting the warp and filling, if 
hleached, and valued at not over nine 
cents per square yard, not exceeding 
six square yards to the pound, one 
and one-half cents per square yard ; 
exceeding six and not exceeding nine 
Square yards to the pound, one and 
three-fourths cents per square yard; 
exceeding nine square yards to the 
pound, two and one-fourth cents per 
square yard: cotton cloth, not exceed- 
ing one hundred threads to the square 
inch, counting the warp and tilling, if 
bleached, and valued at over nine and 
not over eleven cents per square yard, 
two and three-fourths cents per square 
yard ; valued at over eleven and not 



Par. 252. Cotton cloth, not hleached. 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, printed, 
woven figured, or mercerized, contain- 
ing yarns the average number of which 
does not exceed number nine, 1\ per 
centum ad valorem ; exceeding num- 
ber nine and not exceeding number 
nineteen. 10 per centum ad valorem : 
exceeding number nineteen and not 
exceeding" number thirty-nine, 12* per 
centum ad valorem ; exceeding num- 
ber thirty-nine and not exceeding num- 
ber forty-nine, 17* per centum ad va- 
lorem ; exceeding number forty-nine 
and not exceeding number fifty-nine. 
20 per centum ad valorem; exceeding 
number fifty-nine and not exceeding 
number seventy-nine. 22* per centum 
ad valorem ; exceeding number seventy- 
nine and not exceeding number ninety- 
nine. 25 per centum ad valorem ; ex- 
ceeding number ninety-nine. 27*. per 
centum ad valorem. Cotton cloth when 
bleached, dyed, colored, stained, * * * 
printed, woven figured, or mercerized, 
containing yam the average number 
of which does not exceed number nine. 
10 per centum ad valorem; exceeding 
number nine and not exceeding num- 
ber nineteen, 12* per centum ad va- 
lorem ; exceeding number nineteen and 
not exceeding number thirty-nine. 15 
per centum ad valorem : exceeding 
number thirty-nine and not exceeding 
number forty-nine, 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number forty-nine 
and not exceeding number fifty-nine, 
22* per centum ad valorem ; exceeding 
number fifty-nine and not exceeding 
number seventy-nine, 25 per centum ad 
valorem ; exceeding number seventy- 
nine and not exceeding number ninety- 
nine. 27*. per centum ad valorem; ex 
ceeding number ninety-nine. 30 per 
centum ad valorem ; plain gauze or 
ieno woven cotton nets or nettings 
shali be classified for duty as cotton 
cloth. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, li>21. 853 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

over twelve cents per square yard. 
tour cents per square yard; valued at 
over twelve and not over fifteen cents 
per square yard, five cents per square 
yard: valued at over fifteen and not 
over sixteen cents per square yard, six 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
sixteen cents per square yard, seven 
cents per square yard, but not less than 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem ; 
cotton cloth, exceeding fifty and not 
exceeding one hundred threads to the 
square inch, counting the warp and 
filling, if dyed, colored, stained, * * * 
or printed, and valued at not over- 
twelve cents per square yard, not ex- 
ceeding six square yards to the pound, 
two and three-fourths cents per square 
yard ; exceeding six and not exceeding 
nine square yards to the pound, three 
and one-fourth cents per square yard ; 
exceeding nine square yards to the 
pound, three and one-half cents per 
square yard ; cotton cloth, not exceed- 
ing one hundred threads to the square 
inch, counting the warp and rilling, if 
dyed, colored, stained, * * * or 
printed, and valued at over twelve and 
not over twelve and one-half cents per 

square yard, three and three-fourths • 1 

cents per square yard ; valued at over 
twelve and one-half and not over fif- 
teen cents per square yard, five cents 
per square yard ; valued at over fifteen 
and not over seventeen and one-half 
cents per square yard, six and one-half 
cents per square y-ard ; valued at over 
seventeen and one-half and not over 
twenty cents per square yard, seven 
and one-half cents per square yard ; 
valued at over twenty cents per square 
yard, nine cents per square yard, but 
not less than thirty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 316. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding one hundred and 
not exceeding one hundred and fifty 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, and not exceeding 
four square yards to the pound, one 
and one-half cents per square yard; 
exceeding four and not exceeding six 
square yards to the pound, two cents 
per square yard ; exceeding six and 
not exceeding eight square yards to 
the pound, two and one-half cents per 
square yard; exceeding eight square 
yards to the pound, two and three- 
fourths cents per square yard ; any of 
the foregoing valued at over nine and 
not over ten cents per square yard, 
three cents per square yard ; valued at 
over ten but not over twelve and one- 
half cents per square yard, four and 



854 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

three-eighths cents per square yard; 
valued at over twelve and one-half and 
not over fourteen cents per square 
yard, five and one-half cents per square 
yard ; valued at over fourteen and not 
over sixteen cents per square yard, six 
and one-half cents per square yard; 
valued at over sixteen cents per square 
yard, eight cents per square yard, but 
not less than thirty per centum ad 
valorem ; if bleached, and not exceed- 
ing four square yards to the pound, 
two and one-half cents per square 
yard ; exceeding four and not exceed- 
ing six square yards to the pound, 
three cents per square yard ; exceeding 
six and not exceeding eight square 
yards to the pound, three and one-half 
cents per square yard ; exceeding eight 
square yards to the pound, three and 
three-fourths cents per square yard ; \ 
any of the foregoing, bleached, and 
valued at over eleven and not over 
twelve cents per square yard, four and 
one-fourth cents per square yard ; 
valued at over twelve and not over 
fifteen cents per square yard, five and 
one-fourth cents per square yard; ; : ' ; ! . ;- '. ' 

valued at over fifteen and not over six- Mi 

teen cents per square yard, six and 
one-half cents per square yard ; valued 
at over sixteen and not over twenty \ '" ' ' 

cents per square yard, eight cents per M - 

square yard ; valued at over twenty 
cents per square yard, ten cents per 
square yard, but not less than thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem; if dyed, 
colored, stained, * * * or printed, 
and not exceeding four square yards 
to the pound, three and one-half cents 
per square yard ; exceeding four and 
not exceeding six square yards to the 
pound, three and three-fourths cents 
per square yard ; exceeding six and 
not exceeding eight square yards to 
the pound, four and one-fourth cents 
per square yard ; exceeding eight 
square yards to the pound, four and 
one-half cents per square yard; any 
of the foregoing, dyed, colored, stained, 
* * * or printed, and valued at 
over twelve and one-half but not over 
fifteen cents per square yard, five and 
one-fourth cents per square yard ; 
valued at over fifteen and not over 
seventeen and one-half cents per 
square yard, seven cents per square 
yard ; valued at over seventeen and 
one-half but not over twenty cents per 
square yard, eight cents per square 
yard ; valued at over twenty cents per 
square yard, ten cents per square yard 
but not less than thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORM ATION, 1921. 855 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913 ' 

Par. 317. Cotton cloth, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding one hundred and 
fifty and not exceeding two hundred 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, and not exceed- 
ing three and one-half square yards to 
the pound, two cents per square yard ; 
exceeding three and one-half and not 
exceeding four and one-half square 
yards to the pound, two and three- 
fourths cents per square yard ; exceed- 
ing four and one-half and not exceed- 
ing six square yards to the pound, 
three cents per square yard ; exceeding 
six square yards to the pound, three 
and one-half cents per square yard; 
any of the foregoing valued at over 
ten and not over twelve and one-half 
cents per square yard, four and three- 
eighths cents per square yard ; valued 
at over twelve and one-half and not 
over fourteen cents per square yard, 
five and one-half cents per square 
yard ; valued at over fourteen and not 
over sixteen cents per square yard, 
six and one-half cents per square yard ; 
valued at over sixteen and not over 
twenty cents per square yard, eight 
cents per square yard ; valued at over 
twenty cents per square yard, ten cents 
per square yard, but not less than 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem; if 
bleached, and not exceeding three and 
one-half square yards to the pound, 
two and three-fourths cents per square 
yard ; exceeding .three and one-half and 
not exceeding four and one-half square 
yards to the pound, three and one-half 
cents per square yard ; exceeding four 
and one-half and not exceeding six 
square yards to the pound, four cents 
per square yard ; exceeding six square 
yards to the pound, four and one-fourth 

cents per square yard ; any of the fore- 
going bleached, and valued at over 

twelve and not over fifteen cents per 

square yard, five and one-fourth cents 

per square yard ; valued at over fifteen 

and not over sixteen cents per square 

yard, six and one-half cents per square 

yard; valued at over sixteen and not 

over twenty cents per square yard, 

eight cents per square yard : valued at 

over twenty cents per square yard, ten 

cents per square yard, but not less than 

thirty -five per centum ad valorem ; if 

dyed, colored, stained, * * * or 

printed, and not exceeding three and 

one-half square yards to the pound. 

four and one-fourth cents per square 

yard : exceeding three and one-half and 

not exceeding four and one-hnlf square 

yards to the pound, four and one-half 



856 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

cents per square yard ; exceeding four 
and one-half and not exceeding six 
square yards to the pound, four and 
three-fourths cents per square jarfl; 
exceeding six square yards to the 
pound, five cents per square yard ; an> 
of the foregoing, dyed, colored 
stained * ' * * or printed, and 
valued at over twelve and one-half 
and not over fifteen cents per square 
yard six cents per square yard; 
valued at over fifteen and not over 
seventeen and one-half cents per square 
yard, seven cents per square yard; 
Valued at over seventeen and one-half 
and not over twenty cents per square 
yard, eight cents per square yard; 
Valued at over twenty cents per square 
vard, ten cents per square yard hut 
not less than forty per centum ad 
valorem. , , , , 

Par. 318. Cotton cloth not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding two hundred and 
not exceeding three hundred threads 
to the square inch, counting the warp 
and filling, and not exceeding two and 
one-half square yards to the pound, 
three and one-half cents per square 
yard ; exceeding two and one-half and 
not exceeding three and one-half 
square yards to the pound, four cents 
per square yard ; exceeding three and 
one-half and not exceeding five square 
yards to the pound, four and one-half 
cents per square yard; exceeding five 
square yards to the pound, five cents 
per square yard ; any of the foregoing 
valued at over twelve and one-half 
and not over fourteen cents per square 
yard, five and one-half cents per 
square yard; valued at over fourteen 
and not over sixteen cents per square 
yard, six and one-half cents per square 
vard ; valued at over sixteen and not 
over twenty cents per square yard, 
eight cents per square yard; valued 
at over twenty cents per square yard, 
ten cents per square yard, but not less 
than forty per centum ad valorem ; if 
bleached/ and not exceeding two and 
one-half square yards to the pound, 
four and one-half cents per square 
yard ; exceeding two and one-half and 
not exceeding three and one-half 
square yards to the pound, five cents 
per square yard ; exceeding three and 
one-half and not exceeding five square 
yards to the pound, five and one-half 
cents per square yard; exceeding five 
square yards to the pound, six cents 
per square yard ; any of the foregoing, 
bleached, and valued at over fifteen 
and not over sixteen cents per square 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 857 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

yard; six and one-half cents per square 
yard : valued at over sixteen and not 
over twenty cents per square yard, 
eight cents per square yard; valued at 
over twenty and not over twenty-five 
(•cms per square yard, eleven and one- 
fourth cents per square yard ; valued 
at over twenty-tive cents per square 
yard, twelve and one-half cents per 
square yard, hut not less than forty 
per centum ad valorem ; if dyed, col- 
ored, stained. * * or printed, and 
not exceeding three and one-half 
square yards to the pound, six and 
one-fourth cents per square yard ; ex- 
ceed! ng three and one-half square 
yards to the pound, seven cents per 
square, yard ; any of the foregoing, 
dyed, colored, stained. * * * or 
printed, and valued at over seventeen 
and one-half and not over twenty cents 
per square yard, eight cents per square 
yard; valued at over twenty and not 
over twenty-five cents per square yard, 
eleven and one-fourth cents per square 
yard : valued at over twenty -five cents 
per square yard, twelve and one-half 
cents per square yard, but not less 
than forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 319. Cotton cloth not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, exceeding three hundred 
threads to the square inch, counting 
the warp and filling, and not exceed- 
ing two square yards to the pound, 
tour cents per square yard; exceeding 
two and not exceeding three square 
yards to the pound, four and one-half 
cents per square yard ; exceeding three 
and not exceeding four square yards 
to the pound, five cents per square 
yard : exceeding four square yards to 
the pound, five and one-half cents per 
square yard; any of the foregoing 
valued at over fourteen and not over 
sixteen cents per square yard, six and 
one-half cents per square yard : valued 
at over sixteen and not over twenty 
cents per square yard, eight cents per 
square yard; valued at over twenty 
and not over twenty-five cents per 
square yard, eleven and one-fourth 
cents per square yard; valued at over 
twenty-five cents per square yard, 
twelve and one-half cents per square 
yard, but not less than forty per 
centum ad valorem ; if bleached and 
not exceeding two square yards to the 
pound, five cents per square yard; ex- 
ceeding two and not exceeding three 
square yards to the pound, five and 
one-half cents per square yard ; ex- 
ceeding three and not exceeding four 
square yards to the pound, six cents 
per square yard; exceeding four 



8-58 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

square yards to the pound, six aud 
one-half cents per square yard ; any of 
the foregoing, bleached, and valued at 
over sixteen and not over twenty cents 
per square yard, eight cents per square 
yard; valued at over twenty and not 
over twenty-five cents per square yard, 
eleven and one-fourth cents per square 
yard ; valued at over twenty -five cents 
per square yard, twelve and one-half 
cents per square yard, but not less 
than forty per centum ad valorem ; if 
dyed, colored, stained, * * * or 
printed, and not exceeding three 
square yards to the pound, six and 
one-half cents per square yard ; ex- 
ceeding three square yards to the 
pound, eight cents per square yard; 
any of the foregoing, dyed, colored, 
stained, * * * or printed, and 
valued at over twenty and not over 
twenty-five cents per square yard, 
eleven and one-fourth cents per square 
yard ; valued at over twenty-five cents 
per square yard, twelve and one-half 
cents per square yard, but not less 
than forty per centum ad valorem. 

COUNTABLE COTTON CLOTHS. 

(See Survey 1-3.) 

Description and uses. — Cotton cloth is a term used to include all 
loom-woven fabrics in the piece if over 12 inches in width, whether 
made on a plain loom or on looms with dobby, Jacquard, or other 
special attachments. Paragraph 903 includes all cotton cloths ex- 
cept the following, more specifically provided for elsewhere: Lap- 
pets and swivel (par. 905) ; sateens woven with 8 or more harness 
(par. 905) ; tire fabrics (par. 905) ; filled or coated cotton cloths, 
including tracing cloth, oilcloths, and window hollands (par. 906) ; 
waterproof cloth (par. 906) ; those containing, silk or artificial silk 
(par. 907) ; Jacquard woven upholstery cloths (par. 908) ; pile fab- 
rics (par. 909) ; and table damask (par. 910). 

The main points of demarcation between cloths are the yarn 
counts and their spacing (ends and picks per square inch), the 
weave, the weight, the width, and the finish. All of these affect the 
cost, but the average yarn count is, in most cases, the primary cost- 
determining factor. 

All cloths are included in the five-color classification : unbleached, 
bleached, printed, piece-dyed, and yarn-dyed. According to weave, 
cloths may be divided into plain fabrics (including plain- woven, 
twill, and sateen), figured fabrics (made with the assistance of 
special attachments such as dobbies, Jacquards, lappets, or swivels), 
and pile fabrics. The majority of cotton cloths are plain, made of 
unbleached yarns not over 40s count, have between 80 and 200 
threads per square inch, and are between 25 and 45 inches in width. 

Production in 1914 of woven goods including plain, figured, and 
pile fabrics (but excluding narrow fabrics of 12 inches and under), 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



859 



amounted to 6,813,540,681 square yards, valued at $489,985,277, from 
672,754 looms, of which 30.9 per cent were automatic. Correspond- 
ing statistics for 1919 were 6,232,842,000 square yards (1,819,980,000 
pounds), valued at $1,487,723,000, produced on 691,738 looms, of 
which 51.3 per cent were automatic. The United States has more 
automatic looms than are contained in all other countries. The 
main cotton-cloth producing States are Massachusetts, South Caro- 
lina, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and Georgia. 

Imports of countable cotton cloth are less than 1 per cent of do- 
mestic consumption. Annual imports during the 30 fiscal years 
ended June 30, 1920, averaged 53,916,530 square yards, valued at 
$9,310,321. Imports in 1914 were 58,621,496 pounds, valued at 
$11,523,829. The United Kingdom has always supplied the bulk 
of such cotton cloths as were required from abroad, particularly 
dyed linings (including Venetians) ; fine, plain white goods, such as 
muslins, cambrics, lawns, and voiles ; high-grade ginghams ; piques ; 
and fancy shirtings and dress goods. Switzerland supplies fine 
white goods, such as lawns, organdies, and dotted Swiss ; and France 
supplies principally plain and novelty dress goods. Imports from 
Germany are mainly novelty dress goods. Imports from Japan are 
chiefly of the specialty known as " Japanese crepe." 

Imports of cotton cloths are supplementary, rather than directly 
competitive, and are confined largely to goods of a quality or finish 
different from the domestic. Investigation by the Tariff Commis- 
sion shows that the bulk of the imported cloths are sold on the 
American market at higher prices than are obtained for the nearest 
comparable and competitive domestic cloths. Certain cloths, such 
as dotted Swisses, and transparent organdies of extremely fine yarn 
count, are not made here at all. 

Recent statistics of imports follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 




Square yards. 
37,450 688 


$12, 599, 751 
17, 047, 514 
44, 913, 694 
34, 435, 969 


82,292,642 
3,675,772 
9, 857, 887 


1919 




47, 846, 024 


1920 




124, 446, 600 


1921 (9 months) l .... 




76.137. 895 







1 Includes 2,144,038 square yards, valued at $4,422,170, under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports have exceeded imports in every year since 1875, and the 
net result of American foreign trade in countable cotton cloth during 
the fiscal years 1821-1920 was a favorable trade balance of almost half 
a billion dollars. This is shown as follows : 

One hundred years of imports and exports of countable cotton cloth. 





Fiscal years. 


Total 
imports. 


Total 
exports. 


Balance of 
trade. 


182I-1S73 

1876-1920 




1 i 

$583, 867, 993 

331,939,762 


i 
$155,955,090 
1,238,715,376 : 


i $427, 912, 903 
2 906,775,614 


TVal L821-192* 


915, S07, 755 


1,394,670,466 

! 


2 478,862,711 











1 Unfavorable. 


*Fav 


arable. 





860 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports during the 30 fiscal years 1891-19*20 averaged per annum 
120,037,628 linear yards, valued at $10,861,189. Exports in 1914 wfefe 
414,860,013 yards, valued at $28,844,627. Exports now include a 
great varietj^ of fabrics, not only coarse-yarn sheetings, drills, denims, 
and cotton trouserings, and medium-yarn prints, sateens, ginghams, 
and voiles, but also fine-yarn goods such as India linons and Persian 
lawns, and fancy fabrics, including those made with silk and 
artificial silk ornamentation. During the past decade the main pur- 
chasers have been the Philippine Islands, Cuba, China. Central 
America, Canada, Colombia, and Mexico. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity tyards) 


544, 174, 574 
$107,519,333 


683,045,326 
$151, 997, 817 


818, 750, 954 
$238, 153, 557 


393, 811, 476 


Value 


$52, 957, 805 







Important changes in classi'ficatio?i. — Paragraph 903 covers all 
cotton cloth in the piece, not specially provided for. The fabrics here 
included are known as u countable cotton cloths," because the threads 
have to be counted in ascertaining the average yarn count on which 
the progressive duties are based; this term distinguishes them, on 
the one hand, from the eo nomine cloths where the threads do not 
have to be counted in ascertaining the duty, and, on the other, from 
articles made of cotton cloth. 

Countable cotton cloths have been divided into the three classes — 
namely, basic, bleached, and printed, dyed, colored, or woven-figured. 
The basic classification includes only unbleached plain (i. e., plain- 
woven, twilled, or sateen) cloths, listed as a not bleached, printed, 
dyed, colored, or woven-figured." The word "colored" is used, in 
addition to the terms " printed " and " dyed," in order to cover cloths 
made with printed, dyed, or partly dyed yarns. 

The term " stained " has been omitted as tautological. A stained 
cloth must necessarily be dyed either in the yarn or in the piece and 
would undoubtedly be covered by the terms " dyed " or " colored." 
The appraiser at New York has no record of any cloth listed as 
stained. The term " painted " has been omitted as of no effect, be- 
cause such cloth is more specifically provided for in paragraph 906 
as " coated " cloth. The appraiser at New York states that in his 
opinion no administrative difficulty will ensue because of the omis- 
sion of the two terms mentioned. 

The differential on mercerized cloth has been omitted because of 
representations made to 'the Tariff Commission to the effect that 
cloths are mercerized more cheaply in this country than abroad. 

In levying progressive rates of duty on cotton cloth it is necessary 
to set up. some standard on which to base the progression. Under 
preceding acts experience with double standards, such as the thread 
count and weight, and triple standards, such as the thread count, 
weight, and value, has demonstrated the advisability of using the 
single standard of the official average yarn count derived by simple 
arithmetic from the thread count and weight. Any standard that is 
adopted must be more or less arbitrary, because of the many types of 
cotton cloth, but conversion costs vary more in conformity to the 
variation in average yarn count than to any other factor or group of 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 861 

factors. The average yarn count as a standard on which to base pro- 
gressive rates of duty is therefore the most scientific and equitable 
that can be devised ; and it has the further merit of being easy of 
administration. The same standard is used in the act of 1913. but 
with group progression, entailing a jump in rates of duty between 
successive groups of cloths, and with ad valorem rates. There have 
been here substituted individual count progression and specific rates. 

Cloth duties have usually been stated in terms of cents per square 
yard. " Cents per pound " has been substituted as being easy of ap- 
plication and as facilitating the correct adjustment of duties to 
values. In whatever terms stated, prices on cotton cloth are pri- 
marily based on the pound, since both cotton and cotton yarn are 
sold by the pound. Yarns and cloths are so closely related that pro- 
gressive rates of duty on the one should be adjusted with regard to 
the other; this is difficult unless a common base is used, and the only 
one possible is the pound. 

Over 90 per cent of the domestic cotton yarns and of cloths made 
therefrom do not exceed No. 40; this marks the ordinary ring- 
spinning limit of short-staple upland cotton of not over ly 1 ^ inches 
in length. For cotton cloth, as for cotton yarn, it has therefore 
been deemed advisable to have one' rate of progression apply up 
to No. 40 yarn count, and to use another and somewhat steeper rate 
of progression on cloths made of finer yarns. 

For each of the three divisions of cloth there are provided not. only 
progressive specific rates of duty, but also minimum ad valorem rates. 
As the main competition from abroad is on cloths with average yarn 
counts between 40 and 100. the minimum ad valorem rates of duty 
are made progressive up to No. 100 and thereafter remain stationary. 



PARAGRAPH 904. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

I'ak. 904. The term cotton cloth, or 
<-ioth. wherever used in this schedule. 
unless otherwise specially provided for, 
shall he held to include all woven 
fabrics of cotton, in the piece, whether 
figured, fancy, or plain, and glial] not 
include any article, finished or unfin- 
ished, made from cotton cloth. In the 
ascertainment of the condition of the 
Cloth or yarn upon which the duties 
imposed upon cotton cloth are made i<> 
depend, the- entire fabric and all parts 
thereof shall he included. The average 
number of the yarn in cotton cloth 
herein provided for shall he obtained 
hy piking the length of the thread or 
yarn to he equal to the distance coy- 
ered hy it in the cloth in the condition 
as imported, except that all dipped 
threads shall he measured as if con- 
tinuous: in counting the threads all 
ply yarns shall he separated into 
singles and the count taken of the total 
singles ; the weight shall he taken after 
any excessive sizing is removed hy hoil- 
ing or other "suitable process. 



862 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 253. The term cotton cloth, or 
cloth, wherever used in the paragraphs 
of this schedule, unless otherwise spe- 
cially provided for, shall be held to in- 
clude all woven fabrics of cotton, in 
the piece, whether figured, fancy, or 
plain, and shall not include any ar- 
ticle, finished or unfinished, made from 
cotton cloth. In the ascertainment of 
the condition of the cloth or yarn upon 
which the duties imposed upon cotton 
cloth are made to depend, the entire 
fabric and all parts thereof shall be 
included. The average number of the 
yarn in cotton cloth herein provided 
for shall be obtained by taking the 
length of the thread or yarn to be 
equal to the distance covered by it in 
the cloth in the condition as imported, 
except that all clipped threads shall be 
measured as if continuous ; in counting 
the threads all ply yarns shall be sep- 
arated into singles and the count taken 
of the total singles; the weight shall 
be taken after any excessive sizing is 
removed by boiling or other suitable 
process. 



Par. 320. The term cotton cloth, or 
cloth, wherever used in the paragraphs 
of this schedule, unless otherwise spe- 
cially provided for, shall be held to 
include all woven fabrics of cotton in 
the piece or cut in lengths, whether 
figured, fancy, or plain, the warp and 
filling threads of which can be counted 
by unraveling or other practicable 
means, and shall not include any ar- 
ticle, finished or unfinished, made from 
cotton cloth. In determining the count 
of threads to the square inch in cotton 
cloth, all the warp and filling threads, 
whether ordinary or other than ordi- 
nary, and whether clipped or undipped, 
shall be counted. In the ascertain- 
ment of the weight and value, upon 
which the duties, cumulative or other, 
imposed upon cotton cloth are made to 
depend, the entire fabric and all parts 
thereof, and all the threads of which 
it is composed, shall be included. The 
terms bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
mercerized, painted, or printed, wher- 
ever applied to cotton cloth in this 
schedule, shall be taken to mean re- 
spectively all cotton cloth which either 
wholly or in part has been subjected to 
any of these processes, or which has 
any bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
mercerized, painted, or printed threads 
in or upon any part of the fabric. 

Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 253 of the act of 
1913 is adopted almost without change as suitable phrasing to 
define the use of the official average yarn count as the basic standard 
of progression. The phrase " in the paragraphs of " is omitted as 
unnecessary. 

The first sentence of paragraph 904 defines cotton cloth and states 
that it does not include any articles made from cotton cloth. The 
second sentence states that, in ascertaining the condition of the cloth 
for dutiable purposes, the entire fabric and all parts thereof shall 
be included; this wording is clear and there has been no litigation 
as to its meaning. 

The average number of the yarn is next stated to mean the number 
as ascertained by the " straight-line " method, whereby all yarn in 
the cloth is considered as lying in a straight line without regard 
to contraction. This official average^arn count is easily ascertain- 
able, by simple arithmetic, from the number of single threads per 
square inch and the weight. The Treasury has not only stated 
rules governing the calculation, but has published tables wherein 
it can be found for any cloth without calculation. 

Since by the straight-line method of paragraph 904 the yarn 
length and the cloth length, in any given weight of cloth, are re- 
garded as being the same, whereas the yarn length, by reason of 
the threads having to bend around each other, is actually greater 
than the cloth length, it is obvious that the official average yarn 
count will, except in the case of clipped fabrics, be less than the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



863 



actual average yarn count. This, however, does not affect its value as 
a standard between different cloths. 

It is to be noted that the expression " except that all clipped 
threads shall be measured as if continuous " raises the average yarn 
count (by reason of the use of the actual weight of the fabric after 
it is clipped together with a longer length of yarn than is actually 
contained therein) of all fabrics with clipped threads. This serves 
to raise the rate of duty above that which would apply to a cloth 
constructed in the same way but not clipped, and thus automatically 
provides a differential for any extra cost involved in making clip 
spot fabrics. 



PARAGRAPH 905. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 005. Cotton cloth with extra 
threads introduced by means of the 
lappet or swivel shall he dutiable at 
rhe rate on the basic cloth and. in ad- 
dition thereto. 1% per centum ad 
valorem. 

< Yttton sateens, woven with eight or 
more harness, shall pay, in addition 
to the rate on cotton cloth. 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Tire fabric or fabric for use in pneu- 
matic tires, including cord fabric, 25 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 323. In addition to the duty or 
duties imposed upon cotton cloth by 
the various provisions of this section, 
there shall be paid the following cumu- 
lative duties, the intent of this para- 
graph being to add such duty or duties 
to those to which the cotton cloth 
would be liable if the provisions of this 
paragraph did not exist, namely : On 
all cotton cloth in which other than 
the ordinary warp and filling threads 
are used to form a figure or fancy 
effect, whether known as lappets or 
otherwise, one cent per square yard if 
valued at not more than seven cents 
per square yard, and two cents per 
square yard if valued at more than 
seven cents per square yard ; on all 
cotton cloth mercerized or subjected 
to any similar process, one cent per 
square yard. 

Par. 330. * * * tire fabric or 
fabric suitable for use in pneumatic 
tires. * * * made of cotton or other 
vegetoble fiber, and india rubber, or 
of which cotton or other vegetable 
fiber is the component material of 
chief value. * * * forty-five per 
centum ad valorem : * * * . 

[No corresponding provision for cot- 
ton sateens.] 



Par. 262. * * * tire fabric or fab- 
ric suitable for use in pneumatic tires, 

* * * made of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber, or of which cotton or other 
vegetable fiber is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, or of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber and india rubber, 

* * * 25 per centum ad valorem ; 



[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities; see par. 252.] 



864 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

LAPPETS AND SWIVELS J SATEENS ; TIKE FABRICS. 
(See Survey 1-4 and Report T. I. S.— 10.) 

Description and uses. — Lappets are cloths ornamented in zigzag 
patterns by extra warp threads introduced by means of needle bars. 
Lappets are usually cheap fabrics which have a certain limited 
demand for curtain and dress use. Swivels are cloths ornamented 
in small spot or figured patterns by extra filling threads introduced 
by a series of small shuttles operated by rack and pinion. After the 
regular shuttle carrying the ground filling has been thrown through 
the shed of the warp, a special shed is opened for the introduction of 
the small shuttles carrying the decorative threads, and each of these 
in its traverse covers only the distance required for the figure to be 
produced. Each swivel shuttle can, if desired, carry a different 
color; a single figure will, however, seldom exceed two colors. The 
most staple form of swivel goods is the " dotted Swiss," consisting 
of one-color or white dots on a one-color or white lawn ground. 

Cotton cloths which are constructed in the same manner as silk 
satins, with the object of producing a smooth and lustrous surface, 
are termed sateens. In sateens the face is practically all warp or all 
filling, according to whether it is a warp sateen or a filling sateen, and 
the interlacings of the yarns predominating on the face are so scattered 
as to prevent any obvious twill or other design, and to permit the 
face yarns to float loose between points of interlacing. The long 
floats lying 'side by side hide the interlacings and deflect the light- 
in one direction, thus giving the smooth lustrous effect. This luster 
is improved by mercerizing, schreinering, and other special finish- 
ing processes. Sateens are plain cloths made on ordinary cam looms 
using five or more harness; where there are a large number of 
threads to the inch the dobby-heacl lift is substituted. Venetian 
linings are mainly sateens woven with eight or more harness and 
finished to resemble silk linings. 

Tire fabric, or fabric for use in pneumatic tires, includes various 
types of cotton cloths used, together with rubber, in making automo- 
bile tires. Cord fabric is a peculiar type of tire fabric, consisting 
of a number of cords held parallel by occasional picks of filling; a 
typical cord fabric has 26 ends per inch of 23/5 ply yarn cabled 3- 
fold, and 2-J picks per inch of 23s single yarn. These fabrics are 
usually woven in wide widths, particularly the 48, 54, and 60 inch. 

Production of lappets is not recorded, but is known to be small. 
Cotton swivels are not now made in the United States. Production 
of twills and sateens in 1914 amounted to 392,109,000 square vards, 
valued at $32,892,000; in 1919, to 424,478,000 square yards (131,537.- 
000 pounds), valued at $101,057,000, but it is not shown how much 
of this consisted of sateens woven with 8 or more harness. Prior 
to the war 8-harness Venetians were largely imported, but the demand 
is now mainly supplied by domestic mills. 

Production in 1919 of tire duck was 121,745,000 square yards 
( 128,174,000 pounds) , valued at $143,086,000 ; and of other tire fabrics 
36,806,000 square yards (29,917,000 pounds), valued at $32,602,000. 
The United States produces over 80 per cent of the automobile tires 
of the world, and a corresponding amount of the tire fabric. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 865 

Imports of lappets, swivels, and sateens are not separately re- 
corded. It is known, however, that lappets constitute a minor item, 
whereas swivels and sateens are among the most important of the 
countable cotton cloth imports, although the importation of the 
latter, mainly 8-harness Venetians, has declined before the increasing 
domestic competition. Venetians are almost entirely from England, 
whereas cotton swivels are mainly the products of hand looms in 
Switzerland and France. 

Imports of tire fabrics amounted to 2,542 vards, valued at $4,726, 
in 1919; and to 48,246 square yards, valued at $55,637, in 1920. Im- 
ports during the first nine months of 1921 were 3,017 square yards, 
valued at $2,837. 

Exports of the three classes of cotton cloths here mentioned are 
not recorded separately. Exports of 8-harness warp sateens are 
known to be fairly substantial. Exports of tire fabrics are probably 
small, but there is a large export, particularly to Europe, of auto- 
mobile tires into which such fabric enters. 

Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 905 provides spe- 
cial rates of duty, higher than those applying under the provisions 
of paragraph 903, to three special types of cotton cloths, viz, to 
lappets and swivels, to sateens woven with eight or more harness, and 
to tire fabrics. 

Lappets and swivels are given a differential over other cloths of 
the same construction and weight in order to compensate for any 
extra cost involved in their manufacture. The act of 1909, in para- 
graph 323, likewise provided for such differential "on all cotton 
cloth in which other than the ordinary warp and filling threads 
are used to form a figure or fancy effect." This provision applied 
to three, and only three, types of cloth: that is (1) cloths in which 
extra warp threads are introduced by means of the lappet attach- 
ment, (2) cloths in which extra filling threads are introduced by 
means of the swivel attachment, and (3) cloths in which certain 
threads are allowed to float, to be afterwards removed by shearing or 
clipping. The third class is, as previously noted, given a differential 
by means of the provision in paragraph 904 that all clipped threads 
shall be counted as if continuous. This leaves only two cloths of 
the 1909 grouping, viz, lappets and swivels, and these are here pro- 
vided for by name and given a differential rate of duty that is cumu- 
lative on the basic cloth. In applying this cumulative rate it will be 
necessary to ascertain the number of threads per square inch in the 
basic cloth, together with the weight after the extra figuring threads 
are removed, in order to ascertain the official average yarn count and 
the regular duty applicable thereto under paragraph 903, and then 
to add thereto the cumulative differential rate here provided. 

The second part of this paragraph, providing for a cumulative 
differential on sateens woven with eight or more harness, is an en- 
tirely new provision. It is intended particularly to cover Venetians 
and grey goods to be finished into Venetians. Venetians are dyed 
and mercerized and schreinered cloths of close texture, most of them 
being 8-harness sateens, which are used for various purposes, par- 
ticularly for linings. Prior to the war cotton Venetians were almost 
entirely imported and constituted the largest item in the list of 

82304—22 55 



866 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



countable cotton cloths. Their manufacture in this country devel- 
oped during the war and is now substantial. 

The third section of this paragraph covers tire fabrics. Heretofore 
these have been provided for in the " small wares " paragraph, but as 
they are wide fabrics they are more logically placed here as special 
cloths. 

Suggested changes. — The advisability of a special differential on 
sateens woven with eight or more harness is questionable. The manu- 
facture of Venetians is now firmly established, and it would seem that 
such cloths should be dutiable under paragraph 903 at whatever pro- 
gressive rates are provided for other countable cotton cloths. Since 
Venetians constitute one of the largest items of imported countable 
cotton cloths, the levying of additional duty would mean a substantial 
increase in the average rate of duty applicable to countable cotton 
cloths. It would also necessitate the examination of every sateen to de- 
termine whether it is made with eight or more harness, and this 
would add considerably to the work of customs examiners. This pro- 
vision might well be omitted, with the intent that all cotton sateens 
fall under paragraph 903. 



PARAGRAPH 906, 



H. B, 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 906. Tracing cloth. 5 cents per 
square yard and 17 per centum ad 
valorem ; cotton window hollands, all 
oilcloths (except silk oilcloths and 
oilcloths for floors), and filled or 
coated cotton cloths not specially pro- 
vided for, 3 cents per square yard and 
17 per centum ad valorem ; waterproof 
cloth .composed wholly or in chief value 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
whether or not in part of india rubber, 
5 cents per square yard and 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 321. * * * Cotton cloth filled 
or coated, all oilcloths (except silk oil- 
cloths and oilcloths for floors), and cot- 
ton window Hollands, three cents per 
square yard and twenty per centum ad 
valorem; tracing cloth, five cents per 
square yard and twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 347. * * * waterproof cloth 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, whether composed in part of in- 
dia rubber or otherwise, ten cents per 
square yard and twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 

[See opposite Par. 903 for painted 
cotton cloth, omitted there where stars 
appear.] 



Par. 254. * * * tracing cloth, 30 
per centum ad valorem ; cotton cloth 
filled or coated, all oilcloths (except 
silk oilcloths and oilcloths for floors), 
and cotton window hollands, 25 per 
centum ad valorem ; waterproof cloth 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, or of which cotton or other vege- 
table fiber is the component material 
of chief value or of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber and india rubber, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

[See opposite Par. 903 for painted 
cotton cloth, omitted there where stars 
appear.] 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 867 

SPECIAL CLOTHS (COATED, FILLED, OR WATERPROOF). 

(See Survey 1-4.) 

GENERAL. 

Paragraph 906 covers special cloths (filled, coated, or waterproof), 
which were provided for in preceding acts with very similar wording. 
Since tracing cloth, window hollands, and oilcloths are all filled, 
coated, or filled and coated, those not specifically mentioned are pro- 
vided for in a basket clause : " and filled or coated cotton cloths not 
specially provided for." 

A filled cloth is one in which all the interstices are filled flush with 
the top of the weave with a filler of starch or other material, the 
whole being smoothed down in the operation of the filling machine 
so as to leave the weave evident through the starch or other mate- 
rials applied. The filler makes the cloth opaque or nearly opaque, 
and adds to the weight and stiffness. Among the various filling 
substances are starch, china clay, chalk, plaster of Paris, white lead, 
glue, Glauber's salt, and glucose. Typical examples of filled cloths 
are window hollands and heavily sized grey shirtings. 

A coated cloth may be more or less filled in the interstices, but the 
primary requisite is that the surface be coated with a plaster finish 
at the expense of the face. The coating materials consist of varnish, 
paint, pigments, etc. Typical examples of coated cloths are those 
used in the sign-painting trade, and those used for tags, bookbinder's 
cloth, and imitation vellum, "green cloth" (a fabric treated with 
a solution of copper and wax and used in making artificial flowers), 
artificial leather, and the like. A coated cloth is usually, but not 
necessarily, opaque. Transparent goods such as tracing cloth and 
" near glass " (used for covering goods on the counter and for mak- 
ing certain styles of lamp shades) are classed as coated cloth. 

TRACING CLOTH. 

Description and itses. — Tracing cloth is a plain-woven cloth, almost 
always of cotton, that is processed by filling and coating to make a 
smooth transparent fabric, glazed on one side but dull finished on 
the other, that will take ink without blurring. It is used by drafts- 
men, architects, and engineers in duplicating drawings of plans for 
buildings, machinery, and construction work in general. The trans- 
parent cloth is placed over the original plan and the lines inked in ; 
this is then put over blue-print paper and exposed to sunlight, or 
to such high-power artificial light as the arc or the mercury globe, 
in order to secure blue-print reproductions. Specially prepared trac- 
ing paper, although not so durable as the tracing cloth, finds con- 
siderable use as a cheaper substitute. 

Production. — The manufacture of tracing cloth in the United 
States was inaugurated about 1906 by a firm which ceased produc- 
tion in 1914. Another firm, started in 1911, developed to a point 
where it supplied about half of the domestic demand, but closed 
down in 1921. In both instances the failure to survive was due to 
the preference of the trade for the old-established British brands; 
right or wrong, they regarded the domestic article as of inferior 
quality. Another company now being formed will undertake manu- 
facture in 1922. 



868 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports are almost entirely from England, mainly from one 
firm which is an amalgamation of several firms manufacturing 
various types of coated and filled cloths. Tracing cloth was first 
mentioned in the act of 1D09. During the period from August 6, 1909, 
to June 30, 1920, inclusive, annual imports averaged 2,339,565 square 
yards, valued at $484,414. Imports in 1914 were 2,051,693 square 
yards, valued at $347,028. 

Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


i 

i Quantity. 

1 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 




j Sq. yards. 
| 3, 037, 266 


$861, 077 

469, 807 

1, 167, 082 

271,854 


$258,323 
140, 942 
350, 125 


1919 




1, 346, 996 


1920 




2,753,192 


1921 (9 months) h 




606,377 











1 Includes 3,745 pounds, valued at $12,407, under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports are not recorded. 

COTTON WINDOW HOLLANDS. 

Description and uses. — Cotton window hollands are used in mak- 
ing roller shades for windows and doors. They are ordinary cotton 
sheetings which have been filled to make them more or less opaque, 
and are finished by bleaching, or dyeing, and beetling. 

Production is not recorded, but is steadily increasing and supplies 
the great bulk of the domestic demand. 

Imports are mainly from one Scotch firm which has a long-estab- 
lished trade and which finds a limited market, at a higher price than 
the domestic, on the basis of superior finish. These goods, which 
are mainly in ecru and other light shades, are finished slowly and 
carefully with old-fashioned wooden faller beetles, whereas do- 
mestic goods are, as a rule, beetled by quicker- actioned steel hammers. 

Cotton window hollands constitute the bulk of the goods which 
are brought together in import statistics under the title " cotton 
cloth filled or coated, all oilcloths (except silk oilcloths and oilcloths 
for floors), and cotton window hollands." Annual imports of this 
class of goods during the period August 6, 1909, to June 30, 1920, 
inclusive, averaged 2,197,164 square yards, valued at $350,383. In 
1914 they were 3,018,050 square yards, valued at $420,775. 

Recent figures for such inclusive imports have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 . . . 




Sq. yds. 
613, 835 
612. 764 
930, 299 
383, 020 


$190, 853 
219, 650 
322, 410 
140, 409 


$47, 713 


1919 .. 


54,913 


1920 . . 


80, 603 


1921 (9 months) l 









i Includes 10,253 pounds, valued at $10,518, under emergency tariff act. 



Exports are not recorded, but are substantial. Australia is one 
of the main markets and is reported to prefer American-made 
window hollands in the deeper colors because these are mineral dyed 
and faster to sunlight than any produced in Europe. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 8G9 

OILCLOTHS (EXCEPT OF SICK A.X!) FOK FLOORS). 

Description and uses. — The oilcloths included in paragraph 906 
are for covering tables, shelves, and Avails, and for upholster- 
ing automobiles, carriages, couches, etc. For the first-named pur- 
pose a thin pliable cotton cloth, usually of light sheeting or print- 
cloth, is used. This cloth is covered with several coatings of lin- 
seed oil, benzine, ocher, or other pigments, china clay sometimes 
being added for weighting, and is usually finished by printing and 
varnishing. Oilcloth for upholstering is known as enameled cloth 
and is made on a cotton base of sheeting, duck,, twill, or sateen, which 
is sized, coated, and varnished; specially engraved rollers are usually 
employed to impress on the surface grained finishes of various kinds. 

Production in 1914 was 59,358,872 square yards of table oilcloth, 
valued at $6,025,348, and 18,357,097 square yards of enameled oil- 
cloth, valued at $2,495,255. Production in 1919 of oilcloth made on 
a cotton back consisted of 39,842.000 square yards, valued at $13.- 
147,000, of table, shelf, and wall oilcloth, and 8,461.000 square yards, 
valued at $3,421,000, of enameled oilcloth. 

Imports are not recorded separately but are reported to be small. 

Exports of " oilcloth and linoleum other than for floors " were 
valued at $666,684 in 1914 (fiscal year), and at $1,281,507 in 1918. 
$1,936,544 in 1919, $3,618,835 in 1920 (calendar years), and at $1,- 
191,189 for the first nine months of 1921. 

FILLED OR COATED COTTON CLOTHS, X. S. P. F. 

Description and uses. — Among cloths falling under this clause are 
artificial leather made on a cotton base, book cloths, buckram and 
similar cloths stiffened by filling or coating and used for padding 
suits, " green cloth " used in artificial flower manufacture, tag cloths. 
imitation vellum, heavily sized shirtings, "near glass." and various 
other specialties. 

Production in 1919 of artificial leather consisted of 3.332,000 square 
yards, valued at $3,923,000, of pvroxvlin coated textiles: and 10,- 
300,000 square yards, valued at $4.82L000. of other than pyroxylin 
coated. Production of other specialties here included is not recorded. 

Imports are not recorded separately but are reported to be small. 

Exports are not recorded. 

WATERPROOF (LOTH. 

Description and uses. — Waterproof cloths under paragraph 906 
include all those made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, with or 
without the addition of india rubber, not otherwise specially men- 
tioned. 

Waterproof cloths are used for raincoats, auto tops, dress shields, 
infants' wear, in hospitals, and for many other purposes. Any cloth 
that is impervious to water, or that is substantially so and intended 
to turn water, may be classed as a waterproof cloth. Some fabrics 
invoiced as waterproof cloths and held to be so dutiable are simply 
close-woven cotton cloths which have undergone no special treatment: 
others are made by cementing together two cloths (such as the duplex 
fabric made of a printed cloth and a dyed cloth and used for rain- 
coats) that are otherwise not waterproof. The waterproof cloths 



870 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



used in domestic trade have for the most part, however, been sub- 
jected to various finishing processes, the nature and extent of which 
are dependent on the service that is expected of the particular goods. 

Production of waterproof cloths in the United States is large and 
constantly increasing. There are no data as to the extent of the 
output, but it is known to run into millions of dollars. 

Imports were 258,207 square yards, valued at $88,427 in 1914, 
fiscal vear. Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. ! 

' i 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 




i Sq. yds. 
! 270,495 


$190, 279 
39,146 
121, 106 
73,536 


$47, 570 
9,786 


1919 




I 61,172 


1920 




i 160, 500 


30,271 


1921 (9 months) i 




96,753 









1 Includes 1,263 pounds, ralued at $3,286, under the emergency tariff act. 



PARAGRAPH 907, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 907. Cloth in chief value of cot- 
ton, containing silk or artificial silk, 8 
cents per square- yard and 17 per 
centum ad valorem : Provided, That 
none of the foregoing shall pay a less 
rate of duty than 33^ per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 321. Cloth, composed of cotton 
or other vegetable fiber and silk, 
whether known as silk-striped sleeve 
linings, silk stripes, or otherwise, of 
whieh cotton or other vegetable fiber 
is the component material of chief 
value, eight cents per square yard 
and thirty per centum ad valorem : 
Provided, That no such cloth shall pay 
a less rate of duty than fifty per 
centum ad valorem. * ■* *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 254. Cloth composed of cotton 
or other vegetable fiber and silk, 
whether known as silk-striped sleeve 
linings, silk stripes, or otherwise, of 
which cotton or other vegetable fiber 
is the component material of chief 
value, * * * 30 per centum ad va- 
lorem ; * * *. 



COTTON CLOTH CONTAINING SILK OR ARTIFICIAL SILK. 

(See Survey 1^.) 

Description and uses. — Cotton- weaving mills are large users of 
silk and artificial silk for the production of such fabrics as silk- 
striped shirtings, sleeve linings, and voiles, and fancy ginghams and 
other fabrics containing silk figures. Cotton mills now dominate the 
trade in many lines of silk-and-cotton fancies. In recent years arti- 
ficial silk has been employed as a substitute for silk in the ornamenta- 
tion of various types of cotton cloth. 

Production figures are not separately recorded, except in the case 
of one type of cotton cloth, silk-striped shirtings, of which there were 
33,866,000 square yards (5,854,000 pounds), valued at $12,379,000, 
produced in 1919. The total is much larger than this, as there has 
been a marked and steady increase in the use of silk and artificial 
silk by the cotton industry. The silk industry is also a large user 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



871 



of cotton, but most silk-and-cotton mixed goods produced in silk mills 
have silk as the component material of chief value. 

Imports are negligible as compared with the domestic production. 
During the 30 fiscal years ended June 30, 1920, imports averaged 
only 149,583 square yards, valued at $43,397. In 1914 they were 
213,147 square yards^ valued at $67,254. 

Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Sq. yds. 

127, 467 

84,618 

199, 833 

276,206 


$61, 550 
45,580 

113, 478 
70,553 


$18, 465 
14 574 


1919 


1920 


34,043 


1921 (9 months) • 







1 Includes 13,158 pounds, valued at $33,491, under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports of cotton cloth containing silk or artificial silk are not 
recorded separately, but are larger than imports. 

Important changes in classification. — Two changes have been mad© 
in the wording previously in use. 

The phrase " or other vegetable fiber " has been omitted in order 
to confine this paragraph exclusively to cloths in chief value of 
cotton ; this was done in consonance with the desire to restrict, so far 
as feasible, each schedule to the material to which it relates, and 
also because there are few imports of cloths in chief value of any 
vegetable fiber, other than cotton, which contain silk or artificial 
silk ; if imported, such cloths should fall under schedule 10. 

The second change is the inclusion of cloths, in chief value of cot- 
ton, which contain artificial silk. Under the act of 1913 such cloths 
fell under the basket paragraph of the cotton schedule. One reason 
for their inclusion here is to avoid the administrative necessity of 
determining whether the stripes or other ornamental effects in a cloth 
chiefly of cotton are silk or artificial silk. 

The wording has been shortened by the omission of terms such as 
" silk-striped sleeve linings " and " silk stripes," as these are fully 
covered without specific mention. 



PARAGRAPH 908. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 908. Tapestries, and other Jae- 
quard woven upholstery cloths, in the 
piece or otherwise, composed wholly 
or in chief value of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 326. * * * tapestries, and 
other Jacquard figured upholstery 
goods, weighing over six ounces per 
square yard, composed wholly or in 
chief value of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber ; any of the foregoing, in the piece 
or otherwise, fifty per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

.- ... , ; - 

~ Par. 258. * * * tapestries, and 
other Jacquard figured upholstery 
goods, composed wholly or in chief 
value of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber ; any of the foregoing, in the piece 
or otherwise, 35 per centum ad valo- 
rem : * * * . 



872 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



JACQUARD-WOVEN UPHOLSTERY CLOTHS IN THE PIECE OR OTHERWISE. 

(See Survey 1-4.) 

Description and uses. — The term " Jacquard- woven upholstery 
cloths," includes two classes of cloth: (1) Heavy fabrics, such as 
tapestries, brocades, brocatelles, damasks, armures, and " pocket 
cloths," which are used not only for covering furniture, walls, seats 
cloths," which are used not only for covering furniture, walls, seats 
in railway coaches and in inclosed automobiles, but as wall hangings, 
portieres, pillow tops, table covers, and mantel and bureau scarfs; 
and (2) light-weight clipped fabrics, such as madras muslin, used 
mainly as curtains. The paragraph, as worded, includes only cloths 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, woven on a Jacquard loom and 
intended for upholstery use. These Jacquard-woven upholstery 
cloths usually have patterns of much larger size and more elaborate 
character than those used in Jacquard-woven cloths for dress use. 
The words " or otherwise " after " in the piece " extends the meaning 
to include tapestry panels and also curtains and other articles made 
from Jacquard-woven upholstery cloths. 

Production of cotton tapestries in 1914 was 10,138,000 square yards, 
valued at $5,412,000; and in 1919, 21,656,000 square yards (9,580,000 
pounds), valued at $17,157,000. The production of madras muslin 
and other Jacquard-woven upholstery cloths is not recorded sepa- 
rately. Philadelphia is the main center of production. 

Imports during the period from August 6, 1909, to June 30, 1920, 
inclusive, averaged $608,633 in value per annum, with no record as 
to quantity. This figure includes substantial amounts of Jacquard 
figured net and lace which were, by judicial interpretation, permitted 
entry under paragraph 258 of the act of 1913. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 was valued at $634,617. 

Later statistics follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Sq. i/ds. 


$413,420 

422. 269 

2,683.002 

1,768.974 


$144,697 
147, 794 


1919 - 


1, 195, 923 
6,111,494 
3,426,892 


1920 


■ 


939, 051 


1921 (9 months) i 














» Includes 110,079 pounds, valued at $260,018, under the emergency tariff act. 



Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The wording of the two pre- 
vious acts — "tapestries, and other Jacquard figured upholstery 
goods " — has been changed to " Tapestries, and other Jacquard woven 
upholstery cloths." This was done to prevent Jacquard figured nets 
and laces, which logically should be dutiable at the higher rates pro- 
vided for net and lace, from being entered at the rates here provided 
for special types of Jacquard woven cloth. The act of 1909, by the 
proviso " weighing over six ounces per square yard," accomplished 
the same ends, but the omission of this weight limitation in the 1913 
wording led to decisions which have permitted large amounts of 
goods to come in at a lower rate (35 per cent) than is imposed on 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 873 

nets, nettings, and laces (60 per cent) in the lace paragraph (358, 
act of 1913) . Plain net now pays 60 per cent duty under the said 
paragraph 358, but the more expensive Jacquard figured net, if for 
curtain use, is admitted under paragraph 258 of the act of 1913 at 
35 per cent ad valorem. Domestic manufacturers oppose the rein- 
sertion of the weight proviso, which would throw madras muslins 
into the countable cotton-cloth paragraph, and the wording of para- 
graph 908 puts madras muslin with heavier woven Jacquard cloths 
and yet excludes net and lace, which are provided for in paragraph 
1430 at higher rates of duty. The Jacquard is an attachment that is 
used on looms, braiding machines, lace machines, etc., to attain fancy 
effects, and all fabrics so made are Jacquard figured. Only cloth is 
woven (net and lace are " made," not woven, and the operator of a 
lace'machine is known as a "lace maker" and not as a weaver), and 
further strength is added to the use of the word " cloth " by employ- 
ing " Jacquard woven " in place of " Jacquard figured." 

Paragraph 258 of the act of 1913 includes not only Jacquard 
figured upholstery goods but also cotton chenille and articles made 
of Jacquard woven goods. Specific mention of these has been omitted 
because of their small importance. Cotton chenilles have gone out of 
style, being mainly replaced by tapestries and other goods for up- 
holstering, and imports are negligible. Their omission here permits 
them to fall without specific mention under the pile fabric para- 
graph 909. Imports of " Jacquard figured manufactures of cotton" — 
that is, articles made of Jacquard figured cloth, not specially pro- 
vided for — are also normally small; they include a variety of articles 
of little importance individually, and omission of specific mention is 
with the intent that they fall under the basket paragraph 920. 



PARAGRAPH 909. 

H. E. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 909. Pile fabrics, composed 
wholly or in chief value of cotton, in- 
cluding plush and velvet ribbons, cut 
or uncut, whether or not the pile covers 
the whole surface, and manufactures, 
in any form, made or cut from cotton 
pile fabrics, 33£ per centum ad 
valorem ; terry-woven fabrics, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of cot- 
ton, and manufactures, in any form, 
made or cut from terry-woven fabrics, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OE 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 325. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, Par. 257. Plushes, velvets, plush or 

corduroys, and all pile fabrics, cut or velvet ribbons, velveteens, corduroys, 

uncut, whether or not the pile covers and all pile fabrics, cut or uncut, 

the entire surface ; any of the forego- whether or not the pile covers the 

ing composed of cotton or other vege- entire surface ; any of the foregoing 

table fiber, except flax, not bleached, composed wholly or in chief value of 

dyed, colored, stained, painted, or cotton or other vegetable fiber, except 

printed, nine cents per square yard flax, hemp, or ramie ; and manufac- 

and twenty-five per centum ad valo- tures or articles in any form, including 



874 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

rem ; if bleached, dyed, colored, stained, such as are commonly known as bias 
painted, or printed, twelve cents per dress facings or skirt bindings, made 
square yard aud twenty-five per centum or cut from plushes, velvets, velveteens, 
ad valorem : Provided, That corduroys corduroys, or other pile fabrics corn- 
composed of cotton or other vegetable posed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
fiber, weighing seven ounces or over except flax, hemp, or ramie, 40 per 
per square yard, shall pay a duty of centum ad valorem, 
eighteen cents per square yard and Par, 264. * * * bath mats, * * * 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem : wash rags or cloths * * * any of 
Provided further, That manufactures the foregoing made of cotton, or of 
or articles in any form including such which cotton is the component material 
as are commonly known as bias dress of chief value, not embroidered nor in 
facings or skirt bindings, made or cut part of lace and not otherwise provided 
from plushes, velvets, velveteens, cor- for, 25 per centum ad valorem, 
duroys, or other pile fabrics composed Par. 358. * * * coach, carriage, 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, shall and automobile laces, * * * 60 per 
be subject to the foregoing rates of centum ad valorem. 
duty and in addition thereto ten per 
centum ad valorem : Provided further, 
That none of the articles or fabrics 
provided for in this paragraph shall 
pay a less rate of duty than forty- 
seven and one-half per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

COTTON PILE FABRICS AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

(See Survey 1-4.) 

Description and uses. — Cotton pile fabrics may be divided into two 
broad classes: (1) Velveteen, corduroy, velvet, and plush, and (2) 
Turkish toweling and other terry- woven fabrics. The production of 
both classes of fabrics in the United States has been steadily increas- 
es*. 

Pile fabrics consist of a foundation cloth covered in whole or in 

part by short projecting ends or loops made with an extra set of 
threads. In the case of velveteen and corduroy this extra set of 
threads consists of filling whereas in the case of velvet and plush it 
consists of warp. Filling piles are always cut whereas warp piles 
may be either cut or loop (uncut). Terry-woven fabrics are made 
by a different method from that used for other pile fabrics and 
usually have uncut loops on both sides of the cloth. 

Velveteens are used for dress and upholstery purposes, also for 
handbags and shoe tops, and for lining jewelry and silverware boxes. 
Corduroys are velveteen cords; the finer varieties are used for chil- 
dren's clothing and dress fabrics, whereas the coarser varities are 
used for riding trousers and skirts and for suits of men engaged in 
rough labor and field sports. Cotton plushes are used for cloaks, as 
upholstery material, etc. Terry cloths are used as Turkish toweling 
and for bath robes, wash cloths, bathroom mats, etc. 

Manufactures of pile fabrics here dutiable include, particularly, 
portieres and other articles used for upholstery and decorative pur- 
poses. They do not include any wearing apparel as this is more 
specifically provided for in paragraph 918. 

Production of cotton pile fabrics in 1914 included 29,129,000 square 
yards of velveteens, velvets, plushes, and corduroys, valued at $8,- 
540,000, and 75,799,000 square yards of terry-woven fabrics valued at 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



875 



$9,805,000; in 1919, 20,444,000 square yards of velveteens, velvets, 
and plushes, 19,863,000 square yards of corduroy, 31,506,000 square 
yards of Turkish towels and toweling, and 442,000 square yards of 
other terry weaves, a total of 72,255,000 square yards (43,686,000 
pounds), valued at $51,251,000. The main producers of cbtton velve- 
teens, corduroys, and plushes are Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Massa- 
chusetts, and New York; the main producers of Turkish toweling 
and other terry weaves are North Carolina, Georgia, and Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Imports of cotton pile fabrics during the 30 fiscal years ended June 
30, 1920, averaged 5,250,351 square yards, valued at $1,815,449 an- 
nually. The record import was of 15,917,514 square yards in 1897. 
Imports in 1914 were 4,100,503 square yards, valued at $2,204,224. 
Imports of manufactures of cotton pile fabrics were first recorded 
in 1898 and during the fiscal years 1898-1920 averaged in value only 
$45,652 per annum. With the continued development of the do- 
mestic industry the field for foreign pile fabrics of cotton has been 
narrowed down to those of exceptionally high grade and to special- 
ties such as hand-cut velvets. Although imports fluctuate, the tend- 
ency is downwards. 

Imports of cotton pile fabrics since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Square yds. 
747,676 
589,385 
925, 281 
189, 209 


$598, 207 
712, 032 
969, 756 
244,749 


$239, 283 
284,813 
387, 902 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) » 







1 Includes 11,968 pounds, valued at $29,522, under the emergency tariff act. 

Imports of manufactures of cotton pile fabrics since 1917 have 
been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


- 1920 


1921 
(9 months)i. 


Value 


$19, 398 
7,759 


$55, 854 
22, 342 


$179, 960 
71,984 


$80,381 


Duty 







1 Includes 2,505 pounds, valued at $7,446, under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports of cotton pile fabrics are not recorded separately but are 
substantial. An indication is afforded by the Canadian statistics 
which for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, show imports from 
the United States of cotton velveteens, velvets, and plushes valued 
at $320,246 ; of towels valued at $285,995 ; and of toweling in the web 
valued at $37,268, although there is not shown how much of the 
two latter items were terry woven. 

Important changes in classification. — The term " cotton pile fab- 
rics" is used as inclusive, and specific mention of plushes, velvets, 
velveteens, and corduroys has been omitted as unnecessary. Terry- 
woven fabrics are also pile fabrics, but as they are cheaper articles 
they are provided for by name at a lower rate of duty than is ap- 
plied to other pile fabrics of cotton. As heretofore, the paragraph 



876 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

includes manufactures of pile fabrics. To secure the inclusion of 
manufactures of pile fabrics which properly belong here, particu- 
larly Turkish towels, terry- woven bath mats and wash cloths, and 
velvet polishing cloths, the phrase " nor made of pile fabrics " was in- 
serted after the provision for towels, etc., in paragraph 911. 



PARAGRAPH 910. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 910. Table damask, composed 
wholly or in chief value of cotton, and 
manufactures, in any form, composed 
wholly or in chief value of such dam- 
ask. 28 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 331. Cotton table damask, forty Par. 263. Cotton table damask, and 

per centum ad valorem ; manufactures manufactures of cotton table damask, 

of cotton table damask or of which cot- or of which cotton table damask is the 

ton table damask is the component ma- component material of chief value, not 

terial of chief value, not specially pro- specially provided for in this section, 

vided for in this section, forty per 25 per centum ad valorem, 
centum ad valorem. 

COTTON TABLE DAMASK, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

(See Survey 1-4.) 

Description and uses. — Damask fabrics are usually woven on Jac- 
quard looms, although some varieties are made on dobby looms, and 
show ornamental patterns, usually elaborate in character, such as 
fruit, foliage, scrolls, and vases. The figures in the patterns are made 
by alternately exchanging warp for filling surface and vice versa. 
The surface threads of the figures lie at right angles to the surface 
threads of the background, and the rays of light falling on the 
fabric are dispersed and the pattern is brought out in bold relief, 
even though the entire fabric be white. Damasks for upholstery fall 
under the provisions of paragraph 908 ; damasks dutiable under para- 
graph 910 are restricted to the specific class known as table damask. 
While these are generally bleached goods, some are made in colors, 
e. g., Turkey red damask, made of red and white yarns. Cotton table 
damask, although mainly Jacquard woven, is made of coarse yarns, 
between 16s and 30s, from ordinary upland cotton. Cotton table 
damask is cheaper than linen table damask, for which it is substi- 
tuted, and is being made in this country in increasing quantities. 

Cotton table damask refers to the woven cloth; the principal manu- 
factures are table cloths, napkins, and doilies. 

Production in 1919 amounted to 27,400,000 square yards (10,- 
495,000 pounds), valued at $9,507,000. North Carolina, Georgia, 
Massachusetts, and Maine are the leading jDroducers. 

Imports during the 30 fiscal years ended June 30, 1920, averaged 
in value $463,875 per annum. The values imported in 1914 amounted 
to $503,341. The record import, so far as values are concerned, was, 
in the fiscal year 1920, a total of $1,662,643, of which $796,727 con- 
sisted of cotton table damask in the piece, and $865,916 of manufac- 
tures thereof. Quantities were not recorded, but taking into con- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



877 



sideration the high prices of 1920, it is probable that the $759,491 
worth imported in 1904 was the high-water mark as to quantity. The 
scarcity and high price of linen have led to the increased use of cotton 
table damask. Statistics of imports since 1917 follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


COTTON TABLE DAMASK. 


1918 


| Square yards. 


$645, 706 
565,495 
607,688 
268, 174 


$161, 427 
141, 374 
151,922 


1919 




1,284,583 

1,148,159 

574. 056 


1920 




1921 (9 months) l ... 






! 




MANUFACTURES OF COTTON TABLE DAMASK. 


1918 




$459, 994 
625,984 
934,371 
612,080 


$114,999 
156,496 
233, 593 


1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) J 













1 Includes 13,874 pounds, valued at $17,687, under the emergency tariff act. 
1 Includes 8,356 pou-nds, valued at $8,790, under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports are not recorded but are known to be fairly substantial. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph covers the 
same class of goods as those provided for in paragraph 263 of the act 
of 1913, that is, cotton table damask and manufactures of; the 
wording has been clarified and condensed. 

Suggested changes. — Various types of cotton cloth, such as mus- 
lins, Chinese nankeens, coarse colored cottons, and cotton duck, have 
in the past been made dutiable at relatively high rates during cer- 
tain periods, and have then dropped back to a tariff level with other 
cotton cloths> Cotton table damask affords an example of a cloth 
on which the same procedure might be followed. It is made of coarse 
counts, the domestic industry supplies the great bulk of the demand, 
and there is a substantial export. The Tariff Commission is unable 
to find any reason for the eo nomine designation of this cloth at a dis- 
tinct rate of duty, particularly as the progressive rates of duty levied 
on other countable cotton cloths under paragraph 903 cover many 
Jacquard fabrics of much finer yarns and higher percentage of labor 
cost. Specific mention of manufactures of cotton table damask 
might be continued for purposes of statistical record. 

It is therefore suggested that paragraph 910 be reworded " Manu- 
factures of cotton table damask, in any form, composed wholly or 
in chief value of cotton," with the intent that cotton table damask 
in the piece fall under the progressive rates of duty in paragraph 903 
without specific mention. 



PARAGRAPH 911. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 911. Quilts or bedspreads, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of cot- 
ton, woven of two or more sets of 
warp threads or of two or more sets 



878 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

of filling threads, 30 per centum ad 
valorem ; other quilts or bedspreads, 
wholly or in chief value of cotton, 20 
per centum ad valorem ; sheets, pillow- 
cases, blankets, towels, polishing cloths, 
dust cloths, and mop cloths, composed 
wholly or in chief value of cotton, not 
Jacquard figured or terry-woven, nor 
made of pile fabrics, and not specially 
provided for, 20 per centum ad 
valorem ; table and bureau covers, cen- 
terpieces, runners, scarfs, napkins, 
and doilies, made of plain- woven cot- 
ton cloth, and not specially provided 
for, 23 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] Par. 264. Towels, * * * quilts, 

blankets, polishing cloths, mop cloths, 
* * * sheets, pillowcases, * * * 
any of the foregoing made of cotton, 
or of which cotton is the component 
material of chief value, not em- 
broidered nor in part of lace and not 
otherwise provided for, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 

HOUSEHOLD AKT1CLES OF COTTON. 

Desmption and uses. — Quilts, also termed bedspreads, coverlets, 
and counterpanes, are used as bed covering. The four main types are 
Marseilles, satin, crochet, and dimity. The first three are Jacquard 
woven, usually in elaborate designs of bold character. All four are 
loom-woven fabrics, which are usually finished by bleaching, and 
with hemmed or bound edges. Honeycomb and Alhambra quilts are 
of the same class as crochet quilts, differing principally in the type 
of design used. The term " quilts " also includes padded bed cover- 
ings, such as the comfortable. Sheets are made of plain-woven cloth, 
cut and hemmed in various sizes. Pillowcases are made of plain- woven 
cloth, some of it tubular, cut to appropriate lengths, sewed, and 
hemmed at one end. Towels covered by this paragraph refer to 
ordinary plain and huck towels, and do not include Jacquard-woven 
towels or Turkish towels. Blankets covered by this paragraph refer 
to ordinary plain or twilled blankets, and do not include Jacquard- 
woven blankets. Polishing cloths are small squares of napped cotton 
fabric, usually flannel, used in the household for polishing and 
dusting metal, glass, and wood ; also in the harness trade and m the 
automobile-accessory business. Polishing cloths made of velveteen, 
such as is used for polishing silverware, are dutiable under paragraph 
909. Dust cloths are similar to polishing cloths, but are given spe- 
cific mention because heretofore dutiable under the basket para- 
graph. Mop cloths are used for scrubbing and may be either plain 
or leno woven; the filling is usually of cotton waste, jute, or other 
cheap material. The phrasing "table and bureau covers, center- 
pieces, runners, scarfs, napkins, and doilies " is used to cover a class 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



879 



of imports known in the trade as ;i Japanese blue prints," consist- 
ing of articles made of coarse sheeting which has been stencil-dyed in 
indigo, and imports similar thereto. 

Production in 1919 of bedspreads and quilts (crochet, Marseilles, 
and satin) was 24,072,000 square yards (12,700,000 pounds), valued 
at $10,245,000; of sheets and pillowcases, 20,817,000 square yards 
(5.019,000 pounds), valued at $3,369,000; of cotton blankets of all 
kinds, 96,621,000 square yards (42,321,000 pounds), valued at $32,- 
640,000 ; of towels and toweling (not terry woven), bath mats, wiping 
and polishing cloths (not pile woven), 43,327,000 square yards 
(20,809,000 pounds) , valued at $16,786,000. The production of dimity 
and ripplette quilts is not recorded. Japanese blue prints are also 
not separately shown in production statistics. Such articles, made in 
imitation of Japanese designs, were first manufactured during the 
war, but as the basic cloth is better made than the Japanese, they 
lack the " oriental novelty " of the imported blue prints and reach 
a somewhat different class of trade. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 of quilts and blankets were valued, 
at $116,892; polishing cloths, mop cloths, wash cloths, at $63,077; 
sheets and pillowcases, at $4,836. Imports of huck towels are not 
recorded separately from imports of Turkish towels, but the total 
for towels and bath mats was $154,326 in 1914; most of these were 
terry woven. Imports of household articles of cotton during the 
calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Duty. 



COTTON BLANKETS AND QUILTS. 



1918 


Number. 


$144, 926 
168, 895 
387,074 
147, 433 


$36, 232 
42,204 
96, 769 


1919 >. 


54, 476 
86,817 
45,908 


1920 


1921 (9 months) » 









COTTON SHEETS AND PILLOWCASES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months)«. 



4,911 
16,946 
18, 265 



COTTON TOWELS AND BATH MATS. 



$15, 563 
6,134 
22. 317 
21,042 



$3,891 
1,534 
5.298 



1918 \ 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



236,927 
410,489 
205. 554 



$59, 395 
49,946 

108,682 
48, 513 



$14, 849 
12, 487 
27. 171 



COTTON CLOTHS FOR POLISHING, MOP CLOTHS, AND WASH CLOTHS. 



1918 


$7, 555 $1, 889 
7,023 1,756 
37, 723 9, 431 
28,378 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) < 







1 Includes 10,315 pounds, valued at $10,915, under the emergency tariff act. 
1 Includes 752 pounds, valued at $6,026, under the emergency tariff act. 
1 Includes 2,973 pounds, valued at $2,676, under the emergency tariff act. 
* Includes 1,902 pounds, valued at $707, under the emergency tariff act. 



880 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports are not recorded, but are substantial. Their volume is in- 
dicated by Canadian statistics which show imports from the United 
States for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, valued as follows: 
Bed quilts or spreads, $235,932; sheets and pillowcases, $125,595 ; 
blankets, $257,622; also $285,995 worth of towels, the greater part 
of which, however, may have been of Turkish towels. It is obvious 
that, with the exception of Japanese blue prints, exports are larger 
than imports of the articles covered by this paragraph. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 a number 
of articles were removed from a basket paragraph of the preceding 
act and provided for eo nomine in paragraph 264. Paragraph 911 
is a revision of this paragraph. It comprises four brackets. 

The first two brackets cover cotton quilts and bedspreads of all 
kinds, composed wholly or in chief value of cotton. It is intended 
that Marseilles and satin quilts shall be assessed one rate of duty, 
and all other quilts another and lower rate. 

The third bracket covers sheets, pillowcases, blankets, towels, pol- 
ishing cloths, dust cloths, and mop cloths, wholly or in chief value 
of cotton, when not Jacquard or pile woven. Ordinary cotton blan- 
kets are here dutiable but Jacquard woven cotton blankets will fall 
under basket paragraph 920. Ordinary cotton towels, including 
huck, are here dutiable; Turkish towels are dutiable under para- 
graph 910 ; Jacquard woven towels, not terry, fall under paragraph 
920. Ordinary polishing cloths are here dutiable; those made of 
velveteen, such as Selvyt, are dutiable under paragraph 910. Dust 
cloths have been taken out of the basket paragraph and given specific 
mention. Mention of bath mats and wash cloths is omitted because 
imports are almost entirely terry- woven fabrics which will be duti- 
able under paragraph 910. Mention of batting has been omitted, 
letting it go back under the basket paragraph, because imports are 
small and this article does not properly belong with the others here 
enumerated. 

The fourth bracket is entirely new and has been inserted, not for 
the purpose of securing a higher rate, but to insure statistical record 
of the largest items now included under the basket paragraph. 
These are " Japanese blue prints " and similar articles. These " blue 
prints," such as covers, centerpieces, etc., are usually stencil-dyed 
with reproductions of Mount Fuji, rural scenes, flowers, foliage, 
birds, etc., the basic cloth being mainly coarse sheeting. 



PARAGRAPH 912. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pak. 912. Fabrics with fast edges not 
exceeding twelve inches in width, and 
articles made therefrom; tubings, gar- 
ters, suspenders, braces, cords, tassels, 
and cords and tassels ; all the fore- 
going composed wholly or in chief 
value of cotton or of cotton and india 
rubber, and not specially provided for, 
25 per centum ad valorem ; spindle 
banding, and lamp, stove, or candle 
wicking, made of cotton or other vege- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



881 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



table liber, 10 cents per pound and 12^ 
per centum ad valorem ; boot, shoe, or 
corset lacings, made of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, 15 cents per pound 
and 12^ per centum ad valorem ; loom 
harness, healds, and collets, made 
wholly or in chief value of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber, 25 cents i>er 
pound and 20 per centum ad valorem ; 
labels* for garments or other articles, 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, 50 cents per pound and 20 per 
centum ad valorem ; belting, for ma- 
chinery, composed wholly or in chief 
value of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
or cotton or other vegetable fiber and 
India rubber, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 330. Bone casings, garters, 

* * * suspenders and braces, and 
tubing, any of the foregoing made of 
cotton * * * and india rubber, or 
of which cotton * * * is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, and not 
embroidered by hand or machinery, 
forty-five per centum ad valorem ; spin- 
dle banding, woven, braided or twisted 
lamp, stove, or candle wicking made 
of cotton or other vegetable fiber, ten 
cents per pound and fifteen per centum 
ad valorem ; loom harness, healds or 
collets made of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber, or of which cotton or other 
vegetable fiber i^ the component mate- 
rial of chief value, fifty cents per 
pound and twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem ; boot, shoe, and corset lacings 
made of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
twenty-five cents per pound and fif- 
teen per centum ad valorem ; labels, 
for garments or other articles, com- 
posed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
fifty cents per pound and thirty per 
centum ad valorem ; belting for ma- 
chinery made of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber and india rubber, or of 
which cotton or other vegetable fiber 
is the component material of chief 
value, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 349. * * * bands, bandings, 
belts, beltings, bindings, cords, * * * 
ribbons, tapes, webs, and webbings; 

* * * all of the foregoing, composed 
wholly or in chief value of cotton, 

* * * or other vegetable fiber, or of 
cotton. * * * or other vegetable 
fiber and india rubber, or of cotton. 

* * * or other vegetable fiber, india 
rubber, and metal, and not elsewhere 
specially provided for in this section, 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 262. Bandings, belts, beltings, 
bindings, bone casings, cords, tassels, 
cords and tassels, garters, * * * 
suspenders and braces, and fabrics 
with fast edges not exceeding twelve 
inches in width, all of the foregoing 
made of cotton * * * or of which 
cotton * * * is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, or of cotton 
* * * and india rubber, and not em- 
broidered by hand or machinery; spin- 
dle banding, woven, braided, or twisted 
lamp, stove, or candle wicking made of 
cotton or other vegetable fiber; loom 
harness, healds, or collets made of cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber, or of which 
cotton or other vegetable fiber is the 
component material of chief value; 
boot, shoe, and corset lacings inaae of 
cotton or other vegetable fiber; and 
labels for garments or other articles, 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, 25 per centum ad valorem ; belt- 
ing for machinery made of cotton or 
other vegetable fiber and india rubber, 
or of which cotton or other vegetable 
fiber is the component material of chief 
value, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 358. * * * coach, carriage, 
and automobile laces, * * * 60 per 
centum ad valorem. 



82304—22- 



-56 



882 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

H. R. 7456. - SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

sixty per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That no article composed wholly 
or in chief value of one or more of the 
materials or goods specified in this 
paragraph, shall pay a less rate of duty 
than the highest rate imposed by this 
section upon any of the materials or 
goods of which the same is composed : 
* * * # 

COTTON SMALL WAKES. 

Description and uses. — Paragraph 912 includes narrow woven 
fabrics which have not been ornamented after leaving the loom, 
manufactures of such narrow woven fabrics, and certain articles 
made by braiding or twisting together yarns or threads. These 
" small wares " are confined mainly to those of which cotton is the 
component material of chief value. Similar small- wares paragraphs 
are to be found in the other three textile schedules. 

" Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width " is an 
inclusive term for narrow woven fabrics, as distinguished from cloth 
which is a woven fabric over 12 inches in width. These narrow 
woven fabrics, such as tapes, ribbons, bandings, beltings, bindings, 
webbings, etc., are made on narrow- ware looms which produce a 
number of them simultaneously by means of numerous small shuttles 
positively driven by means of a rack and pinions. Articles made 
therefrom include bands, belts, cartridge belts, gun slings, webs, 
saddle girths, etc. Tubings are tubular woven products of the nar- 
row-ware loom; they are used in stem work for artificial flowers, 
as bone casings in corset manufacture, and for various other pur- 
poses. Garters, suspenders, and braces are articles made from narrow 
fabrics, usually from elastic webbings which are woven with elastic 
th-reads in the warp. Cords are made by braiding or cabling three 
or more threads. Tassels are pendent ornaments ending in a tuft 
of loose threads or cords. Cords and tassels are formed by securing 
tassels to cords. Spindle banding is used on spinning machines in 
transmitting power to the spindles ; one type is a cord made by braid- 
ing or twisting together rovings or yarns, whereas another type is a 
narrow woven tape. Wicking for candles is usually a twisted or 
cabled yarn ; wicking for oil-burning lamps and stoves may be either 
braided or tubular woven. Lacings for boots, shoes, and corsets 
may be round, flat, or braided ; they are usually made on the braid- 
ing machine. Loom harness consists of a number of heddles or 
healds, each with an opening or eye tied in the center, stretched 
side by side on a flat frame ; it is used on the loom, after the warp 
threads are drawn through the heddle eyes, to govern the order in 
which the warp threads are interlaced with the filling during weav- 
ing. Healds are made from harness twine to form constituent parts 
of the loom harness. Collets are cords used to hold the loom harness 
in position on the loom and are made of either flax or cotton. Woven 
labels for use on garments or other articles are made on a ribbon 
loom with Jacquard attachment. Belting for machinery is, in the 
narrower widths, made on webbing looms; the wider widths differ 
from the other woven fabrics under this paragraph in that they are 
made on heavy fly-shuttle looms. 



883 

Production in 1919 was valued at $10,724,000. as against $11,525,000 
in 1914. It includes $15,196,000 of round braids (including shoe and 
corset laces) : $15,104,000 of tape and webbing (not elsewhere speci- 
fied) ; $626,000 of banding, belts, and belting (not over 12 inches in 
width) ; $024,000 of labels', woven figured; and $424,000 of spindle 
banding. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $844 .552. Imports for the calendar 
vears 1918-1921 have been as follows : 



1918 1919 1920 



Narrow wares i I $782,217 1332,421 $275,797 

Garters, suspenders, and braces ( 2 ) 22, 364 | 31, 945 

Cords and tassels I (2) 17, 582 45, 693 

Wicking, and spindle banding | 15, 044 7, 930 | 8, 045 

Lacings, boot, shoe, and corset I 11, 718 1, 640 11, 555 

Loom harness, healds, and collets , 11, 606 16, 193 j 12, 188 

Labels for garments I 8,359 5,831 35,466 

Belting for machinery | 666, 249 5.50, 970 | 804, 353 



1921 
(9 months). 



$133,227 
86, 696 
26,142 
5, 226 
10,794 
10, 137 
27, 921 
195, 692 



1 Includes imports recorded as "fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width," ••'bandings, 
bindings, and bone casings" and "belts and beltings." 

2 Included in (i) without separate record. 

Exports are not recorded. Canadian statistics show imports from 
the United States for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, amount- 
ing to $289,994 for cotton tape, $89,348 for braces and suspenders, 
$56,447 for lamp wicks, and $174,717 for cotton belting. 

Important changes in classification. — This is the small-wares para- 
graph of the cotton schedule, and, with few exceptions, is confined 
to products of the narrow-ware or ribbon loom and to articles made 
from such products. It is therefore appropriately begun with the 
words " Fabrics with fast edges, not exceeding twelve inches in 
width, and articles made therefrom." In both manufacture and 
trade woven fabrics wider than 12 inches are knoAvn as cloth. 

Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width neces- 
sarily include all narrow woven wares and it is not necessary to 
mention bandings, beltings, bindings, webbings, tapes, ribbons, or 
other specific articles. Narrow strips cut from cloth can not be so 
included, because the} 7 are not made with fast edges, and they would 
be dutiable as the cloth of which they are made. Articles made 
from narrow woven fabrics necessarily include bands, belts, webs, 
etc., without specific mention. 

The term " tubings " has been retained because such narrow woven 
fabrics are a special form of narrow wares in that they are woven 
as tubes and therefore have no edges. c; Bone casings " has been 
omitted because it is included under the term tubings. Specific 
mention of " garters, suspenders, braces " is retained to avoid their 
being classed as wearing apparel. " Cords, tassels, cords and tassels " 
are specifically mentioned because they are not woven fabrics and 
have heretofore been listed with woven small wares. The peculiar 
wording of this provision is due to a judicial decision that, for tariff 
purposes, a cord with a tassel attached is not a cord or a tassel but 
both. 

The revised wording confines the provisions of this paragraph on 
the above articles to those composed Avholly or in chief value of 
cotton or of cotton and india rubber. Small wares of vegetable 



884 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

fibers other than cotton belong in the small- wares paragraph of 
Schedule 10; in a few instances paragraph 912 includes by specific 
mention small wares of other vegetable fibers, mainly because of their 
small importance and for ease of administration. 

Narrow wares ornamented by embroidery or lace are more spe- 
cifically provided for in paragraph 1430 and it is not necessary to 
note such exclusion from this or other paragraphs. 

In addition to the foregoing, this paragraph assigns a special rate 
of duty to spindle banding and to wicking. This rate applies irre- 
spective of how these goods are made and it is not necessary to say 
" woven, braided, or twisted." Separate rates are also provided for 
boot, shoe, and corset lacings, by whatever process made; for loom 
harness, healds, and collets ; for labels for garments or other articles ; 
and for belting for machinery. 

The principal difference between paragraph 262 of the act of 1913 
and paragraph 912 of H. R. 7456 is not in the class of articles in- 
cluded, but in the wording which clarifies the phraseology relating 
to narrow woven fabrics and articles made therefrom. 

" Tire fabric or fabric suitable for use in pneumatic tires " does 
not properly belong with small wares, as it is a specially constructed 
cloth that is usually 48 inches or more in width. It has, therefore, 
been more appropriately placed with other special cloths in para- 
graph 905. 

PARAGRAPH 913. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 913. Knit fabric, in the piece, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
cotton or other vegetable fiber, made 
on a warp-knitting machine, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; made on other 
than a warp-knitting machine, 23 per 
centum aq valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision; duti- [No corresponding provision; duti- 

able under basket paragraph 332, at able under basket paragraph 266, at 
45 per centum ad valorem.] 30 per centum ad valorem.] 

COTTON KNIT FABRIC. 

(See Survey 1-6.) 

Description and uses. — The article here covered is cotton knit 
fabric in the piece. There are several varieties, but essential differ- 
ences exist between those made on warp-knitting machines and those 
made on circular or on flat weft-knitting machines. The structure 
of a warp-knit fabric is composed of any number of warp .threads 
as in a woven fabric, but held together by interlocking loops instead of 
by other threads. The resultant fabric has only a slight stretch, 
will not ravel, and can be produced with such fine, closely knit loops 
that it is difficult to distinguish from a woven cloth. A variety often 
known as " atlas cloth " has been especially developed for gloves ; by 
means of a finishing process, called sueding, it is made to resemble 
chamois or similar soft-finish leathers. Further improvements have 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 885 

resulted in the duplexing process, a union of two thicknesses of the 
fabric, whereb}^ the sueded surface appears on both sides. Other 
cotton knit fabric is usually made on circular knitting machines, 
which operate rapidly and produce the fabric in tubular form. Un- 
derwear, cheaper grades of gloves, and other garments are cut from 
fabric knit in this manner. Special types of knit fabric are made 
for lining rubber shoes and a thin, cheap grade is used for covering 
meats. 

Production. — Practically all of the glove establishments make their 
own sueded fabric, so that very little is offered for sale. Hence the 
census figures for 1919 — 165,000 square yards, valued at $380,000 — 
represent only a small proportion of the total, which was estimated 
at over 1,000,000 square yards for that year. The warp-knitting in- 
dustry is of comparatively recent origin in the United States, as 
prior to the war practically all sueded gloves were imported. The 
manufacture of knit cotton fabrics for garments is an integral part 
of the knit-garment industry, and probably the entire production., 
which, because of the size of this industry, must be enormous, is con- 
sumed in the knitting mills. 

Imports and exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This entire paragraph is new. 
Knit cotton fabric in the piece has not been specially mentioned in 
previous tariff acts, but because of the growth of the knit-goods in- 
dustry, and especially the manufacture of fabric gloves, in this coun- 
try, it has been deemed advisable to include it here. Imports under 
this paragraph may never be large, but there is the possibility that 
" atlas cloth " will be imported from Germany, w T here a superior 
quality can be produced at less cost. It seems desirable to secure 
statistical enumeration so that any development of this trade can be 
made known. 



PARAGRAPH 914. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 914. Gloves, composed wholly 
or in chief value of cotton or other 
Vegetable fiber, made of fabric knit 
on a warp-knitting machine, 40 per 
centum ad valorem ; made of fabric 
knit on other than a warp-knitting 
machine, 33J per centum ad valorem ; 
made of woven fabric, 23 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 328. * * * Men's and boys' Par. 260. * * * Gloves by what- 

cotton gloves, knitted or woven, valued ever process made, composed wholly 
at not more than six dollars per dozen or in chief value of cotton, 35 per 
pairs, fifty cents per dozen pairs and centum ad valorem, 
forty per centum ad valorem ; valued 
at more than six dollars per dozen 
pairs, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

[Women's cotton gloves, not being 
specifically provided for, were held 
dutiable as cotton wearing apparel, 
under paragraph 324, at 50 per centum 
ad valorem.] 



886 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

COTTON GLOVES. 

(See Survey 1-6.) 

Description and uses. — Cotton gloves made of warp-knit fabric 
are usually known by the trade name, sueded or chamoisette gloves, 
because of the finish which resembles suede or chamois leather. This 
fabric, often called " atlas cloth." is finely knit and will not ravel. 
{See par. 913.) Other knit gloves are lisle gloves, which include 
many varieties of women's dress gloves, made from severely gassed 
yarn, and the cheap gloves, made from goods knit on a " circular " 
machine, such as are commonly used by policemen and undertakers. 
Woven fabric gloves are work gloves of canvas or cotton flannel, 
often reinforced with leather, or, for husking, with metal. 

Production values of various kinds of cotton gloves for 1918 were 
estimated as follows : Work gloves, $4,000,000 to $5,000,000, the bulk 
produced in the Middle West ; gloves of " circular " cloth, $500,000 ; 
lisle gloves, $2*000,000; and sueded cotton gloves, $8,450,000 (1,300,000 
dozen pairs). The three last-named classes are made chiefly in New 
York State. Before the war the manufacture of cotton gloves was 
confined largely to work and " circular " gloves, our supply of lisle 
and sueded gloves coming almost wholly from Germany. After 
1914, and until the resumption of trade with Germany, production 
grew so rapidly that at least one-half the lisle and practically all 
the sueded gloves required for domestic use were made in this coun- 
try. The quick revival of glove imports caused many domestic manu- 
facturers to curtail production. 

Imports of cotton gloves during the fiscal year ended June 30, 
1914, were 1,523,728 dozen pairs, valued at $2,184,039. These were 
mainly women's sueded gloves from Germany. The decreased im- 
ports during the war were mainly lisle gloves from Japan. Germany 
was again the main source in 1920. 

Imports since 1917 have been recorded as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 . 




Dozen pairs. 
368,038 
159,374 
304,015 
813, 604 


$544,048 

269,650 

1,078,081 

2, 727, 487 


$190,417 


1919 


94,378 


1920 - - - -' 


377,328 


1921 (9 months) * 









i Includes 327, 764 pounds, valued at $1,226,147 under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Gloves composed wholly or 
in chief value of cotton or other vegetable fiber are here divided into 
three tariff classes, because each class represents a distinct phase of 
the industry and presents an entirely different tariff problem. The 
description " made of fabric knit on a warp-knitting machine " has 
been used in preference to the various trade-marked names of mate- 
rials. For the same reason " warp-knitting machine " instead of 
" Tricot " or other special type of machine has been given because 
the former describes a general type which would cover any future 
patents or inventions of similar machines. Few woven-fabric gloves 
are imported, but the classification has been added to make the para- 
graph comprehensive as well as definite. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



887 



PARAGRAPH 915. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 915. Hose and half-hose, fash- 
ioned, seamless, or mock-seamed, fin- 
ished or unfinished, composed of cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber, made 
wholly or in part on knitting ma- 
chines, or knit by hand, valued at not 
more than $1 per dozen pairs, 35 cents 
per dozen pairs ; valued at more than 
$1 and not more than $1.50 per dozen 
pairs. 45 cents per dozen pairs ; valued 
:it more than $1.50 and not more than 
$2 per dozen pairs, 65 cents per dozen 
pairs : valued at more than $2 and not 
more than $3 per dozen pairs, $1.20 
per dozen pairs ; valued at more than 
$3 and not more than $5 per dozen 
pairs, $2 per dozen pairs; and, in ad- 
dition thereto, on all of the foregoing, 
12* per centum ad valorem ; valued at 
more than $5 per dozen pairs, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Hose and half-hose, finished or un- 
finished, made or cut from knitted 
fabric composed of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, and not specially pro- 
vided for. 23 per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 327. Stockings, hose and half- 
hose, made on knitting machines or 
frames, composed of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, and not otherwise spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
thirty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 328. Stockings, hose and half- 
hose, selvedged, fashioned, narrowed, 
or shaped wholly or in part by knitting 
machines or frames, or knit by hand, 
including such as are commercially 
known as seamless stockings, hose and 
half-hose and clocked stockings, hose 
and half-hose, all of the above com- 
posed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
finished or unfinished, valued at not 
more than one dollar per dozen pairs, 
seventy cents per dozen pairs ; valued 
at more than one dollar per dozen 
pairs, and not more than one dollar 
and fifty cents per dozen pairs, eighty- 
five cents per dozen pairs; valued at 
more than one dollar and fifty cents 
per dozen pairs, and not more than 
two dollars per dozen pairs, ninety 
cents per dozen pairs ; valued at more 
than two dollars per dozen pairs, and 
not more than three dollars per dozen 
pairs, one dollar and twenty cents per 
dozen pairs; valued at more than 
three dollars per dozen pairs, and not 
more than five dollars per dozen pairs, 
two dollars per dozen pairs ; and in 



Par. 259. Stockings, hose and half 
hose, made on knitting machines or 
frames, composed of cotton or , other 
vegetable fiber, and not otherwise spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 260. Stockings, hose and half 
hose, selvedged. fashioned, narrowed, 
or shaped wholly or in part by knit- 
ting machines or frames, or knit by 
hand, including such as are commer- 
cially known as seamless stockings, 
hose and half hose, and clocked stock- 
ings, hose and half hose, all of the 
above composed of cotton or other veg- 
etable fiber, finished or unfinished ; if 
valued at not more than 70 cents per 
dozen pairs, 30 per centum ad valorem ; 
if valued at more than 70 cents, and" 
not more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 40 
per centum ad valorem ; if valued at 
more than $1.20 per dozen pairs, 50 
per centum ad valorem. * * *. 



888 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

addition thereto, upon all the forego- 
ing, fifteen per centum ad valorem ; 
valued at more than five dollars per 
dozen pairs, fifty-five per centum ad 
valorem. * * *. 

COTTON HOSIERY. 

(See Survey 1-6.) 

Description and uses, — Hosiery is of three general types: Full- 
fashioned, seamless, and "cut." Full-fashioned hosiery is knitted 
flat, shaped by the increase or diminution of the number of stitches 
in the width, and selvaged ready for seaming. After the leg of a 
full-fashioned stocking is knit it is transferred to another machine 
for the formation of the foot. Besides this there are the processes 
of seaming and of looping the toe and heel. Seamless stockings are 
made in tubular form on circular machines, usually automatic, and 
come from the machine complete except for the toe, which must be 
seamed or looped. Sometimes a mock seam is added to such stockings 
to make them resemble the full fashioned. Ribbed hose or ribbed- 
topped socks require two machines for the knitting. 

Full-fashioned hosiery fits better and is more elastic than seamless ; 
but seamless hosiery is cheaper, as the circular machine is more 
productive and the labor cost therefore less. 

"Cut" hosiery is an inferior grade of hosiery cut out of long 
tubular webs made on large circular machines, or from the good 
portions of other kinds of hose spoiled in the making. 

Production of cotton hosiery in 1914 amounted to 61,409,575 dozen 
pairs, valued at $59,631,474; in 1919, to 60,613,000 dozen pairs, valued 
at $84,366,000. In 1909 cotton hosiery constituted 91 per cent; in 
1914, 82 per cent; and in 1919, 72 per cent of the total quantity of 
hosiery produced in the United States. From 1914 to 1919 the 
decline was actual as well as relative. A considerable quantity of 
women's fine cotton stockings was formerly imported, but during the 
war the extension of flat knitting enabled the domestic industry to 
supply all demands, though silk, mixed silk, and to some extent 
artificial silk, for various reasons, especially the high price of cotton, 
encroached upon the cotton hosiery market. In 1914 Pennsylvania 
was by far the first State in production, North Carolina was second, 
and Tennessee third. The industry in the South is growing rapidly, 
and so far is almost entirely in seamless hosiery. There is very little 
manufacture of "cut" hosiery in the United States at the present 
time and the salvaging of imperfect hose is probably the only reason 
for its continuance. 

Imports of seamless and full-fashioned hosiery in 1914 were 
1,846,862 dozen pairs, valued at $2,770,781. ^ Prewar imports were 
almost entirely from Germany, and consisted mainly of full- 
fashioned hosiery for women. 

Imports of cut hosiery in 1914 were 347,509 dozen pairs, valued at 
$178,897. These were mainly from Germany, and consisted largely 
of hosiery for infants. 

Imports of hosiery since 1917 have been as follows : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



889 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



SEAMLESS AND FULL-FASHIONED HOSIERY. 



Quantity (dozen pairs) 

Value 

Duty 

I 



94,611 
$124,655 
$54, 120 



58, 349 
$124,453 
$57,657 



139,831 331,365 
$640, 132 $736, 780 
$317,715 



1 Includes 130,244 pounds, valued at $360,365, under the emergency tariff act. 

CUT HOSIERY. 



Quantity (dozen pairs) 

Value 

Duty 




$95,846 



1 Includes 6,749 pounds, valued at $13,133, under the emergency tariff act. 



Exports of cotton hosiery are much larger than imports. Ex- 
ports since. 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 



1918 



Quantity (dozen pairs) i 5, 574, 343 

Value $13,258,474 



1919 



1920 



9,477,338 
$26, 882, 566 



11,575,655 
$37, 879, 665 



1921 
(9 months). 



1, 954, 534 
$5,019,645 



The main purchasers in 1920 were England, Cuba, Australia, 
France, Argentina, Sweden, and Denmark. 

Important changes in classification. — As hose and half hose are 
inclusive, the word "stockings" has been omitted as superfluous. 
For the same reason the words " selvedged," " narrowed," and 
" frames " have been omitted. The full-fashioned hose comes from 
the knitting machine as a selvedged piece of material and a stock- 
ing could not be selvedged except by being shaped or fashioned in 
the knitting. Even if designed to apply to the shaped material for 
hose not sewed into form the term " selvedged " would be unneces- 
sary because of the provision for unfinished hose. " Narrowed " 
would also mean fashioned as the shape of a fashioned hose is given 
by " narrowing " or decreasing the number of loops in the width at 
certain places. A " narrowed " hose is not necessarily full fashioned 
but the revised wording does not specify full fashioned, nor does it 
give separate classifications to seamless and to full-fashioned hose, 
hence hose which is seamless but partly fashioned or narrowed would 
be covered by the first provisions of the paragraph. The word 
" mock-seamed " has been inserted to cover a type of seamless hosiery 
that is made to imitate full-fashioned hosiery, although it is hardly 
necessary as it would be included in seamless hosiery. 

Besides the fashioned and the seamless hose which are given form 
on the knitting machines, there is a third general type shaped by cut- 
ting from knitted fabric and made into the finished hose by sewing. 
In cotton hosiery these are usually made from a cheap grade of fabric 
knit on large circular machines or from the good parts of other 
hosiery damaged in manufacture. Imports of cheap cut hosiery are 
small, but because they consist largely of one type, infants' socks, are 



890 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF' INFORMATION, 1921. 



competitive with a special branch of the industry. The revised word- 
ing states more clearly the type of hosiery heretofore covered by the 
phrase " not specially provided for." 

" Clocked " has been omitted from the revised wording. Clocking 
is ankle ornamentation, but there are three types of hose sold as 
clocked hose. The first is embroidered by hand or machine, and the 
omission of the word clocking here throws these into the paragraph 
provided for embroidered articles. The second is made by plating 
on the knitting machine, whereas the third, sometimes known as imi- 
tation clocking, is made by openwork knitting along the ankle. The 
two last-named classes would be included as hosiery in any case, as 
it is immaterial whether the plating and openwork is only along the 
anklet or all over the hose. The omission of " clocked," thereby 
throwing hose with embroidery clocks into the paragraph provided 
for embroidery, is in line with the present procedure in connection 
with silk hose. 

PARAGRAPH 916. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par, 916. Underwear and all other 
wearing apparel of every description, 
finished or unfinished, composed of cot- 
ton or other vegetable fiber, made 
wholly or in part on knitting machines, 
or knit by hand, and not specially 
provided for, valued at not more than 
$1.50 per dozen, 40 cents per dozen and 
12^ per centum ad valorem ; valued at 
more than $1.50 and not more than $3 
per dozen, 70 cents per dozen and 12| 
per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than $3 and not more than $5 
per dozen, $1.20 per dozen and 20 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than $5 and not more than $7 per 
dozen, $1.40 per dozen and 25 per 
centum ad valorem ; valued at more 
than $7 and not more than $15 per 
dozen, $2.25 per dozen and 25 per 
centum ad valorem ; valued at more 
than $15 and not more than $20 per 
dozen, $4 per dozen and 28 per centum 
ad valorem ; valued at more than $20 
per dozen, 40 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OE 1909. 

Par. 329. Shirts and drawers, pants, 
vests, union suits, combination suits, 
tights, sweaters, corset covers and all 
underwear of every description made 
wholly or in part on knitting ma- 
chines or frames, or knit by hand, 
finished or unfinished, not including 
stockings, hose and half-hose, com- 
posed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, valued at not more than one 
dollar and fifty cents per dozen, sixty 
routs per dozen and fifteen per centum 
nd valorem; valued at more than one 
dollar and fifty cents per dozen and 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 261. Shirts and drawers, pants, 
vests, union suits, combination suits, 
tights, sweaters, corset covers, and all 
underwear and wearing apparel of 
every description, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, made wholly 
or in part on knitting machines or 
frames, or knit by hand, finished or 
unfinished, not including such as are 
trimmed with lace, imitation lace or 
crochet or as are embroidered and not 
Including stockings, hose and half, 
hose, composed of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber, 30 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF IX FORMATION, 1921. 891 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

not more than three dollars per dozen, 
one dollar and ten cents per dozen, 
and in addition thereto fifteen per 
centum ad valorem ; valued at more 
than three dollars per dozen and not 
more than five dollars per dozen, one 
dollar and fifty cents per dozen, and 
in addition thereto twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem ; valued at more 
than five dollars per dozen and not 
more than seven dollars per dozen, 
one dollar and seventy-five cents per 
dozen, and id addition thereto thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem ; valued at 
more than seven dollars per dozen and 
not more than fifteen dollars per 
dozen, two dollars and twenty-five 
cents per dozen, and in addition there-. 
to thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; 
valued above fifteen dollars per dozen, 
fifty per centum ad valorem. 

COTTON KNIT WEARING APPAREL. 

(See Survey 1-6.) 

Description and loses. — Knit wearing apparel may be divided into 
"flat" and "ribbed." Kibbed goods are distinguished from flat 
(plain surface) goods by having ribs or wales on both sides of the 
fabric. Cuffs, anklets, hosiery tops, etc., as well as sweaters and 
other knit goods for outer wear, are made on the rib machine, but 
undergarments having smooth surfaces are not ordinarily so pro- 
duced. 

Full-fashioned underwear is the product of a straight spring- 
needle machine, which narrows or shapes the garment to fit the body. 
Only the finest grades are made in this way. The ordinary and 
cheapest method is to knit the fabric into long tube-shaped material 
on a large circular knitting machine, when it may be cut and made 
into any type of underwear desired. Such garments are known as 
" cut goods. " the finishing being the most important part of the 
process. 

Production of cotton knit underwear in 1914 amounted to 
$68,715,752: in 1919, to $143,687,000, about 70 per cent of the value 
of all knit underwear. There was no increase in quantity over 1914, 
but there was a greater number of combination suits and fewer 
separate pieces. Cotton knit outerwear is not a distinct industry. 
The cotton is as a rule used with wool or with silk. Bathing suits 
and, less frequently, sweaters are sometimes all cotton. Official re- 
turns do not show separately the production of knit outerwear made 
of cotton. New York and Pennsylvania in 1914 were the chief 
producers of knit wearing apparel. 

Imports in 1914 of cotton knit goods, other than hosiery and 
gloves, were valued at $341,983, or less than 1 per cent of domestic 
production. 



892 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Dozens. 
97,248 
36,051 
22,441 
22, 426 


$606,001 
296,734 
193, 119 

146,309 . 


$181,001 
85,590 
57, 936 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) i 









i Includes 4,579 pounds, valued at $18,554, under the emergency tarifi act. 



Exports of cotton-knit wearing apparel are much larger than im- 
ports. The main purchasers in 1920 were the United Kingdom, 
Norway, Cuba, and Australia. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 . 


1921 
(9 months) 


Cotton knit underwear 


$2, 897, 486 
945, 833 


$8,602,293 
1,508,995 


$14,067,839 
2,510,558 


$2, 535, 434 


Other cotton knit goods l 


340, 024 







1 Other than hosiery, gloves, and underwear. 

Important changes in classification. — " Underwear and all other 
wearing apparel of every description " is broadly inclusive and it is 
not necessary to retain specific mention of certain articles, such as 
shirts, drawers, pants, vests, etc., as all of these are included under 
the revised wording. The phrase " not including such as are trimmed 
with lace, imitation lace, or crochet, or as are embroidered" is 
omitted as superfluous because these articles are more specifically 
provided for elsewhere. 



PARAGRAPH 917, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 917. Handkerchiefs and mufflers, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
cotton, finished or unfinished, not 
hemmed, shall pay duty as cloth; 
hemmed or hemstitched, shall pay. in 
addition thereto, 10 per centum ad 
valorem : Provided, That none of the 
foregoing, when containing yarns the 
average numher of which does not ex- 
ceed number 40, shall pay less than 25 
per centum ad valorem ; nor when ex- 
ceeding number 40, less than 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 322. Handkerchiefs or mufflers 
composer! of cotton, whether in the 
piece or otherwise and whether fin- 
ished or unfinished, if not hemmed, or 
hemmed only, shall pay the same rate 
of duly on the cloth contained therein 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 255. Handkerchiefs or mufflers 
composed of cotton, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, whether fin- 
ished or unfinished, not hemmed, 25 
per centum ad valorem ; hemmed, or 
hemstitched, 30 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 893 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

as is imposed on cotton cloth of the 
same description, weight, and count 
Of threads to the square inch : but 
such handkerchiefs or mufflers shall 
not pay a less rate of duty than forty- 
five per centum ad valorem. If such 
handkerchiefs or mufflers are hem- 
stitched, or imitation hemstitched. 
* * * they shall pay a duty of ten 
per centum ad valorem in addition to 
the duty hereinbefore prescribed, and 
in no case less than fifty-five per 
rout mn ad valorem ; * ** *'. 

PLAIN COTTON HANDKERCHIEFS AND MUFFLERS. 

(See Survey 1-5.) 

Description and uses. — The plain cotton handkerchief, hemmed or 
hemstitched, not embroidered or otherwise adorned, is the staple article 
of largest domestic manufacture and use. Mufflers are of minor im- 
portance. 

Manufacturers buy the finished cloth in the piece, usually already 
bleached or, less frequently, dyed or printed. It is then cut to size and 
hemmed or hemstitched, principally by machine, ironed, folded, and 
boxed for sale. The cloth used is composed of yarns ranging from 
30s to 110s, mainly under 60s for men's handkerchiefs and under 80s 
for women's. Domestic cloth is generally used, prices being no higher 
than for foreign fabrics. 

Production. — The domestic output of cotton handkerchiefs in 1914 
was estimated at $10,000,000, about two-thirds the value of all hand- 
kerchiefs made in the United States. The normal output is probably 
greater, as 1914 was a year of reduced operation. As plain and em- 
broidered cotton and linen handkerchiefs are usually made in the same 
plant, it is difficult to treat cotton handkerchiefs separately. The man- 
ufacture is centralized in the North Atlantic section, from Rhode 
Island to Pennsylvania. Passaic is the most important manufacturing 
city and New York the principal center of distribution. Large-scale 
production predominates, although a considerable portion of this 
manufacture is in small shops and by individuals who do the cutting, 
hemming, and embroidering on commission. 

Imports of plain cotton handkerchiefs are usually much less im- 
portant than those of " fancy " handkerchiefs made of lace or em- 
broidered or otherwise adorned, which are dutiable under paragraph 
358 of the act of 1913 at 60 per cent ad valorem. The increase in im- 
portations of plain cotton handkerchiefs in recent years has been, in 
part at least, due to the scarcity and high price of linen handkerchiefs. 
Imports are mainly from the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Ire- 
land is now the main source, many Belfast handkerchief manufac- 
turers having had to turn from linen to cotton. The finished hemmed 
or hemstitched handkerchief has made up the bulk of these imports. 
Importations of handkerchiefs in the piece, or cut but not hemmed, are 
of minor importance. Imports of plain cotton handkerchiefs in 1914 
were valued at $112,499. 



894 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows : 



Calendar Tear. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 



UNHEMMED HANDKERCHIEFS. 



1918 , 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 1 . 



Dozen. 



110, 134 
275, 717 
100, 879 



$86, 094 
51, 129 

152, 083 
54,522 



$21, 524 
12, 782 
38, 021 



HEMMED OR HEMSTITCHED HANDKERCHIEFS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 , 

1921 (9 months)'. 



790, 244 
1, 882, 705 
1, 183, 890 



$353, 820 

607, 482 

1, 481, 686 

894, 174 



$106, 145 
182, 245 
444,505 



1 Includes 500 pounds, valued at $1,797, under the emergency tariftact. 

2 Includes 67,240 pounds, valued at $244,561, under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports are not recorded. Canadian statistics show imports from 
the United States during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, of 
cotton handkerchiefs valued at $110,745. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph is intended to 
cover all handkerchiefs and mufflers of which cotton is the component 
material of chief value, except such as are ornamented with lace, em- 
broidery, etc., and more specifically provided for in paragraph 1430. 
As in the act of 1913, one rate of duty is imposed on unhemmed 
handkerchiefs, and another and higher rate on hemmed or hem- 
stitched handkerchiefs. The provision that unhemmed handker- 
chiefs shall be dutiable at the same rate as the cloth of which they 
are composed, and that hemmed or hemstitched handkerchiefs shall 
be dutiable at the cloth rate plus 10 per cent ad valorem prevents 
classification at a lower rate of duty than that imposed on the basic 
cloth of the handkerchief. 

Minimum ad valorem rates of duty have been provided, one rate for 
handkerchiefs made of cloth containing yarns the average number 
of which does not exceed number 40, and another and higher rate for 
those composed of cloth with finer yarns. 



PARAGRAPH 918. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 918. Clothing and articles of 
Wearing apparel of every description, 
manufactured wholly bf in part, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of cot- 
ton, and not specially provided for. 3rU 
per centum ad valorem. 

Shirt collars and cuffs, of cotton, not 
specially provided for, 25 cents per 
dozen pieces and Yl\ per centum ad 
valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



895 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 324. Clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every 
description, composed of cotton * * * 
or of which cotton * * * is the 
component material of chief value, 
made up or manufactured, wholly or 
in part, by the tailor, seamstress, or 
manufacturer, and not otherwise pro- 
vided for in this section, fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Pab. 348. Shirt collars and cuffs, 
composed of cotton, forty-five cents per 
dozen pieces and fifteen per centum ad 
valorem : * * * . 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 256. Clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
scription, composed of cotton * * * 
or of which cotton * * * is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, or of 
cotton * * * and india rubber, 
made up or manufactured, wholly or 
in part, by the tailor, seamstress, or 
manufacturer, and not otherwise spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 30 
per centum ad valorem ; shirt collars 
and cuffs of cotton, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 30 per centum 
ad valorem. 



COTTON WEARING APPAREL. 



(See Survey 1-5.) 



Description and uses. — Paragraph 918 covers cotton wearing ap- 
parel of every description, not specially provided for. Articles spe- 
cially provided for elsewhere are garters, suspenders, braces, and 
other manufactures of narrow wares (par. 912) ; knit goods (pars. 
914, 915, 916) ; handkerchiefs (par. 917) : and apparel ornamented 
with lace, embroidery, etc. (par. 1430). 

Production. — Separate figures for cotton wearing apparel are not 
available, but an estimate based on figures of the clothing trades in 
general as recorded in the census of 1914 places the production of 
cotton wearing apparel at over $200,000,000 for that year. It is evi- 
dent that all but a very small proportion of our increasing demand is 
supplied domestically. 

Imports are mainly from France, with the United Kingdom second 
and Switzerland third. 

Imports during the fiscal year 1914 and the calendar years 1918- 
1921 were as follows: 



Cotton wearing apparel. 


1914 1918 

1 


1919 1920 ; (9l JSths). 


Collars and cuffs 


$5,619 \ $29,316 


$24,035 1 $75,228 1 $41,582 


Corsets, not ornamented 


1,273 i 18.954 4.148 1 7.373 


Clothing and articles of wearing apparel, 
n. s. p. f 


1,065,365 


942,487 1 436,664 ■' 1,226,819 832,599 


Total 


1, 072, 257 


990,757 480.709 1.306.195 881.554 









Exports are much larger than imports. The United States ships 
cotton wearing apparel to almost every country of the world. In 
1920 the main purchasers of collars or cuffs were Cuba, Mexico, and 
Holland ; of corsets, Australasia, United Kingdom, Canada, and South 
Africa ; of other apparel for men and boys, Cuba y Canada, Norway, 
Panama, Dominican Republic, and Japan; of other apparel for 
women and children, Canada, Cuba, and Poland. 

Exports during the fiscal year 1914 and in the calendar years 
1918-1921 were as follows : 



896 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION*, 1921. 



Cotton wearing apparel. 


1914 


1918 1919 

i 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 






1 
$329,227 i $771,219 
1,923,078 2,880,858 

f 6. 181.308 i 10.082.218 


$816,142 
3,523,767 

17,724,523 
4, 542, 235 


$303,770 




$2,220,739 


1,237,772 


Wearing apparel, all other: 


3,898,708 




) °» 999 > 887 \\ 3)015^30 3^66^724 


2, 144, 250 






Total 


8,220,626 : 11.448.743 ! 17.399.019 


26,606,667 i 7.584.500 


<t 




, , j , , 







Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 918 covers cotton 
wearing apparel of every description, not specially provided for. 
Wearing apparel wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber other than 
cotton has been appropriately placed under Schedule 10. The word 
" ready-made " has been omitted as unnecessary, because this para- 
graph covers wearing apparel, whether ready-made or custom-made. 
The words " by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer," used in 
previous acts after the words "manufactured wholly or in part," 
have been omitted as tautological, since all wearing apparel must be 
so made. Mention of india rubber is omitted, and although india 
rubber may be present in the goods covered, cotton must be the mate- 
rial of chief value. If india rubber is the material of chief value, 
such wearing apparel would be classified as an article of rubber. 



PARAGRAPH 919. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 919. Lace window curtains, nets, 
nettings, pillow shams, and bed sets, 
finished or unfinished, made on the 
Nottingham lace-curtain machine, and 
composed of cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, when counting five points or 
spaces between the warp threads to 
the inch, li cents per square yard ; 
when counting more than five such 
points or spaces to the inch, three- 
fourths of 1 cent per square -yard in 
addition for each point in excess of 
five ; and in addition thereto, on all 
the foregoing articles in this para- 
graph, 17 per centum ad valorem : Pro- 
vided, That none of the foregoing shall 
pay a less rate of duty than 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 351. Lace window curtains, 
nets, nettings, pillow shams, and bed 
sets, finished or unfinished, made on 
the Nottingham lace-curtain machine 
or on the Nottingham warp machine, 
and composed of cotton or other vege- 
table fiber, when counting five points 
or spaces between the war)) threads to 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 265. Lace window curtains, pil- 
low shams, and bed sets, finished or 
unfinished, made on the Nottingham 
lace-curtain machine, and composed of 
cotton or other vegetable fiber, when 
counting not more than six points or 
spaces between the warp threads to 
the inch, 35 per centum ad valorem; 



897 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

the inch, one cent per square yard ; when counting more than six and not 

when counting more than five such more than eight points or spaces to 

points or spaces to the inch, one-half the inch, 40 per centum ad valorem ; 

of one cent per square yard in addi- when counting nine or more points or 

tion for each such point or space to spaces to the inch, 45 per centum ad 

the inch in excess of five; and in ad- valorem. 

dition thereto, on all the foregoing Par. 358. * * * nets, nettings, 

articles in this paragraph, twenty per * * * and articles made in whole or 

centum ad valorem : Provided, That in part of any of the foregoing fabrics 

none of the above-named articles shall or articles ; all of the foregoing of 

pay a less rate of duty than fifty per whatever yarns, threads, or filaments 

centum ad valorem. composed, 60 per centum ad valorem. 

NOTTINGHAM LACE-CURTAIN MACHINE PRODUCTS. 

Description and uses. — Paragraph 919 covers specified products, 
composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, made on the Nottingham 
lace-curtain machine. This is a machine that is used in many coun- 
tries, the name " Nottingham," from its original place of develop- 
ment, being retained to distinguish it from other types of machines, 
such as the Levers lace machine, which also produces curtains. 

Nottingham lace-curtain machines are made with 6 to 18 points 
or bobbins to the inch, making curtains and other goods with 6 to 
18 meshes to the inch. Over 60 per cent of the machines used in 
the United States are of 8 point or coarser. Each machine is de- 
signed to make a specific number of meshes to the inch and can make 
no other number. No. 100/2 ply is about the finest yarn used on such 
machines and the majority consists of 58/2 to 78/2 yarns. 

In making a fabric on a Nottingham lace-curtain machine it is 
necessary to have at least three sets of yarns — the main or ground- 
warp yarn; the spool yarn, which interlaces with the warp; arid the 
so-called "brass-bobbin" yarn, which acts as a binder between the 
warp and the spool yarns. For producing special types of curtains, 
an additional beam warp or spool yarn may be used. The warp 
and spool 3 T arns are carried on beams beneath the machine; they 
are drawn up vertically to intertwist with the brass-bobbin yarns 
as the latter, suspended from the beam at the top of the machine, 
swing like pendulums and are shifted to right or left of the vertical 
yarns. The spool yarns are of domestic spinning, as are also most 
of the warp yarns, but brass-bobbin yarns of the required character 
and finish are not produced in the United States. Therefore the 
lace-curtain manufacturers, who are the largest importers of cotton 
yarns, are dependent on the output of English mills for this essen- 
tial element of manufacture. 

Curtains made of cloth, or of Lever's lace, and curtaius ("nov- 
elty") of voile or marquisette trimmed with lace, are excluded from 
this paragraph by virtue of the Nottingham machine qualification. 

Production in 1914 of Nottingham lace curtains was valued at 
$4,678,847, and of Nottingham lace-curtain nets at $1,258,307; pro- 
duction in 1919 of Nottingham lace curtains was 3.933.000 pairs, 
valued at $8,166,000 ; and of Nottingham lace-curtain nets, 19.465,000 
linear yards, valued at $7,616,000. Other products of the Notting- 
ham lace-curtain machine were not recorded separately. There are 

82304—22 57 



898 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



10 Nottingham lace-curtain manufacturers, operating over 500 ma- 
chines, of which about 450 are located in Pennsylvania. 

Imports of Nottingham lace curtains, pillow shams, and bed sets 
were valued at $174,652 in 1914 (fiscal year). Imports of Notting- 
ham lace-curtain nets and nettings fall under paragraph 358 of the 
act of 1913 and are not recorded separately. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 : 


Sq. yds. 
136,216 
144,937 
361,813 
382,534 


$41,863 
50,240 

144,089 
45,253 


$18,691 
21,351 
58,207 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) l 







1 Includes 1,718 pounds, valued at $4,651, under the emergency tariff act. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The wording here used for 
products of the Nottingham lace-curtain machine is the same as that 
in paragraph 351 of the act of 1909 except that the words " or on the 
Nottingham warp machine," have been omitted because the machine 
so designated is really a " warp lace " machine, the products of which 
properly belong under paragraph 1430. The classification of the act 
of 1913 has been followed in placing the articles here covered under 
the cotton schedule because they are mainly of cotton. 

The Nottingham lace-curtain machine makes goods with 6 to 18 
meshes to the inch, using yarns coarser than No. 100/2 pry. The Levers 
lace machine makes goods with 14 to 30 meshes to the inch, and 
although it uses a wide range of yarns the greater number are finer 
than 100/2 ply. In other words, the Nottingham lace-curtain ma- 
chine makes the coarser and the. Levers lace machine makes the finer 
products of the lace and net industry. The products of the Notting- 
ham lace-curtain machine are therefore here made dutiable at a 
lower rate than is levied under paragraph 1430 on the products of 
the Levers lace machine. The Nottingham lace-curtain industry is 
firmly established in this country and has comparatively little for- 
eign competition as compared with the Levers lace industry. 

In the preceding wording, as in that of the act of 1909. there are 
included nets and nettings made on the Nottingham lace-curtain 
machine, whereas in the 1913 act all nets and nettings were covered 
by paragraph 358. As about half of the output of the Nottingham 
lace-curtain industry consists of nets and nettings, the 1909 classifi- 
cation is the logical one to follow. 



PARAGRAPH 920. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pak. 920. All articles made from cot- 
Ion cloth, whether finished or unfin- 
ished, and all manufactures of cotton 
or of which cotton is the component 
material of chief value, not specially 
provided for, 2S per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 899 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 326. Curtains, table covers, and Par. 258. Curtains, table covers, and 

all articles manufactured of cotton all articles manufactured of cotton 
chenille, or of which cotton chenille chenille, or of which cotton chenille 
is the component material of chief is the component material of chief 
value, * * * composed wholly or value. * * * any of the foregoing, 
in chief value of cotton or other vege- in the piece or otherwise, 35 per 
table fiber ; any of the foregoing, in centum ad valorem ; all other Jac- 
the piece or otherwise, fifty per centum quard figured manufactures of cotton 
ad valorem. or of which cotton is the component 

Par. 332. All articles made from cot- material of chief value, 30 per centum 
ton cloth, whether finished or unfin- ad valorem. 

ished, and all manufactures of cotton, Par. 264. * * * batting, any of 

or of which cotton is the component the foregoing made of cotton, or of 
material of chief value, not specially which cotton is the component ma- 
provided for in this section, forty-five terial of chief value, *.*,*, and 
per centum ad valorem. not otherwise provided for, 25 per 

centum ad valorem. 

Par. 266. All articles made from cot- 
ton cloth, whether finished or unfin- 
ished, and all manufactures of cotton 
or of which cotton is the component 
material of chief value, not specially 
provided for in this section, 30 per 
centum ad valorem". 

BASKET PARAGRAPH OF COTTON SCHEDULE. 

Description and uses. — Paragraph 920 covers a large number of 
miscellaneous articles wholly or in chief value of cotton, none of 
which is of sufficient individual importance to warrant specific men- 
tion. Among such articles are twine, cordage, and rope ; fishing nets 
and seines ; bags : roller shades ; lamp shades ; Jacquard-figured blan- 
kets; Jacquard-figured towels, not terry woven; batting, wadding, 
and mattress felts ; etc. 

Production. — It is impossible to make up an inclusive total. of 
domestic output for comparison with imports under a basket para- 
graph. However, the production of cotton twine amounted to 13,- 
050,000 pounds, valued at $2,716,000, in 1914 and to 11,340,000 pounds, 
valued at $5,597,000, in 1919; cotton cordage and rope. 4.962,000 
pounds, valued at $792,000, in 1914 and to 5,763,000 pounds, valued at 
$2,207,000, in 1919 : cotton batting, wadding, and mattress felts, not 
recorded in 1914, to 65,467,000 pounds, valued at $8,272,000, in 1919. 

Imports were valued at $1,622,258 in the fiscal year 1914 and 
$2,333,185 in the calendar year 1920. The largest item consisted of 
the cloth articles, mainly for table use, known in the trade as " Jap- 
anese blue prints." 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This basket paragraph is 
worded the same as in preceding acts, but its scope is reduced by 
the specific provisions made for a number of articles formerly 
included. For example, Japanese blue prints, such as table and 
bureau covers, centerpieces, etc., made by stencil-dyeing plain- 
woven cotton cloth, are provided for in paragraph 911. Dust cloths 
and bedspreads are also placed under paragraph 911, while railroad 
air hose will fall under paragraph 1007. On the other hand, Jac- 
quard-figured manufactures of cotton not specially provided for, such 
as blankets, towels not terry woven, etc., are included without specific 
mention. 



SCHEDULE 10. 



FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE, AND MANUFAC 
TURES OF. 



PARAGRAPH 1001. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1001. Flax straw, $2 per ton; 
flax, not hackled, 1 cent per pound; flax, 
hackled, including "dressed line," 2 
cents per pound; flax tow and -flax noils, 
three-fourths of 1 cent per pound ; hemp 
and hemp tow, three-fourths of 1 cent per 
pound; hackled hemp, including "line 
of hemp, " 1£ cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Schedule J. — Flax, Hemp, and Jute, 
and Manufactures of. 

Par. 333. Flax straw, five dollars per- 
ton. 

Par. 334. Flax, not hackled or dressed, 
one cent per pound. 

Par. 335. Flax, hackled, known as 
"dressed line, " three cents per pound. 

Par. 33G. Tow of flax, twenty dollars 
per ton. 

Par. 337. Hemp, and tow of hemp, 
twenty-two dollars and fifty cents per 
ton; hemp, hackled, known as "line of 
hemp, " forty-five dollars per ton. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Schedule J. — Flax, Hemp, and Jute, 
and Manufactures of. 

Par. 485. Flax straw, flax, not hackled 
or dressed; flax hackled, known as 
"dressed line, " tow of flax and flax noils; 
hemp, and tow of hemp; hemp hackled, 
known as "line of hemp" [Free]. 



FLAX. 

Description and uses .-^-~F\&x is the oldest of all vegetable fibers of 
which we have record as being applied to the use of mankind, but 
the comparatively recent development of the manufacture of cotton 
has tended to prevent expansion in the production of the older material. 
Cotton is more pliable than flax, can be manufactured more cheaply, 
and can be so finished as to make it almost indistinguishable from- 
linen. Flax has been able to retain a certain demand because of its 
inherent beauty, strength, and durability, which enable it to endure 
repeated handling and washing with less loss of its sheen and hard 
surface and without napping. Flax is used for thread, fishlines, 
fishnets, water hose, towols, table and bed linen, handkerchiefs, and 
dress goods. 

Flax straw is the dried stem of the flax plant before the extraction 
of the fiber. Flax, not hackled, is the fiber that has been taken 
from the straw by retting (rotting away the retentive gum) and 
scutching (knocking out the woody core from the surrounding 
fibers), but which has undergone no further treatment. Hackled 
flax consists of the longer fibers after the more or less complete 
900 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 901 

combing out of the shorter fibers by hand or machine heckling 
operations. Flax that has been completely hackled is known as 
dressed line, and is used in making thread and fabrics of the higher 
grades. Flax _tow for spinning consists of the shorter and less valua- 
ble fibers discarded in the hackling operations and corresponds to the 
noil of a worsted mill. The coarse and medium counts produced from 
such tow form a very important part of the world's output of flax 
yarns and are extensively used in the manufacture of paddings, crashes, 
and canvas. Flax upholstery tow, used in stuffing furniture and 
lining refrigerator cars, is of a different character, as it can not be 
spun and is made by merely crushing unretted straw of seed flax or 
poor grades of short fiber flax. Flax noils are the short tangled 
fibers discarded at the card or the comb in the manufacture of tow 
yarns; some of this is used as raw material in the manufacture of low- 
grade goods. 

Production. — In prewar years, Russia, with an annual production 
of about 600,000 tons, half of which was exported, supplied about 85 
per cent of the world's flax. The remainder was produced mainly 
in Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, and Belgium. Courtrai 
flax from Belgium is considered the highest grade. 

As a result of the World War the production of flax in Russia has 
declined to about one-tenth of the normal, and the world acreage 
in fiber flax had fallen from about 4,500,000 to about 1,175,000 acres 
in 1920. The war shortage stimulated production in Canada 
and Japan, as well as in European countries where flax was 
already grown, but the sharp decline in the price of linens in 
1921 caused a large decrease in the acreage in fiber flax in all of these 
countries. For instance, Canadian acreage in fiber flax increased 
from 4,000 in 1915 to 20,262 in 1920, and declined to 7,300 in 1921. 
Ireland had, in fiber flax, 49,000 acres in 1914, 127,000 acres in 1920, 
and only 40,000 acres in 1921. 

The American acreage in fiber flax was 2,240 in 1911; 1,100 in 
1914; 4,300 in 1918; 6,090 in 1920; and 1,525 in 1921. The States 
producing flax fiber in 1920 were Michigan with 3,500 acres; 
Minnesota with 1,000 acres; Wisconsin and Oregon with 700 acres 
each, and Maryland with 190 acres. 

The hand labor involved in weeding and pulling the flax and in 
natural retting has proved a great obstacle to domestic production 
of fiber flax in competition with crops better adapted to the use of 
machinery. Attempts have recently been made here and in Canada 
to introduce labor-saving devices to eliminate weeding and pulling 
by hand, and to provide for artificial retting in central plants. 

Yarn spun from domestic flax is used in the manufacture of twines, 
shoe thread, and toweling. Domestic flax is not suitable for spinning 
high-grade yarns such as are used in the manufacture of table linen, 
cambrics, and laces. 

The United States is a large producer of flaxseed, but growing flax 
for seed is an industry entirely distinct from and much simpler 
than the growing of flax for fiber. In 1914 the United States had 
1,645,000 acres, and in 1921, 1,706,000 acres devoted to the former. 
The fiber of flax raised for seed is not suitable for spinning. The 
straw of seed flax is used in making upholstering tow of a low grade, 
in insulating board, and in rags for floor coverings. 



902 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports in 1914 of flax straw were 220 tons, valued at $9,659; of 
flax, not hackled, 6,056 tons, valued at $1,497,660; of flax, hackled, 
2,590 tons, valued at $1,242,129; of flax tow, 1,322 tons, valued at 
$264,303; of flax noils, 96 tons, valued at $8,388; a total of 10,284 
tons, valued at $3,022,139. The United Kingdom supplied about 
half of the total. Russia and Belgium supplied a large part of the 
remainder. 

Imports since 1917 for calendar years have been as follows: 



Flax. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Straw 

Not hackled. . 

Hackled 

Tow 


Tons. 

142 

5,026 

1,773 

721 

207 


$14, 116 
4,225,260 
2,558,428 

524, 460 
39,783 


Tons. 
568 
939 
2,129 
471 
313 


$25, 570 
757,060 
2, 929, 062 
185, 191 
99, 707 


Tons. 

2,084 

2,795 

1,061 

744 

107 


$25, 813 
1,825,729 
1,675,605 

276,282 
45, 520 


Tons. 
179 

1,011 

738 

780 

4 


$9, 482 

550, 408 

813, 532 

199, 891 

1 176 


Noils 






Total... 


7,869 


7,362,047 


4,420 


3, 996, 590 


6,791 


3,848,949 


2,712 


1,585,073 



In 1920 imports of hackled flax were supplied largely by Japan, 
Canada, and Ireland. Over half of all other flax than hackled came 
from Canada; the remainder was in large part from Russia, Japan, 
and Italy. 

Important changes in classification. — Flax is transferred from the 
free list of the act of 1913 (par. 485). The words, "flax, hackled, 
including ' dressed line,'" are here used instead of the wording "flax, 
hackled, known as 'dressed line,' " which was used in the acts of 
1909 and 1913. This change has been made to avoid possible liti- 
gation with respect to the extent of the hackling operations. Flax 
which has been subjected to either hand or machine hackling is 
hackled flax, but "dressed line" designates only flax which has been 
completely hackled by both hand and machine operations. 

HEMP. 

(See Survey FL-16.) 

Description and wses.— Hemp is a term that correctly denotes only 
soft hemp (Cannabis sativa), although it is loosely used sometimes in 
connection with other fibers. Hemp is stronger, glossier, and more 
durable than cotton, but more costly to manufacture; in these 
respects it is similar to flax, but it is somewhat coarser than flax and 
even more difficult to bleach. Its great strength and resistance to 
rotting in water make it an excellent material for all cordage pur- 
poses ; its relatively high cost, however, confines its use mainly to those 
articles where strength is the prime factor, such as shoe thread, 
certain types of commercial twines, tarred rigging for ships, and 
elevator ropes. Large cordage, like ships' cables and hawsers, is 
usually made of the cheaper manila. 

Hemp (meaning hemp not hackled) is the fiber that has been 
extracted from the stem of the hemp plant, by methods similar to 
those used in extracting flax fiber, but which has undergone no 
further treatment. Hackled hemp consists of the longer fibers 
after the more or less complete combing out of the shorter fibers by 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



903 



hand or machine hackling operations. Hackled hemp is used alone 
or mixed with flax in the manufacture of twines, cordage, and fabrics. 
Tow of hemp consists of the shorter and less valuable fibers discarded 
in the hackling operations; the better grades are carded and spun 
into yarns for twines, cordage, and coarse coverings; the poorer 
grades are used in caulking ships. 

Production. — In prewar years, Russia, with an annual output of 
about 500,000 tons, produced about two-thirds of the world's hemp. 
The remainder was harvested mainly by Austria-Hungary and Italy. 
The finest quality is produced in Italy. The output from Russia has 
greatly declined as a result of the World War. 

The United States is a relatively small producer of hemp. It 
produced in 1914, 1,339 tons; in 1918, 9,375 tons, and in 1921 about 
3,400 tons, which constituted 16 per cent, 72 per cent, and 30 per 
cent, respectively, of the domestic consumption in the same years. 
Prior to the war, Kentucky had the principal yield. In 1921 Wis- 
consin reported about two-thirds and Kentucky about three-tenths of 
the 11,000 acres devoted to hemp. 

Imports in 1914 of unhackled hemp were 7,880 tons, valued at 
$1,443,994; of hackled hemp, 451 tons, valued at $83,911; of hemp 
tow, 262 tons, valued at $40,250; a total of 8,593 tons, valued at 
$1,568,155. Italy was the main source, followed by Russia. 

Imports since 1917 have been, by calendar years, as follows: 



Hemp. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity.' Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Not hackled.. 

Hackled 

Tow 


Tons. 
3,394 
255 
86 


$1, 550, 836 
351, 059 
33, 276 


Tons. 
1,403 
15 
280 


$821, 062 

19, 048 

113,466 


Tons. 
7,117 
607 

86 


$2, 792, 337 
413, 365 
20, 764 


Tons. 
5,407 
713 
12 


' $946,310 

637, 432 

3,602 




Total... 


3,735 


1, 935, 171 


1,698 


953, 576 


7,810 


3, 226, 466 


6,132 


1,587,344 



In 1920, over half of the total imports were from Italy; Canada 
and England were the next leading sources of imports. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Hemp is transferred from the 
free list of the act of 1913 (par. 485). The ^words " hackled hemp, 
including 'line of hemp/" have been substituted for the wording 
"hemp, hackled, known as 'line of hemp,' " which was used in the 
acts of 1909 and 1913. The reasons for the change are the same as 
those stated above for the wording relating to hackled flax. 



PARAGRAPH 1002. 



H. R. 7456 



Par. 1002. Sliver and roving, of flax, 
hemp, ramie, or other vegetable fiber, not 
specially provided for, 13 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 341. * * * ramie sliver or rov- 
ing, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 270. * * * ramie sliver or r ov- 
ing, 15 per centum ad valorem. 



904 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

SLIVER AND ROVING OF VEGETABLE FIBERS N. S. P. F. 

(See Survey J-l.) 

Description and uses. — Sliver is a continuous strand of fiber in a 
loose, untwisted state, and roving is the same thing with a slight 
twist inserted preliminary to spinning into yarn. Ramie sliver and 
roving, mainly prepared by hand, come from China. Prior to 1914 
Germany was the largest consumer and France and the United States 
the next largest. Flax and hemp sliver and roving are products of 
intermediate mechanical processes in a series ending with the spinning 
of the yarn. 

Production. — No figures are available regarding domestic production 
of sliver or roving of flax, hemp, or ramie, as these are partial manu- 
factures and, excepting the ramie, not regular articles of commerce. 

Imports of sliver and rowing of flax, hemp, or ramie are small. 
Figures are available only for imports of sliver and roving of ramie, 
which in 1914 amounted to $6,707. Later imports have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 ; 


Pounds. 


$4 
3,093 
18, 499 
3,416 


SI 


1919 


4,597 
21,711 
4,873 


464 


1920 


2,775 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Sliver and roving of ramie were 
provided for in preceding acts (par. 270 of 1913 and 341 of 1909) but 
sliver and roving of other vegetable fibers, except cotton, were not 
mentioned. Paragraph 1002 provides for sliver and roving of all 
vegetable fibers, with the exception of cotton (par. 901) and jute 
(par. 1003). 



PARAGRAPH 1003. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1003. Jute yarns or roving, single, 
coarser in size than twenty-pound, 2^ 
cents per pound ; twenty-pound up to but 
not including ten-pound, 4 cents per 
pound; ten-pound up to but not including 
five-pound, 5 \ cents per pound; five- 
pound and finer, 9 cents per pound; jute 
sliver, \\ cents per pound; twist, twine, 
and cordage, composed of two or more 
jute yarns or rovings twisted together, the 
size of the single yarn or roving of which 
is coarser than twenty-pound, 3£ cents 
per pound; twenty-pound up to but not 
including ten-pound, 5 cents per pound; 
ten-pound up to but not including five- 
pound, 6£ cents per pound; five-pound 
and finer, 11 cents per pound. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 905 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 338. Single yarns made of jute, Par. 267. Single yarns made of jute, 

not finer than five lea or number, one not finer than five lea or number, 15 per 

cent per pound and ten per centum ad centum ad valorem; if finer than five lea 

valorem; if finer than five lea or number, or number and yarns made of jute not 

thirty-five per centum ad valorem; yarns otherwise specially provided for in this 

made of jute not otherwise specially pro- section, 20 per centum ad valorem, 

vided for in this section, thirty-five per [No corresponding provision for twist, 

centum ad valorem. twine and cordage.] 

[No corresponding provision for twist, 
twine and cordage.] 

JUTE YARNS AND CORDAGE. 

(See Survey J-l.) 

Description and uses. — Jute yarns may be divided into two classes : 
(1) Those made from long jute and (2) those made from jute butts 
and rejections. In manufacturing, the long jute is first opened, 

fraded, and batched, after which it is put through a softener, a 
reaker card, a finisher card, two draw frames, and a roving frame, 
and then spun into yarn on a flyer or ring spinning frame. These 
yarns are used in weaving burlap and other jute cloths, in the manu- 
facture of wool carpets (being employed in the foundation and other 
threads which do not appear on the surface) , and in making the lower 
grades of cordage. Jute butts are subjected to fewer processes and 
are spun into very coarse yarns which are consumed mainly in bagging 
for covering raw cotton and in the lower grades of cordage. Jute 
yarns are numbered according to the weight in pounds of a fixed 
length of 14,400 yards; the higher the count the coarser the yarn. 
This method is the opposite of the yarn-numbering systems used in 
the cotton and worsted trades where the base is a fixed weight. 

Twist, twine, and cordage are made by doubling or cabling single 
yarns. Jute twist is a term usually employed for jute ply yarns 
intended for weaving. Jute twines are harder twisted ply yarns 
which are used most extensively in tying up bundles of medium bulk. 
They are commonly called after the trade that uses them — fodder 
twine, for tying up fodder; paper makers' twine, for tying up bundles 
of paper; box twine, for bundling box shooks, etc. Jute cordage, 
other than twines, is employed as a substitute for manila and sisal 
in halter ropes, plow ropes, and baling ropes; it is also extensively 
used as cores in steel-wire cables. 

Production. — British India is the largest producer of jute yarn, but 
most of the yarn manufactured is consumed in the mills where 
produced for making burlap and twilled bags, and exports in the form 
of yarn are small. In the Indian fiscal year 1921, when exports of 
Indian jute yarn were relatively large, they amounted to only 4,554 
tons as against an export of 825,004 tons of jute cloth and bags. 
Dundee, Scotland, which ranks second to Calcutta in manufacture, 
is the largest exporter of jute yarn and cordage. Total exports of 
jute yarn and cordage originating mainly in Dundee, but recorded as 
from the United Kingdom, amounted in the calendar year 1920 to 
43,533,800 pounds, valued at about $10,524,000. 

In 1920 American mills used 110,752,000 pounds of long jute and 
104,375,000 pounds of jute butts as against 128,312,000 pounds of 
long jute and 114,389,000 pounds of jute butts in 1914. Considering 



906 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



that waste in manufacture is balanced by the oil and water added 
during manufacture, the output of jute yarn in 1920 was approxi- 
mately 215,000,000 pounds as compared with 243,000,000 pounds 
in 1914. This quantity was mainly used in mills where it was spun 
for manufacture into twines, cordage, and cotton bagging. The 
amount used in burlap manufacture is insignificant. The sales of 
jute yarn in 1919 amounted to 56,570,000 pounds, valued at 
$11,269,000, as against 69,827,000 pounds, valued at $7,358,000, in 
1914. The wool-carpet industry is the main purchaser of jute yarns. 
The production of jute twine in 1919 was 52,398,000 pounds, valued 
at $10,904,000, as compared with 55,282,000 pounds, valued at 
$5,268,000, in 1914. The output in 1919 of jute rope was 40,716,000 
pounds, valued at $9,327,000, and in 1914, 26,814,000 pounds, 
valued at $2,079,000. 

Imports of jute yarns, including single and ply, during the 30 fiscal 
years 1891-1920, averaged per annum 1,771,710 pounds, valued at 
$105,120. In recent years about three-fourths of the total have 
consisted of single yarns not finer than five lea; that is, yarns weighing 
9.6 pounds or more per spyndle of 14,400 yards. These yarns are 
mainly for use in wool-carpet manufacture. Dundee is the principal 
source of imports. Entries of jute twines and cordage are small. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



SINGLE JUTE YARNS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 

18, 127 

51, 960 

2, 528, 713 

6, 096, 838 


$11,419 

36, 964 

498, 982 

610, 039 


Cents. 
41.3 
71.1 
19.7 
10.0 


$2,284 

7,314 

79, 614 





Per cent. 



JUTE YARNS OTHER THAN SINGLE. 



1918 


25, 181 

10, 069 

64, 387 

203, 911 


$7, 495 
1,756 
7,843 

28, 914 


29.7 
17.4 
12.1 
14.1 


$1, 499 

351 

1,569 


20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 










Exports of jute yarn are not separately recorded. Canadian 
statistics show that in the Canadian fiscal years ended March 3 1 , 
1920 and 1921, imports of jute and hemp yarns from the United States 
amounted to 3,668,690 and 1,751,420 pounds, respectively. 

Important changes in classification. — Roving has been specially pro- 
vided for with the yarn because in the jute industry much of the 
so-called yarn is made on a roving frame and is in fact roving. The 
combining of roving and single yarn avoids any administrative diffi- 
culty which might arise in attempting to distinguish between a hard- 
twisted roving and a slack-twisted yarn. Specific provision is also 
made for jute twist (ply yarn), twine, and cordage, oecause of their 
commercial importance. The classification of such products under 
the act of 1913 is indefinite. Twisted yarns fall under the provision 
for jute yarns not specially provided for, but there is some question 
as to the classification of finished jute twines and cordage. They 
probably come within paragraph 284 of the act of 1913. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 907 

In previous tariff laws jute yarns have been numbered according 
to the lea system; that is, the number of 300-yard leas that weigh 
1 pound. In the new classification jute yarns are numbered ac- 
cording to the pound system; that is, the weight in pounds of a 
spyndle of 14,400 yards. This length is equal to 48 leas so that the 
one system is inverse to the other: thus 4-pound yarn is equivalent 
to 12-lea yarn, 6-pound yarn to 8-lea yarn, etc. This change has 
been approved by manufacturers of jute yarns, who have called 
attention to the fact that jute yarns, both here and abroad, are 
numbered according to the pound system, and that the lea system, 
which is used in the linen industry, is never used in connection with 
jute. 

The new classification of single jute yarns divides them into four 
groups instead of two as formerly. The former dividing point was 
at 5 lea, which is equivalent to 9.6-pound yarn. The new dividing 
points are at 5-pound, 10-pound, and 20-pound yarn. Since con- 
version costs increase with fineness of the yarn, expanding the number 
of groups creates a more equitable basis of classification. Group 
progression is, in this instance, preferable to individual count progres- 
sion because of the tendency of jute to gain materially in weight by 
absorbing moisture during shipment. A gain in weight automatically 
changes the count. A 10-pound jute' yarn at Dundee, for example, 
might be found to be an 11-pouncLyarn upon arrival in this country. 



PARAGRAPH 1004. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1004. Single yarns, in the gray, 
made of flax, hemp, or ramie, or a mixture 
of any of them, not finer than eight lea, 
8 cents per pound; finer than eight lea 
and not finer than sixty lea, 8 cents per 
pound and one-half of I cent per pound 
additional for each lea or part of a lea in 
excess of eight; finer than sixty lea, 35 
cents per pound; and in addition thereto, 
on any of the foregoing yarns when 
boiled, bleached, dyed, or otherwise 
treated, 5 cents per pound: Provided, That 
the duty on any of the foregoing yarns not 
finer than eight lea shall be not less than 
20 per centum ad valorem; on any of the 
foregoing yarns finer than eight lea, not 
less than 23 per centum ad valorem. 
Threads, twines, and cords, composed of 
two or more yarns of flax, hemp, or ramie, 
or a mixture of any of them, twisted 
together, the size of the single yarn of 
which is not finer than eight lea, 16 cents 
per pound; finer than eight lea and not 
finer than sixty lea, 16 cents per pound 
and three-fourths of 1 cent per pound 
additional for each lea or part of a lea in 
excess of eight; finer than sixty lea, 56 
cents per pound: Provided, That the duty 
on the foregoing threads, twines and 
cords shall be not less than 23 per centum 
ad valorem. 



908 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 340. Threads, twines, or cords, Par. 269. Threads, twines, or cords, 

made from yarn not finer than five lea or made from yarn not finer than five lea or 

number, composed of flax, hemp, or number, composed of flax, hemp, or 

ramie, or of which these substances or ramie, or of which these substances orany 

either of them is the component material of them is the component material of chief 

of chief value, ten cents per pound; if value, 20 per centum ad valorem; if made 

made from yarn finer, than five lea or from yarn finer than five lea or number, 

number, twelve cents per pound, and 25 per centum ad valorem, 
three-fourths of one cent per pound addi- 
tional for each lea or number, or part of a 
lea or number, in excess of five. 

Par. 341. Single yarns in the gray, Par. 270. Single yarns, made of flax, 

made of flax, hemp, or ramie, or a mixture hemp, or ramie, or a mixture of any of 

of any of them, not finer than eight lea or them, not finer than eight lea or number, 

number, six cents per pound; finer than 12 per centum ad valorem; finer than 

eight lea or number and not finer than eight lea or number and not finer than 

eighty lea or number, forty per centum eighty lea or number, 20 per centum ad 

ad valorem; single yarns,, made of flax, valorem; finer than eighty lea or number, 

hemp, or ramie, or a mixture of any of 10 per centum ad valorem", * * *. 
them, finer than eighty lea or number, 
fifteen per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

[Single yarns not in the gray and not [No distinction made between yarns in 

finer than eighty lea were dutiable at 45 the gray and not in the gray.] 
per centum under paragraph 358.] 

YARNS, THREADS, AND TWINES OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 

(See Survey J-l.) 

Description and uses. — Flax, hemp, and ramie are stem or bast 
fibers, but differ in that the first two are obtained by retting and the 
last named by decortication. Flax, hemp, and ramie yarns are used 
in making thread, cordage, and fabrics. Flax yarns, from a finer fiber 
than hemp, are used in the United States chiefly for making linen 
thread, for weaving fabrics, such as toweling, and to some extent for 
fire.hose. Hemp yarns are used in cordage and rope, in wool carpets, 
and to a small extent in canvas. Ramie yarns, composed of fibers 
having a greater tenacity and elasticity than flax or hemp, serve most 
extensively in the manufacture of gas mantles. The fibers are spun 
on flax-working and similar machinery, imported largely from Eng- 
land. All the ramie and the bulk of the raw flax absorbed here is 
imported, but about one-half of the hemp consumed in 1914-1921 
was of domestic production. 

Threads, twines, and cords are made by doubling or cabling single 
yarns. Thread is a slender, well-rounded line, generally polished, 
used principally for sewing. Linen thread may be divided into (1) 
household threads, usually sold at retail, consisting mainly of three- 
cord and six-cord sewing thread; (2) manufacturing threads, used by 
garment makers, shoemakers, saddlers, upholsterers, bookbinders, 
etc., made in a variety of ways, some being cabled and others made of 
ordinary ply yarns. 

Twine is composed of two or more yarns or rovings twisted together. 
The chief uses of linen twine are as gilling twine for fish nets, and as 
seaming twines for sails. Although used to some extent for tying 
packages where strength is required, linen twine has been largely sup- 
planted by cotton and jute. Hemp twine is employed chiefly for 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



909 



wrapping purposes. Cord is most commonly made of cable-laid 
yarns, but some is braided, as in fancy sash cords. It is larger than 
twine and smaller than rope, and serves for sash cords, clotheslines, 
plow lines, etc. 

Production. — In 1914 the United States had 67,412 spindles, or 
about 2 per cent of the world's total, devoted to flax spinning. No 
figures are available showing the total domestic production of flax, 
hemp, and ramie yarns. Production of such yarns for sale only in 
1914 and 1919 is shown by the following table: 



Yarns for sale. 


1919 


1914 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 




Pounds. 
1, 454, 000 
2, 622, 000 


$829, 000 
872, 000 


Pounds. 
\ 6, 048, 317 




All other 1 ... 


$962, 298 







1 Other than hemp and jute in 1919; other than jute in 1911. In reality this consists largely of flax yarn 
in 1919; of flax and hemp yarn in 1914. 

It is certain, however, that the quantity of linen yarn produced for 
sale is but a minor portion of the total production. The leading 
domestic consumers, i. e., the manufacturers of linen thread and 
fabrics, produce in their own mills most of the yarn which they con- 
sume. While the total production can not be precisely determined, a 
rough approximation (for 1914) can be obtained by adding to the 
total number of pounds of linen thread and twine produced (shown 
below) , the estimated number of pounds of yarn consumed in fabrics, 
namely, 10,799,628 square yards at roughly 6^ ounces per square 
yard, or approximately 4,330,000 pounds, and to this the yarn pro- 
duced for sale (mainly to the carpet industry, as shown by the con- 
sumption therein of linen }^arns), namely, 6,048,317 pounds. On this 
basis, something like 29,000,000 pounds of yarn must have been pro- 
duced, about ten times the importation in 1914. Judging from the 
incomplete statistics as yet available for 1919, the production was not 
far from that in 1914. 

The domestic production of linen thread and twines in 1914 and 
1919 was as follows: 



1919 



1914 



Quantity. 



Value. Quantity. Value. 



Pounds. 

Linen thread 4, 280, 000 

Hemp thread i 7, 738, 905 

Hemp twine ! 7, 988, 000 

Flax twine '' ( 2 ) 



$6, 691, 000 

1 1, 572, 841 

3, 864, 000 

( 2 ) 



Pounds. 
5, 707, 668 



9, 318, 771 
3, 953, 622 



$3, 409, 136 



1, 583, 354 
1, 051, 684 



1 Derived by subtracting figures for hemp twine from a combined production of hemp thread and twine 
(shown in a revised return) of 15,725,905 pounds, valued at $5,436,841. 

2 Included with "all other (than cotton, jute, and hemp)," which amounted to 8,534,000 pounds, valued 
at $3,273,000. Assuming the same ratio of flax twine to "all other" as in 1914, the 1919. production would 
amount, roughly, to 1,600,000 pounds, valued at $975,000. 

The United Kingdom, which possesses over one-third of the world's 
spindles working on flax, is the largest producer of flax yarns, threads, 
twines, and cords. She also takes first rank in the production of 



910 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



similar articles of hemp. Her exports of flax and hemp yarns in 1919 
totaled 132,384,000 pounds and in 1920, 63,952,000 pounds, the major 
portion of which went to European countries. 

In prewar years Germany, because of her success in degumming 
ramie, was the only nation producing ramie yarn on a large scale. 
The spinning of ramie yarns in the United Kingdom and France has 
made marked advances since the close of the-war. The American 
output is practically limited to the production of one company. 

Imports of single yarns of flax, hemp, or ramie during the fiscal 
years 1911-1920 averaged per annum 2,187,819 pounds, valued at 
$899,310. Flax yarns made up the bulk of imports. Imports of flax 
yarn. consist chiefly of counts under 40 lea. The United Kingdom is 
the chief source of our imports of flax yarns. Italy supplies the bulk 
of the hemp yarns. 

The domestic consumption of foreign threads, twines, and cords of 
flax, hemp, or ramie normally averages a half million pounds per 
annum. In 1909 imports amounted to 446,594 pounds, or about 2\ 
per cent of the domestic consumption; corresponding figures in 1914 
were 784,932 pounds, or about 4 per cent; and in 1920, 585,449 
pounds, or about 3 per cent of the domestic consumption in 1919. 
From one-half to two-thirds of the imports are supplied by the 
United Kingdom. In the fiscal years 1914-1920, 83 per cent of the 
imports of threads, twines, and cords, practically all linen, was 
made from yarn finer than 5 lea. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 


SINGLE YARNS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 


1918 


Pounds. 

507, 313 
1,315,844 
1, 874, 051 
1, 128, 998 


S366, 909 

1, 190, 669 

1, 423, 936 

687, 384 


SO. 723 
.886 
.759 


S73, 284 
228, 964 
252,804 


Per cent. 
20.0 


1919 


19.2 


1920 


17.7 


1921 (9 months) 












THREADS, TWINES, OR CORDS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 


1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


203, 551 
328, 855 
585, 449 
•339, 69S 


$333, 149 
623, 283 
819,813 
346, 158 


SI. 636 
1.895 
1.400 


S82, 145 
153, 752 
200, 683 


24.6 

24.6 
24.7 







Exports are not recorded. Canadian statistics show imports of 
linen yarn from the United States, a part of which may have been 
transshipped, amounting to 158,070 pounds in the fiscal year ended 
March 31, 1921; of linen thread, 1,883 pounds; and of jute and 
hemp yarn, 1,751,420 pounds. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions for yarn and 
for thread have been incorporated in the same paragraph because of 
their closely related character. Threads being further manufactured 
than yarns, the order of the two paragraphs has been reversed from 
that in the acts of 1913 and 1909. In the classification of yarn, 60 
lea rather than 80 lea is made the dividing line between intermediate 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 911 

and fine yarns, because the bulk of that produced in this country is 
not finer than 40 lea. 

Threads have been classified on the same basis of count as the 
yarns. In both provisions, 8 and 60 lea are made the respective 
dividing points for yarn count. This is in contrast to the acts of 
1913 and 1909, which contained a thread grouping apparently unre- 
lated to the yarn grouping. For yarn, 8 and 80 lea were the respective 
dividing points; for thread, there was one dividing point only, namely, 
5 lea, although the act of 1909 did provide for graduated duties on 
thread made from yarn finer than 5 lea. Logically, the yarn and 
thread classifications should be on the same basis. 

Distinctions in rates of duty have been drawn between gray and 
treated yarns, owing to the fact that flax yarn in the gray loses 
approximately 20 per cent in weight when given a full boil. Where 
the duty is specific, absence of a differential produces an inequitable 
result with respect to boiled yarns, because importation of a given 
quantity of gray yarn, to be boiled here, involves payment of duty on 
approximately 20 per cent more yarn (in weight) than is paid when 
the same quantity of gray yarn is boiled abroad and subsequently 
imported with the waste excluded. The loss in weight, however, 
where the duty is based on the individual gray yarn count is partly 
offset by the automatic increase of the yarn count, and hence of the 
rate of dut}^, when the yarn is boiled. A 20-lea gray yarn, i. e., 20 by 
300 yards weighing 1 pound, becomes, when given a full boil, 20 by 
300 yards, weighing eight-tenths of a pound, or 25 lea. The act of 
1913 makes no distinction between yarns in the gray and yarns which 
have been boiled, but there is no inequity because the duty is ad 
valorem. 

Suggested changes. — Paragraph 1004, as now worded, establishes a 
differential duty as between gray and bleached yarn but not as 
between gray and bleached thread. Imports of linen thread consist 
largely of thread which has been boiled; but there might be some 
importation of gray thread, and there is certainly some importation 
of gray hemp twine. Likewise, the production of gray linen shoe 
thread and of gray hemp twine forms a not inconsiderable part of the 
domestic industry. Provision for the suggested differential will 
involve establishment of the thread duties in paragraph 1004 upon a 
gray basis and then establishment of additional duties on the finished 
(i. e., boiled, bleached, etc.) thread by phraseology corresponding to 
that used for the yarns. 



PARAGRAPH 1005. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1005. Cordage, including cables, 
tarred or un tarred, wholly or in chief 
value of manila, sisal, or other hard 
fibers, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; 
cordage, including cables, tarred or 
untarred, wholly or in chief value of 
hemp, sunn, or other bast fibers, but not 
including cordage made of jute, 2 cents 
per pound. 



912 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 339. Cables and cordage, com- Par. 268. Cables and cordage, com- 
posed of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, posed of istle, Tampico fiber, manila, 
sisal grass or sunn, or a mixture of these sisal grass or sunn, or a mixture of these 
or any of them, three-fourths of one cent or any of them, ^ cent per pound; cables 
per pound; cables and cordage made and cordage made of hemp, tarred or un- 
of hemp, tarred or untarred, two cents tarred, 1 cent per pound, 
per pound. 

ROPES AND CABLES. 
(See Survey J-l.) 

Description and uses. — Although the term cordage is used in a 
collective sense to include all sizes and varieties of cords ; ropes, and 
cables, from twine to the heaviest cables, anything less than three- 
sixteenths of an inch in diameter is not cordage in the usual accept- 
tation of the term. Rope is cordage 1 inch or more in diameter, 
formed by twisting several yarns into strands, and then twisting 
these strands together into a strong line. A cable is a strong rope 
not less than 10 inches in circumference, and is formed by twisting 
together three 3-strand ropes, the twist being the reverse of that 
used in making the constituent ropes. Ropes and cables are made 
either by the old-fashioned rope-walk method or in up-to-date fac- 
tories by " house' ' machines. When made on compound rope ma- 
chines, which are extensively used, the stranding of the yarn is 
combined with the closing of the strands into rope, the process being 
essentially one of machine braiding. 

Manila, often called manila hemp, is the world's foremost cordage 
fiber. Its great pliability and strength make it particularly well- 
adapted for hawsers, ships' cables, hoisting ropes, and transmission 
ropes. The production of manila is a monopoly of the Philippine 
Islands. Sisal, like manila, a hard fiber, and jute, a soft fiber, are 
largely used in the cheaper grades of cordage; istle (otherwise called 
Tampico fiber) and sunn are used to a smaller extent. Hemp 
(Cannabis sativa) is also used in cables and cordage. A great deal 
of it is tarred. The yarns of tarred rope are passed through a tank 
of tar heated to 220° F. ; this renders the rope measurably impervious 
to water and enables it to resist the ravages of weather. Russian 
hemp has long been held superior for tarred rigging. Untarred hemp 
rope is preferred for elevators and dumb-waiters. Sunn, or sunn 
hemp, is a soft fiber, possessing many of the same qualities as true 
hemp, but is coarser and weaker. It comes mainly from India. 
Very little is used in the domestic cordage industry. 

Production. — The United States, with the possible exception of 
the United Kingdom, ranks first as a producer of cordage. In 1919 
the domestic production of rope and cable amounted to 225,660,000 
pounds, valued at $59,369,000, as compared with 198,400,692 pounds 
valued at $21,530,858 in 1914, and with 239,031,893 pounds in 1909, 
valued at $19,850,635. Of the total cordage production in 1919, 
77 per cent was made of hard fibers (manila 58 per cent, sisal 12 per 
cent, and henequen 7 per cent). Marine rope and cable accounted 
for two-thirds of the manila cordage produced. The output of 
hemp rope and cable is relatively small, and is not shown separately 
in census returns. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



913 



Imports of both hard and soft fiber cordage are negligible 
in quantity compared with domestic production and are much 
smaller than exports. In the fiscal years 1891-1920 imports averaged 
per annum, 880,667 pounds, valued at $113,899, equal to less than 
1 per cent of domestic production. Beginning with 1916 imports 
began to increase and by 1920 had reached 3,714,680 pounds, valued 
at $639,421, or about 1.5 per cent of the total output in the United 
States in 1919. Previous to 1913, imports of hemp cordage, tarred 
or untarred, constituted four-fifths of our small import trade. Since 

1913 imports of soft fiber cordage have declined and those of hard 
fiber have increased, the latter advancing from 148,048 pounds in 

1914 to 3,262,589 pounds in 1920. Before the war, the United 
Kingdom was the leading source of imports. During 1914-1920 
Cuba and the Philippine Islands furnished more than one-half of 
our increased imports, for the most part consisting of henequen 
cordage from Cuba and manila cordage from the Philippines. 
Imports for 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


ROPES AND CABLES OF HARD FIBERS. 


1918 


Pounds. 
3, 311, 307 
3, 490, 761 
3, 262, 589 
1, 474, 009 


$500, 242 
546,432 
546, 367 
183, 208 


$13, 265 


1919 


" 10, 865 


1920 


11,199 


1921 (9 months) 








ROPES AND CABLES OF HEMP. 


1918 


472, 558 
300, 922 
452, 091 
266, 004 


$107, 216 
91, 773 
92, 874 
55, 948 


$897 


1919 


677 


1920 


1,213 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports in the fiscal years 1891 to 1920 averaged 10,062,857 
pounds annually, about twelve times the quantity of imports 
The United States ranks next after the United Kingdom as an 
exporter of cordage. There probably exists a superiority in the 
quality of the exported over the imported cordage. Prior to the war 
the former was frequently higher in price than the latter. 

Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 



Exports of cordage {other than binder twine) made from vegetable fibers. 




1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


12, 684, 673 
$3, 397, 064 


20, 286, 256 
$4, 316, 109 


17, 292, 000 
$4,101,256 


4, 188, 250 


Value 


$856, 813 







Our cordage markets, like those of other exporting countries, have 
been very widely distributed. The most regular — and prior to the 
war the largest — have been Canada, Panama, Peru, Mexico, and 
Cuba. The war greatly stimulated exports to the United Kingdom, 
France, and Norway, and there was also a considerable increase in 
exports to South America. 

82304—22 58 



914 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

Important changes in classification. — The phrase, " cordage, includ- 
ing cables," has been substituted for " cables and cordage," because 
cables are merely one, though an important, type of cordage. " Tam- 
pico fiber" and "istle, " separately enumerated in the acts of 1909 
and 1913, are from the same plant. Both are omitted from the new 
classification, however, because such fiber is relatively unimportant 
as a raw material for cordage and is covered by the phrase, " or other 
hard fibers." Manila and sisal are separately enumerated because 
of their major importance as cordage materials. The proper term is 
"sisal," not " sisal grass." 

The terms "hard fibers" and "bast fibers" cover a group well 
understood botanically and commercially. Hard fibers are those 
obtained from the leaves of the plant, as in the case of manila and 
sisal; bast fibers are those obtained from the stem of the plant, as in 
the case of flax, hemp, jute, and ramie. The former are generally 
removed from the leaf by mechanical treatment only, and are used 
mainly in cordage or other coarse goods; the latter are removed from 
the stem by retting or degumming and then beating away the woody 
matter, and are generally adapted to the manufacture of finer goods. 
The term "hard fiber" does not, however, include sunn, which has 
been transferred from the hard to the bast fiber provision, both 
because it is in fact a bast fiber and because, in the United States, it 
is used in cordage in the same manner as true hemp. Jute cordage, 
although made from a bast fiber, is elsewhere provided for (par. 1003) . 
Cotton cordage, made from neither a hard nor a bast fiber but from 
a seed hair, falls under the basket clause of the cotton schedule 
(par. 920) . 

Manila, sisal, and other hard fibers are free of duty under paragraph 
1575, whereas hemp, the leading bast fiber used in cordages, is dutiable 
under paragraph 1001. Hemp cordage, moreover, generally sells for 
more than manila or sisal cordage. For these reasons, cordage made 
of soft or bast fibers is here made dutiable at a higher rate than 
cordage made of hard fibers. 



PARAGRAPH 1006. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1006. Gill nettings, nets, webs, 
and seines, and other nets for fishing, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of flax, 
hemp, or ramie, shall pay the same duty 
per pound as the highest rate imposed in 
this Act upon any of the thread, twine, 
or cord of which the mesh is made, and, 
in addition thereto, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 342. Flax gill nettings, nets, webs^ Par. 271. Gill nettings, nets, webs, 

and seines shall pay the same duty per and seines made of flax, hemp, or ramie, 

pound as is imposed in this schedule or a mixture of any of them, or of which 

upon the thread, twine, or cord of which any of them is the component material 

they are made, and in addition thereto of chief value, 25 per centum ad valorem, 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



915 



FISH NETTING AND NETS. 



(Seo Survey J-2.) 



Description and uses. — Gill netting, made by crossing threads, 
twines, or cords and knotting the intersections to form meshes, is 
used in the manufacture of fish or gill nets. Gill nets are designed 
to catch the fish by gilling, i. e., being of sufficient size to admit only 
the head of the fish, the mesh slips under and back of the gills, thus 
holding the fish. Gill webs are pieces of netting that have not been 
hung or rigged to ropes. Seines are large nets for sweeping in the 
fish. Practically all the netting and nets used in domestic fisheries 
are made by machinery. Hand labor is now limited to repairs. 
Flax, manila, and cotton, principally the last, are the fibers used 
in making domestic fishing tackle. The amounts of soft hemp and 
ramie consumed for such purposes are negligible. Gill nets of flax 
are used mainly in fresh-water fisheries and in the salmon-producing 
areas of Alaska. The high price of linen twines prohibits their use 
in seines. While inferior to flax in strength and durability, cotton 
is much cheaper and is more largely used in the domestic manu- 
facture of fishing nets and nettings. 

Production in the United States of fish netting, seines, and crab 
scrape bags of all materials, as turned out by 15 establishments in 
1914, was valued at $3,088,000, and by 19 establishments in 1919 
at $5,114,000. 

Imports are small, the largest under this classification amounting 
to 66,664 pounds in the fiscal year 1918. In 1920 they totaled 
34,906 pounds. Imports are mainly of linen gill netting from the 
United Kingdom, entered for manufacture into nets and then reex- 
ported with the benefit of the drawback. In 1905-1920 imports 
under this classification totaled 395,000 pounds, as compared with 
fish nets exported with the benefit of the drawback amounting to 
401,000 pounds in the same period. Imports of cotton fishing nets 
(dutiable under the basket clause in the cotton schedule) are much 
smaller, and come mainly from the United Kingdom and Japan. 
Record exports to this country from Japan amounted to 43,000 

Eounds in 1917. Imports of nettings, nets, webs, and seines of flax, 
emp, or ramie during 1918-1921 were as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 

64, 172 
41, 639 
34, 903 
26, 497 


$53, 192 
72, 9S4 
55, 265 
29, 362 


$13, 29? 

18,246 


1919 


1920 


13,816 


1921 (9 months) 


. 





Exports are not recorded. Exports of textile fishing tackle from 
the United States usually constitute over one-half the value of 
Canada's total imports of such articles. In the Canadian fiscal year 
ended March 31, 1921, shipments from the United States were 
$1,301,519 out of a total of $2,693,537. 

Important changes in classification. — The new classification revives 
the system of compensatory duties contained in the act of 1909 and 
abandoned for a straight ad valorem duty in the act of 1913. That 



916 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

part of the act of 1909 reading u as is imposed * * * upon the 
thread, twine, or cord of which they (i. e., nettings, nets, etc.) are 
made" might lead to litigation, because a netting or net or seine 
may be composed of threads or twines of several sizes, each size 
being dutiable at a different rate. This difficulty has been avoided 
by fixing the compensatory duty at "the highest rate imposed in 
this Act upon any of the thread, twine, or cord of which the mesh is 
made." 



PARAGRAPH 1007. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1007. Hose, suitable for conduct- 
ing liquids or gases, composed wholly or 
in chief value of vegetable fiber, 26 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 345. Hydraulic or flume hose, Par. 274. Hydraulic or flume hose, 

made in whole or in part of cotton, flax, made in whole or in part of cotton, flax, 

hemp, ramie, or jute, fifteen cents per hemp, ramie, or jute, 7 cents per pound, 
pound. 

HOSE FOR CONDUCTING LIQUIDS OR GASES. 

(See Survey J-4.) 

Description and uses— -The common varieties of hose used to convey 
water, liquids, and gases may be divided into three general classes: 

(1) Rubber hose, constructed of a rubber tube surrounded by a fabric 
covering, the most popular medium for conducting water, the prin- 
cipal size (2r|- inches) being extensively used for fire protection purposes; 

(2) unlined linen hose, which is used chiefly for indoor emergency fire 
protection purposes; (3) unlined cotton hose, of which comparatively 
little is made, employed where considerable quantities of water are to 
be conducted under little pressure, as in mining and railroad work. 
No. 12 cotton yarn is the chief size employed in the production of 
rubber hose. Prior to 1914 about two- thirds of the yarn used in the 
manufacture of unlined linen hose was line yarn and one-third flax 
tow; in 1919, about 30 per cent was line yarn and 70 per cent flax 
tow. The bulk of the linen yarns used for these purposes varies 
from 15 to 20 lea. 

Production of rubber hose in 1914 was valued at $16,854,000, and 
in 1919 at $26,998,000. The domestic production of all-linen water 
hose, an enterprise carried on chiefly by firms specializing in that line, 
was $477,000 in 1914. 

Imports of hydraulic or flume hose made in whole or in part of flax, 
hemp, or ramie were negligible prior to 1914. Since then there has 
been an increase in imports, due in large part to the high price of flax 
yarns on which the specific equivalent of the ad valorem rate has 
become greater than the specific duty on the finished hose. Imports 
are almost entirely of linen hose. The average annual import of 
hydraulic or flume hose during the 30 fiscal years 1891-1920 was 
10,530 pounds, valued at $12,381. The United "Kingdom is the chief 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



917 



source of imports. Imports since 1917 of hose made in whole or in 
part of cotton, flax, hemp, or jute have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
76, 644 
46, 580 
89, 873 
62, 118 


$156, 199 
75, 426 
147, 682 
102, 812 


$2.03 
1.62 
1.64 
1.65 


$5, 365 
3,261 
6,291 


Per cent. 
3.43 


1919 


4.32 


1920 


4.26 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are not recorded separately. Exports of india-rubber hose, 
which are large, are not included under this paragraph, because the 
bulk of the rubber hose exported has rubber as its component mate- 
rial of chief value. Exports of unlined linen hose, according to state- 
ments submitted to the Tariff Commission by manufacturers, were 
greater than imports prior to 1918; since that time imports have been 
greater. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph covers hose 
composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber. Hose composed 
wholly or in chief value of rubber is dutiable, without specific mention, 
under paragraph 1437. The new classification has been phrased to 
clarify and to expand the scope of the provisions in the acts of 1909 
and 1913, which were identical in wording. Inquiry among the trade 
indicates that the words hydraulic or flume hose, previously used, 
do not define a type known in the hose trade. An underwriter's 
laboratory states it is not familiar with the terms. A wide diver- 
gence of opinion exists in the trade regarding the material from 
which such hose might be made. (See Survey J-4, p. 17.) The 
suggested provision covers all hydraulic or flume hose, and also 
includes air hose. Heretofore the latter has been classified as a 
manufactured article according to the constituent material of chief 
value. 



PARAGRAPH 1008. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1008. Fabrics, composed wholly 
of jute, plain-woven, twilled, and all 
other, not specially provided for, not 
bleached, printed, stenciled, painted, 
dyed, colored, nor rendered noninnam- 
mable, 1 cent per pound; bleached, print- 
ed, stenciled, painted, dyed, colored, or 
rendered noninnammable, 1 cent per 
pound, and in addition thereto, 13 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 352. Plain woven fabrics of single 
jute yarns, by whatever name known, 
weighing not less than six ounces per 
square yard and not exceeding thirty 
threads to the square inch, counting the 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 279. Plain woven fabrics of single 
jute yarns, by whatever name known, 
bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted . 
printed, or rendered noninnammable by 
any process, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



918 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

warp and filling, nine-sixteenths of one Par. 408. * * * plain woven fabrics 

cent per pound and fifteen per centum of single jute yarns by whatever name 

ad valorem; if exceeding thirty and not known, not bleached, dyed, colored, 

exceeding fifty-five threads to the square stained, printed, or rendered noninflam- 

inch, counting the warp and filling, inable by any process; * * * [Free], 
seven-eighths of one cent per pound and 
fifteen per centum ad valorem. 

[Twilled, and all other jute fabrics, not [Twilled, and all other jute fabrics, 

specially provided for, were dutiable at not specially provided for, were dutiable 

45 per centum under paragraph 358.] at 35 per centum under paragraph 284.] 

UNBLEACHED JUTE CLOTHS. 

(See Survey J-7.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph includes, with two excep- 
tions, all cloths composed wholly of jute, irrespective, of manner of 
weave or whether woven from single or ply yarns. The two cloths 
not included are paddings or interlinings (par. 1010) and bagging for 
covering raw cotton (par. 1517). Burlap and sacking constitute the 
bulk of the world's production of jute fabrics. Burlap is a plain- 
woven cloth made of single jute yarns, ranging in weight from 6 to 
16 ounces to the linear yard. The 40-inch 10|-ounce make is usually 
taken as the market standard. Burlap is largely used in the manu- 
facture of bags and for baling merchandise; also for other purposes 
requiring a cheap but fairly strong cloth. Wide goods are used as 
backing for linoleums and roofing felts. Eighty per cent of the bur- 
lap consumed in the United States in 1914, and 83 per cent of that 
consumed in 1919, was used by bag factories. The American con- 
sumption of burlap in 1920 was about 1,000,000,000 yards, practically 
all imported, for the reason that burlap is not made here in commer- 
cial quantities. Sacking is a twilled jute cloth made of either single 
or ply yarns and is heavier, coarser, and stronger than burlap. The 
standard size is 27 inches wide, weighing 16 ounces to the linear yard. 
The chief use of sacking is in the manufacture of bags. The world 
consumption of sacking is as great as that of burlap, but the American 
consumption of new sacking has been very small because of the levy- 
ing of higher tariff duties on sacking than on burlap. The largest 
export in recent years of sacking to the United States from India, 
the main source of both burlap and sacking, was in 1917 and amounted 
to only 5,000,000 yards. The bulk of this was probably for reexport 
to adjacent or near-by countries. 

Production. — Jute burlap and sacking are not produced on a com- 
mercial scale in the United States, being confined almost entirely to 
one or two firms which weave a small amount for baling other 
commodities made by them. Although under the acts of 1897 and 
1909 nonprocessed burlap was subject to a compound duty averaging 
1.65 cents per pound (about 1 cent per linear yard), the average ad 
valorem equivalent of which was 26.75 per cent, American manufac- 
turers have considered it unprofitable to attempt manufacture in 
competition with India. India has the following advantages: (1) A 
monopoly of the raw material; (2) proximity of material to cen- 
ters of manufacture; (3) an abundance of cheap though relatively 
inefficient labor; and (4) large manufacturing units, equipped with 
the best machinery, managed by experienced Europeans. During 
the emergency created by the war some American concerns under- 



SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 919 

took the manufacture of burlap and in 1918 produced 7,292,000 lin- 
ear yards — their record output, but still less than 1 per cent of the 
consumption. As soon as the emergency passed the manufacturers 
abandoned burlap for more profitable lines. 

Imports. — Burlap is used as a covering for farm and factory prod- 
ucts during their journey to the consumer, and as the output of Amer- 
ican farms and factories increases, so does the demand for burlap. 
Imports of burlap for domestic consumption have more than doubled 
since the beginning of the century. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 
of nonprocessed jute cloths other than cotton bagging amounted to 
523,714,285 pounds, valued at $44,481,408. Imports since 1917 have 
been, by calendar years, as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




436,237,502 
§80,013,843 


440, 237, 595 
S65, 406, 320 


568,809,189 
$88,896,470 


349,485,096 
831,369,068 


Value . . ". . . t '. 





Over 99 per cent of the imports are supplied by India and the 
United Kingdom, with the former furnishing a constantly increasing 
part of the total. Burlap imported from Calcutta is used for bag 
material and for baling, whereas that from Dundee consists mainly of 
the better grades, such as those used for paddings and for wall deco- 
rations, or wide goods, such as are used in making linoleums. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Sacking is dutiable at 35 per 
cent under the act of 1913 (par. 284), whereas burlap, if not processed, 
is exempt from duty (par. 408). Under the act of 1909 sacking was 
dutiable at 45 per cent (par. 358), whereas the greater part of the 
burlap was dutiable at a compound rate equivalent to about 27 per 
cent. The price of sacking per pound is normally about one-third 
less than that of burlap, and therefore sacking should bear a specific 
rate at least no higher than that imposed on burlap. As neither 
burlap nor sacking is produced in the United States, the same rate 
of duty has been applied to both. In the new classification burlap 
and sacking have been separately enumerated in order to encourage 
the keeping of separate import records. 

JUTE CLOTHS, YARX-DYED, COXVERTED, OR PROCESSED. 

Description and uses.— The amount of jute cloth woven with dyed 
yarns, or converted or processed, is very small as compared with the 
amount used unbleached and unprocessed for bag material, for 
baling material, and for linoleum backing. Jute cloths woven in 
the grey and converted by bleaching, printing, stenciling, painting, 
or dyeing, are used mainly for wall covering and other upholstery 
purposes. Jute cloths processed to make them fireproof are mainly 
brattice cloths, employed chiefly for ventilating purposes in mines. 

Production. — The production of yarn-dyed and of converted jute 
cloths is not separately recorded. The 1920 production of jute 
brattice cloth, according to data obtained from the manufacturers 
by the Tariff Commission, amounted to 3,380,876 square yards, with 
an estimated value of $899,000. There has been a marked advance 



920 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



in the output of jute brattice cloth in recent years; this is due in 
large part to its increasing use as a substitute for cotton duck, a 
more durable but higher-priced fabric. 

Imports under this classification averaged 2,092,244 pounds 
annually in the fiscal years 1914-1921. Brattice cloth is the main 
import. The United Kingdom furnished about two-thirds of the 
total and British India the bulk of the remainder. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 .. 


Pounds. 

873, 229 
2, 204, 041 
2, 227, 107 

886, 179 


$157,941 

350, 518 

391,694 

92, 367 


$15,794 


1919 


35, 052 


1920 


■39, 169 











Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The description of the treated 
fabrics has been slightly changed. The word " stained" has been 
omitted as unnecessary, as stained cloth must necessarily be dyed 
either in the piece or in the yarn, and is covered by the words " dyed 
or colored." There are no imports on record of cloth that has been 
stained. The word ''stenciled" has been inserted because such 
cloths may be stenciled and because of some uncertainty as to the 
classification of such fabrics. The descriptive terms have been 
rearranged approximately in the order of mill operations. 

Suggested changes. — Strike out comma before "and" and the 
words "in addition thereto," after "and" page 115, line 23, H. R. 
7456, as unnecessary. 



PARAGRAPH 1009. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1009. Woven fabrics, not includ- 
ing articles, finished or unfinished, of flax, 
hemp, ramie, or other vegetable fiber 
except cotton, or of which these sub- 
stances or any of them is the component 
material of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for, 28 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 357. Woven fabrics * * * not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of 
which these substances or any of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
weighing four and one-half ounces or more 
per square yard, when containing not 
more than sixty threads to the square 
inch, counting the warp and filling, one 
and three-fourths cents per square yard ; 
containing more than sixty and not more 
than one hundred and twenty threads to 
the square inch, two and three-fourths 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 283. Plain woven fabrics, not in- 
cluding articles, finished or unfinished, 
of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these 
substances or any of them is the compo- 
nent material of chief value, including 
such as is known as shirting cloth, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 284. * * * manufactures of flax, 
hemp, ramie, or other vegetable fiber, or 
of which these substances, or any of them, 
is the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
35 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 921 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

cents per square yard; containing more 
than one hundred and twenty and not 
more than one hundred and eighty threads 
to the square inch, six cents per square 
yard; containing more than one hundred 
and eighty threads to the square inch, 
nine cents per square yard, and in addi- 
tion thereto, on all the foregoing, thirty 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
none of the foregoing * * * fabrics in 
this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty 
than fifty per centum ad valorem. Plain 
woven fabrics, not including articles, 
finished or unfinished, of flax, hemp, or 
ramie, or of which these substances or 
any of them is the component material 
of chief value, including such as is known 
as shirting cloth; weighing less than four 
and one-half ounces per square yard and 
containing more than one hundred threads 
to the square inch, counting the warp and 
filling, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
weighing less than four and one-half 
ounces per square yard and containing 
not more than one hundred threads to the 
square inch, thirty per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

WOVEN FABRICS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 

Description and uses. — The major part of the cloths covered by 
this paragraph are made in whole or in chief value of flax. Among 
the leading types of flax fabrics here covered are dress linens, used 
for dresses and summer suits; sheer linens and cambrics, used for 
underwear, blouses, and handkerchiefs; embroidery linens; house- 
hold linens such as sheetings, pillow linens, glass cloth, huck and 
crash toweling; and canvas and sailcloth. If paragraph 1012 is 
changed as recommended to cover only manufactures of linen table 
damask, linen damask in the piece (now covered in par. 1012), will 
also fall here. Hemp fabrics consist chiefly of canvas and sailcloth. 
Ramie fabrics are used to a small extent for wearing apparel and 
upholstery. 

Production of linen fabrics in 1914 amounted to 10,800,000 square 
yards, valued at $1,766,000, and in 1919 to 14,342,000 square yards, 
valued at $3,799,000. These fabrics, of which over a third in 1919 
were union goods made of flax and cotton, were coarse linens, mainly 
crash for toweling, averaging less than 60 threads to the' square 
inch. The production of fabrics of hemp or ramie is not recorded, 
but is negligible. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 (under three months' operation of 
the act of 1909), of woven fabrics of flax, hemp, and ramie, including 
a small amount of unspecified articles amounted to 92,129,629 square 
yards, valued at $14,049,822, with duties amounting to $4,639,160. 
The greater part of these imports consisted of plain-woven linens; 
a smaller but considerable portion of linens other than plain woven. 
Of these latter, the bulk was probably table damask. The importa- 
tion of fabrics of hemp or ramie is negligible. The subsequent sharp 
decline in imports and consequent falling off in the American con- 
sumption of linen fabrics have been due largely to the scarcity arid 



922 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



high prices resulting primarily from the collapse of Russia, the main 
flax producer. Imports come, for the most part, from the United 
Kingdom, Ireland supplying the major portion of the light-weight 
and better quality linens and Scotland the heavier and coarser goods. 
Smaller amounts were furnished by Belgium, Germany, France, and 
Austria-Hungary, but these have greatly declined. In the calendar 
year 1920 the United Kingdom supplied 92 per cent of the total 
import of woven fabrics of flax, hemp, and ramie. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Sq. yds. 
21, 033, 286 
20,882,537 
35, 694, 760 
25, 157, 134 


$9, 104, 584 
10, 591, 529 
21, 365, 194 
12, 362, 215 


$2,816,932 
3, 249, 191 
6,540,675 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 







Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph embraces all 
piece goods of flax, hemp, or ramie, other than paddings (par. 1010), 
pile fabrics (par. 1011), and table damask (par. 1012). Imports con- 
sist for the most part of linens of a finer grade than those made in this 
country. The value of such goods depends not only on the weave 
but also on the quality and finish, and the arrangement here employed 
of a straight ad valorem duty, irrespective of the number of threads 
per square inch and irrespective of whether plain or fancy woven, 
seems to be the most equitable plan. 

Suggested changes. — Strike out " except cotton" in line 3, page 116 
of H. R. 7456, because if retained it would require also the exception 
of jute. There is no necessity for excepting either cotton or jute, 
since both are more specifically provided for. 



PARAGRAPH 1010. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1010. Woven fabrics, composed 
wholly or in chief value of flax, hemp, or 
jute, exceeding thirt}^ and not exceeding 
one hundred threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, and weigh- 
ing not less than four and one-half and 
not more than twelve ounces per square 
yard, such as are commonly used as pad- 
dings or interlinings in clothing, 33-i- per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

[Not specially provided for: If of all 
jute, dutiable under par. 352, at seven- 
eighths of 1 cent per pound, and 15 per 
centum ad valorem ; if of all flax or all 
hemp, or in chief value of flax or hemp, 
dutiable under par. 357 at 2 J cents per 
square yard, and, in addition, 30 per 
centum ad valorem, with a minimum 
duty of 50 per centum ad valorem ; if in 
chief value, but not wholly, of jute, duti- 
able at 45 per centum ad valorem under 
par. 358.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

[Not specially provided for: If of all 
jute, free under par. 408; if of all flax, or 
all hemp, or in chief value of flax, or 
hemp, dutiable under par. 283, at 30 per 
centum ad valorem; if in chief value, but 
not wholly, of jute, dutiable under par. 
284 at 35 per centum ad valorem.] 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 923 

tailors' paddings. 

(See Survey ,T-7.) 

Description and uses.— Paddings are used as interim in gs in coats 
and overcoats. About a yard of material is required for a coat 
Fabrics of all linen are considered most suitable as paddings and form 
the bulk of consumption. There has been a marked increase since 
1914 in the consumption of paddings made from all jute, jute and 
cotton, and flax and jute. Paddings are generally woven in widths 
of 22 and 24 inches and vary in weight from 3i to 7 ounces per linear 
yard (5J to Hi ounces per square yard). In threads per square inch 
those of all jute range from about 40 to 50 threads; cotton and jute 
from 60 to 80; flax and jute from 60 to 80; and of all linen from 60 
to 100. Paddings in excess of 100 threads are confined to those 
made of all linen and form a very small part of the total. Cotton is 
not listed among the materials in this paragraph because when it is 
mixed with jute in paddings the jute is the constituent of chief value. 

Production. — The domestic production of paddings other than of 
all cotton was begun in 1915. The output in 1918 was 8,540,000 
linear yards; in 1919, 4,200,000 yards; and in 1920, 4,150,000 yards. 
The production was the output of three companies, one of which 
started in 1915 and the other two in 1918. In 1921 the only one of 
the three then in operation was weaving paddings of jute and cotton. 
Nine- tenths of the domestic output consists of paddings of jute and 
cotton, made for the most part from yarn of domestic manufacture. 

Imports of paddings are not separately recorded. It is estimated 
that the annual domestic consumption is about 50,000,000 linear 
yards. Paddings are imported in a great variety of qualities. Most 
of them are all-linen paddings; others are of all jute, jute and cotton, 
and flax and jute. The United Kingdom furnishes the greater part 
of the imports, Ireland specializing in those of all linen, and Scotland 
in those of all jute and jute and cotton. Belgium is also an im- 
portant source of imports. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new paragraph. 
Since a great variety of paddings are made in whole or in part of flax, 
jute, or cotton (but not in chief value of cotton), and since those of 
the same materials differ widely as regards quality, thread count, 
and weight, it has been deemed best to draw up a general paragraph 
covering all types of paddings. The words " woven fabrics' ' are 
used to connect this paragraph with the two preceding, which treat 
of unspecified woven fabrics of jute, and of flax, hemp, or ramie. 
The number of threads per square inch and the weight per square 
yard as found in this paragraph are in accord with an analysis made 
of fifteen representative paddings. (See Survey J-7, pp. 64, 65.) The 
paddings analyzed ranged in thread count from 41 threads per square 
inch for those of all jute to 103 for those of all flax, and in weight 
from 10.2 ounces per square yard for all jute to 5.5 for all flax. 

Paddings or interlinings are a well-known product commercially and 
are easily differentiated from the general run of other fabrics made in 
whole or in chief value of flax, hemp, or jute. Burlap, linoleum back- 
ing, and the leading types of jute cloths have about 25 threads to the 
square inch and are in every way distinct from jute paddings. Jute 



924 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

cloths of more than 30 threads to the square inch are practically 
limited to those used for upholstering and padding purposes, with 
these two types distinct from each other. While there are a number 
of plain-woven linen fabrics that have the same range in thread count 
and weight as linen paddings, the general appearance of such goods 
makes them readily distinguishable from paddings. The phrase 
"such as are commonly used" is employed in order to limit this 
paragraph to fabrics used for interlinings without following up their 
actual use and to have the trade as an authority as to what paddings 
are. Paddings of all cotton are not mentioned, because paddings of 
all cotton are seldom imported, and when cotton is combined with 
jute or other vegetable fiber it forms a small part of the total weight 
and value. 



PARAGRAPH 1011. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1011. Pile fabrics, . composed 
wholly or in chief value of vegetable 
fiber other than cotton, cut or uncut, 
whether or not the pile covers the whole 
surface, and manufactures in any form, 
made or cut from any of the foregoing, 
33£ per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 353. All pile fabrics, whether or Par. 280. All pile fabrics, whether or 
not the pile covers the entire surface, not the pile covers the entire surface, 
composed of flax, or of which flax is the composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of 
component material of chief value, and which flax, hemp, or ramie is the corn- 
all articles and manufactures made from ponent material of chief value, and all 
such fabrics, not specially provided for articles and manufactures made from 
in this section, sixty per centum ad such fabrics, not specially provided for in 
valorem. this section, 40 per centum ad valorem. 

PILE FABRICS OF VEGETABLE FIBERS OTHER THAN COTTON. 

Description and uses. — Pile fabrics consist of a foundation cloth 
covered in whole or in part by short projecting ends or loops made 
with an extra set of threads. Pile made of flax, hemp, ramie, jute, 
etc., lacks the resilience of pile made of cotton, mohair, or silk, and 
when pressed down does not readily revert to its upright position; 
for this reason the manufacture of pile fabrics of vegetable fibers 
other than cotton is small and confined mainly to specialties, par- 
ticularly mixed goods for upholstery purposes. 

Production is not recorded. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 of pile fabrics wholly or in chief 
value of flax, hemp, or ramie were valued at $230,222 and manufac- 
tures of such pile fabrics at $1,815. Imports are mainly for use as 
draperies and furniture coverings. They include some all-over pile 
fabrics for use as portieres and hangings, but are mainly furniture 
covering specialties showing cut or uncut pile figuring on a bare 
(nonpile) ground. They are usually made of mixed yarns, particu- 
larly flax and cotton. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



925 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. I Value. | Duty. 





PILE FABRICS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 






1918 . 


Sq. yds. 


$10, 517 

1,724 

53,930 

27, 978 


$4, 207 


1919 . . 


1,418 
37, 888 
14, 33G 


690 


1920 .... 


21, 572 


1921 (9 months). 









MANUFACTURES OF PILE FABRICS OF FLAX, HEMP, OR RAMIE. 



1918 




$269 

1,511 

15, 382 

20,375 


$108 


1919.... 




606 


1920 




6, 153 


1921 (9 months'* 









in 



Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — To render the provision 
this schedule as nearly uniform as possible with the corresponding 
provision in the cotton schedule, the phrase "cut or uncut'' has been 
introduced and the phrase "made or cut from" has been substituted 
for "made from." The suggested provision expands the wording to 
cover all vegetable fiber except cotton, as such fabrics logically 
belong in Schedule 10. 



PARAGRAPH 1012. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1012. Table damask composed 
wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber 
other than cotton, and manufactures com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of such 
damask, 28 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

[Not specially provided for. Dutiable 
under par. 357 at a minimum rate of 50 
per centum ad valorem, or under par. 358 
at 45 per centum ad valorem, depending 
on whether weight did or did not exceed 
4£ ounces per square yard.l 



ACT OP 1913. 

[Not specially provided for. Dutiable 
at 35 per centum ad valorem under par. 
284.1 • 



LINEN TABLE DAMASK, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Description and uses. — Damask is a woven figured fabric distinguished 
by the appearance of the design on the smooth surface without any 
contrast in colors. Warp sateen is usually employed for the figures 
and filling sateen for the ground. The surface threads in the figures 
lie at right angles to those in the ground, with the result that the light 
falling on the smooth surface is refracted when it strikes the figures 
and the pattern is caused to stand out in bold relief. Linen damask, 
although mainly Jacquard woven, is usually of coarse or medium 
yarns. It varies from 4 to 6 ounces to the square yard, with 96 to 
350 threads to the square inch. It is usually sold bleached or cream 
colored; a small amount is woven in colors. The standard cloth 



926 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

width is 72 inches, although some cloths are as wide as 144 inches. 
It is made up into table covers, napkins, doilies, etc., the articles in 
each set being usually made of the same pattern. Napkins range from 
20 bv 20 inches to 27 by 27 inches; table covers from 36 by 36 inches 
to 63 by 63 inches. 

Production of all-linen table damask in the United States is negli- 
gible ; there is a small manufacture of union goods made of linen and 
cotton. 

Imports are not recorded separately from other linen fabrics. 
Export statistics of the United Kingdom show shipments to the 
United States of table linen not in the piece in the years 1914-1918 
averaging annually $2,313,000, and in the year 1919 valued at 
SI, 857,000. The United Kingdom is the main source of imports; 
Belgium supplies the greater part of the remainder. In normal times 
these imports are mainly all-linen, the proportion of union goods 
being small. During the war imports of damask fell off greatly and 
the high prices tended to cause a larger proportionate use of union 
goods. The high prices also stimulated the substitution of cotton 
imitations. 

Exports are not recorded; there are probably none. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new paragraph which 
has been inserted mainly to secure statistical enumeration of imports 
of linen table damask, and manufactures of, for contrast with recorded 
imports of similar goods made of cotton. 

Suggested changes. — It has been suggested that paragraph 910 of 
the cotton schedule be confined to articles made of cotton table 
damask and in conformity thereto it is suggested that this paragraph 
be confined to articles made of linen table damask. The following 
wording might be used for paragraph 1012: 

Manufactures of table damask, in any form, composed wholly or in chief value of 
vegetable fiber other than cotton [rate]. 

Sjnce all woven fabrics of flax, hemp, or ramie, with the exception 
of paddings (par. 1010), are combined in a general paragraph (1009), 
there is no particular reason why damask in the piece should be 
specially provided for. Confining paragraph 1012 to articles made of 
damask, such as table covers, napkins, etc., ready for use, would be 
in accordance with the procedure followed in paragraph 1013, which 
relates to towels, sheets, and pillowcases, and not to the fabrics from 
which made; and in paragraph 1015, which covers only handkerchiefs, 
and not the cambrics and sheer linens from which such articles pre 
manufactured. 



PARAGRAPH 1013. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1013. Towels, sheets, and pillow- 
cases, composed wholly or in chief value 
of flax, 28 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[Not specially provided for. Dutiable [Not specially provided for. Dutiable 
at a minimum rate of 50 per centum ad at 35 per centum ad valorem under par. 
valorem under par. 357, or at 45 per 284.] 
centum ad valoiem under par. 358, de- 
pending on whether the weight did or did 
not exceed A\ ounces per square yard.] 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 927 

LINEN TOWELS, SHEETS, AND PILLOWCASES. 

Description and uses. — Towels of all flax, or of flax and cotton, are 
mainly of the buck weave, comparatively few being terry woven. 
The normal range in weight is from 5 to 7 ounces to the square yard. 
Imports range from the lower grades with about 80 to 100 threads to 
the square inch, competing with domestic products, to high grades, 
up to 200 threads to the square inch, which are not made in this 
country. The cheaper grades form the bulk of consumption and 
imports. Sheets and pillowcases of all flax, or of flax and cotton, are 
made from piece goods, usually weighing from 4 to 4-J- ounces to the 
square yard, and having from 100 to 160 threads to the square inch. 
In size, the sheets run from 72 by 96 inches, to 90 by 108 inches; the 
usual size of the pillowcases is 22£ by 36 inches. 

Production is not recorded. About a dozen domestic Arms manu- 
facture huck towels of flax and cotton, flax constituting the component 
part of chief value; the production of towels of all flax is much smaller. 
The union towels range from 80 to 135 threads to the square inch. 
Production of linen sheets and pillowcases is confined to those made 
from imported cloth. 

Imports are not recorded. Imports of linen sheets and pillowcases 
are small, since it is usually more profitable to import the cloth and 
make the finished articles here; prior to 1914, however, there was a 
fairly large import from Germany. Imports of linen towels are larger ; 
those of all flax normally constitute about three-fourths of the total. 
Prior to the war Germany was an important source, but since then 
imports of linen towels have been supplied mainly by Belfast, and a 
smaller amount by Scotland. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new provision, in- 
serted mainly to secure statistical enumeration of imports of towels, 
sheets, and pillowcases, wholly or in chief value of flax, for contrast 
with recorded imports of similar articles wholly or in chief value of 
cotton. 



PARAGRAPH 1014. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1014. Fabrics with fast edges not 
exceeding twelve inches in width, and 
articles made therefrom, tubings, garters, 
suspenders, braces, cords, tassels, cords 
and tassels; all the foregoing composed 
wholly of vegetable fiber other than cot- 
ton, or wholly of vegetable fiber other 
than cotton and india rubber, and not 
specially provided for, 28 per centum ad 
valorem; tapes composed wholly or in 
part of flax, woven with or without metal 
threads, on reels, spools, or otherwise, 
and designed expressly for use in the 
manufacture of measuring tapes, 23 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 34G. Tapes composed wholly or in Par. 275. Tapes composed wholly or 
part of flax, woven with or without metal in part of flax, woven with or without 
threads, on reels, spools, or otherwise, and metal threads, on reels, spools, or other- 
designed expressly for use in the manu- wise, and designed expressly for use in 



928 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

facture of measuring tapes, forty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 349. * * * bands, bandings, 
belts, beltings, bindings, cords, * * * 
ribbons, tapes, webs, and webbings; 
* * * all of the foregoing, composed 
wholly or in chief value of * * * flax , 
or other vegetable fiber, or of * * * 
flax, or other vegetable fiber and india 
rubber, or of > $ ■ * * flax, or other 
vegetable fiber, india rubber, and metal, 
and not elsewhere specially provided for 
in this section, sixty per centum ad va- 
lorem: Provided, That no article composed 
wholly or in chief value of one or more of 
the materials or goods specified in this 
paragraph, shall pay a less rate of duty 
than the highest rate imposed by this 
section upon any of the materials or goods 
of which the same is composed: * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

the manufacture of measuring tapes, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 278. Bands, bandings, belts, belt- 
ings, bindings, cords, ribbons, tapes, webs 
and webbings, all the foregoing composed 
wholly of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of flax, 
hemp, or ramie and india rubber, and not 
otherwise specially provided for in this 
section, 30 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



SMALL WARES OF VEGETABLE FIBERS OTHER THAN COTTON. 

Description, and uses. — This paragraph covers narrow woven 
fabrics which have not been ornamented after leaving the loom, 
manufactures of such narrow woven fabrics, and certain articles 
made by braiding or twisting together yarns or threads. The " small 
wares" thus covered are confined to those composed wholly of vege- 
table fiber other than cotton, or of such vegetable fibers (other than 
cotton) and india rubber. For description see the cotton small- 
wares paragraph (912). Chief among the small wares here included 
are jute webbings used for upholstering and linen tapes for dress- 
making. Flax tape designed expressly for use in the manufacture 
of measuring tapes is specifically mentioned. 

Production is not recorded except in regard to one item, jute 
webbing, which amounted in 1919 to 30,856,000 linear yards, valued 
at $1,325,000. The domestic production of flax tape for manufac- 
ture into measuring tape is confined almost entirely to one company 
whose production in 1919 was about the same as in 1914. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 of small wares of flax, hemp, and 
ramie were valued at $34,053; of flax tapes for use in the manufacture 
of measuring tapes at $10,421. Imports in later years have been as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Small wares of vegetable fiber other than 
cotton: 
Value 


$23, 889 
7,088 

826 
165 


$12, 492 
3,469 

754 
151 


328, 048 
8,076 

5,454 
1,091 


$11,228 


Duty 


Flax tape for use in manufacture of measur- 
ing tapes; 


3,721 


Duty 









Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The basic wording of this 
small-wares paragraph is the same as used in the other textile sched- 
ules; the reasons therefor are stated under paragraph 912. The 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 929 

paragraph as worded covers small wares composed wholly of vegetable 
fiber other than of cotton, or of such vegetable fiber (other than 
cotton) and india rubber. Small wares in chief value of vegetable 
fiber other than cotton would therefore come within the basket 
clause of paragraph 1019. 

Suggested changes. — The following wording is suggested for this 
paragraph : 

Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding twelve inches in width, and articles made 
therefrom; tubings, garters, suspenders, braces, cords, tassels, and cords and tassels; 
all the foregoing composed wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber other than 
cotton, or of vegetable fiber other than cotton and india rubber [rate] per centum 
ad valorem. 

The suggested wording for paragraph 1014 would cause it to be 
entirely complementary to paragraph 912 in taking care of small 
wares of vegetable fibers and would render unnecessary any mention 
of flax tapes for use in the manufacture of measuring tapes (as they 
would be automatically included) , unless a special rate is thought to 
be necessary for this latter. Imports of such tape are very small and 
there is no apparent reason for a specific provision for them. Imports 
of other small wares are also small and the advisability of making 
the rates in paragraphs 912 and 1014 the same, to facilitate the work 
of administration by avoiding the necessity of determining' the chief 
component material by an analysis of small wares made of cotton 
and other vegetable fibers, might be considered. 

Page 116, line 25, of H. fi. 7456: Change comma to semicolon 
after " therefrom," to agree with paragraph 912. 



PARAGRAPH 1015. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1015. Handkerchiefs composed 
wholly or in chief value of vegetable fiber 
other than cotton, finished or unfinished, 
not hemmed, 33 J per centum ad valorem; 
hemmed or hemstitched, 36 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Pah. 356. Handkerchiefs composed of Par. 282. Handkerchiefs composed of 
flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these flax, hemp, or ramie, or of which these 
substances, or either of them, is the com- substances, or any of them, is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, whether ponent material of chief value, whether 
in the piece or otherwise, and whether in the piece or otherwise, and whether 
finished or unfinished, not hemmed or finished or unfinished, not hemmed or 
hemmed only, fifty per centum ad hemmed only, 35 per centum ad valorem; 
valorem; if hemstitched, or imitation if hemstitched, or imitation hemstitched, 
hemstitched, * * * but not em- * * * but not embroidered, initialed, 
broidered, initialed, or in part of lace, or in part of lace, 40 per centum ad 
fifty-five per centum ad valorem. valorem. 

LINEN HANDKERCHIEFS. 

Description and uses. — The plain hemmed or hemstitched linen 
handkerchief is used by those who prefer its appearance and wearing 
qualities to the cheaper cotton article. Prior to 1914, when prices 
82304—22 50 



930 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



were normal, the ordinary linen handkerchief displaced the finer 
grades of cotton handkerchiefs. Practically all of the imports under 
this paragraph are of linen, as all the other leading fibers other 
than cotton, with the minor exception of ramie, are not sufficiently 
fine or flexible to make satisfactory handkerchiefs. Linen handker- 
chiefs are made up into a variety of sizes and qualities, for the most 
part from light cambrics weighing from 1.5 to 3 ounces per square 
yard, which are dutiable at 28 per cent ad valorem under paragraph 
1009 of H. R. 7456. 

Production of plain linen handkerchiefs from cloth imported in 
the piece is far in excess of the imports of these articles. Since 1914 
there has been a marked decline in the domestic output owing to the 
scarcity and high price of linens. Plain cotton handkerchiefs prob- 
ably constitute more than three-fourths of the number of handker- 
chiefs of all descriptions produced annually in the United States. 
The greater number of domestic producers manufacture both cotton 
and linen handkerchiefs. 

Imports of linen handkerchiefs, hemmed or hemstitched, averaged 
$853,902 per annum for the fiscal years 1911-1920. Of the plain im- 
ported linen handkerchiefs about 90 per cent are hemstitched. The 
value of imported linen handkerchiefs ornamented with lace or em- 
broidery, classified under paragraph 1430 of H. R. 7456 and dutiable at 
37J per cent, is ordinarily about twice as great, averaging $1,626,047 
in the decade 1911-1920. The chief source of imports is the United 
Kingdom, principally the north of Ireland. Imports for 1918-1921 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Dozens. 


$1,150,351 

730, 306 

1, 859, 501 

1,312,363 


$454, 564 
286,388 


1919 


374, 220 
856, 811 
673, 250 


1920 


732, 157 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The words "or with drawn 
threads," which were eliminated from the provision for cotton 
handkerchiefs in 1913, have also been omitted from this paragraph. 
Cotton handkerchiefs hemstitched and ornamented with drawn work 
have been held to be more specifically provided for under paragraph 
255 of the act of 1913 as "handkerchiefs * * * hemmed or 
hemstitched" than under paragraph 358 of the same act as "articles 
from which threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and 
with threads introduced after weaving, forming figures or designs, 
not including straight hemstitching." (G. A. 7769, T. D. 35675, of 
1915.) In the new classification of paragraph 358 (par. 1430 of H. R. 
7456) there is a provision for " handkerchiefs * * * from which 
threads have been omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and with threads 
introduced after weaving to finish or ornament the openwork, not 
including straight hemstitching. ' ' Hemmed handkerchiefs have been 
classed with the hemstitched, as was done in 1913 in the case of cotton 
handkerchiefs, because machine hemming and hemstitching are 
commonly done in a single operation. The words " or imitation hem- 
stitched" are superfluous since such hemstitching is really machine 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 1921. 



931 



hemstitching. The words " but not embroidered, initialed, or in part 
of lace 7 ' are also unnecessary, since handkerchiefs embroidered, 
initialed, or in part of lace are specifically covered by paragraph 
1430 of H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1016. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 1016. Clothing, and articles of 
wearing apparel of every description, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of vege- 
table fiber other than cotton, and whether 
manufactured wholly or in part, not 
specially provided for, 33£ per centum ad 
valorem; shirt collars and cuffs, composed 
wholly or in part of flax,' 28 cents per 
dozen, and, in addition thereto, 17 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 324. Clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
scription, composed of * * * vege- 
table fiber, or of which * * * vege- 
table fiber is the component material of 
chief value, made up or manufactured, 
wholly or in part, by the tailor, seam- 
stress, or manufacturer, and not otherwise 
provided for in this section, fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 348. Shirt collars and cuffs, 
* * * composed in whole or in pari/ 
of linen, forty cents per dozen pieces and 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENT. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 278. **";** wearing apparel 
composed wholly of flax, hemp, or ramie, 
or of flax, hemp, or ramie and india rub- 
ber, 40 per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 277. Shirt collars and cuffs, com- 
posed in whole or in part of linen, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



LINEN WEARING APPAREL. 

Description and uses. — The domestic consumption of wearing ap- 
parel, made in whole or in part of linen, has declined greatly since 
1914. Practically all linen wearing apparel, other than collars, is 
either embroidered or in part of lace, and is classified under para- 
graph 1430 of H. R. 7456. Linen blouses and men's collars form the 
bulk of goods falling under paragraph 1016. In the domestic trade 
a collar with one of its several plies made of linen is known as a linen 
collar. The consumption of linen collars and cuffs is insignificant as 
compared with the consumption of such articles of all cotton. The 
Litter form the basis of the domestic trade. 

Production. — Prior to 1914 large quantities of imported linen fab- 
rics were used by the domestic clothing trade in the manufacture 
of ladies' dresses and men's clothing. During the years 1914-1920, 
the production of linen apparel, owing to the excessively high prices 
of flax fabrics, was negligible. In 1921 the consumption was in 
excess of 1914-1920, though far below the amounts used before the 
war. In 1914 only one domestic company manufactured linen col- 
lars and cuffs in any quantity. In 1919 its production was negligible. 



932 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports consist chiefly of linen blouses and men's collars. Ship- 
ments of wearing apparel of all linen were valued in 1914 at $20,343 
and in 1920 at $80,819. Linen collars and cuffs imported in the 
same years numbered in 1914, 53,370 dozen, valued at $56,629, and 
in 1920, 30,703 dozen, valued at $71,980. Imports during 1918-1921 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


WEARING APPAREL OTHER THAN COTTON, N. S. P. F. 


191s. : 




$22, 816 
27,656 
80, 819 
52, 486 


$9, 045 
9,131 
27 599 


1919 





1920 '.. .. 




1921 (9 months) 














SHIRT COLLARS AND CUFFS IN WHOLE OR IN. PART OF LINEN. 


1918 


Dozen pairs. 
18, 652 
15.310 
30; 703 
23,169 


$37, 996 
35,884 
71,980 
61,746 


$11,399 
10, 765 
21, 594 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 









Important changes in classification. — Linen collars and cuffs, here- 
tofore covered in a separate paragraph (par. 277, act of 1913), have 
been added to this paragraph, the quantity entering into the domestic 
trade not being large enough for an entire paragraph. The wearing 
apparel provision has been enlarged by substituting the words 
" wholly or in chief value" for the word " wholly." The reference to 
wearing apparel composed in part of india rubber has been eliminated, 
because imports are small, and would almost always be composed in 
chief value of the textile fibers utilized rather than of the rubber. 

Conflicting provision.— Paragraph 1016 conflicts with paragraph 
1210 with respect to shirt collars, because both paragraphs provide 
for shirt collars "in part" of the particular material. 

Suggested changes. — In case the provision in paragraph 1210 for 
shirt collars wholly or in part of silk shall be eliminated, as there 
suggested, the conflict above mentioned will be avoided. 

Page 117, line 18, of H. R. 7456: Strike out the comma after 
" dozen" and after u and" and omit the words "in addition thereto," 
as unnecessary. 



PARAGRAPH 1017. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1017. Bags or sacks made from 
plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns or 
from twilled or other fabrics composed 
wholly of jute, 1 cent per pound, and, in 
addition thereto, 17 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 






1921. 933 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 354. Bags or sacks made from Par. 281. Bags or sacks made from 
plain woven fabrics, of single jute yarns, plain woven fabrics, of single jute yarns, 
not dyed, colored, stained, painted, not dyed, colored, stained, painted, print- 
printed, or bleached, and not exceeding ed, or bleached, 10 per centum ad va- 
thirty threads to the square inch, count- lorem. 
ing the warp and filling, seven-eights of 
one cent per pound and fifteen per centum 
ad valorem. 

[Jute bags or sacks containing more than [Jute bags or sacks, dyed, colored, etc., 

30 threads to the square inch, or made or made from twilled fabrics, are dutiable 

from twilled fabrics, or dyed, colored, at 35 per centum ad valorem under par. 

etc., were dutiable at 45 per centum 284.] 
ad valorem under par. 358.] 

JUTE BAGS AND SACKS. 

(See Survey J -9.) 

Description and uses. — Jute bags are the most popular medium the 
world over for sacking bulky commodities. There are two leading 
types: (1) Burlap bags, made from a plain woven jute cloth, and (2) 
sacking bags, made from a twilled jute cloth, heavier and coarser than 
burlap. The domestic production is limited to bags made from im- 
ported burlap, entries of which material in 1920 amounted to about 
1,000,000,000 yards. Four-fifths of the burlap consumed is used in 
American bag factories. (For a description of burlap and sacking cloth, 
see par. 1008, p. 918.) The leading domestic use of burlap bags is for 
sacking grain, bran, feed, fertilizer, sugar, flour, and vegetables. Sack- 
ing bags, which are stronger than burlap bags of the same capacity, and 
which weigh about twice as much, enter this country as containers of a 
great variety of products, principally raw sugar, coffee, and nitrates. 
After the sacking bags have been emptied and repaired, the best are 
used to contain vegetables and cottonseed meal, and the poorest for 
covering raw cotton, the amounts used in recent years for this latter 
purpose constituting about 10 per cent of all such wrapping. The 
consumption of new sacking bags is limited to Porto Rico, which 
employs several million a year for shipping raw sugar, principally to 
the United States. 

Production in 1914 amounted to 388,526,154, and in 1919 to 
457,306,416, burlap bags. The production of cotton bags in the same 
years was 543,311,602 and 506,451,571, respectively. The burlap 
bag and the cotton bag are each so adapted to particular uses that they 
do not compete except at times when the price of one is very high 
in terms of the other. No sacking bags are produced in the United 
States, largely owing to the tariff, which in the past has imposed a 
higher duty on jute sacking than on jute burlap. 

Imports of burlap bags (made from plain woven fabrics of single 
jute yarns) amounted to 48,691,852 pounds in 1920, as compared 
with an average of 52,138,628 pounds for the years 1910-1914. Im- 
ports of new bags are practically limited to those measuring 22 by 36 
inches, weighing 12 ounces; these are known as centals, and are used 
almost exclusively on the Pacific coast for sacking grain. The con- 
sumption of centals averages about 50,000,000 bags annually, of 
which two-thirds are supplied by imports. Imports of new bags are 
practically limited to centals, because, in contrast to other jute bags 



934 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



of domestic origin, they are standardized, unprinted, and used in 
very large quantities. New centals are all supplied by British India 
and form the largest part of her exports of burlap bags, which are 
small as compared with her shipments of sacking bags. The number 
of jute bags shipped from India in the year ended March 31, 1921, 
totaled 397,013,000 sacking bags and 136,895,000 burlap bags. 
Second-hand bags, which form a steadily decreasing part of our 
imports, are supplied by the United Kingdom. Cotton bags, dutiable 
under the basket clause of the cotton schedule, are rarely imported 
and then only in negligible quantities. 

Imports of burlap bags since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 
31, 360, 482 
43, 042, 985 
48, 691, 852 
54, 986, 166 


$5, 056, 826 
4, 536, 042 
7, 493, 240 
3, 628, 493 


$505, 683 
453, 584 


1919 


1920 


749, 208 


1921 (9 months) 







Exports of all bags of vegetable fiber are normally small and consist 
chiefly of cotton bags. The value of exported bags of vegetable fiber 
was $683,483 in 1914 and $5,951,669 in 1920. Argentina, Cuba, 
Canada, and the United Kingdom were the leading markets. In 
1914, according to special data secured by the Tariff Commission (see 
Survey J-9), exports of jute bags amounted to 500 new and 1,334,000 
second-hand bags, and in 1919 to 2,945,300 new and 4,607,000 
second-hand bags. The increased exports of new jute bags in 1919. 
were due to war conditions, as under normal circumstances the United 
States can not compete with India in the trade in new jute bags. 

Important changes in classification. — In former tariff acts provisions 
for bags and sacks have been confined to those made of burlap. 
Although the world production of sacking bags is as extensive as that 
of "burlap bags, the former were not specifically mentioned and have 
fallen in the basket paragraph of Schedule J. In the acts of 1909 
and 1913 sacking bags, though made from cloth of poorer quality 
than burlap, were assessed at a higher duty. The duty on sacking 
bags in the act of 1909 was 45 per cent, and in the act of 1913 it is 35 
per cent, whereas the duty on burlap bags amounted during the opera- 
tion of the former act to about 30 per cent, in the latter it is 10 per 
cent. The differential between the cloth and bags in these acts was 
as follows : Between burlap and burlap bags, about 7 per cent in the 
act of 1909 and precisely 10 per cent in the act of 1913; on sacking 
and sacking bags, little, since both the cloth and the bags fell under the 
basket clause in each act, each being dutiable at 45 per cent in the 
act of 1909, and at 35 per cent in the act of 1913. . In H. R. 7456, 
the same duty is placed upoli both burlap and sacking. 

The descriptive terms "not dyed, colored,' 7 etc., have been omitted 
because imports of such bags dyed, colored, etc., have been negligible 

Burlap and sacking bags have been separately enumerated in the 
new provision, so that the recording of imports of burlap bags may 
be continued, and statistics may also be obtained on sacking bags, 
which hitherto have not been separately classified in custom statistics. 

Suggested changes.— Page 117, line 22, of H. R. 7456: Strike out the 



comma after " pound" and after 
addition thereto," as unnecessary. 



and" and omit the words "in 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



935 



PARAGRAPH 1018. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1018. Linoleum, including corti- 
cine and cork carpet, 28 per centum ad 
valorem; floor oilcloth. 20 per centum ad 
valorem; mats or rugs made of linoleum 
or floor oilcloth shall be subject to the 
same rates of duty as herein provided for 
linoleum or floor oilcloth. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 347. Linoleum, corticene, and all 
other fabrics or coverings for floors, made 
in part of oil or any similar product, plain, 
stamped, painted or printed, only, not 
specially provided for herein, if nine feet 
or under in width, eight cents per square 
yard and fifteen per centum ad valorem; 
over rine feet in width, twelve cents per 
square yard and fifteen per centum ad 
valorem ; and any of the foregoing of what- 
ever width, the composition of which 
forms designs or patterns, whether inlaid 
or otherwise, by whatever name known, 
and cork carpets, twenty cents per square 
yard and twenty per cent ad valorem; 
mats for floors made of oilcloth, linoleum, 
or corticene, shall be subject to the same 
rate of duty herein provided for oilcloth, 
linoleum, or corticene; oilcloth for floors, 
if nine feet or less in width, six cents per 
square yard and fifteen per centum ad 
valorem; over nine feet in width, ten 
cents per square yard and fifteen per 
centum ad valorem ; * * - . 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 276. Linoleum, plain, stamped, 
painted, or printed, including corticine 
and cork carpet, figured or plain, also 
linoleum known as granite and oak 
plank, 30 per centum ad valorem; inlaid 
linoleum, 35 per centum ad valorem; oil- 
cloth for floors, plain, stamped, painted, 
or printed, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
mats or rugs made of oilcloth, linoleum, 
corticine, or cork carpet shall be subject- 
to the same rate of duty as herein pro- 
vided for oilcloth, linoleum, corticine, or 
cork carpet. 



LINOLEUM AND FLOOR OILCLOTH. 



(See Survey J-3.) 

Description and uses. — Floor oilcloth is composed of a foundation 
of jute burlap coated with a mixture of linseed oil, ocher, and benzine. 
Several coats are applied to attain the desired thickness, each coat in 
turn being dried and rubbed smooth with pumice stone. Floor oil- 
cloth may be plain or have designs stamped, painted, or printed on 
the smooth finished coating. Printed designs are now usually applied 
by automatic machinery. 

Linoleum gets its name from linum (flax) and oleum (oil). A 
cement is made of solidified linseed oil, resin, and kauri gum; this is 
then mixed with cork dust, and the paste thus made rolled upon a 
foundation of jute burlap. If the fabric is to be plain (that is, of a 
uniform color), the coloring matter is added before rolling. In inlaid 
or mosaic linoleum the colors go through and do not wear away as in 
printed or stenciled linoleum. Among the leading types of linoleum 
are: Inlaid linoleum made in several ways, but generally by cutting 
rolls of linoleum cement of various colors into separate pieces, fitting 
them into a design on a jute burlap foundation, and incorporating 
them into a fabric by means of hot rollers; granite linoleum made 



936 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



from pastes of different colors, the colors remaining separate in the 
completed fabric, the assemblage and relation of the various colored 
spots and masses being casual; plank linoleums, oak plank linoleums, 
or plank inlaid linoleums, made by running two separate paste 
mixtures, which are not allowed to mix, side by side upon a burlap 
foundation, the effect resembling an inlaid flooring; corticene, prepared 
like linoleum, but having the linseed oil oxidized differently and 
containing rubber also in the composition; cork carpet, resembling 
plank linoleum and made in the same way, except that the cork is 
not ground so finely, and a larger proportion thereof is used in the 
mixture, resulting in a softer, and more sponge-like substance. 

Production in 1914 and 1919 of linoleum and floor oilcloth made on 
burlap back was as follows : 





Quantity. 


Value. 




1914 


1919 


1914 


1919 


Floor oilcloth 


Sq. yds. 

7, 536, 000 

8,479,000 

33, 307, 000 


Square yds. 
1, 211, 000 
9, 834, 000 

22, 098, 000 


$1,484,000 
4, 726, 000 
10, 043, 000 


$424,000 


Inlaid linoleum 


10,336,000 
17, 121, 000 


All other linoleum 




Total 


49, 322, 000 


33, 143, 000 


16,253,000 


27, 881, 000 





The marked decline in 1919 in the production of floor oilcloth and 
linoleum other than inlaid was due in part to the scarcity and high 
price of burlap for use as a backing and especially to the substitution 
of floor coverings made on felt back for the cheaper grades of lino- 
leum. The last type of floor covering consists of a base of felt paper 
saturated with asphaltum, painted on both sides with one or more 
coats of paint, and printed on the top surface with decorative designs. 
The domestic production of floor coverings made on felt back has 
made great strides since 1914 when its production was negligible and 
limited to one establishment. The output in 1919 was 30,370,000 
square }^ards, valued at $13,909,000. 

Imports. — Imports of linoleum and floor oilcloth have shown a 
marked decline since 1914, in which year their quantity was 4,231,066 
square yards, valued at $1,877,324. The bulk of the imports consists 
of the highest grades. In 1920 inlaid linoleum constituted 61 per 
cent of the total; all other linoleum, 30 per cent, and oil cloth for floors 
about 9 per cent. Prior to 1914 the United Kingdom furnished 
about three-fourths of the total, and Germany the bulk of the remain- 
der; since 1914 the United Kingdom has supplied practically all, 
furnishing 99 per cent of the total in 1919 and 1920. 

Imports for 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


LINOLEUM, ALL TYPES. 


1918 


Sq. yds. 
387 

116, 140 
1,051,497 

228, 446 


$652 

123, 577 

1, 175, 231 

281, 587 


$215 


1919 


40, 712 


1920 . 


399, 793 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



937 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


OILCLOTH FOR FLOORS. 


1918 


Sq. yds. 

93 

9,353 

97, 232 

619 


$44 

5, 638 

46,870 

657 


$9 


1919 


1,128 


1920 


9,374 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports of oilcloth and linoleum for floors have shown a marked 
advance in recent years, in 1914 amounting to 163,214 square vards 
valued at $60,403, and in 1920 to 2,227,803 square yards valued at 
$1,583,392. The leading markets in 1914 were, in order of impor- 
tance, Cuba, Australia, Switzerland, and Argentina, and in 1920 
Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom. Exports consist for 
the most part of the lower grades, and since 1917 by calendar years 
have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




2, 235, 989 
$1,369,196 


2, 537, 780 
SI, 740, 186 


2, 227, 803 
$1,583,392 




Value 


$1,191,189 







Important changes in classification. — The classification and wording 
of this provision have been simplified. The distinction hitherto 
drawn between ordinary linoleum and inlaid linoleum in rates of 
duty has been abolished, because while the cost of manufacturing 
inlaid linoleum is ordinarily greater than that of plain or printed 
linoleum, there is so wide a variation, depending largely on the thick- 
ness of the goods, that a great deal of plain linoleum sells for more 
than the low or medium grades of inlaid. The elimination of the 
former distinction between the various types of linoleum is approved 
by the manufacturers, who in their brief state: "All of the forms of 
our product can now be classified together as a single product and 
duties assessed accordingly." (Ways and Means tariff hearings, 
1921, p. 2500.) 

The distinctions in duties made in the acts of 1897 and 1909 be- 
tween lineolum of narrow and wide widths have not been reestab- 
lished. Width is a cost factor of much less importance than thick- 
ness, or than type, that is, whether ordinary or inlaid. Domestic 
manufacturers are also opposed to the revival of the classification 
based on width, stating that " this system made a complicated tariff 
paragraph and added complications to its administration." (Ways 
and Means tariff hearings, 1921, p. 2500.) 

The adjectives describing linoleum and floor cloth, such as " plain," 
"stamped," "painted," etc., have been omitted. Likewise the 
phrase, "also linoleum known as granite and oak plank" has been 
omitted as superfluous, since these are well-known types of linoleum. 
While corticene and cork carpet are two types of linoleum, yet be- 
cause of certain differences in composition from ordinary linoleum 
they have been specifically mentioned to remove any doubt as to 
their inclusion in this paragraph. 



938 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1019. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1019. All woven articles, finished 
or unfinished, and all manufactures of 
vegetable fiber other than cotton, or of 
which such fibers or any of them is the 
component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for, 28 per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 284. All woven articles, finished 
or unfinished, and all manufactures of 
flax, hemp, ramie, or other vegetable 
fiber, or of which these substances, or any 
of them, is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in 
this section, 35 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 357. Woven * * * articles not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed of flax, hemp, or ramie, or of 
which these substances or any of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
weighing four and one-half ounces or 
more per square yard, when containing 
not more that sixty threads to the square 
inch, counting the warp and filling, one 
and three-fourths cents per square yard; 
containing more than sixty and not more 
than one hundred and twenty threads to 
the square inch, two and three-fourths 
cents per square yard; containing more 
than one hundred and twenty and not 
more than oue hundred and eighty 
threads to the square inch, six cents per 
square yard; containing more than one 
hundred and eighty threads to the square 
inch, nine cents per square yard, and in 
addition thereto, on all the foregoing, 
thirty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That none of the foregoing articles 
* * * in this paragraph shall pay a 
less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad 
valorem. * * *. 

Par. 358. All woven articles, finished 
or unfinished, and all manufactures of 
flax, hemp, ramie, or other vegetable 
fiber, or of which these substances, or any 
of them, is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in 
this sectiou, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

"woven fabrics and articles n. s. p. F. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph is the catch-all section 
of schedule 10. A great variety of miscellaneous articles, none of 
which is imported in large quantities, will fall under this provision. 

Imports. — Total imports under this classification, as provided by 
II. R. 7-156, will be considerably reduced. They will include netting 
bags and school bags made from jute ; bumpers, fenders, and rope made 
from coir, a fiber obtained from coconut husks; hammocks of hemp or 
sisal; knotted hemp fiber wound on spools; tennis nets made of hemp; 
and sea-grass cord and tagal threads. Statistics showing imports 
or production of any of these articles are not available. Imports 
under the basket clause of Schedule 10, with the exception of fabrics 
not plain woven of flax, hemp, or ramie (which are listed under par. 
1009) were as follows during the calendar years 1918-1921: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



939 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) 




$5,977,054 
1,988,675 


$4,789,493 
1,641,576 


$10,648,083 
3,610,035 


$5,826,134 


Duty 









Important changes in classification. — The scope of this provision has 
been greatly reduced by the adoption of specific provisions for all the 
important products formerly included under the catchall paragraph. 
Among these are (1) manufacturers of linen table damask (par. 
1012) ; (2) linen towels, sheets, and pillowcases (par. 1013) ; (3) jute 
cloths made of ply yarns, and jute cloths other than plain woven 
(par. 1008) ; (4) twilled jute bags or sacks, and all jute bags or sacks 
dyed, colored, stained, etc. (par. 1017) ; (5) tailor's paddings composed 
in chief value, but not wholly, of jute (par. 1010) ; and (6) jute twine 
and cordage (par. 1003). 

Suggested changes. — Since this paragraph is the catchall of Schedule 
10, it is suggested that in conformity with the catchall paragraphs of 
other schedules, it be made the last paragraph in the schedule. 



PARAGRAPH 1020. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 1020. Common China, Japan, and 
India straw matting, and floor coverings 
made therefrom, 3 cents per square yard; 
all other floor coverings not specially 
provided for, 26 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 343. Floor mattings, plain, fancy, 
or figured, manufactured from straw, 
round or split, or other A'egetable sub- 
stances, not otherwise provided for in 
this section, and having a warp of cotton, 
hemp, or other vegetable substance, in- 
cluding what are commonly known as 
China, Japan, and India straw matting, 
three and one-half cents per square yard. 

Par. 344. Carpets, carpeting, mats 
and rugs made of flax, hemp, jute, or 
other vegetable fiber ( except cotton), 
valued at not exceeding fifteen cents per 
square yard, four cents per square yard 
and thirty per centum ad valorem; 
valued above fifteen cents per square 
yard, ei^ht cents per square^ yard and 
thirty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 384. * * * chenille carpets, 
figured or plain,, and all carpets or car- 
peting of like character or description, 
sixty cents per square yard and in addi- 
tion thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 393. Carpets and carpeting of 
* * flax, or cotton, or composed in 

part of any of them, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, and mats, mat- 
tine - , and rugs of cotton, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 272. Floor mattings, plain, fancy, 
or figured, including mats and rugs, 
manufactured from straw, round or split, 
or other vegetable substances, not other- 
wise provided for in this section, and 
having a warp of cotton, hemp, or other 
vegetable substances, including what are 
commonly known as China, Japan, and 
India straw matting, 2\ cents per square 
yard. 

Par. 273. Carpets, carpeting, mats 
and rugs made of flax, hemp, jute, or 
other vegetable fiber (except cotton), 
30 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 293. * * * chenille carpets, 
figured or plain, and all carpets or car- 
peting of like character or description, 35 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 302. Carpets and carpeting of 
* * * cotton, or composed in part of 
either of them [wool or cotton], not spec- 
ially provided for in this section, and on 
mats, matting, and rugs of cotton, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 



940 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



FLOOR COVERINGS OTHER THAN WOOL. 



(See Survey J-3.) 

This paragraph relates to floor coverings made of vegetable fibers or 
vegetable substances. Among these are included floor coverings made 
respectively from straw, grass,. jute, or other vegetable fiber, and from 
rags (usually cotton). By far the most important are those made 
of straw or grass. 

FLOOR COVERINGS OP STRAW OR GRASS. 

Description and uses. — Straw and grass floor coverings fall into 
three general classes: (1) Common China and Japan straw mats and 
mattings; (2) rice-straw mattings and rugs, and (3) wire-grass mat- 
tings and rugs, the last named being known generally as "crex" 
floor coverings. Common mattings, made on crude hand looms from 
certain species of matting rushes woven with a straw, hemp, or cotton 
warp, are distinctively an oriental product and are not made in the 
United States. They are the cheapest of the three classes. Rice- 
straw rugs are made of rice-straw wound about with a binding thread 
so as to produce a straw twine which, used as a filling, is then woven 
with cotton or other warp. They, too, are distinctively an oriental 
product and are not made in the United States, though their close 
resemblance to the domestic wire-grass rugs has led to direct compe- 
tition with the grass rugs. Wire-grass rugs are made of a variety of 
swamp grass known as wire-grass. The grass is first formed into a 
twine in the same manner as the rice-straw described above, and 
then woven with cotton or other warp. These rugs are distinctively 
a domestic product and are generally of better quality than the rice- 
straw rugs which compete with them. 

Production.— Production of wire-grass rugs in the United States 
began in 1899. In 1913 (fiscal year) 6,083,093 square yards were 
produced valued at $1,931,067; in 1920, 4,481,731 square yards, 
valued at $4,206,347. 

Imports. — During the last 20 years imports of straw floor coverings 
have declined by more than one-half. During the years 1900-1909 
they ranged per annum between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 square 
yards; during the period 1910-1913, they averaged 27,200,000 square 
yards; and during the period 1914-1918, 17,300,000 square yards per 
annum. Imports during 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1918 


Sq. yds. 
12, 444, 016 
15, 022, 279 
21, 827, 292 

8,077,771 


• 

$2,018,526 
3,610,554 
6, 421, 885 
1,846,981 


$310, 879 
375, 555 
545,671 


Per cent. 
15.40 


1919 


10.40 


1920 


8.50 


1921 (9 months) 











Despite the decline in total imports of straw floor coverings, the 
importation of rice-straw rugs (which are the only imports directly 
competing with the domestic grass rugs) has increased. Imports 
were only beginning to come in prior to the war. Figures compiled 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



941 



by the Tariff Commission from returns made by leading importers 
indicate that in 1919, 5,976,000 square yards, or approximately 46 
per cent of our total importation of straw floor coverings consisted of 
rice-straw rugs. They constituted slightly more than one-half of our 
total consumption of grass and similar (i. e. rice-straw) rugs. (See 
Survey J-3, pp. 10, 11.) 

As a rule, more than half of our annual imports have come from 
Japan. During the period 1914-1919, 94 per cent came from Japan. 
More recently there has been an increase in the share coming from 
China. All of the rice-straw rugs, however, come from Japan. 

Exports are not recorded. There is, however, some exportation. 

Important changes in classification. — Common mattings are covered 
by an eo nomine provision (being a well-known product commercially 
and covered by specific provision in former tariffs), but rice-straw 
floor coverings are not specifically mentioned and are made to fall 
under the general provision, because it has been found impossible 
to work out a description of them which could not be circumvented 
by some minor alteration in either construction or content. At the 
same time there is no other important type of floor covering imported 
in quantity which will fall within this basket provision. Among the 
less important types which will come within this general heading are 
(1) the floor coverings now falling under paragraph 273, act of 1913 
(mainly jute) ; (2) braided straw floor coverings, classified under the 
act of 1913 as '"manufactures of straw" (par. 368); (3) woven paper 
floor coverings other than those made on ingrain looms, and (4) felt- 
base floor coverings, unless a separate provision is made for such 
felt-base coverings in the paragraph relating to linoleum. 



JUTE FLOOR COVERINGS. 



(See Survey J-3.) 



Description and uses. — Carpets, carpeting, mats and rugs of vege- 
table fiber other than cotton (act of 1913, par. 273) consist largely of 
jute carpets and rugs and are covered by the basket clause in para- 

fraph 1020 (H. R. 7456). Jute is so cheap that its primary use in 
oor coverings is as a backing for wool carpets and rugs. Its use as 
a filling (the only case in which it is likely to be a component of chief 
value) is very limited; consequently the floor coverings containing 
jute that fall under this paragraph are of minor importance. 

Production. — Production of jute carpets and rugs in 1914 was 
4,862,302 square yards, valued at $1,172,257, and in 1919, 2,289,000 
square yards, valued at $1,603,000. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to 656,376 square yards, valued at 
$185,616. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



1 

Calendar year. Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Sq. yds. 

109, 070 

89,709 

363, 792 

61, 387 


$65,065 
73,507 

271, 441 
51,628 


$19, 520 
22, 052 
81,427 


Per cent. 
30 
30 
30 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 









942 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Because of the relatively minor 
importance of floor coverings in chief value of jute or other vegetable 
fiber, specific provision for them has been abandoned and they will 
fall under the basket clause in paragraph 1020 of H. R. 7456. 

FLOOR COVERINGS OF COTTON. 

(See Survey J-3.) 

Description and uses. — Floor coverings of cotton consist mainly of 
rag rugs and are provided for under paragraph 302 of the act of 1913. 
They will fall under the general provision in paragraph 1020, H. R. 7456. 

Production. — The value of rag rugs produced in 1914 was $2,786,439 
and in 1919, $505,000. 

Imports of cotton carpets and carpeting, n. s. p. f., amounted in 
1914 to 134,528 square yards, valued at $16,187. Later imports 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Square yds. 


$105, 929 
181, 232 
397, 811 
166, 152 


$21, 186 
36,246 
79,562 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


225, 396 
321, 585 
120, 822 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 









Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification.— -For reasons similar to those 
given in the case of jute carpeting, specific provision for cotton floor 
coverings has been abandoned and they will fall under the general 
clause in paragraph 1020, H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1021. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1021. Matting made of cocoa 
fiber or rattan, 9 cents per square yard; 
mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 7 
cents per square foot. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 466. Matting made of cocoa fiber 
or rattan, six cents per square yard; 
mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, four 
cents per square foot. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 371. Matting made of cocoa fiber 
or rattan, 5 cents per square yard; "mats 
made of cocoa fiber or rattan, 3 cents 
per square foot. 



COCOA MATS AND MATTINGS. 

Description and uses. — Cocoa mats and matting, made from the 
fibrous husk of the coconut, are produced chiefly in Ceylon, British 
India, the Straits Settlements, and islands of the Eastern Archi- 
pelago. The fiber is removed from the husk by soaking and beat- 
ing and is then crudely hand spun by the natives. Machinery is 
occasionally used, but the hand-spun yarn is both cheaper and better. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



943 



Cocoa matting is generally in plain or twill weave, without pile. 
It is very durable and is used for runners in aisles, corridors, offices, 
etc. In this country it is generally made on power-driven looms. 
Cocoa mats are usually woven with a pile, but some types are braided 
and sewed together. They are used as doormats, automobile mats, 
etc. The mats are still largely made on hand looms, although the 
use of power looms for the pile mats has been introduced. In India, 
which is the leading source of imports, manufacture is by hand. 

The great harshness of the cocoa fiber has been an obstacle to 
the use of labor-saving machinery, and the industry is handicapped 
by labor conditions. At one time the production was carried on 
mainly by prison labor; this still obtains to some extent, but it has 
been greatly diminished b}^ State legislation. 

Matting made of rattan differs from cocoa matting in manufacture 
and raw material. Rattan is an East Indian and African creeping 
palm, the stem of which can be split into slender strands and woven 
into basket work, chairs, couches, pillows, mats, and similar articles. 
In weaving rattan matting, a simple bamboo framework is used, 
the operation being entirely handwork. 

Production of cocoa mats and matting is included by the Census 
in production figures for grass rugs and other articles, and is there- 
fore not obtainable separately. An inquiry made by the Tariff 
Commission discloses that there are four or five mills using power 
looms (also some hand looms) , and that there are several additional 
firms making cocoa mats on hand looms, these being located chiefly 
in Michigan and Wisconsin and specializing largely on mats for 
automobiles. Practically no rattan mats or matting are made in the 
United States. 

Imports of mats and matting steadily increased prior to 1915, but 
fell on sharply during 1916-1918. In 1914, imports of mats amounted 
to 1,545,449 square feet, valued at $139,419; and imports of matting 
to 114,987 square yards, valued at $34,863. Later imports are 
recorded as follows : 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Square yds. 

30, 788 

73, 401 

87, 774 

125,596 



U, 974 
31, 546 
48, 115 
52, 325 



Exports are not recorded. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 




MATS OF COCOA FIBER OR RA 


TTAN. 






1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . . 


Squarefeet. 

' 4,639 

320,939 

! 2,105,839 

2, 005, 540 


$645 

43, 215 

294, 707 

249, 028 


$139 

9,627 

63, 100 


Per cent. 
21.58 
22.29 
21.44 










MATTING OF COCOA FIBER OR R 


A.TTAN. 







$1,488 
3,670 
4, 3S9 



29.92 
11.63 
9.12 



SCHEDULE 11.— WOOL AND MANUFACTURES OF. 



PARAGRAPH 1101. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1101. Wools, not improved by the 
admixture of merino or English blood, 
such as Donskoi, native Smyrna, native 
South American, Cordova, Valparaiso, 
and other wools of like character or 
description, and hair of the camel, 28 per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, That the 
duty shall not exceed 7 cents per pound. 
The duty on such wools, imported on the 
skin, shall be 24 per centum ad valorem, 
but not to exceed 6 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Schedule K — Wool, and Manufac- 
tures op. 



Schedule K — Wool and Manufac- 
tures of. 1 



Par. 360. All wools, hair of the camel, 

* * * and other like animals shall be 
divided, for the purpose of fixing the 
duties to be charged thereon, into the 
three following classes: * * *. 

Par. 362. Class two * * * hair of 
the camel * * *. 

Par. 363. Class three, that is to say, 
Donskoi, native South American, Cordova, 
Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian 
camel's hair, and all such wools of like 
character as have been heretofore usually 
imported into the United States from 
Turkey, Greece, Syria, and elsewhere, 
excepting improved wools hereinafter 
provided for. 

Par. 368. The duty upon, * * * 
hair of the camel, * * * of class one 
and class two, which shall be imported in 
any other than ordinary condition, or 
which has been sorted or increased in 
value by the rejection of any part of the 
original fleece, shall be twice the duty to 
which it would be otherwise subject: 
Provided, * * * The duty upon 

* * * hair of the camel * * * of 
any class which shall be changed in its 
character or condition for the purpose of 
evading the duty, or which shall be 



Par. 650. Wool of the sheep, hair of the 
camel, and other like animals, and all 
wools and hair on the skin of such animals 
* * *. This paragraph shall be ef- 
fective on and after the first day of De- 
cember, nineteen hundred and thirteen, 
until which time the rates of duty now 
provided by schedule K of the existing 
law shall remain in full force and effect 
[Free]. 



1 Paragraph 310 provided that — 

"The provisions of this schedule (K) shall be effective on and after the first day of January, nineteen 
hundred and fourteen, until which date the rates of duty now provided by Schedule K of the existing law 
shall remain in full force and effect. " 

Paragraph 19, emergency tariff act of 1921 provides that — 

' ' Wool and hair of the kind provided for in paragraph 18, when advanced in any manner or by any process 
of manufacture beyond the washed or scoured condition, and manufactures of which wool or hair of the 
kind provided for in paragraph 18 is the component material of chief value, 45 cents per pound in addition 
to the rates of duty imposed thereon by existing law. " 

944 



1921. 945 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

reduced in value by the admixture of dirt 
or any other foreign substance, shall be 
twice the duty to which it would be 
otherwise subject. * * *. 

Par. 370. On wools of the third class 
and on camel's hair of the third class the 
value whereof shall be twelve cents or less 
per pound, the duty shall be four cents per 
pound. On wools of the third class and 
on camel's hair of the third class, the 
value whereof shall exceed twelve cents 
per pound, the duty shall be seven cents 
per pound. 

Par. 371. The duty on wools on the 
skin shall be one cent less per pound then 
is imposed in this schedule on other wools 
of the same class and condition, * * *. 

CARPET WOOLS. 

(See Report " The Wool-Growing Industry.") 

Description and uses. — This paragraph covers a class of wools 
produced by native breeds which have not been improved by crossing 
with sheep of either merino or "English" blood. These wools, which 
are not competitive with domestic varieties, are coarse and stiff and 
usually kempy (having white brittle hairs which resist dyeing) ; 
they are often gray, brown, or black. Their lack of fineness, supple- 
ness, and felting qualities makes them unadaptable for ordinary 
clothing purposes but peculiarly suitable for carpet manufacture. 
Some are employed in coarse blankets, robes, and upholstery cloths, 
or, when mixed with better wools, in the manufacture of rough tweeds 
or cheviots, but their main use is in carpets and rugs. 

Native unimproved sheep are found in many countries, but most 
largely in Asia, European Russia, and South America. Donskoi, a 
South Russian wool, is one of the most important and includes 
Savolga, Kasan, Tscherski, and Kuban wools. These are the better 
sorts for carpet making and have a long " combing" staple. Native 
Smyrna and Syrian wools also are generally of the higher grade. "Native 
South American wools" are mainly from the "Criolla" breeds, which 
originated from early Spanish importations and consist of sheep with 
apparently little or no merino heredity. Wools shipped from Val- 
paraiso, Chile, are known as Valparaiso wools. Cordova wools are 
grown in the Provinces of Cordova and San Luis, Argentina. Other 
unimproved wools include Central Asian wools such as Bokhara, 
Merv, Transcaspian, and Calmuc; East Indian wools; and Chinese 
wools. The term also includes various European carpet wools, 
particularly wool of the Scotch "blackface" sheep, an animal which 
yields a carpet wool par excellence. 

This paragraph also covers camel's hair, of which Russia and 
China are the two main sources. Camel's hair is imported chiefly 
to make the press cloth required in the extraction of vegetable oils, 
particularly cottonseed oil. 

Production. — Carpet wools and camel's hair are not produced in 
the United States, with the possible exception of negligible amounts 

82304—22 60 



946 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



of wool such as used by the Navajo Indians in making blankets and 
rugs. 

imports of " class 3," including the carpet wools here covered, and 
earners hair from Russia, averaged, per annum, 91,097,535 pounds 
for the 1891-1900 decade, 99,614,106 pounds for the 1901-1910 
decade, and 85,836,333 pounds for the 1911-1920 decade (fiscal 
years). The decrease in imports is an indication of the decreased 
production of wool carpets and rugs in the United States. 

Imports since 1917 of the wools and hairs falling under paragraph 
1101 of H. R. 7456 are recorded as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Unimproved wools, 
class 3. 


Camel's hair, classes 2 
and 3. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
68, 696, 633 
95, 732, 470 
35, 549, 300 
73, 872, 072 


$29, 041, 103 
36, 246, 823 
11, 351, 262 
8, 712, 529 


Pounds. 
1, 321, 897 
1,120,938 
2, 725, 180 
715, 541 


$682, 112 

762, 365 

1, 850, 923 

237, 075 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 





Leading sources in 1920 were China, the United Kingdom, Chile, 
Turkey, Russia, and Argentina. 

Exports. — No exports are recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The wools covered in this para- 
graph were admitted free of duty under paragraph 650, act of 1913, 
and, as carpet wools, were not made dutiable by the emergency 
tariff act of 1921. 

This paragraph covers practically the same wools as were covered 
by paragraph 363 of the act of 1909 and there called " class three" 
wools. The phrasing " wools, not improved by the admixture of 
merino or English blood" has been substituted for " class three 
* * * wools * * * _ excepting improved wools hereinafter pro- 
vided for." Mention of Donskoi, native Smyrna, native South 
American, Cordova, and Valparaiso wools has been retained as an 
indication of the kind of wools so covered, but mention of sources 
has been omitted for the reason that carpet wools are imported from 
all over the world. "Hair of the camel" has been substituted for 
" Russian camel's hair" as there is no tariff significance in a division 
of camel's hair according to origin. 

The duty on unimproved wools is made ad valorem, with a maximum 
specific rate which is the same as the highest specific rate provided 
in paragraph 370 of the act of 1909. The specific rate per pound 
applies to the weight of the wool in the condition imported, whether 
in the grease, washed, or scoured. These wools are mainly imported 
in the grease; they sometimes enter in the washed state, but rarely 
in a scoured condition. Much of this wool is manufactured without 
any scouring. 

The duties, both ad valorem and maximum specific, on unimproved 
wools imported on the skin are lower than those levied on such wools 
other than on the skin because of the difference in value. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



947 



PARAGRAPH 1102. 



H. It. 7456. 



Par. 1102. Wools, not specially pro- 
vided for, and hair "of the Angora goat, 
alpaca, and other like animals, imported 
in the grease or washed, 25 cents per 
pound of clean content; imported in the 
scoured state, 26 cents per pound; im- 
ported on the skin, 24 cents per pound of 
clean content: Provided, That none of the 
foregoing shall pay a higher rate of duty 
than 35 per centum- ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 305. Hair of the Angora goat, al- 
paca, and other like animals, and all hair 
on the skin of such animals, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 650. Wool of the sheep, hair of the 
camel, and other like animals, and all 
wools and hair on the skin of such ani- 
mals, * * *. This paragraph shall be 
effective on and after the first day of De- 
cember, nineteen hundred and thirteen, 
until which time the rates of duty now 
provided by schedule K of the existing 
law shall remain in full force and effect 
[Free]. 2 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 360. All wools, hair of the * * * 
goat, alpaca, and other like animals shall 
be divided, for the purpose of fixing the 
duties to be charged thereon, into the 
three following classes: 

Par. 361. Class one, that is to say, 
merino, mestiza, metz, or metis wools, or 
other wools of Merino blood, immediate or 
remote, Down clothing wools, and wools 
of like character with any of the preced- 
ing, including Bagdad wool, China lamb's 
wool, Castel Eranco, Adrianople skin wool 
or butcher's wool, and such as have been 
heretofore usually imported into the 
United States from Buenos Aires, New • 

Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, 
Russia, Great Britain, Canada, Egypt, 
Morocco, and elsewhere, and all wools not 
hereinafter included in classes two and 
three. 

Par. 362. Class two, that is to say, 
Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down 
combing wools, Canada long wools, or 
other like combing wools of English blood, 
and usually known by the terms herein 
used, and also hair of the * * *, An- 
gora goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 

Par. 365. Whenever wools of class 
three shall have been improved by the ad- 
mixture of Merino or English blood, from 
their present character as represented by 
the standard samples now or hereafter to 
be deposited in the principal custom- 
houses of the United States, such im- 
proved wools shall be classified for duty 
either as class one or as class two, as the 
case may be. 

Par. 366. The duty on wools of the first 
class which shall be imported washed 
shall be twice the amount of the duty to 

2 Par. 18, emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921: 

"Wool commonly known as clothing wool, including hair of the camel, angora goat, and alpaca, but not 
such wools as are commonly known as carpet wools: Unwashed, 15 cents per pound- * * *. Unwashed 
wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn from the animal without any cleaning; washed 
wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water only on the animal's back or on the skin ; 
wools washed in any other manner than on the animal's back or on the skin shall be considered as scoured 
wool. On wool and hair provided for in this paragraph, which is sorted or increased in value by the re- 
jection of any part of the original fleece, the duty shall be twice the duty to which it would otherwise be 
subject, but not more than 45 cents per pound." 



948 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913 ' 

which they would be subjected if im- 
ported unwashed; and the duty on wools 
of the first and second classes which snail 
be imported scoured shall be three times 
the duty to which they would be sub- 
iected if imported unwashed. : .,: 
Par. 367. Unwashed wools shall be 
considered such as shall have been shorn 
from the sheep without any cleansing; 
that is, in their natural condition. 
Washed wools shall be considered such as 
have been washed with water only on the 
sheep's back, orontheskin. Wools of the 
first and second classes washed m any 
other manner than on the sheep's back or 
on the skin shall be considered as scoured 

Par. 368. The duty upon wool of the 
sheep or hair of the * * *. Angora 
goat, alpaca, and other like animals, oi 
class one and class two, which shall be 
imported in any other than ordinary con- 
dition, or which has been sorted or in- 
creased in value by the rejection of any 
part of the original fleece, shall be twice 
the duty to which it would be otherwise 
subject:' Provided, That skirted wools as 
imported in 1890 and prior thereto are 
hereby excepted . The duty upon wool of 
the sheep or hair of the * * * Angora 
goat, alpaca, and other like animals of any 
class which shall be chamged in its charac- 
ter or condition for the purpose of evading 
the duty, or which shall be reduced in 
value by the admixture of dirt or any 
other foreign substance, shall be twice the 
duty to which it would be otherwise sub- 
ject. When the duty assessed upon any 
wool equals three times or more that 
which would be assessed if said wool was 
imported unwashed, the duty shall not be 
doubled on account of the wool being 
sorted. ***.**■ 

Par. 369. The duty upon all wools and 
hair of the first class shall be eleven cents 
per pound, and upon all wools or hair of 
the second class twelve cents per pound . 

Par. 371. The duty on wools on the 
skin shall be one cent less per pound than 
is imposed in this schedule on other wools 
of the same class and condition, * * *. * 

MERINO, ENGLISH, AND CROSSBRED WOOLS, AND MOHAIR, ALPACA, ETC. 

(See Report "The Wool-Growing Industry.") 

Description and uses.— This paragraph covers all wools other than 
those from native nnimproved sheep (see par 1101), and also includes 
hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals. Wools here 
covered may le divided into three broad classes, the merino, the 
English, and the crossbred. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 949 

Merino wool: Merino sheep are raised for wool rather than mutton; 
they are small but have a very dense fleece. Merino wools are short, 
mainly 1 to 2 inches in length, but are noted for their fineness, soft- 
ness, strength, and elasticity; they have a very large number of 
serrations per inch and therefore are easily felted. As they can be 
spun to the finest counts and are relatively high in price, they are 
used for fine worsteds and for the finest qualities of closely compacted 
cloths such as broadcloths, billiard cloths, officers' uniforms, doeskins, 
etc. Merino sheep originated in Spain but there are now many widely 
distributed varieties. The largest numbers are found in Australia, 
British South Africa, and the United States in the order named. 
Merino wool is naturally very oily, and in consequence a large amount 
of dirt adheres to it. For this reason the shrinkage in weight when 
scoured is higher than for other wools, ranging from 40 to 80 per cent, 
with an average of possibly 60 per cent. 

English wools: The " English breeds" of sheep are grown for 
mutton rather than wool; they are for the most part larger framed 
and relative to body weight they shear less wool than merinos. 
Wools are divided into two main classes, the " long- wools " and the 
"Down" or "short wools." The long-wools, such as those produced 
by the Lincoln or Cotswold breeds, are 6 to 15 inches in length, 
rather coarse, but strong and noted for their luster and brilliancy. 
The Down wools, such as those produced by the Southdown or 
Hampshire breeds, are 3 to 5 inches in length, but softer, finer, and 
more elastic than the long wools. "English" wools constitute but a 
small percentage of the world total, being little raised outside of 
England proper. They are used chiefly in the manufacture of coat 
linings, also m braids and in some varieties of lustrous dress goods. 
The shrinkage in weight from scouring is small; when, as is the rule, 
they are brook washed prior to shearing, the shrinkage after purchase 
is often less than 20 per cent. 

Crossbred wools: The "crossbreds" are sheep partly of merino and 
partly of "English" blood; they have the size and weight of good 
mutton sheep and their wool retains some of the fineness and elasticity 
of the merino. Such sheep are valuable for both mutton and wool 
and, since the development of the frozen mutton trade, have steadily 
increased in commercial importance. South America is the largest 
producer, New Zealand second, Australia third, and the United 
States fourth. Crossbred wools are known abroad as three-fourths, 
one-half, three-eighths and one-fourth blood wools, according to the 
percentage of merino blood in the crossing. In the United States 
they are graded as one-half, three-eighths, one-fourth, low one-fourth, 
and common, but these grades designate fineness of fiber on the down- 
ward scale; they bear no definite relation to the merino heredity of 
the sheep. The shrinkage in weight in scouring can hardly be 
averaged; it ranges from 35 to 75 per cent, varying with the per- 
centage of merino blood and the conditions under which the sheep 
are raised. 

Merino and crossbred wools are listed in import statistics under the 
1909 tariff designation as "class 1" wools. Wools not containing 
merino blood, such as those of English blood, but not including 
carpet wools, are listed as "class 2" wools. 



950 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Wools imported on the skin are from slaughtered sheep, and after 
removal with the assistance of chemicals are known as " pulled 
wools.' 7 This wool is not so valuable as that sheared from the 
sheep because the process of pulling damages the serrations of the 
fibers and detracts from the spinning quality. Pulled wools are used 
for soft twist knitting yarns, for blankets, felts, etc. 

The animal hairs here classed with wool are mainly mohair, alpaca, 
vicuna, and llama. 

Mohair comes from the Angora goat. South Africa ranks first in 
its production, Turkey (the original habitat) second, and the United 
States third. The fiber is soft, silky, white, and lustrous; it is used 
largely in making plushes for Pullman car seats; for coat linings; and 
for summer suitings, dress goods, imitation furs, etc. Goods woven 
of mohair or other animal hair are generally made with cotton warp. 

In response to inquiries by the Tariff Commission, four important 
manufacturers of mohair fabrics gave the shrinkage of foreign and 
domestic mohair as follows: 



Company No. 1 
Company No. 2 
Company No. 3 
Company No. 4 



Domestic 


Turkish 


mohair. 


mohair. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


10 


15 


16 


18 


12 


20 


18-25 


20-32 



Cape 
mohair. 



Per cent. 

17 

18 

20 

18-25 



These companies gave 40s as the maximum spinning count in this 
country for domestic mohair, and from 40s to 60s as the maximum 
for imported mohair. 

Alpaca is the hair of the animal of that name found in Peru and 
Bolivia. The hair is 10 to 16 inches in length, finer and softer but 
less lustrous than mohair, although much like it in the better grades. 
The reddish hair is superior to the white. Alpaca is used, with 
cotton warp, in making coat linings, summer suitings, and dress 
goods. The shrinkage is from 15 to 20 per cent. Vicuna hair is 
fine and soft, reddish brown, and much like the alpaca but shorter. 
Llama hair is closely allied to alpaca, although somewhat coarser. 
The vicuna and the llama, like the alpaca, are found in Peru and 
Bolivia. 

Production of wool in the United States has remained practically 
unchanged for the past four decades, about 300,000,000 pounds in 
the grease, rarely varying as much as 10 per cent from this figure. 
Production in the 1891-1910 decade averaged 298,818,032 pounds per 
annum; in the 1901-1910 decade % 301,846,046 pounds; and in the 
1911-1920 decade 300,732,995 pounds, per annum. The maximum, 
of 349,000,000 pounds, was in 1893; the minimum, of 259,000,000 
pounds, in 1897. Production in 1920 was 302,207,000 pounds. 

Wools produced in the United States may be divided into two 
classes, farm or fleece wools and territory wools. In both classes 
they range in grade from merino or "fine" down to " braid" or luster 
wools. Only one-fourth of the domestic production consists of 



951 

merino; virtually all the rest is of crossbred types, but a large part 
of these approximate fairly closely to the Down types. 

Fleece wools, grown in the farming States east of the Rocky 
Mountain region, may be subdivided into " semibrights " and 
"brights." The only difference between them is the darker color 
of the former, which apparently results from the character of soil 
on which the sheep graze in the western part of the farming region. 
Fleece wools are for the most part brights. A former subdivision 
called Georgia or "Lake" wools, grown in and adjacent to piney- 
woods areas in the South, is now of too small importance to merit 
separate attention. Most farm-grown wools fall within the f-blood 
to common grades; little merino is produced outside of the upper 
Ohio Valley arid a few areas elsewhere. Fine wool of unusual length 
called Delaine, grown mainly in Ohio, is reputed to be the strongest 
merino fiber in the world. 

Territory wools derive their name from the region west of the 
Missouri River which formerly comprised the " Territories." At the 
present time such wool is grown west of about the one hundredth 
meridian. Formerly the great bulk was of the merino type; and large 
quantities of fine wool are still grown in the drier, rougher areas, but 
a rapid and general adoption of crossbreeding to secure a greater 
mutton output has resulted in the production of a large proportion 
of crossbred wools which grade half-blood and coarser. About 
two-thirds of the domestic clip is now shorn in the Far West and 
in Texas. 

The main wool-producing States in 1920 were Wyoming, Idaho, 
Texas, Utah, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, California, Ohio, and 
Michigan. The average shrinkage in scouring in 1920 for all domestic 
wools was estimated by the Department of Agriculture at 58.7 per 
cent, ranging from 38 per cent for the State of Virginia to 67 per cent 
for the State of Washington. 

The world production of wool averages about 3,000,000,000 pounds. 
The main producers of wool are Australasia, the River Plate coun- 
tries, the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, and 
South Africa. The only ones having a large surplus for export are 
Australasia, the River Plate, and British South Africa. The chief 
importers of wool are the United Kingdom, France, Germany, United 
States, and Belgium; the^g are also the main manufacturers employing 
p ower-driven machinery. 

Imports of wool (including carpet wools, par. 1101) less reexports, 
averaged per annum 161,061,322 pounds in the 1891-1900 decade; 
189,609,955 pounds in the 1901-1910 decade; and 318,238,867 pounds 
in the 1911-1920 decade (fiscal years). The minimum, of 49,000,000 
pounds, was in 1894; the maximum, of 533,000,000 pounds, in 1916. 
In the three decades mentioned the ratio of net imports to the total 
consumption increased from 35.2 to 38.6, and then to 51.5 per cent. 
As the production during this period has been stationary, it is 
obvious that the increased demand for wool has been met by larger 
importations. In spite of increased imports the United States still 
produces a much larger percentage of its wool requirements than 
any of the other leading wool manufacturers such as the United 
Kingdom, France, Germany, and Belgium. 



952 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFOEMATIOK, 1921. 



Imports are largely of merino wools and wools containing merino 
blood, listed as " class 1" wools, the main sources in 1920 being 
Argentina, Australia, Uruguay, the United Kingdom, and British 
South Africa. Imports of " class 2" wools are small, normally con- 
sisting largely of luster wools of low shrinkage from England; in 1920 
the largest amount was credited to China, the second largest amount 
to England, and the third to Argentina. 

Imports since 1917 of the wools and hairs falling under paragraph 
1102 of H. R. 7456 are recorded as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Merino and crossbred 
wools, class 1. 


English and other wools, 
class 2. 


Mohair, alpaca, etc., 
class 2. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


A 7 alue. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Pounds . 
374, 101, 453 
334, 523, 510 
212, 453, 148 
195,247,783 


$216, 668, 818 
171, 407, 751 • 
109, 057, 448 
43,354,716 


Pounds. 
3, 638, 617 
7, 404, 145 
4, 177, 602 
9, 532, 869 


$2, 322, 824 
4, 353, 506 
2, 140, 296 
1, 848, 164 


Pounds. 
5, 162, 386 
6,123.123 
4, 435, 711 
4, 401. 606 


$2, 616, 976 
3,471,286 
2,342,720 
1, 594, 604 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months)... 



Exports of domestic wools are, for the most part, taken by Canada. 
In 1920 the main purchasers, after Canada, were the United Kingdom 
and Japan. 

Exports since 1917, for calendar years, have been as follows: 








1918 


1919 


1920 


1921(9 months). 




406,944 
$462, 969 


2, 839, 980 
$2, 230, 629 


8,845,270 
$4, 936, 740 


1,607,169 




$459, 722 









Important changes in classification. — The wools covered by this 
paragraph were free of duty under paragraph 650, act of 1913, but 
are dutiable under the emergency tariff act of 1921. 

This paragraph embraces all wools, except those of unimproved 
blood, generally used as carpet wools, which are dutiable at a special 
low rate in paragraph 1101. Imports under paragraph 1102 will 
therefore include wools which in previous tariffs were known as class 
1 wools and class 2 wools; hair of the goat^alpaca, and other like 
animals will also be included as heretofore. y 

Since this paragraph covers all wools and hairs not more specifically 
provided for elsewhere, the long phraseology of preceding tariffs, 
mentioning different classes and sources, is omitted as unnecessary. 

Basing the specific duty on the clean content instead of on wool in 
the grease obviates the necessity of distinguishing between wools 
of class 1 and class 2, formerly dutiable at different rates because of 
their different percentages of shrinkage. 

The specific duty is based on the scoured content, whether the wool 
is imported in the grease or washed on the sheep's back; a slightly 
higher duty is imposed if the wool is imported in the scoured state. 
The specific duty on wools imported on the skin is also based on the 
scoured content, but at a slightly lower rate because of the somewhat 
lower average value of such wools. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



953 



The following table is a mathematical demonstration of the equiva- 
lent duties per grease pound produced by a duty of 25 cents a pound 
scoured, and the equivalent duties per scoured pound produced by 
1 1 cents a pound in the grease, using varying percentages of shrinkage : 



Shrink- 
age. 


Yield. 


Duty 

per 

pound in 

grease. 


Equiva- 
lent 
duty per 
pound 
seoure l. 


Duty 

per 

pound 

scoured. 


Equiva- 
lent 
duty per 
pound in 
grease. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


Cents. 


75 


25 


11 


44 


25 


6.25 


70 


30 


11 


36. 67 


25 


7.50 


m 


m 


11 


33 


25 


8.33 


65 


35 


11 


31. 43 


25 


8.75 


60 


40 


11 


27.5 


25 


10.00 


55 


45 


11 


24.44 


25 


11.25 


50 


50 


11 


22 


25 


12.50 


45 


55 


11 


20 


25 


13. 75 


40 


60 


11 


18. 33 


25 


15.00 


35 


65 


11 


16. 92 


25 


16. 25 


33$ 


fif§ 


11 


16.50 


25 • 


16.67 


30 


70 


11 


15.71 . 


25 


17.50 


25 


75 


11 


14. 67 


25 


18.75 


20 


80 


11 


13.75 


25 


20. 00 


15 


85 


11 


12. 94 


25 


21. 25 



This table shows that a specific duty based on the weight of the 
wool in the grease bears lightest on light-shrinkage wools and heaviest 
on heavy-shrinkage wools in the equivalent duty per scoured pound. 
This works to the disadvantage of such sections of the domestic 
manufacturing industry as desire wools of a type which have a 
relatively heavy shrinkage in scouring. A specific duty based on the 
scoured content, that is, on the actual wool itself, places all wools on 
an equal tariff footing so far as shrinkage is concerned. Owing to 
the existing depression in the wool markets of the world, however, 
a specific duty on the clean content bears more heavily on the light- 
shrinking wools so far as concerns the ad valorem equivalent. These 
wools constitute the bulk of the present surplus of wools in the world 
but the demand for them is relatively small. Prices for such light- 
shrinking wools were so low when H. R. 7456 was framed that the 
ad valorem equivalent of the clean content duty was very high. For 
this reason the maximum ad valorem percentage provision was added 
to paragraph 1102. A table, prepared at the time H. R. 7456 was 
being considered by the Committee on Ways and Means, contrasts 
the ad valorem equivalents of the duties on wool, other than carpet 
wools, under the act of 1909 and the proposed duty of 25 cents per 
pound in the grease. The following table is based on foreign prices 
as of about June 8, 1921 : 



954 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Ad valorem equivalents of wool duties, contrasting the 1909 duty of 11 cents per pound in 
the grease with the proposed duly of 25 cents a pound on clean content. 

[Based on foreign prices.] 



Shrink- 


Yield. 


age. 




Per cent . 


Per cent. 


75 


25 


60 


40 


50 


50 


45 


55 


35 


65 


31 


69 


30 


70 


28 


72 


26 


74 


25 


75 



Foreign prices June 
8, 1921, obtained 
by cable. 



Grease. 



Scoured. 



Scoured 
pound 

equiva- 
lent of 
grease, 

duty of 

11 cents 
per 

pound. 



Ad valorem equiv- 
alent of specific 
duty (per clean 
pound). 



11 cents 

per 
grea?e 
pound. 



25 cents 

per 
scoured 
pound. 



Merino: 

Patagonia 

West Australian 

Australian, 64s 

Australian, 70s 

Crossbred: 

South American, 50s.. . 

South American, 46s... 

New Zealand, 50s 

New Zealand, 46s 

South American, 36/40s 

New Zealand, 36/40s. . . 



Per 

pound. 

$0,105 
.170 
.285 
.350 

.150 
.115 
.220 
.180 
.095 
.100 



Per 

pound. 

«0. 420 

.424 

.570 

.636 

.231 
.167 
.314 
.250 
.128 
.133 



Per 

pound. 

$0. 440 

.275 

.220 

.200 

.169 
.159 
.157 
.153 
.149 
.147 



Per cent. 
104.8 
64.7 
38.6 
31.4 

73.3 
95.7 
50.0 
61.1 
116.4 
110.0 



Per cent. 
59.5 
58.8 
43.9 
39.3 

108.3 
150.0 
79.5 
100.0 
195.3 
187.5 



Since June, 192 1, the world wool market has improved considerably. 
The ad valorem equivalent of the clean content duty has decreased in 
proportion. The following tabulation presents the ad valorem 
equivalent calculated on the foreign cost as of about December 12, 
1921. From this table it will be seen that the ad valorem equivalent 
of the two forms of duty shows less marked divergencies owing to 
recent market improvement. Wide variations may yet be noted, 
especially in the grades of 36/40s. These are practically the same as 
domestic braid wools, approximate fairly closely to English luster 
wools in character, and were not used in the United States in very 
large amounts until during the past two years in carpet manufac- 
tures. The tabulation follows : 

Ad valorem equivalents of wool duties, contrasting the 1909 duty of 11 cents per pound 
in the grease with the proposed duty of 25 cents a pound on clean content. 

[Based on foreign prices.] 







Foreign prices Dec. 






12, 1921, obtained 






by cable. 


Shrink. 


Yield. 










age. 












Grease. 


Scoured. 






Per 


Per 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


pound. 


pound. 


67 


33 


$0.15 


$0. 455 


60 


40 


.24 


.60 


50 


50 


.37 


.74 


45 


55 


.45 


.818 


40 


60 


.18 


.30 


36 


64 


.155 


.242 


30 


70 


.225 


.321 


28 


72 


.16 


.222 


27 


73 


.085 


.116 


25 


75 


.12 


.16 



Scoured 
pound 
equiva- 
lent of 
grease, 
duty of 
11 cents 

per 
pound. 



Ad valorem equiv- 
alent of specific 
duty (per clean 
pound). 



11 cents 

per 
grease 
pound.' 



25 cents 

per 
scoured 
pound. 



Merino: 

Patagonia 

West Australian 

Australian 64s 

Australian, 70s 

Crossbred: 

South American, 50s... 
South American, 46s... 

New Zealand, 50s 

New Zealand, 46s 

South American, 36/40s 
New Zealand, 36/40s. .. 



Per 

pound. 
$0. 333 
.275 
.22 
.20 

.183 
.172 
.157 
.153 
.152 
.147 



Per cent. 
73.2 
45.8 
29.7 
24.4 

61.0 
71.1 

48.9 
68.5 
130.3 
91.9 



Per cent. 
54.9 
41.6 
33.78 
30.5 

83.3 
104.1 

77.8 
112.7 
215.7 
156.2 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



955 



The world wool market is still in a very unsatisfactory condition, 
and the surplus of, and slack demand for, low shrinking types of 
wools depress their price relative to finer grades. It therefore may 
be of interest to contrast the equivalent ad valorem effect of these 
two specific duties on the average clean value in Boston of foreign 
wools during prewar years, i. e., on the basis of American valuation 
in a normal series of years. Such a comparison should more nearly 
suggest the normal effect of a specific duty on the clean content of 
wools imported. The table follows: 

Ad valorem equivalent of wool duties, contrasting the 1909 duty of 11 cents per pound 
in the grease with the proposed duty of 25 cents a pound on clean content. 

[Based on prewar prices in Boston.] 



Merino: 

Cape of Good Hope, average 

Cape of Good Hope, choice. . 

Australian, 60s 

Australian, 70s 

Australian, 64s 

Crossbred: 

Montevideo, 60s 

Montevideo, 56s 

Argentine, 50s 

New Zealand, 56s 

Argentine, 46s 

New Zealand, 46/48s 

Argentine, Lincolns 



Shrink- 



Per cent. 
66 
64 

48 
47 



Average prewar 
prices in Boston 
October - Decem- 
ber, 1909-1915. 



Yield. 



Grease. 



Per 



cent. 
34 
36 
52 
53 
54 

54 
60 

62 
63 
65 



Per 
pound. 
$0. 316 
.347 
.391 
.439 
.423 

.359 
.342 
.345 
.413 
.332 
.379 
.311 



Scoured. 



Per 

pound. 
$0. 929 
.963 
.751 
.828 
.784 

.665 
.570 
.556 
.655 
.511 
.557 
.426 



Scoured 
pound 

equiva- 
lent of 
grease, 

duty of 

11 cents 
per 

pound. 



Per 

pound. 
$0,323 
.306 
.201 
.208 
.204 

.204 
.183 
.177 
.175 
.169 
.162 
.151 



Ad valorem equiva- 
lent of specific 
duty (per clean 
pound). 



11 cents j 25 cents 

per per 

grease scoured 

pound. I pound. 



Per cent. 
34.8 
31.8 
26.8 
25.1 
26.0 

30.7 

32.1 

31.8 

26.7 

33. 1 ' 

29.1 I 

35.5 



Per cent. 
26.9 
26.0 
. 33. 3 
30.2 
31.9 

37.6 
43.8 
44.9 
38.2 
48.9 
' 44.9 
58.7 



Suggested changes. — Litigation is now pending as to whether the 
Cashmere goat is more " similar" to the Angora goat than to the 
camel. It might therefore be well to insert in paragraph 1102 (also 
in par. 1121) the words " Cashmere goat" after the words "Angora 
aroat." 



PARAGRAPH 1103. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1103. If any bale or package con- 
taining wools, hairs, wool wastes, or wool 
waste material, subject to different rates 
of duty, be entered at any rate or rates 
lower "than applicable, the highest rate 
applicable to any part shall apply to the 
entire contents of such bale or package. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 368. * * * If any bale or pack- 
age of wool or hair specified in this Act in- 
voiced or entered as of any specified class, 
or claimed by the importer to be dutiable 
as of any specified class, shall contain any 



[No corresponding provision.] 



956 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

wool or hair subject to a higher rate of 
duty than the class so specified, the whole 
bale or package shall be subject to the 
highest rate of duty chargeable on wool 
of the class subject to such higher rate of 
duty, and if any bale or package be 
claimed by the importer to be shoddy, 
mungo, flocks, wool, hair, or other mate- 
rial of any class specified in this Act, and 
such bale contain any admixture of any 
one or more of said materials, or of any 
other material, the whole bale or package 
shall be subject to duty at the highest 
rate imposed upon any article in said bale 
or package. 

Important changes in classification. — This provision is the same in 
intent as the last sentence of paragraph 368 of the act of 1909, 
although the wording has been condensed and clarified. It is a pen- 
alty provision intended to prevent materials subject to different rates 
of duty from being brought in at rates lower than provided for each. 
For instance, carpet wool and merino wool may be contained in the 
same bale, and if the correct amount of each were stated the respec- 
tive duties would be levied, and no penalty would apply. If, how- 
ever, the carpet wool and the merino wool were mixed and the whole 
entered as carpet wool, such fraudulent entry would be penalized, if 
discovered, by applying the merino rate to the entire contents of the 
bale, including the carpet wool contained therein. 

The word " entered" means that the importer has submitted the 
shipment for customs clearance at a stated rate of duty. 



PARAGRAPH 1104. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1104. The Secretary of the Treas- 
ury is hereby authorized and directed to 
prescribe methods and regulations for car- 
rying out the provisions of this schedule 
relating to the duties on wool and hair. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 364. The standard samples of all [No corresponding provision.] 

wools which are now or may be hereafter 
deposited in the principal custom-houses 
of the United States, under the authority 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be 
the standards for the classification of 
wools under this Act, and the Secretary 
of the Treasury is authorized to renew 
these standards and to make such addi- 
tions to them from time to time as may be 
required, and he shall cause to be de- 
posited like standards in other custom- 
houses of the United States when they 
may be needed. 

Par. 371. * * * the quantity and 
value to be ascertained under such rules 
as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe. 



1921. 957 

Important changes in classification. — This is not a new provision, 
but a consolidation and extension of provisions in the act of 1909. 
In paragraph 364 of that act the Secretary of the Treasury was 
authorized to maintain and renew standard samples of wool, and in 
paragraph 371 to prescribe rules for ascertaining the quantity and 
value of wools on the skin. In paragraph 1104 the Secretary of the 
Treasury is not confined to a particular procedure but is authorized 
to prescribe such methods and regulations as may be necessary for 
the execution of the intent of the bill so far as relates to the duties on 
wool and hair. 



PARAGRAPH 1105. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1105. Top waste, slubbing waste, 
roving waste, and ring waste, 25 cents 
per pound; garnetted waste, 20 cents per 
pound; noils, carbonized, 20 cents per 
pound; noils, not carbonized, 16 cents 
per pound; thread or yarn waste, and 
all other wool wastes not specially pro- 
vided for, 14 cents per pound; shoddy 
and wool extract, 14 cents per pound; 
mungo, woolen rags, and flocks, 6 cents 
per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 372. Top waste, slubbing waste. Par. 651. Wool wastes: All noils, top 

roving waste, ring waste, and garnetted waste, card waste, slubbing waste, roving 

waste, thirty cents per pound. waste, ring waste, yarn waste, bur waste, 

Par. 373." Shoddy, twenty-five cents thread waste, garnetted waste, shoddies, 

per pound; noils, wool extract, yarn mungo, flocks, wool extract, carbonized 

waste, thread waste, and all other wastes wool, carbonized noils, and all other 

composed wholly or in part of wool, and wastes not specially provided for in this 

not specially pro\ided for in this section, section. This paragraph shall be effec- 

twenty cents per pound. tive on and after the first day of December, 

Par. 374. Woolen rags, mungo, and nineteen hundred and thirteen, until 

flocks, ten cents per pound. which time the rates of duty now pro- 
vided by schedule K of the existing law 
shall remain in full force and effect [Free]. 

WOOL WASTES AND WASTE MATERIALS. 

(See Survey FL-40.) 

Description and uses. — Wool wastes consist of the materials disl 
carded in wool manufacture and as a general term may also include 
what are sometimes known as "wool waste materials," such as woo- 
rags and the shoddy and mungo obtained therefrom. Top waste, 
slubbing waste, roving waste, and ring waste are derived respectively 
from the comb, slubber, roving frame, and spinning machine during 
the process of manufacture. The term "ring waste" is used for the 
broken roving which becomes wound in rings around the under- 
clearers on the spinning frame. Garnetted waste is hard waste 
(see "thread and yarn waste," below) which has been torn up on 
the garnet ting machine to reduce it to its original fibers. Noils 
are the shorter fibers which are discarded by the comb in the process 
of making tops. Carbonized noils are noils which have been carbon- 



958 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ized to remove extraneous vegetable matter. Thread or yarn waste, 
the two terms signifying the same thing, are hard waste; that is, 
waste in which twist has been inserted. Such hard wastes must 
be garnetted, i. e., torn up into their original fibers by the action 
of the saw teeth of a garnetting machine, before they can be re- 
worked. Wool flocks are the soft, fluffy fibers removed from the 
fabric in the finishing processes of fulling, shearing, or teasling. 
They are a very cheap waste. The better qualities may be reworked 
with new wool; the others are used in adding fullness and face to 
cloth by being pressed thereon, and also in wall-paper manufacture. 
"Wool wastes not specially provided for" include card wastes, made 
on either the woolen or the worsted card; bur wastes, which consist 
of small particles of wool clinging to burs (this waste is created by 
special "burring" rollers which are generally attached to the card- 
ing engine, and has to be carbonized before being used again); 
sweepings and oily wastes; and others. 

Woolen rags include all rags wholly or in part of wool except those 
unfit for remanufacture and used as paper stock. Rags are torn up 
on a rag picker or "devil'- (as it is called in Yorkshire) to shred 
them into their original fibers before they are ready for remanu- 
facture. Rags are of many different classes, varying from new 
clippings from the finest cloths to old and worn-out suits of the poor. 
The materials vary widely in value but the average is very low. 

Shoddy is the wool fiber obtained by tearing apart the yarns in 
soft woolen fabrics, such as old stockings and sweaters. Mungo is a 
much lower-grade product, with shorter fiber, obtained by tearing 
apart the yarns in hard woolen cloths. Wool extract is shoddy or 
mungo from which cotton or other vegetable fibers have been removed 
by carbonization. Recovered wool fibers, such as shoddy and mungo, 
are used as a substitute for new wool and are of considerable economic 
importance. They can not be used in making worsteds on account 
of the shortness of the fiber, but go into the manufacture of woolens 
of various classes. 

Production of wool wastes and wool waste materials in 1914 and 
1919 was as follows: 



1914 



Noils i 

Other mill wastes J 

Recovered wool fiber (total) 

Produced by shoddy makers . 

Produced by woolen mills * . . 
Woolen rags (total consumption). 

Consumed by shoddy makers 

Consumed by woolen mills.. . 



Quantity. Value 



Pounds. 
24, 449, 227 
29, 571, 562 
84,836,759 
43,156,037 
41, 680, 722 
119, 450, 978 
57, 367, 962 
62, 083, 016 



$6, 930, 475 
3,482,305 



5,977,284 



8, 058, 023 
3, 103, 864 
4,954,159 



1919 



Quantity. Value 



Pounds. 

}52, 314, 000 

96, 391, 273 
58, 859, 000 
37, 532, 273 
111, 771, 825 
62,972,079 
48, 799, 746 



$24, 799, 000 

35, 539, 472 
20, 644, 000 
14, 895, 473 
26,825,994 
14, 401, 2S4 
12, 424, 710 



1 For sale only. Production for internal consumption not known. 
' Almost entirely for their own consumption. 



959 

Imports of various types of wool wastes and wool waste materials 
(free under the act of 1913), appear below: 



Top, roving, and card waste 

Slubbing, ring, and garnetted waste 

Noils, carbonized and other 

Yarn, thread, bur, and all other waste 

including wool extract 

Shoddy 

Mungo 

Rags and flocks 



19141 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 

515, 145 

78, 589 

1, 196, 817 

956,921 

234, 890 

5,012 

3,911,708 



Value. 



$122,776 

29,426 

376, 429 

161,395 

36, 575 

220 

378, 006 



1918 2 



Quantity 



Pounds. 



6,039 
232, 905 

154, 153 
"826,"i09" 



Value. 



$7,024 
136, 220 



23, 678 
197,' 900 ' 



1919 2 



Quantity, 



Pounds. 

28, 227 

9,291 

2, 317, 528 

475, 137 

8,133 

166, 732 

1, 316, 541 



Value. 



$55, 878 

10, 938 

3, 293, 095 

246, 300 

2,609 

81, 867 

265, 888 



1920 2 



Quantity. 



Value. 



1921 2 (first 9 months). 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Top, roving, and card waste 

Slubbing, ring, and garnetted waste 

Noils, carbonized and other 

Yarn, thread, bur, and all other waste, including 

wool extract 

Shoddy 

Mungo 

Rags and flocks 



Pounds. 
21, 676 
19, 990 

2, 584, 182 

1, 871, 026 
24, 603 
21, 861 

2, 429, 341 



$32, 401 

22,649 

2, 796, 602 

973, 800 

12,265 

5,757 

403, 113 



Pounds. 
145, 173 
42, 773 
4, 573, 147 

1,386,936 



$91, 524 

22, 127 

2, 103, 180 

458, 549 



975, 644 



110, 108 



1 Fiscal year. 

2 Calendar year. 

The United Kingdom supplies the greater part of our imports of 
wool wastes and wool waste materials (which are grouped together 
in the statistics showing imports by countries) , more than two-thirds 
coming from this source. In 1914, Germany and Canada ranked 
second and third as sources of imports; in 1920, France and Canada 
held these positions. 

Imports constitute only a very small portion of the domestic 
consumption. In 1914 (calendar year), the quantity of wool waste 
imported (noils, top waste, etc.) amounted to 5.08 per cent of the 
domestic production for sale only; in 1919, to 5.41 per 'cent. Of 
woolen rags, the ratio of imports (pounds) to domestic consumption 
was, in 1914, 3.67 per cent; in 1919, 1.18 per cent. For recovered 
wool fiber, it was, in 1914, 0.31 per cent; in 1919, 0.18 per cent. 

Exports are not recorded for any of the wool wastes except rags. 
These are shown as follows: 





19141 


1918 2 


1919 2 


1920 2 


1921* (9 

months) . 


Quantity (ponnr}s) 


26, 852, 402 
$973, 653 


3 3, 344, 150 
* $346, 217 


31, 476, 118 
$5, 538, 440 


15, 132, 261 
$2,812,752 


1, 268, 437 


Value 


$161, 522 







1 Fiscal year. 

* Calendar year. 

1 Exports of woolen rags were under restrictions from Sept. 24, 1917, to Dec. 10, 1918. 

The chief foreign market is the United Kingdom, which took 70.4 
per cent of our exports in 1914 and 90.6 per cent in 1920. Prior to 



960 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

the war, Germany and Belgium were next in importance, but they 
have been superseded by Canada and Japan. 

Since 1912 — when exports of woolen rags were first recorded — 
exports have greatly exceeded imports both in quantity and value. 
On the other hand, the imports, as indicated by the average value 
per pound, are distinctly better in quality than the exports — though 
a decline in the quality of the imported rags followed the removal of 
the duty in 1913. 

That there is some exportation of wool wastes other than rags 
(noils, top waste, etc.) is indicated by Canadian statistics, which 
report, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, imports of wool 
wastes and noils from the United States amounting to 1,252,277 
pounds, valued at $592,398. In 1914, Great Britain also imported 
448,068 pounds from the United States, and in 1919, 19,808 pounds. 
Likewise, exports of recovered wool fiber are given in foreign statistics, 
Great Britain having imported 345,156 pounds from the United 
States in 1914, and 338,500 pounds in 1919; Canada, 2,892,897 
pounds in the year ended March 31, 1915, and 833,023 pounds in 
the year ended March 31, 1921. 

Important changes in classification. — Wool wastes are exempt from 
duty under paragraph 651 of the act of 1913, but wastes in fiber 
form derived from clothing wool are dutiable under the emergencv 
tariff act of 1921 (par. 18). (T. D. 38798, of 1921.) 

This paragraph is intended to cover all varieties of wool waste and 
wool waste materials, and to adjust the duties in fair ratio to the relative 
value of such articles. Top waste, slubbing waste, roving waste, and 
ring waste sell at approximately the same price as the raw wool of 
which they are made; therefore, the same .specific rate of duty has 
been applied as that on raw wool, although without the maximum 
ad valorem provision. Garnetted waste sells at a lower price than 
the four preceding types and so is assessed a lower duty. Carbonized 
noils come next in value and are dutiable at a higher rate than the 
uncarbonized noils from which they are made. Thread or yarn 
waste and other unspecified wastes, such as card waste and bur 
waste, are ranked next in value and duty. Prices of thread or yarn 
waste vary widely, however. After the above wastes of manu- 
facture have been provided for, there are inserted duties on shoddy 
and wool extract (carbonized shoddy) at the same rate as unspecified 
wastes of manufacture. In general, prices of shoddy resemble those 
of thread and yarn waste, both fluctuating widely. Mungo, which is a 
cheaper material than shoddy, is given the same rate as woolen rags, 
at a much lower rate than that levied on shoddy. Flocks, which are 
the lowest and cheapest form of wool waste, are placed in the last- 
named classification instead of being given a special lower rate, 
because they are of almost negligible importance. 

There are many varieties of the different types of waste and of 
waste materials, but the above classification has been made up on 
the basis of the general levels of price and is considered a logical order. 

Suggested changes. — Inasmuch as there is a maximum ad valorem 
rate of thirty-five per cent on raw wool in paragraph 1102, it would 
appear to be logical that a similar maximum ad valorem rate should 
be embodied in this paragraph relating to wool wastes and wool 
waste materials. 

Page 119, line 22, of H. R. 7456: Insert a comma after " shoddy." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



961 



Page 119, line 23, of H. R. 7456 : Insert the following after " pound " 
at the end of the line : 

Wastes of the hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals shall be du - 
tiable at the rates provided for similar types of wool wastes. 



PARAGRAPH 1106. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 1106. Wool which has been ad- 
vanced in any manner or by any process 
of manufacture beyond the washed or 
scoured condition, and not specially pro- 
vided for, including tops and roving, 
valued at not more than 40 cents per 
pound, 16$ cents per pound and, in addi- 
tion thereto, 10 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than 40 cents per pound, 
27£ cents per pound and, in addition 
thereto, 10 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 366. * * * The duty on wools 
of the third class, if imported in condition 
for use in carding or spinning into yarns, 
or which shall not contain more than 
eight per centum of dirt or other foreign 
substance, shall be three times the duty 
to which they would otherwise be sub- 
jected. 

Par. 375. On combed wool or tops, 
made wholly or in part of wool or camel's 
hair, valued at not more than twenty 
cents per pound, the duty per pound shall 
be two and one-fourth times the duty im- 
posed by this schedule on one pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class; valued 
at more than twenty cents per pound, the 
duty per pound shall be three and one- 
third times the duty imposed by this 
schedule on one pound of unwashed wool 
of the first class; and in addition thereto, 
upon all the foregoing, thirty per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 376. Wool and hair which have 
been advanced in any manner or by any 
process of manufacture beyond the 
washed or scoured condition, not specially 
provided for in this section, shall be sub- 
ject to the same duties as are imposed 
upon manufactures of wool not specially 
provided for in this section. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 286. Combed wool or tops and 
roving or roping made wholly or in part 
of wool or camel's hair, and on other wool 
and hair which have been advanced in 
any manner or by any process of manu- 
facture beyond the washed or scoured 
condition, not specially provided for in 
this section, 8 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 306. Tops made from the hair of 
the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like 
animals, 20 per centum ad valorem. 



PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED WOOL. 

(See Survey K-l.) 

This paragraph includes tops and roving of wool or hair of the 
sheep, camel, Angora goat, alpaca, or other like animals. It also 
includes such wool or hair advanced in any other manner beyond the 
washed or scoured condition, but not yet spun into yarn. Only the 
tops enter extensively into commerce. 

82304—23 61 



962 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

TOPS OP WOOL, MOHAIR, ALPACA, ETC. 

Description and uses. — In the worsted industry, scoured woolfis 
either carded or prepared and put through a combing machine, which 
removes the shorter fibers and lays the longer ones substantially 
parallel. The product — a large, continuous strand of combed wool — > 
is called "tops." It is used almost exclusively for conversion into 
worsted yarns. Tops made from mohair or alpaca are produced in 
the same general manner, although considerable experience in 
handling such hair and special adjustments of equipment are required. 

Production. — The regular quinquennial census does not give the 
total domestic production of tops, the figures shown referring only to 
those produced for sale and those purchased. The war census of 
1918, however, shows an average production, for the years 1915, 1916, 
and 1917, of 203,424,031 pounds. At the average value per pound of 
the tops purchased in 1914 (as reported by the Census Bureau for that 
year), the foregoing quantity would be valued at over $110,000,000 — 
over 25 per cent of the value of all wool manufactures in 1914. At 
the average value per pound of tops produced for sale in 1919, as 
reported in preliminary census returns, the total value would be 
almost $295,000,000. Tops are produced chiefly by yarn mills, 
largely for their own consumption; but production outside the mills 
where consumed has been growing, having increased from 20,828,245 
pounds in 1909 to 29,106,307 pounds in 1914. These are the figures 
for tops purchased. Preliminary census returns do not show the 
amount purchased in 1919. Tops produced for sale in 1914 amounted 
to 8,985,170 pounds, valued at $4,926,929; in 1919, to 10,199,000 
pounds, valued at $14,751,000. The apparent discrepancy between 
tops bought and tops sold is explained partly by imports, but more 
largely by the fact that the output of commission combers was not 
separately recorded by the Census Bureau and, though evidently 
included in the purchase figure, is not included in that of production 
for sale. 

-The Census Bureau does not state whether the foregoing figures for 
tops purchased and sold include those made of mohair, alpaca, etc., 
although the latter are not elsewhere shown. Tops of mohair, 
alpaca, etc., enter into commerce, however, only to a limited extent. 

A striking feature of the domestic production of tops has been the 
development, during the last 30 years, of commission combing on a 
considerable scale. There are to-day some ten or a dozen mills 
devoted wholly or mainly to commission combing, and half a dozen 
other concerns which combine commission combing with other work. 
The bulk of the tops turned out for use other than in the producing 
mill is commission combed; in addition, a certain amount is sold 
by concerns utilizing their own wool. 

Imports prior to 1914 were negligible, and in the first half 
of the fiscal year 1914 they amounted to only 4,630 pounds, 
valued at $2,093. In the latter half of that fiscal year they were 
(excluding tops of mohair, alpaca, etc.) 3,228,237 pounds, valued at 
$1,453,287 — slightly more than 3 per cent of the quantity consumed 
in domestic worsted spinning. In 1915, imports of such tops were 
3,412,250 pounds, valued at $1,770,917. Imports of tops of hair 
of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals in the latter half 
of the fiscal year 1914 (when they were first separately shown) were 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



963 



33,165 pounds, valued at $11,356; in 1915, 66,723 pounds, valued at 
$25,663. Imports of tops since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


TOPS OF WOOL OR CAMEL'S HAIR. 


1918 


Pounds. 

77, 535 

709, 300 

853, 719 

i 14,782, 470 


8116,045 

813,667 

1, 098, 003 

19 761 272 


89,284 
65, 093 

87,840 


Per cent. 
8 


1919 


8 


1920 


8 


1921 (9 months) 






1 







TOPS OF MOHAIR, ALPACA, ETC. 


1918 


26 

22,655 

139,077 

» 382, 769 


2 $38 

33, 752 

148, 729 

3 308, 412 






1919 


$6, 750 
29,746 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











1 Includes 17,891 pounds, valued at 812,240, under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

2 From PhilippEine Islands. 

8 Includes 4,414 pounds, valued at 85,304, under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

The very striking increase in importation of tops in the first half of 
the calendar year 1921 was due to liquidation of large British stocks 
and to the fact that, anticipating an emergency tariff on raw wool 
and wool manufactures, importers felt a greater assurance of obtaining 
the tops from Europe before the duties were raised than of securing 
the raw wool from Australia and other distant sources. Since the 
emergency tariff act went into effect, May 27, 1921, imports have 
almost ceased. 

The United Kingdom has been the leading source of the imports. 
In 1920, however, imports from Australia, though lower in quantity 
than those from the United Kingdom, were almost double the latter 
in value. Imports from France and Belgium are much smaller. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 964. ' 

ROVING OR ROPING. 

Description and uses. — In the worsted industry, after tops are 
made, the process of drawing follows : Under the English system the 
top is elongated, decreased in diameter, and given a twist, yielding 
a comparatively slender strand of wool called roving. Under the 
French system the top is elongated and decreased in diameter 
without imparting a twist, and the product, while often called roving, 
is more properly known as sliver. In the woolen industry the scoured 
wool is carded and delivered by the condenser in numerous small 
strands, usually known as rovings. Rovings from either the worsted 
or the woolen process are rarely dealt in commercially. 

Imports were not recorded separately before the calendar year 1919. 
In that year they were 224 pounds, valued at $349; in 1920, 18 pounds, 
valued at $24; and in the first nine months of 1921, 240 pounds, 
valued at $419. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 964. 



964 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

WOOL ADVANCED BEYOND THE SCOURED STATE, N. S. P. F. 

Description and uses. — Besides tops and rovings, this paragraph 
covers all partial manufactures of wool between the scoured state and 
the yarn state. Except for carbonized wool, these are not common in 
trade. Carbonized wool is that which has been subjected to a bath of 
sulphuric or other acid to eliminate burs and foreign vegetable matter. 
Slubbing is intermediate between tops and roving, being the product 
of the initial operation incident to the drawing process. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 were 22,592 pounds, valued at 
$25,305; in the calendar year 1918, 81 pounds, valued at $81; in 1919, 
700 pounds, valued at $907; in 1920, 70,118 pounds, valued at 
$101,520; and in the first nine months of 1921, 208,424 pounds, 
valued at $202,886. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The scope of this paragraph is 
the same as covered by paragraphs 286 and 306 of the act of 1913, 
and by paragraphs 375, 376, and part of 366 of the act of 1909. It 
includes wool and hair in a partially manufactured condition — more 
advanced than washed or scoured wool, but not so far advanced as 
yarn — therefore the rate of duty is intermediate between that placed 
on scoured wool and that placed on yarn. Further extension of 
this logical arrangement, by gradually increasing the duty from card 
sliver to tops, to slubbing, and finally to roving ready to be spun 
into yarn, has not been deemed advisable because tops are the only 
intermediate product that enters into commerce to any extent. 

Suggested changes. — Paragraph 1106 is restricted to wool advanced 
or partially manufactured. Paragraph 286 of the act of 1913 includes 
partial manufactures of hair. Hair would not be included in paragraph 
1106 because 1121, defining wool, is restricted to manufactured 
articles. If hair is intended to be included in paragraph 1106, it 
would be well to provide in this paragraph for nair of the kinds 
covered by this schedule. 

A manufacturer stated to the Finance Committee (hearings of 
Dec. 14, 1921, pt. 42, p. 3377) that this paragraph, so far as it 
relates to articles other than tops and roving, is a basket provision, 
and as such is in conflict with the general or catchall provision (par. 
1120). To avoid the possibility of such litigation it might be well to 
specify clearly that the paragraph does not cover manufactures as 
far advanced as yarn, that is, further advanced than roving. 

The following revision of the descriptive wording of this paragraph 

is therefore suggested : 

Wool, and hair of the kinds provided for in this schedule, which have been advanced 
in any manner or by any process of manufacture beyond the washed or scoured con- 
dition, including tops, but not further advanced than roving [rate]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 965 

PARAGRAPH 1107. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1107. Yarn, made wholly or in 
part of wool, valued at not more than 55 
cents per pound, 20 cents per pound and, 
in addition thereto, 15 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than 55 cents 
but not more than $1.50 per pound, 30 
cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 
18 per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than $1.50 per pound, 30 cents per pound 
and, in. addition thereto, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 377. On yarns made wholly or in Par. 287. Yarns made wholly or in 
part of wool, valued at not more than chief value of wool, 18 per centum ad 
thirty cents per pound, the duty per valorem. 

pound shall be two and one-half times the Par. 307. Yarns made of the hair of 
duty imposed by this section on one the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like 
pound of unwashed wool of the first class, animals, 25 per centum ad valorem 
and in addition thereto thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
thirty cents per pound, the duty per 
pound shall be three and one-half times 
the duty imposed by this section on one 
pound of unwashed wool of the first class, 
and in addition thereto forty per centum 
ad valorem. 

WOOL YARNS. 

(See Survey K-l.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph includes all yarn made 
wholly or in part of wool or hair of the sheep, camel, Angora goat, 
alpaca, or other like animals. The principal types of wool yarns are 
woolen or carded yarns and worsted or combed yarns. Stated 
briefly, the difference is that in woolen yarns the fibers are crossed and 
intermixed, while in worsted yarns the fibers are drawn parallel. 
Woolen yarn makes cloth of a thicker, fuller, rougher effect, and the 
individual fibers are often raised by teaseling to give a napped surface. 
It is used for a variety of purposes, as in cloths (both the fine and the 
cheap), blankets, flannels, carpets, and knit goods. Worsted yarn, 
on the other hand, produces a smoother, firmer fabric without nap 
and with weave structure and colors more sharply defined. It is 
used more particularly in fabrics for the manufacture of clothing, such 
as suitings and dress goods. 

Camel's hair is spun on both the worsted and woolen principle, but- 
the latter method is more common. Its main use is in press cloth for 
oil-milling, but it is also employed to some extent in fabrics for wear- 
ing apparel, particularly cloaks. Mohair and alpaca yarns, used in 
staple fabrics, are, for the most part, worsted; only when made from 
short fiber are they woolen. The leading uses of such yarns are in 
plushes, coat linings, suitings, and dress goods. 

Production. — Only partial census returns for 1919 are as yet avail- 
able. The following tables show the production of wool yarns in 
1914, 1915, 1916. and 1917. The figures for 1914 are taken from the 



966 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Federal Census; those for the other three years, from the Census of 
War Commodities. 1918. 
Production in 1914 follows: 



Yarn. 


Total. 


For sale. 


For use in 
same estab- 
lishment. 




Pounds. 
205,746,745 
174,099,950 

74,338,905 


Pounds. 
2 ,947,681 
86,998,805 
10,705,510 


Pounds. 
178,799,064 




87, 101, 145 




63,633,395 




Total 


454,185,600 


124,651,906 


329,533,604 







Of worsted yarns, one-half was manufactured for sale— the carp g. 
and knit-goods industries taking less than one-half of this, the bulk 
going into worsted cloth for men's and women's wear. Only one-eighth 
of the woolen yarns was for sale, nearly all of this being taken by the 
carpet and knit-goods industries. 

Production in 1915, 1916, and 1917 was as follows: 



Yarn. 


1915 


1916 


1917 




Pounds. 
342, 382, 073 

130,471,252 
40,543,680 


Pounds. 
358, 220, 518 

148, 807, 362 
47,415,307 


Pounds. 
393, 546, 822 


Worsted: 


145,991,074 




47,701,523 






Total 


513,397,005 


554,443,187 


587,239,419 







The preliminary census returns for 1919 show production for sale 
only, as follows: Woolen yarn, 28,387.000 pounds; worsted yarn, 
75 ; 851,000 pounds; merino and union yarn, 13,578,000 pounds. Of 
the last-named yarn, more than two-thirds was made on the woolen 
system. 

Prior to 1910 the proportion of worsted yarns to the total of wool 
yarns produced tended to increase. Subsequently, however, it de- 
clined — from 43.3 per cent in 1909 to 38.3 per cent in 1914, and to 33 
per cent in 1917, the Army demand being predominantly for woolens. 

Production in 1914 of " mohair and similar" yarns was shown as 
8,844,234 pounds, but whether this was production for sale only and 
whether it includes camel's hair yarn are not apparent from the census. 
Almost 16,000,000 pounds of mohair, alpaca, vicuna, and camel's hair 
were consumed, and allowing for loss in scouring, combing, and spin- 
ning, it is clear that the total production could not have been much 
'in excess of 9,000,000 pounds. Preliminary statistics for 1919 show 
the production of yarn of such hairs to have been 1,350,000 pounds, 
but with an estimated domestic production of mohair somewhere 
between 5,000,000 and 6,000,000 pounds in that year, and imports of 
mohair, alpaca, etc., and of camel's hair amounting to 6,123,123 and 
1,102,938 pounds, respectively, it seems probable that the 1919 
production figures for yarn refer to sales only. 

Imports of wool yarn from 1910 to 1913 averaged 199,545 pounds 
annually. In the calendar year 1914 they increased to 4,760,610 
pounds, about 1.1 per cent of the total domestic production and 
2.7 per cent of the worsted-yarn production. Imported wool yarns 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



967 



arejlargely worsted. Imports of mohair and similar yarns were not 
separately classified prior to 1914, in which year from January to 
July they amounted to 465,012 pounds, valued at $266,883. In 1915 
they were 583,383 pounds, valued at $356,552. 

Imports since 1917 of the foregoing yarns have been as follows: 



- 


Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




WOOL YARN. 






1918 




Pounds. 
813, 598 
201, 889 

2, 694, 809 
i 3, 880, 688 


$1,483,676 

484, 721 

5, 846, 886 

1 4, 876, 368 


$267, 062 
87, 250 


Per cent. 
18 


1919 


18 


1920. . . 


1, 052, 439 18 


1921 (9 months) 


1 








MOHAIR AND SIMILAR YARIs 


. 






1918 


32, 184 

174, 888 

711, 844 

» 521, 646 


$103, 305 

346, 974 

1, 337, 948 

2 S72, 945 


$25, 826 

86,743 

334, 487 


25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 ("9 months) 











1 Includes 591,952 pounds, valued at §603,320, imported under the emergency tariff act of 1921. 
* Includes 32,504 pounds, valued at $62,287, imported under the emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Prior to 1910 the greater part of the wool yarn imported came from 
Germany. During the period 1910-1915 imports of wool yarn by 
countries were not separately shown in ''Commerce and Navigation," 
but other statistics indicate that Germany was still the leading source 
until 1914. In 1916 and 1917 the great bulk came from the United 
Kingdom; but in 1918 and 1919 Canada furnished over 93 per cent. 
In 1920, however, 97 per cent of the imports came from the United 
Kingdom, and imports from Canada practically ceased. Mohair, and 
similar yarns are not separately shown in imports by countries, but 
British export statistics indicate that the leading source is the United 
Kingdom. 

^Exports, probably negligible, are not separately recorded. 
ii Important changes in classification. — This paragraph follows the act 
of 1909 (par. 377) in imposing the same duties on yarns made of wool, 
camel's hair, mohair, or alpaca, etc., rather than the act of 1913, 
where yarns of wool or camel's hair are provided for in paragraph 287 
and yarns of mohair, alpaca, etc., in paragraph 307 at different rates 
of duty. 

P, The compensatory duties in this paragraph are based on the assump- 
tion that yarns valued at more than $1.50 a pound will be made 
entirely of wool or hair dutiable at 25 cents a pound; the "full com- 
pensatory" of 30 cents a pound is similar to that worked out by the 
Tariff Board and shown on page 626 of their 1912 report on Schedule 
K. The smaller compensatory duties on yarns of different values up 
to $1.50 a pound are based on the assumption that such yarns will 
necessarily contain more or less wools, hairs, or reworked materials 
which will be subject to a lower duty than 25 cents a pound. The 
lower the yarn value the larger is assumed to be the proportion of such 
materials subject to a lower duty, and therefore the less compensatory 
duty required. The act of 1909 had a value class consisting of yarns 
valued at not more than 30 cents a pound, but imports at this value 
were so rare that it was practically inoperative. Values to-day are 
on a much higher level and the 55 cents a pound (American valuation) 



968 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



here provided as the value limitation of the lowest class, is likely to 
include few, if any, imports unless there is a marked decline in prices. 



PARAGRAPH 1108. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1108. Woven fabrics, weighing 
not more than four ounces per square 
yard, wholly or in part of wool, valued at 
not more than $1.25 per pound, 30 cents 
per pound and, in addition thereto, 22 
per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than $1.25 per pound, 36 cents per pound 
and, in addition thereto, 27J per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That if the warp of 
any of the foregoing is wholly of cotton 
or other vegetable fiber, the duty shall 
be 25 cents per pound and, in addition 
thereto, if the fabric is valued at not more 
than $1.25 per pound, 22 per centum ad 
valorem; if valued at more than $1.25 per 
pound, 27£ per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 379. * * * Flannels composed 
wholly or in part of wool, valued at above 
fifty cents per pound, shall be classified 
and pay the same duty as women's and 
children's dress goods, coat linings, 
Italian cloths, and goods of similar char- 
acter and description provided by this 
section * * *. 

Par. 380. On women's and children's 
dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, 
and goods of similar description and char- 
acter of which the warp consists wholly 
of cotton or other vegetable material with 
the remainder of the fabric composed 
wholly or in part of wool, valued at not ex- 
ceeding fifteen cents per square yard, the 
duty shall be seven cents per square yard; 
valued at more than fifteen cents per 
square yard, the duty shall be eight cents 
per square yard; and in addition thereto 
on all the foregoing valued at not above 
seventy cents per pound, fifty per centum 
ad valorem; valued above seventy cents 
per pound, fifty-five per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That on all the fore- 
going, weighing over four ounces per 
square yard, the rates of duty shall be 
five per centum less than those imposed 
by this schedule on cloths. 

Par. 381. On women's and children's 
dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, 
bunting, and goods of similar description 
or character composed wholly or in part 
of wool, and not specially provided for in 
this section, the duty shall be eleven 
cents per square yard; and in addition 
thereto on all the foregoing valued at not 
above seventy cents per pound, fifty per 
centum ad valorem; valued above seventy 
cents per pound, fifty-five per centum ad 
valorem: * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 289. * * * flannels, composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; flannels composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, valued at 
above 50 cents per pound, 30 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 290. Women's and children's dress 
goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, bun- 
ting, and goods of similar description and 
character, composed wholly or in chief 
value of wool, and not specially provided 
for in this section, 35 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 308. Cloth * * * wholly or in 
chief value of the hair of the Angora goat, 
alpaca, and other like animals, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



969 



DRESS GOODS AND LIGHT-WEIGHT CLOTHS OF WOOL. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph covers light-weight woven 
fabrics, such as women's and children's dress goods, linings, bunting, 
etc.; light-weight fabrics used for men's wear, such as summer suiting; 
and light-weight flannels. 

" Dress goods " is a term used to cover woven fabrics for women's 
wear, particularly those of a soft, draping character. Probably a 
major portion of them is made with cotton warp and wool or mohair 
filling. Linings are mainly cotton-warp goods, with filling of mohair, 
alpaca, or wool. Italian cloths, specially mentioned m previous 
tariffs, are high grade sateen-woven linings made from merino wool, 
generally with a cotton warp. Bunting is a light, loosely woven 
fabric, used for flags, decorations, etc. Light-weight cloths for men's 
wear here included might be of all-wool, but would be mainly of 
mohair, with cotton warp. The light-weight flannels falling here 
would be likely to consist mainly of the fine, white flannels used for 
infants' underwear; in addition, a certain amount of the finer shirting 
flannels might also fall here. But the bulk of the flannels would 
very likely weigh more than 4 ounces per square yard; hence they 
are more fully discussed under paragraph 1109, p. 972. 

Production. — The Census classifies dress goods with cloths (i. e., suit- 
ings, overcoatings, etc.) . For the inclusive figures, see paragraph 1 109. 

Imports. — Imports of dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and 
bunting, wholly or in part of wool, amounted to $6,907,168 in the fiscal 
year 1914 and to $10,100,686 in the calendar year 1914. The average 
for 1910-1913 was $5,491,115. Imports of these fabrics since 1917 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Lbs. 517, 837 
(Sq.yds. 1,977.788) 

Lbs. 334,732 
(Sq.yds. 1,232,753) 

Lbs. 1,438,096 
(Sq.yds. 4.639,213) 

Lbs. 1973,203 
(Sq.yds. 3,358,266) 


$1,000,504 

903,968 

3,911,872 

2,288,013 


$350, 176 
316,389 


1919 


1920 


1,369,155 


1921 (9 months) 







- Includes 155,971 pounds, valued at $349,623, imported under the emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Prior to the war from one-half to two-thirds of the imports of 
dress goods came from the United Kingdom, about one-fourth from 
France, and most of the remainder from Germany. In 1918 and 
1919, the United Kingdom was almost the exclusive source, but in 
1920 over 25 per cent was from France. 

The general nature of the recent imports of dress goods, linings, etc., 
is shown by the following import figures : 





Dress goods. 


Coat linings and 






Calendar year. 


Cotton warp. 


Other. 


Italian cloths. 






Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Valut. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
125,967 


1235. 814 


Pounds. 

95,296 

117,508 

996,804 


$238,336 

410,999 

2,891,299 


Pounds. 
201, 865 
113,362 
317,926 


$322,852 
242,483 
738, 459 


Pounds. 

94,709 

4,725 

1,224 


$203,502 
11,968 


1919 


99,137 238,518 
122,142 277. 71. 5 


1920 


4,399 











970 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Prior to 1914, imports of dress goods, etc., weighing 4 ounces or less 
per square yard, were shown in square yards; weighing over 4 ounces 
per square yard, in pounds. The latter dress goods were dutiable as 
" cloths." The following table shows the average annual imports of 
each during the period 1910-1913: 



Dress goods, linings, etc. 


Weighing 4 ounces or 
less per square yard. 


Weighing over 4 ounces 
per square yard. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Cotton warp 


Sq. yds. 
12,474,132 
8,058,669 


$1,990,321 
1,815,613 


Pounds. 
253, 631 
1, 605, 718 


$223, 054 
1, 461, 638 


Other. 




Total 


20, 532, 801 


3, 805, 934 


1, 859, 349 


1, 684, 692 





Imports of woven fabrics of mohair, alpaca, etc., have been sep- 
arately classified since 1914. Practically all of these would weigh 
less than 4 ounces per square yard and hence fall under this para- 
graph. Imports during the first half of the calendar year 1914 
amounted to 920,866 pounds, valued at $953,518; in 1915 (fiscal 
year), 1,198,319 pounds, valued at $1,266,099. Imports since 1917 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 

326, 213 

152, 835 

412, 203 

1 356, 953 


$591,954 

385, 751 

1, 070, 812 

894, 461 


$236, 782 


1919 


154,300 
428,325 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 







1 Includes 86,705 pounds, valued at $157,420, imported under the emergency tariff act. 

Imports of woven fabrics of mohair, alpaca, etc., come almost 
entirely from the United Kingdom. 

Exports are not separately recorded. (For exports of dress goods 
and cloths, inclusive, see par. 1109.) 

Important changes in classification. — In preceding tariff acts, woven 
fabrics of wool were divided into (a) cloths, and (b) women's and 
children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, and goods of similar 
description and character. The word " cloths" is used in the wool 
industry in a restrictive sense to denote the heavier-woven fabrics 
used mainly for men's wear, as distinguished from the lighter-woven 
fabrics used as dress goods for women and children, and as lining, 
bunting, etc. There is, however, no clear line of demarcation between 
the two; for instance, some types of dress goods are heavier than 
cloths used in men's summer suits. In the acts of 1897 (par. 369) and 
1909 (par. 381) it was therefore stipulated that women's and chil- 
dren's dress goods, linings, etc., which weighed over 4 ounces per 
square yard should be considered as " cloths." Irrespective of the 
use of the fabrics or the trade terminology employed, therefore, woven 
fabrics were primarily classified according to weight. This has logic- 
ally led to the procedure here adopted, the discarding of trade terms 
such as dress goods and cloths, and the classifying of woven fabrics 
of wool into two paragraphs, one of which (1108) covers those weigh- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 971 

ing not over 4 ounces per square yard, and the other (1109) covering 
those weighing over 4 ounces per square yard. The classification of 
woven fabrics of wool is therefore practically the same as that pre- 
viously used but with the omission of unnecessary verbiage. 

The omission of specific mention of flannels stops litigation as to 
what is or is not "flannel" and permits such goods to enter on a parity 
with other woven fabrics, under paragraph 1108 or under paragraph 
1109, according to their weight. 

On page 626 of the 1912 report of the Tariff Board on Schedule K 
it was stated that if the duty on the scoured content of wool is 25 
cents a pound, the correct compensatory duty on wool fabrics should 
be $0.3564 a pound. Taking this last as a round figure, 36 cents, tins 
is here used as the compensatory duty for woven fabrics made of all 
wool. In applying this " full compensatory " it has been assumed that 
fabrics such as dress goods, linings, etc., entitled to this rate by reason 
of being all wool, would be valued at more than $1 .25 a pound. Fabrics 
valued at not more than $1.25 a pound are assigned a compensatory 
of 30 cents a pound, on the theory that they must be made partly of 
materials such as carpet wool, reworked wool, cotton, etc., dutiable 
at less than 25 cents a pound. Fabrics made with an all-cotton warp 
are assigned a compensatory duty of 25 cents a pound, irrespective 
of their value, inasmuch as there is no duty levied on raw cotton in 
H. R. 7456. 

It may be noted that the full compensatory of 36 cents a pound, 
and the lower compensatories of 30 and 25 cents, are based on the 
assumption that the wool contained in the fabric is dutiable at 25 
cents a pound; in cases where such wool pays less than 25 cents a 
pound, by virtue of the maximum ad valorem provision of 35 per 
cent in paragraph 1102, the result is that the compensatory duty is 
more than sufficient to maintain the ratio. 



PARAGRAPH 1109. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1109. Woven fabrics, weighing 
more than four ounces per square yard, 
wholly or in part of wool, valued at not 
more than 75 cents per pound, 20 cents 
per pound and. in addition thereto, 18 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
75 cents but not more than $1.25 per 
pound, 25. cents per pound and. in addi- 
tion thereto, 21 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than $1.25 but not more 
than $2.50 per pound, 30 cents per pound 
and, in addition thereto, 24 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than $2.50 
per pound, 36 cents per pound and, in 
addition thereto, 27£ per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 378. On cloths, * * * made Par. 288. Cloths, * * * wholly or 

wholly or in part of wool * * * val- in chief value of wool, not specially pro- 

ued at not more than forty cents per vided for in this section. 35 per centum 

pound, the duty per pound shall be three ad valorem; * * *. 



972 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

times the duty imposed by this section 
on a pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class; valued at above forty cents per 
pound and not above seventy cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be four 
times the duty imposed by this section 
on one pound of unwashed wool of the 
first class, and in addition thereto, upon 
all the foregoing, fifty per centum ad va- 
lorem; valued at over seventy cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be four 
times the duty imposed by this section on 
one pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class and fifty -five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 379. On * * * flannels for un- 
derwear composed wholly or in part of 
wool, valued at not more than forty cents 
per pound, the duty per pound shall be 
the same as the duty imposed by this sec- 
tion on two pounds of unwashed wool of 
the first class, and in addition thereto 
thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than forty cents and not more than 
fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound 
shall be three times the duty imposed by 
this section on one pound of unwashed 
wool of the first class, and in addition 
thereto thirty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem. * * *. 

Par. 381. On women's and children's 
dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, 
bunting, and goods of similar description 
or character composed wholly or in part 
of wool, and not specially provided for 
in this section, the duty shall be eleven 
cents per square yard; and in addition 
thereto on all the foregoing valued at not 
above seventy cents per pound, fifty per 
centum ad valorem; valued above sev- 
enty cents per pound; fifty-five per cen- 
tum ad valorem: Provided, That on all the 
foregoing, weighing over four ounces per 
square yard, the duty shall be the same 
as imposed by this schedule on cloths. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 289. * * * flannels, composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; flannels composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, valued 
at above 50 cents per pound, 30 pei 
centum ad valorem. 



CLOTHS, AND OTHER HEAVY-WEIGHT FABRICS, OF WOOL. 



Description and uses. — This paragraph relates primarily to wool 
" cloths for men's wear, but it includes also any women's dress 
goods, flannels, and other wool fabrics, which weigh over 4 ounces per 
square yard. 

The term " wool cloths" signifies woven fabrics of wool destined 
for men's suits, overcoats, etc., and for women's cloaks. Cloths are 
ordinarily heavier, firmer, and stronger than dress goods and with- 
out the draping cmality of the latter, but the distinction is no longer 
clear-cut. Fabrics weighing over 4 ounces have usually been con- 
sidered cloths; the act of 1909 contained a definite provision by 
which dress goods weighing over 4 ounces per square yard were held 
dutiable as cloths, but this provision was omitted in the act of 1913, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 973 

which made cloths and dress goods dutiable at the same ad valorem 
rate. Because of the extensive use of heavier fabrics for women's 
suits, the term " dress goods" has lost its original significance as a 
light-weight fabric, so that a dividing line can no longer be definitely 
drawn between cloths and dress goods on the basis of weight, proc- 
ess of manufacture, or cost of production. Some fabrics by nature 
dress goods weigh over 4 ounces per square yard; while some men's 
summer fabrics weigh less. 

Woven fabrics of wool are of two general classes, (1) woolens, woven 
of carded yarns, and (2) worsteds, woven of combed yarns. The 
dress goods are usually worsted; the cloths may be either woolen or 
worsted. The weave structure of woolen fabrics is usually more or 
less concealed by a nap, and the colors are thereby somewhat softened 
and intermerged. The weave structure and colors of the worsted 
fabrics are more sharply defined, and the surface is smoother and 
firmer. In making worsted, wools of long or medium lengths are 
more generally employed, although the use of the shorter wools in 
worsteds has been increasing; in making woolens, not only short 
wools, but shoddy and waste are also utilized. Typical woolens are 
broadcloths, cassimeres, tweeds, and meltons; typical worsteds are 
serges, unfinished worsteds, and fancy trouserings. 

Flannels, heretofore specially provided for, will fall either here or 
in paragraph 1108, according to the weight. That the greater por- 
tion will fall here, however, seems to be indicated by the preliminary 
census figures for 1919, from which may be derived the average num- 
ber of ounces per square yard produced, as follows : Flannels for un- 
derwear, 7.82 ounces (for all-wool) and 6.91 ounces (for cotton- 
mixed) ; domet flannels and shirtings, 8.51 ounces. But the term 
flannel can not be precisely defined, and it is for this reason that 
specific provision for it is abandoned. In general, a flannel is a 
loosely woven fabric, largely of wool and having a soft, " smooth" 
finish, the texture being practically the same as when it leaves the 
loom. It is usually made of woolen yarns. Flannels are of three 
general classes, corresponding to their use for underwear, shirtings, 
and outer garments. Only underwear and shirtings are clearly de- 
fined. Flannels for outer wear are hard to distinguish from other 
fabrics; in the garment trade they have come to signify a cloth with 
a soft, springy feel similar to flannel for underwear, despite the 
absence of nap and of high finish. But this feel can be given to many 
cloths. 

Production. — No distinction is drawn in the report of the Census 
Bureau between light-weight and heavy-weight wool fabrics. Below 
is shown the production, in 1914 and 1919, of all varieties of woven 
fabrics of wool (except upholstery fabrics — probably largely pile). 
These figures refer to the fabrics covered by paragraphs 1108 and 
1109 combined. 



974 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
Production*of woven fabrics of wool. 



Kinds. 


1914 


1919 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Total, all kinds 


Square yards. 
522, 919, 228 


$254,434,415 


Sq.yds. 491,961,000 


S692. 179. 0OO 




(Lbs. 298,190,000) 


All-wool: 

Woolen suitings, overcoatings, 


90, 950, 381 

222, 420, 785 
2, 176, 264 

53, 509, 462 

56,763,091 

16, 092, 266 

8, 415, 079 

36, 196, 243 

31, 400, 082 
4, 995, 575 


55, 660, 503 

141, 778, 035 
880, 494 

13, 598, 007 

15, 563, 099 
2, 814, 054 
1, 535, 291 
9, 804, 661 

11, 710, 610 
1, 089, 661 


Sq.yds. 140,338,000 
(Lbs. 118,488,000) 

Sq.yds. 166,791,000 
(Lbs. 81,288,000) 
Sq.yds. 1,755,000 
(Lbs. 858,000) 

Sq.yds. 39,063,000 
(Lbs. 23, 845, 000) 

Sq.yds. 58,154,000 
(Lbs. 23,251,000) 
Sq.vds. 19,942,000 
(Lbs. 10,607,000) 
Sq.yds. 4,770,000 
(Lbs. 5, 922, 000) 
Sq.yds. 26,064,000 
(Lbs. 6,491,000) 

Sq.yds. 28,576,000 
(Lbs. 24. 823, 000) 
Sq.yds. 6,508,000 
(Lbs. 2,617,000) 


241, 988, 000 


Worsted suitings, overcoatings, 


301, 850, 000 




1, 906, 000 


Cotton- warp: 

Woolen suitings, overcoatings, 
dress goods, etc 


34, 992, 000 


Worsted suitings, overcoatings, 
dress goods, etc 


45, 707, 000 


Domet flannels and shirtings 

Satinets and linseys 


11, 162, 000 
3,071,000 


Linings, Italian cloths, andlastings. 

Union or cotton-mixed: 

Suitings, overcoatings, dress goods, 


13, 387, 000 
32, 297, 000 




5, 219, 000 










The tendency which for decades had been toward a larger propor- 
tion of worsteds in the cloth (suitings, overcoatings, etc.) and dress- 
goods output, since 1909 has been in the opposite direction. Between 
the latter year and 1914 woolen production increased slightly, while 
that of worsted, especially of cotton warp and worsted filled goods, 
declined. Consequently, the ratio of woolen to total production 
(based on square yards) advanced from about 35 per cent in 1909 to 
approximately 40 per cent in 1914. Between 1914 and 1919, pri- 
marily because of the stimulus provided by the great Army demand 
during the war, the woolen production increased by about 32,000,000 
square yards, while the worsted production fell off by about 50,000,000 
square yards, so that in 1919 practically one-half of the total output 
was woolen. Production of woolens of all-wool increased by almost 
50,000,000 square yards, but this increase was partly offset by a 
marked decline in the cotton-warp woolens and a slight decline in the 
cotton-mixed goods (mainly woolens). All of the decline in the 
worsted production was in the all-wool worsteds, production of cotton- 
warp worsteds having slightly increased. The combined production 
(in square yards) of woolens and worsteds declined between 1909 
and 1914, and still further between 1914 and 1919. 

Production of flannels for underwear increased somewhat between 
1914 and 1919 (the increase being in the cotton-mixed variety), but it 
still remains small in comparison with the output of twenty or thirty 
years ago, when the principal production of flannels was for underwear. 
Because of the competition of knitted and woven underwear, both 
cotton and silk, this branch of flannel manufacture has declined 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



975 



about one-half since 1899. The present output is chiefly of the finer 
qualities, such as are used for infants. Production of flannels for 
shirts, continuing the marked development which began a decade 
ago, increased by about 25 per cent between 1914 and 1919. In the 
reports of the Census Bureau, flannels for outer garments are not 
differentiated from cloths and dress goods. They include white 
fabrics for trouserings, and women's skirts or dress goods with a 
flannel finish. Production of such fabrics has undoubtedly been 
increasing. 

Imports of wool cloths (including cloths of mohair, alpaca, etc.) 
from 1910 to 1913 averaged 4,742,081 pounds, valued at $5,164,287, 
In the first half of the fiscal ^ear 1914 imports were 1,984,689 pounds, 
valued at $2,298,765. Thereafter cloths of mohair, alpaca, etc., are 
given separately. With such fabrics omitted, imports of wool cloths 
For the second half of the fiscal year 1914 were 9,474,620 pounds, 
valued at $9,725,041; and for the calendar year 1914 they were 
16,439,655 pounds, valued at $16,107,505. Thereafter they de- 
clined. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Lbs. 2,073,260 
(Sq. yds. 3,000,955) 
Lbs. 2,072,115 
(Sq. yds. 3,079,259) 
Lbs. 4,840,351 
(Sq. yds. 7,544,889) 
Lbs. 15,083,552 
(Sq. yds. 7,414,424) 


$4,175,499 
5,484,234 

12,694,989 
9,770,883 


$1,461,425 


1919 


1,919,482 


1920 


4,443,246 


1921 (9 months) 









1 Includes 1,546,574 pounds, valued at $2,904,225, imported under the emergency tariff act of 1921. 

For 1910-1913 the imports of cloths and dress goods (combined) 
averaged about 4 per cent, and in the calendar year 1914 about 11 
per cent, of the domestic production in 1914 (in square yards) ; in 
1919 they were about 1 per cent of the production (in pounds) of that 
year. 

Imports under former tariffs, and to a considerable extent under 
the act of 1913, have generally been of fine goods, fancy weaves, and 
specialties — cloths largely for the best custom tailors, such as 
Scotch and Irish tweeds, superior faced goods, etc. Some imports of 
shoddy cloths appeared in 1914, but were checked by the war before 
their acceptability to American consumers had been ascertained. 
The ready-to-wear trade has never utilized imported cloths to any 
great extent. 

The relative imports of woolens and worsteds since 1917 have been 
as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Woolens. 


Worsteds. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Lbs. 1,624,666 $2,997,192 

(Sq. yds. 2,300,784) 

Lbs. 1,742,523 ! 4,324,024 

(Sq. yds. 2,485,723) 

Lbs. 4,283,174 10,710,798 

(Sq. vds. 6,544,805) 

Lbs." 4,531,491 8.167.574 


Lbs. 448,594 
(Sq. yds. 700,171) 
Lbs. 329,592 
(Sq. yds. 593,586) 
Lbs. 557, 177 
(Sq. vds. 1,000,084) 
Lbs." 552,061 
(Sq. yds. 941,079) 


$1,178,307 
1,160,210 


1919 


1920 


1,984,191 


1921 (9 months) 


1,603,309 




(Sq. yds. 6,473,345) 





976 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



In prewar years, from 50 to 60 per cent of the imports came from 
the United Kingdom and from 25 to 33 per cent from Germany and 
Belgium. During and since the war practically all of the imports 
have come from the United Kingdom; about 10 per cent came from 
Canada in 1918; about 5 per cent from France in 1920. Practically 
all of the imports from countries other than the United Kingdom 
have been woolens. 

As regards imports of flannels, statistics prior to January 1, 1914, 
pertain only to flannels for underwear, of which the average importa- 
tion from 1910 to 1913, inclusive, amounted to $108,746, or about 5.5 
per cent of domestic production in 1914. Almost 90 per cent of these 
imports consisted of flannels weighing over 4 ounces per square yard. 
Notwithstanding the widening of the provision in the act of 1913 so 
as to include all flannels, and a lowering of the duty, imports for the 
second half of the fiscal year 1914 amounted to only 193,222 pounds, 
valued at $160,668. Imports of flannels since 1917 have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


I>uty. 


1918 


Pouvds. 

46,004 

150, 426 

337, 692 

1 414, 767 


$112, 646 
331,554 
780,820 
667, 195 


$33,790 
99,466 


1919 


1920 


234,097 


1921 (9 months) 







1 Includes 44,157 pounds, valued at 897,387, imported under the emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Exports. — Until 1918 separate figures for exports of woven fabrics 
of wool were not obtainable; thereafter they have been available only 
for cloths and dress goods combined. Under the designation "wool 
manufactures, all other" (including carpets and rugs, blankets, etc., 
as well as cloths and dress goods), exports before 1914 were usually 
under $1,000,000, decreasing after 1909. In 1914 (fiscal year) they 
amounted to $1,668,199; in 1916, they reached $33,331,873, declining 
to $13,435,946 in 1918 (fiscal year), of which latter figure $7,009,554 
was for cloths and dress goods. Later exports of cloths and dress 
goods have been as follows : 





Quantity. 




Calendar year. 


Square 
yards. 


Equivalent 
in pounds. 


Value. 


1918 


5, 626, 729 
12,113,649 
11,998,579 

2,593,474 


3,152,224 
7,852,785 
8,724,742 
1,795,241 


S8,636,SS8 


1919 


19,799,723 


1920 


24, 258, 584 


1921 (9 mouths) 


3,438,953 



The leading markets have been Canada and Cuba, but others 
prominent in a very wide distribution of the trade include Argentina, 
Chile, Norway, Denmark, and Russia in Asia. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph covers mainly 
" cloths" of wool for men's wear. The reason for the omission of 
trade terms and the basing of the classification on weight has been 
stated under paragraph 1108. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 977 

As stated in paragraph 1108, 36 cents is used as "full compen- 
satory " for all-wool goods where the wool is subject to a duty of 25 
cents a pound. It is assumed that, in the case of these heavy goods 
for mens wear, only those valued at above $2.50 a pound will be 
entitled to this rate. Cloths of lower values per pound are assumed 
to contain more or less carpet wool, reworked wool, cotton, or other 
materials which enter at lower rates than that levied on clothing 
wools; such cloths are therefore given lower compensatory duties. 
The lower the value the larger is assumed to be the proportion of 
such materials ; therefore a compensatory duty of 30 cents a pound 
has been assigned to goods valued at more than $1.25 but not more 
than $2.50 a pound; a compensatory duty of 25 cents for those valued 
at more than 75 cents but not more than $1.25, and one of 20 cents a 
pound for those valued at not more than 75 cents a pound. 

As stated under paragraph 1108, these compensatory duties are 
based on the wool being subject to a duty of 25 cents a pound and 
where the wool pays less duty, by reason of the maximum ad valorem 
provision, the compensatory rates are more than sufficient to main- 
tain the ratio. 



PARAGRAPH 1110. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1110. Woven fabrics, wholly or 
in part of wool, which have been cut to 
garment or suiting lengths or which have 
been subject to the process of damping, 
sponging, or shrinking, shall pay, in ad- 
dition to the rates hereinbefore provided, 
2 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 

Important changes in classification. — This is an entirely new pro- 
vision. It levies on cloths imported in short lengths suitable for 
individual use a duty additional to that which would apply if such 
cloths were imported" in whole pieces. It also levies on cloths which 
have been dampened, sponged, or shrunk a duty additional to that 
which would apply if such cloths were imported without being sub- 
jected to such processes. 



PARAGRAPH 1111. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1111. Pile fabrics, cut or uncut, 
whether or not the pile covers the whole 
surface, made of wool or of which wool is 
a component material, whether or not 
constituting chief value, and manufac- 
tures, in any form, made or cut from such 
pile fabrics, 36 cents per pound and, in 
addition thereto, 27£ per centum ad 
valorem. 

82304—22 62 



978 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 378. On * * * all manufac- 
tures of every description made wholly 
or in part of wool, not specially provided 
for in this section, valued at not more 
than forty cents per pound, the duty per 
pound shall be three times the duty im- 
posed by this section on a pound of un- 
washed wool of the first class; valued at 
above forty cents per pound and not 
above seventy cents per pound, the duty 
per pound shall be four times the duty 
imposed by this section on one pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in 
addition thereto, upon all the foregoing, 
fifty per centum ad valorem; valued at 
over seventy cents per pound, the duty 
per pound shall be four times the duty 
imposed by this section on one pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class and fifty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 443. Plushes * * * and man- 
ufactures thereof, composed of the hair of 
the camel, goat, alpaca, or any animal, 
combined with wool, vegetable fiber, or 
silk, shall be classified and dutiable as 
manufactures of wool. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 288. * * * plushes, velvets' 
and all other pile fabrics, cut or uncute 
woven * * * whether or not the pil 
covers the entire surface, made wholly o 
in chief value of wool, and articles made 
wholly or in chief value of such plushes, 
velvets, or pile fabrics, 40 per centum 
ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 309. Plushes, velvets, and all 
other pile fabrics,- cut or uncut, woven 
* * * whether or not the pile covers 
the entire surface, made wholly or partly 
of the hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, or 
other like animals, and articles made 
wholly or in chief value of such plushes, 
velvets, or pile fabrics, 45 per centum ad 
valorem 

Par. 358. * * * coach, carriage, and 
automobile laces, * * * 60 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



PILE FABRICS, OF WOOL OR HAIR, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Description and uses. — Pile fabrics consist of a foundation cloth 
covered in whole or in part by short projecting ends or loops made 
with an extra set of threads. 

Pile fabrics of mohair, and to a lesser extent of alpaca, are used in 
covering furniture (especially seats in Pullman cars and in inclosed 
automobiles), as well as for curtains and portieres. They are also 
employed often as imitation fur, in cloaks for women and children , 
and in covering " Teddy bears " and other imitation animal toys. 

Wool, because of its lack of resilience and its tendency to felt, is 
little used as pile. When so employed, for women's cloaks, etc., it 
is usually of the light-shrinking and coarser varieties. 

In most fabrics made with a pile of mohair, alpaca, or wool the 
foundation cloth is of cotton or other vegetable fiber. 

Production is not separately recorded. 

Imports were first separately stated in 1914. Imports of pile 
fabrics during the first six months of 1914 were 214,385 pounds, 
valued at $239,861; in 1915, 151,978 pounds, valued at $191,536. 
Imports of articles made from pile fabrics during the first six months 
of 1914 were $23,578; in 1915, $52,975. Later imports have been, by 
calendar years, as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Duty. 





PILE FABRICS OF WOOL, MOHAIR, ETC. 






1918 


Pounds. 
\ 10,596 


$13,521 
23,074 
95,423 

1 78,221 


$5,940 


1919 


1 7,365 


10,036 


1920 


33,812 


40,538 




1 131.616 









1 Includes 14,345 pounds, valued at $24,139; imported under emergency tariff act of 1921, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



979 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. Duty. 



MANUFACTURES OF PILE FABRICS OF WOOL, MOHAIR, ETC. 



1918 : 


Pounds. 


$16,226 
20,977 
61,114 

2 31,312 


$6,837 


1919 


4,003 


8,457 


1920 


25,721 


1921 (9 months). . . 













s includes $6,370, value of 1,5S3 pounds, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Exports are not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification.— In the act of 1909 pile fabrics 
of wool, mohair, etc., were dutiable under paragraph 378 without 
specific mention other than a reference thereto in paragraph 443; in 
the act of 1913 pile fabrics of wool were dutiable under paragraph 288, 
and pile fabrics of mohair, etc., under paragraph 309. 

The manufacture of pile fabrics forms a distinct branch of the tex- 
tile industry and for this reason, and to secure uniformity with pile 
fabric provisions (pars. 909 and 1011) in other textile schedules, a 
special paragraph is here devoted to pile fabrics and manufactures 
thereof, falling under the wool schedule. This paragraph does not 
include manufactures of pile fabrics used as clothing or as floor 
covering which are provided for elsewhere. 

Suggested changes. — Attention may be called to the fact that the 36 
cents a pound compensator}'' duty is that which has been applied in 
other paragraphs to all-wool goods. Inasmuch as pile fabrics of 
wool, mohair, etc., are usually made with a cotton back, the full 
compensatory thus provided as applied to such goods of mixed mate- 
rial is more than adequate. (See Report of the Tariff Board on 
Schedule K, 1912, p. 133.) 



PARAGRAPH 1112, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1112. Blankets, wholly or in part 
of wool, not exceeding three yards in 
length, plain woven, with not more than 
one color in warp or filling, and not ad- 
vanced beyond weaving by any process 
of finishing, valued at not more than 75 
cents per pound. 20 cents per pound and, 
in addition thereto. 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem; valued at more than 75 cents, but 
not more than $1.50 per pound, 25 cents 
per pound and, in addition thereto, 20 
per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than SI .50 per pound, 30 cents per pound 
and, in addition thereto. 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 379. On blankets, * * * com- 
posed wholly or in part of wool, valued at 
not more than forty cents per pound, the 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 289. Blankets * * * composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; * * *. 



980 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1909. 

duty per pound shall be the same as the 
duty imposed by this section on two 
pounds of ud washed wool of the first class, 
and in addition thereto thirty per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than forty 
cents and not more than fifty cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be three 
times the duty imposed by this section on 
one pound of unwashed wool of the first 
«lass, and in addition thereto thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem. On blankets 
composed wholly or in part of wool, val- 
ued at more than fifty cents per pound, 
the duty per pound shall be three times 
the duty imposed by this section on one 
pound of unwashed wool of the first class, 
and in addition thereto forty per centum 
ad valorem. *.,**[ 

WOOL BLANKETS. 

Description. — The foregoing provision was originally intended to 
cover ordinary blankets and to exclude the fancy varieties; but the 
clause limiting this provision to blankets "not advanced beyond 
weaving by any process of finishing" would, as explained below, 
result in eliminating practically all blankets from this paragraph and 
should be omitted. At the same time the paragraph should be made 
to include not only bed blankets and horse blankets (to which varieties 
the courts have limited the term " blankets"), but also carriage and 
automobile robes and other articles when made in the same manner 
as blanketing. (See " Suggested changes," p. 982.) 

Blankets are made of woolen yarns, or of cotton and woolen yarns, 
fulled or shrunken to a high degree, and napped on both sides of the 
cloth. They may be all-wool, merino (cotton and wool mixture in 
the yarn), or cotton-warp. Practically all of the horse blankets, and 
fully two-thirds of the bed blankets, are in part cotton — the former 
largely cotton-warp; the latter, both cotton-warp and merino, with 
the merino rapidly gaining in popularity. In addition to cotton, 
other substitutes for new wool, such as wool wastes, shoddy, and cat- 
tle or other hair, are used, so that new wool forms but a small pro- 
portion of the raw material in most blankets. 

Blanket cloth is usually woven of coarse yarns with a plain or twill 
weave; it is then put into a large, closed box where it is soaked with 
water, or water and soap, and passed between rollers or under a 
heavy hammer. By this operation (called ''fulling") the area of 
the cloth may be reduced as much as 20 or 25 per cent, and the weave 
compressed or even obliterated. Thereafter the cloth goes to the 
napping machine, in which the individual fibers are raised to a thick 
nap by the fine teeth on the cylinders. The designs are usually ele- 
mentary and conventional. The most critical stages in manufacture 
are the choice and blending of the raw materials, and the finishing 
operations, as respects the latter especially the attainment of a thick, 
high nap. 

Production. — The domestic production in 1914 and 1919 of bed 
blankets and horse blankets, also of carriage robes and carriage 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



981 



cloths (the latter, as well as most of the former, falling under para- 
graph 1112 only in case the wording is revised), was as follows: 



Article. 


1914 


1919 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Blankets: 

All-wool 


Square 

yards. 

6, 489, 689 

17,973,821 

3, 937, 463 


$4, 186, 754 
3,010,070 
2, 067, 934 


Square 

yards. 

6, 344, 000 

9, 291, 000 

10, 465, 000 


$7, 196, 000 


Cotton-warp 


7,391,000 


Cotton-mixed 


8, 711, 000 






Total 


28, 400, 973 


9,364,758 


26, 100, 000 


23, 298, 000 






Horse blankets: 

All-wool 


102. 205 
5, 83i; 305 
2, 231, 162 


82, 398 

1,539,526 

395, 858 


C 1 ) 
( l ) 

0) 


C 1 ) 


Cotton-warp 


C 1 ) 


Cotton-mixed 


C 1 ) 






Total 


8, 164, 672 


2, 017, 782 


1,696,000 


1, 606, 000 






Carriage robes: 

All-wool 


132, 399 

1, 282, 417 

354, 049 


158, 900 
936,687 
137, 968 


C 1 ) 
0) 
C 1 ) 


C 1 ) 


Cotton-warp 

Cotton-mixed 


C 1 ) 
0) 






Total 


1, 768, 865 


1, 233, 555 


2, 197, 000 


3, 845, 000 






Carnage cloths, all-wool 


514, 226 


443, 223 


687, 000 


1', 371, 000 






Grand total 


38, 848, 738 


12,959,318 


30, 680, 000 


30,120,000 





1 Not separately shown in preliminary census returns. 

Prior to the war the production of bed blankets wholly or in part 
of wool had been declining to some extent by virtue of the growing 
competition of all-cotton blankets; but, seemingly on account of 
foreign military orders, production increased greatly in 1914, and, 
as appears above, remained at almost the same high level in 1919. 
Fewer cotton-warp and more merino blankets have been produced 
since 1914. Production of horse blankets had already been declin- 
ing prior to the war (except in 1914), but the decline between 1914 
and 1919 is particularly striking. . The increasing replacement of 
horses by automobiles is probably an important factor in the 
decline. 

Imports. — Prior to the war imports of blankets usually amounted 
to only 25,000 to 50,000 pounds annually, valued at from $25,000 
to $50,000. Despite a distinct lowering of the duty in 1913, imports 
immediately thereafter increased only slightly. In the fiscal year 
1918, 5,206,613 pounds, valued at $5,839,921, were imported, but 
this exceptional importation was clearly due to the tremendous army 
requirements. Later imports are shown below. The countries from 
which they came are not recorded. 



Ca'endaryear. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2, 327, 882 

20,350 

75,749 

1 30, 746 


§2,981,212 

38,263 

140, 556 

i 48, 898 


$745,303 

9,566 

35, 139 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months 1 







Includes 13,612 pounds, va'ued at $21,142, imported under the emergency tariff act of 1921. 



982 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports. — Blankets are among the few domestic wool manufactures 
that nave been exported to any noticeable extent. Between 1900 
and 1910 exports of blankets and flannels (combined in the statistics) 
ranged annually from $50,000 to $125,000 — a small figure, but in 
some years larger than the imports. Thereafter, until 1918, exports 
were not separately listed. Later exports of blankets only have been 
as follows by calendar years: 1918, $2,691,408; 1919, $823,544; 1920, 
$1,257,433; and in the first nine months of 1921, $222,872. In 1918 
about 80 per cent of the exports went to Italy and about 15 per cent 
to France; in 1919 about one-half went to France and Austria, and 
the remainder was scattered; and in 1920 almost one-half went to 
Russia in Asia, considerable quantities to Mexico, Turkey, and 
Poland, and the remainder was scattered. 

Important changes in classification. — As stated above, paragraph 
1112, as worded, was intended to exclude fancy blankets; in fact, it 
excludes practically all blankets. The words u not advanced beyond 
weaving by any process of finishing" would eliminate practically all 
blankets from the paragraph, because at least two of the most char- 
acteristic operations of blanket manufacture, namely " fulling 7 'and 
" napping," are finishing operations. 

Suggested changes. — Paragraph 1112 should be so worded as to 
distinguish between the ordinary and the fancy blankets without 
the vitiating clause which reads "not advanced beyond weaving by 
any process of finishing." At the same time it should be made to 
include all carriage and automobile robes, steamer rugs, and other 
articles, when similar to blankets in construction and method of 
manufacture. It is true that the articles named are generally of 
better quality than the ordinary grades of blankets, but this is likewise 
true of the fancy blankets. Differentiation in duties should be 
made between the cheaper and the more expensive goods, irrespective 
of whether they are blankets or other articles of similar construc- 
tion. This can best be accomplished not by describing the articles 
but by applying to all of these goods the same general scheme 
of classification by valuation (further expanded) as contained in 
paragraph 1112 above. The lower brackets will thus catch mainly 
horse blankets (containing very little new wool) and shoddy bed 
blankets — types characterized not only by low raw material costs 
but by simplicity of construction, since they are generally given a 
minimum of manipulation and finish, and are woven either plain or 
twill, and also usually have only one color in the warp or filling. The 
higher brackets will catch the better grades of bed blankets and 
other articles containing a larger proportion of new woqI and more 
generally characterized by elaboration of color or finish. 

It is suggested that paragraph 1112 be made to read as follows: 

Blankets and similar articles, including carriage and automobile robes and steamer 
rugs, made of blanketing, wholly or in part of wool, not exceeding three yards in 
length, valued at not more than 75 cents per pound, 20 cents per pound and, in addi- 
tion thereto, — per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 75 cents but not more 
than $1.50 per pound, 25 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, — per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than $1.50 but not more than $2.50 per pound, 30 cents 
per pound and, in addition thereto, — per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
$2.50 per pound, 36 cents per pound and, in addition thereto, — per centum ad 
valorem. 

The foregoing classification expands paragraph 1112 so as to in- 
clude fancy blankets and articles similar to blankets in construction 
and method of manufacture. The compensatory rates are based on 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 983 

the assumption that in the lower grades of goods comparatively little 
new wool is used, but that the proportion of new wool increases with 
the value of the blankets, etc., until, among the highest grades, it con- 
stitutes practically the entire raw material and requires a compen- 
satory rate as high as that for cloth. This latter, assuming a duty 
of 25 cents a pound on raw wool, clean content, should be 36 cents 
per pound. (Report of Tariff Board, 1912, p. 626.) 



PARAGRAPH 1113. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1113. Felts, not woven, wholly or 
in part of wool, valued at not more than 
75 cents per pound, 20 cents per pound 
and, in addition thereto, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than 75 cents 
but not more than $1.50 per pound, 25 
cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 
20 per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than SI. 50 per pound, 30 cents per 
pound and, in addition thereto, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 382. On * * * felts not p AR . 288. * * * felts not woven, 
woven, and not specially provided for in * * * wholly or in chief value of wool, 
this section, composed wholly or in part not specially provided for in this section, 
of wool, the duty per pound shall be four 35 per ce ntum ad valorem; * * *. 
times the duty imposed by this section on 
one pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class, and in addition thereto sixty per 
centum ad valorem. 

FELTS, NOT WOVEN. 

Description and uses. — Felts, not woven, known in the trade as 

Eressed telts, are produced by matting or felting together wool or 
air under the influence of moisture, heat, and pressure. The prop- 
erty of felting is peculiar to wools and some hairs ; the felting results 
from the tendency of the curly fibers to wind around each other, as 
well as from the cohesion caused by the interlocking of the scales. 
On the number of scales or serrations, together with the curly or 
wavy nature of the fiber, the felting quality of any wool largely 
depends. 

In making felts the wool is sorted and scoured, and, if desired, 
then mixed and blended with other materials; it is then carded, a 
process which tends to straighten out the fibers to their fullest extent. 
The filmy web leaving the card is laid down on traveling aprons and 
superimposed until a sufficient thickness is obtained: the different 
layers are then pressed together and consolidated in a hardening 
machine, containing either steam-heated rollers which have a 
rotary and vibrating motion, or a huge vibrating flatiron under which 
the material is automatically fed. The goods are then soaped and 
placed in a fulling machine where they are subjected to the con- 
tinued action of kicking beams. Here the actual felting of the 
fibers takes place. The individual fibers subjected to work entangle 
themselves more closely by reason of their tendency to regain their 



984 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



original length and condition of curl, and, being prevented from 
slipping back from position because of the interlocking of their 
scales, they become firmly united in a fabric which has shrunk in 
both length and width. 

Wool felts are of many grades and values, varying according to 
the quality of the wool and the percentage of other fibers mixed 
therewith, according to the thickness, and according to the extent 
of the felting and finishing operations. They include lining felts 
for padding suits and overcoats, boot and shoe linings, polishing 
felts, saddle felts, typewriter cushion pads, chair seat covers, etc. 
Piano felts represent the highest grade. 

Production of the felt goods industry was valued at $13,693,000 
in 1914 and $39,230,000 in 1919, but deducting the items of woven 
felt cloths (which include endless belts for paper makers) , hair felt- 
ing (which includes gun-wad felts) , and waste, the value was $7,952,000 
in 1914 and $27,154,000 in 1919. The main item so embraced was 
listed as trimming and lining felts, including felt skirts and skirtings; 
other items are boot and shoe linings, polishing felts and buffing 
wheels, piano felts, and saddle felts; while " all other" without descrip- 
tion constitute over half of the total value recorded. 

Massachusetts has the largest number of felt mills, followed by 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. 

Imports were 88,864 pounds, valued at $105,624, in the fiscal year 
1914.^ Imports since 1917 are recorded as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 

17, 074 

10, 965 

122, 808 

i 23, 531 


$33, 286 
27,664 
64, 483 

i 40, 814 


$11, 650 


1919 


9,682 


1920 


22,569 


1921 (9 months) 









» Includes 3,280 pounds, valued at $5,909, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Unwoven felts are the product 
of a distinct branch of the wool manufacturing industry and for 
this reason are given a separate paragraph instead of behg included 
with goods made by weaving or other processes, as has been the 
case in other tariff acts. The compensatory duty of 30 cents a 
pound is assigned to felt valued at more than $1.50 a pound on the 
assumption that felts above this value would be made entirely of wool 
subject to a duty of 25 cents a pound and that the loss of material 
would not exceed that in the manufacture of yarns. Felts ranging in 
value up to $1.50 a pound are divided into two classes, with com- 
pensatory duties based on the assumption that the lower the value 
the larger the percentage of other materials, such as wool waste, 
reworked wool, cotton, cattle hair, etc., dutiable at less than 25 
cents a pound. 

This paragraph covers only unwoven felts, wholly or in part of 
wool, and does not include woven felts, such as used in paper makers' 
endless belts and for other purposes. It does not include hair felt- 
ing if not in part of wool, such as is used in making gun wads or as 
insulation in ice houses and refrigerators, etc., as this type is more 
specifically provided for in paragraph 1426. (See p. 1140.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



985 



PARAGRAPH 1114, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1114. Fabrics with fast edges not 
exceeding twelve inches in width, and 
articles made therefrom; tubings, garters, 
suspenders, braces, cords, and cords and 
tassels; if wholly of wool, 36 cents per 
pound; if in part of wool, whether or not 
wool constitutes chief value, 25 cents per 
pound; and, in addition thereto on all 
the foregoing, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 383. Webbings, gorings, sus- 
penders, braces, bandings, beltings, bind- 
ings, * * * cords, cords and tassels, 
ribbons, * * * any of the foregoing 
made of wool or of which wool is a com- 
ponent material, whether containing 
india rubber or not, fifty cents per 
pound and sixty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 292. Webbings, suspenders, 
braces, bandings, belts, beltings, bind- 
ings, cords, cords and tassels, and rib- 
bons; any of the foregoing made of wool 
or of which wool or wool and india rub- 
ber are the component materials of chief 
value, and not specially provided for in 
this section, 35 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 358. * * * coach, carriage, 
and automobile laces, * * * 60 per 
centum ad valorem. 



WOOL SMALL WARES. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph embraces narrow woven fab- 
rics which have not been ornamented after leaving the loom, manu- 
factures of such narrow woven fabrics , and certain articles made by 
braiding or twisting together yarns or threads. The small wares 
thus covered here include all made in whole or in part of wool. 

. "Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width" is an 
inclusive term for narrow woven fabrics as distinguished from cloth, 
which is a woven fabric over 12 inches in width. These narrow 
woven fabrics, such as tape, ribbons, bandings, beltings, bindings, 
webbings, etc., are produced on narrow-ware looms by means of 
numerous small shuttles positively driven by a rack and pinions. 
Articles made therefrom include bands, belts, webs, etc. Tubings 
are tubular woven products of the narrow-ware loom. Garters, sus- 
penders, and braces are articles made from narrow fabrics; largely 
irom elastic webbings which are woven with rubber threads in the 
warp. Cords are made by braiding or cabling three or more threads. 
Tassels are pendant ornaments ending in a tuft of loose threads or 
cords. Cords and tassels are formed by securing tassels to cords. 

Production is not recorded separately. 

Imports in 1915 were valued at $5,781. Imports since 1917 for 
calendar years are recorded as follows : 



1918 



Value . 
Duty. 



$4,824 



1919 



$1, 652 

578 



1920 



S3, 907 
1,367 



1921 
(9 months). 



i 81, 154 



1 Includes 76 pounds, valued at $133, imported under emergency tariff act of 192? 



986 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This is the small-wares pan- 
graph of the wool schedule and, with few exceptions, is confined to 
products of the narrow-ware or ribbon loom, and to articles made 
from such products. For the sake of uniformity the basic wording 
has been made the same as in the small-wares paragraphs of the 
other textile schedules (pars. 912, 1014, and 1207), although small 
wares of wool are much less important than those of cotton, jute, 
flax, or silk. Reasons for the revised wording have been stated 
under paragraph 912. 

PARAGRAPH 1115. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1115. Knit fabrics, made of wool 
or of which wool is a component part, 
whether or not constituting chief value, 
valued at not more than $1.25 per pound, 
25 cents per pound and, in addition 
thereto, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than $1.25 per pound, 36 
cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 

Hose and half hose, and gloves and 
mittens, made of wool or of which wool is 
a component part, whether or not con- 
stituting chief value, valued at not more 
than $3 per dozen pairs, 30 cents per 
pound and, in addition thereto, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
$3 per dozen pairs, 36 cents per pound 
and, in addition thereto, 30 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Knit underwear, finished or unfinished, 
made of wool or of which wool is a com- 
ponent part, whether or not constituting 
^chief value, valued at not more than $2.50 
per pound, 30 cents per pound and, in 
addition thereto, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than $2.50 per 
pound, 36 cents per pound and, in addi- 
tion thereto, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Outerwear and other articles, knit or 
-crocheted, finished or unfinished, made 
of wool or of which wool is a component 
part, whether or not constituting chief 
value, valued at not more than $2.50 per 
pound, 30 cents per pound and, in addi- 
tion thereto, 28 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than $2.50 per pound, 36 
-cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 
33£ per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



Par. 



378. On * * * knit fabrics 
* * * made wholly or in part of wool, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
valued at not more than forty cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be three 
times the duty imposed by this section 
on a pound of unwashed wool of the first 
•class; valued at above forty cents per 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 288. * * * knit fabrics, * * * 
wholly or in chief value of wool, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
35 per centum ad valorem; * * * 
stockings, hose and half hose, made on 
knitting machines or frames, composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, not 
specially provided for in this section, 20 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



987 



ACT OF 1909. 

pound and not above seventy cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be four 
times the duty imposed by this section 
on one pound of unwashed wool of the 
first class, and in addition thereto, upon 
all the foregoing, fifty per centum ad 
valorem; valued at over seventy cents 
per pound, the duty per pound shall be 
four times the duty imposed by this sec- 
tion on one pound of unwashed wool of 
the first class and fifty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 382. On * * * * articles of 
wearing apparel of every description, in- 
cluding shawls whether knitted * * * 
and knitted articles of every description 
made up or manufactured wholly or in 
part * * * and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, composed 
whollv or in part of wool, the duty per 
pound shall be four times the duty im- 
posed by this section on one pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in 
addition thereto sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

per centum ad valorem; stockings, hose 
and half hose, selvedged, fashioned, nar- 
rowed, or shaped wholly or in part by 
knitting machines or frames, or knit by 
hand, including such as are commercially 
known as seamless stockings, hose and 
half hose, and clocked stockings, hose 
and half hose, gloves and mittens, all 
of the above, composed wholly or in chief 
value of wool, if valued at not more than 
SI. 20 per dozen pairs, 30 per centum ad 
valorem; if valued at more than $1.20 per 

do/en pairs, 40 per centum ad valorem; 

* # * 

Par. '291. * * * shawls * * * 
knitted * * * and knitted articles of 
every description made up or manufac- 
tured wholly or in part, and not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 



WOOL KNIT FABRICS. 



(See Survey K-3.) 



Description and uses. — Wool knit fabric in the piece, as distinct 
from knitted articles, represents a field in which there has been enor- 
mous development during recent years and in which there is every 
prospect for greater development' in the future. The most common 
form of wool knit fabrics is jersey cloth made on large circular ma- 
chines, but flat machines on which a greater variety of stitch is 
possible are also used. Wool knit fabrics are made in a wide range 
of textures. 

Production. — Statistics for the production of wool knit fabric in the 
piece were not separately stated in former census reports. Cotton 
knit fabric and wool knit fabric amounted to a value of $1,639,612 
in 1914. In 1919 the production of wool knit fabric alone was 
6,055,361 square yards, valued at $13,240,491. Most frequently 
wool knit fabric is made by small concerns which knit woo] articles. 
One or two large concerns have become interested in the piece-goods 
trade. The bulk of the output is consumed by the ready-to-wear 
garment industry, but each year larger quantities are sold at retail. 

Imports recorded as "Wool knit fabrics, not wearing apparel," 
were 13,666 pounds, valued at $14,923, in 1914. Imports since 1917 
have been as follows : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Pounds. 

8,561 

229 

4,123 

1 1, 605 


$16, 164 

679 

12, 181 

1 6, 166 


$5, 657 
238 


1919 


1920 


4,263 


1921 (9 months) 







1 Includes 754 pounds, valued at $1, 842, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 



988 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Wool knit fabric has been 
removed from the paragraph for woven wool cloths (288 of 1913 and 
378 of 1909) and placed here in order to assemble all knit goods 
belonging under the wool schedule. This obviates the danger of 
discrepancies in rates. The same separation and assembling of 
knit goods have been carried out in the other textile schedules. 

WOOL HOSIERY. 



(See Survey K-3.) 

Description. — The three classes of wool hosiery (according to meth- 
ods of manufacture) are covered by this paragraph. These are de- 
scribed under " Cotton hosiery/' paragraph 915. Wool hosiery is 
probably made in a greater variety of colors than either cotton or 
silk hosiery and in a greater range of texture — from the finest 
cashmere, not much heavier than silk, to thick ribbed athletic 
hose. Much of the domestic production is of a cheap coarse grade 
often known as lumbermen's socks, because of its use by men in 
such out-of-door occupations. Imports are largely of the fancy sport 
hose. 

Production of all-wool hosiery declined from 1,985,833 dozen pairs, 
valued at $3,875,486 in 1914, to 1,047,000 dozen pairs, valued at 
$5,397,000 in 1919, while the output of wool and cotton (mixed) 
or " merino" hosiery, increased from 3,059,294 dozen pairs, valued 
at $4,798,949 in 1914, to 4,193,000 dozen pairs, valued at $14,998,000 
in 1919. The proportion of merino to all-wool hosiery has increased 
with each census. The manufacture of wool hosiery is usually carried 
on in connection with that of other wool knit goods, particularly 
gloves and underwear. 

Imports of wool and wool-mixed hosiery in the second half of the 
fiscal year 1914 were 28,827 dozen pairs, valued at $63,310; in 1915, 
70,053 dozen pairs, valued at $168,877. Imports since 1917 are 
recorded as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 




1 Dozen pairs. 
1 448,757 


$2,333,587 

379, 292 

3, 074, 113 

11,428,722 


$933, 339 


1919 




42,747 


151, 706 


1920 




380,449 


1, 225, 910 


1921 (9 months) 




i 229. 075 









* Includes 251,742 pounds, valued at $693,807, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

England is the chief source of supply. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification.— The word " stockings" has 
been omitted since the term "hose and half-hose" is sufficiently in- 
clusive. No subdivision according to methods of manufacture has 
been retained because wool hosiery, other than seamless or fashioned, 
imported under the act of 1913 was only a small proportion of the total. 
The dividing line between value classifications has been raised, as the 
rise in prices since the act of 1913 was passed has thrown almost the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



989 



entire import into the higher category. Value classifications which 
will approximate an equal division of imports are difficult to establish 
at a time when prices are undergoing such radical changes. " Clocked " 
hosiery has been omitted from this paragraph. (See par. 915, p. 
890 for explanation.) 



WOOL GLOVES AND MITTENS. 



(See Survey K-3.) 



Description and uses. — Wool gloves and mittens may be cut from 
jersey cloth and stitched to shape; they may be knit continuously, 
so that no seams are required in the finishing; or they may be fash- 
ioned in the knitting with selvaged edges. Gloves are of all three 
types; mittens, as a rule, are seamless. 

Production. — No statistics are available for former census years. 
Production in 1919 amounted to 239,984 dozen pairs of woolen and 
worsted gloves, valued at $1,235,140. The industry is conducted by 
about 50 concerns, which vary from small establishments equipped 
with less than a dozen machines to large organizations capitalized at 
one-half to a million dollars, but in almost every instance wool knit 
goods other than gloves are also manufactured. 

Imports in the second half of the fiscal year 1914 were 26,126 dozen 
pairs, valued at $40,343; in 1915, 148,377 dozen pairs, valued at 
$218,194. Imports since 1917 are recorded as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 


Dozen pairs. 
224, 494 
39, 135 
48, 221 

i 84, 768 


$1, 718, 353 

315, 513 

273, 286 

i 231, 447 


$687, 324 


1919 


126, 200 


1920 


109, 298 


1921 (9 months) 









1 Includes 70,038 pounds, valued at $155,253, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

The United Kingdom is the main source of imports, normally sup- 
plying over nine-tenths of the total. The record import, attained in 
1918, was due to war demands and was mainly supplied by Canada. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The same change has been 
made in the value dividing line as in hose and half hose. Gloves and 
mittens are retained in the clause with hosiery rather than trans- 
ferred to the clause covering outerwear, because, like hosiery, the 
commercial unit is the dozen, and retention in this classification Avill 
more likely insure separate statistical record with the dozen as the 
unit of quantity. Moreover, the manufacture of gloves and mittens 
is no more closely allied to the manufacture of outerwear than to that 
of hosiery. They are frequently made in connection with one or the 
other or both, and there are some concerns which make only gloves 
and mittens. Like hosiery, gloves and mittens are more highly stand- 
ardized than outerwear and less subject to style variation. There 
may be certain popular models, but fewer varieties and less marked 
differences from season to season are demanded for gloves and mittens 
than for sweaters and other articles of outer apparel. There is no 
apparent reason why gloves and mittens should carry a higher rate 
of duty than hosiery; hence the classification with hosiery seems 
more logical. 



990 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

WOOL KNIT UNDERWEAR. 

(See Survey K-3.) 

Description and uses. — The different types of knit underwear are 
described under the paragraph on knit cotton underwear (par. 916). 
Most of the wool underwear produced in the United States is made 
from tubular fabric knit on circular machines. There is very little 
demand for full-fashioned underwear. 

Production of all-wool and wool-mixed knit shirts and drawers 
increased from 1,808,000 dozen, valued at $12,677,000, in 1914 to 
2,164,000 dozen, valued at $22,677,000, in 1919, and union suits from 
633,000 dozen, valued at $8,197,000, in 1914 to 1,211,000 dozen, val- 
ued at $23,418,000, in 1919. Less than one-eighth of the foregoing 
consisted of all-wool underwear. 

Imports of wool knit underwear and outerwear are included under 
the classification " Wool knitted articles, n. s. p. f.," from which knit- 
ted shawls, hosiery, and gloves and mittens are excluded by special 
mention. Imports of wool knitted articles were valued at $415,773 
in 1914. 

Imports of "wool knitted articles, n.s.p.f.," since 1917 are recorded 
by calendar years as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




$756, 894 
264, 911 


$109, 303 
39, 256 


$215,094 
75, 282 


i $132, 823 


Duty 









1 Includes $16, 574 imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification, etc. — See under "Wool Knit 
Outerwear/' etc., Mow. 

WOOL KNIT OUTERWEAR AND OTHER ARTICLES, N. S. P. F. 
(See Survey K-3.) 

Description and uses.— -The demand for wool knit outerwear has 
grown rapidly in the last few years, especially for such garments as 
sweaters, toques, scarfs, and bathing suits. Knit outerwear, like 
other types of knit goods, may be fashioned or may be cut from 
knit fabric. It is more frequently fashioned than is underwear. 

Production of wool knit articles of outerwear is not stated sepa- 
rately from those of other fibers. 

Imports are not separately recorded, being included under imports 
of "wool knitted articles, n. s. p. f., ;j shown above. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — It has been considered advis- 
able to mention specifically knit underwear and outerwear in this 
paragraph, as the two represent entirely distinct industries. The 
development of the knit outerwear industry during the last few 
years makes it particularly desirable to have separate statistics of 
imports. The word "crocheted" has been inserted in the classifica- 
tion concerning outerwear and other knit articles because crocheted 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



991 



foods, although differing in process of production, are similar to 
nit goods in appearance and use. 

Suggested changes. — The words "and not specially provided for ,r 
might be inserted after the words "not constituting chief value" in 
the clause concerning outerwear in order that "other articles" in 
this clause mav not conflict with the articles enumerated above. 



PARAGRAPH 1116. 



H. B. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 11] 6. Clothing and articles of 
Wearing apparel of every description, not 
knit or crocheted, manufactured wholly 
or in part, made of wool or of which wool 
is a component part, whether or not 
constituting chief value, valued at not 
more than S2.50 per pound, 20 cents per 
pound and, in addition thereto, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
S2.50 but not more than $5 per pound, 
25 cents per pound and, in addition 
thereto, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
valued at more than $5 per pound, 36 
cents per pound and, in addition thereto, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 382. On clothing, ready-made, 
and articles of wearing apparel of every 
description, including shawls * * * 
woven, * * * and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in part of wool, the duty per 
pound shall be four times the duty im- 
posed by this section on one pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in 
addition thereto sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 291. Clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every 
description, including shawls * * * 
woven *> *t * made up or manufac- 
tured wholly or in part, and not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, 35 per 
centum ad valorem. 



WOOL WEARING APPAREL, N. S. P. F. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph covers wearing apparel of 
every description, manufactured wholly or in part of wool, camel's 
hair, mohair, alpaca, and the like, not knit or crocheted, and not 
specially provided for. Articles excluded by virtue of special pro- 
vision elsewhere are garters, suspenders, braces, and other articles 
made from narrow wares (par. 1114); knit goods (par. 1115); and 
apparel ornamented with lace, embroidery, etc. (par. 1430) . 

Production is not recorded. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1915 were valued at $1,368,866, including 
wool nats to the value of $49,081, but not including any knit goods. 
Similar imports since 1917 by calendar years are recorded as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Value 


$4,894,021 
1,712,907 


$1,425,890 
499,062 


$5,011,135 
1,753,892 


i $2, 379, 715 


Duty 









Includes 328,394 pounds, valued at $1,465,158, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 



992 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports are mainly from the United Kingdom; in 1920 relatively 
small amounts came from France, Canada, and Switzerland. 

Exports are larger than imports; in the fiscal year 1914 they were 
valued at $2,148,235. Later exports by calendar years have been as 
follows : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



For men and boys. . . 
For women and girls 

Total 



$2,797,704 
1,441,558 



$10,401,744 
4, 263, 325 



85,386,441 
2,773,975 



4,239,262 



14,665,069 



8, 160, 416 



$1,193,918 
1,443,717 



2,637,635 



In 1920 the largest purchaser of American clothing for men and 
boys was Kussia in Asia; Poland and Danzig, Canada, Mexico, and 
British South Africa in the order named followed. 

Canada was the largest purchaser of clothing for women and girls ; 
Poland and Danzig, Germany, Mexico, and France were the next 
best markets. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph has been drawn 
to exclude all wearing apparel that is knitted or crocheted, these 
being provided for in paragraph 1115. The word " ready-made" has 
been omitted as unnecessary because this paragraph covers wearing 
apparel whether ready-made or custom-made. The scope of this para- 
graph has been extended beyond that of paragraph 291 of the act of 
1913, and 382 of the act of 1909, by the provision that it shall include 
all wearing apparel made of w r ool " whether or not constituting chief 
value." 



PARAGRAPH 1117. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1117. Oriental, Axminster, Sa- 
vonnerie, Aubusson, and other carpets 
and rugs, not made on a power-driven 
loom ; carpets and rugs of oriental weave 
or weaves, produced on a power-driven 
loom; chenille Axminster carpets and 
rugs, whether woven as separate carpets 
and rugs or in rolls of any width; all the 
foregoing, plain or figured, 5 cents per 
square foot and, in addition thereto, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 384. Aubusson, Axminster, mo- 
quette, and chenille carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, sixty cents per 
square yard and in addition thereto forty 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 391. Carpets of every description, 
woven whole for rooms, and Oriental, Ber- 
lin, Aubusson, Axminster, and similar 
rugs, ten cents per square foot and forty 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, That in 
the measurement of all mats, rugs, carpets 
and similar articles, of whatever material 
composed, the selvage, if any, shall be in- 
cluded. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 293. Aubusson, Axminster, mo- 
quette, and chenille carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, 35 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 300. Carpets of every description, 
woven whole for rooms, and Oriental, 
Berlin, Aubusson, Axminister, and simi- 
lar rugs, 50 per centum ad valorem . 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 993 

HANDMADE CARPETS AND RUGS, CHENILLE AXMINSTERS, ETC. 

(See Survey K-6.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph includes the following types 
of carpets and rugs: (1) Handmade, usually knotted-pile fabrics; 
(2) machine-made knotted-pile fabrics; and (3) chenille Axminsters. 

Handmade knotted-pile floor coverings include both the oriental 
and the European hand- tufted rugs. The term oriental rug includes 
the hand products not only of countries of the Near East, such as 
Persia and Turkey, but also similar products of India, China, and 
other countries of the Middle and Far East. This hand industry, as 
a whole confining its operations to the production of the finest 
qualities of handmade rugs, has managed to survive, although on a 
limited scale. Oriental rugs are usually produced in the home and 
with primitive appliances. The foundation threads are generally of 
linen or hemp and these are covered with a pile consisting of tufts of 
wool knotted to the warp by the weaver's fingers. The design re- 
quired is produced by using tufts of different colors. Such rugs are 
fundamentally superior to machine-made goods in that the knot is the 
best method of securing the pile to the warp. The permanence thus 
secured, the individuality attaching to each rug because of manu- 
facture by hand, and the oriental or exotic designs make them very 
popular. 

European hand-tufted rugs are usually produced in workshops 
having improved appliances and where better materials are used 
than those employed in oriental rugs, but although the two varieties 
differ in design the details of their manufacture are essentially the 
same. Typical European hand-tufted rugs are the "real" Axmins- 
ter, the Savonnerie, and the Aubusson; there are also less important 
varieties, such as the Berlin, which are not specifically mentioned. 

Until recently it was thought impossible to develop a power 
loom which would make carpets and rugs of oriental weave; that 
is, with knotted pile. A loom has, however, been invented that 
produces a fabric of similar structure. Pile yarns are inserted 
vertically between the warp threads as required and knotted 
into place by a mechanical crossing and recrossing of alternate 
warp threads. 3 One such loom is in operation in the United States 
and there are two or three in Europe. 

Chenille Axminsters are mainly high-priced articles and their 
manufacture, although on a power loom, closely approaches the 
handicraft method of production. The preparation of the chenille, 
or "fur" as it is known in the trade, necessitates the preliminary 
weaving of a special cloth which is cut in strips and twisted to make 
a tufted yarn. The loom has to be stopped while the fur is being 
aligned in position; it is then started up to throw in binding picks, 
and again stopped to align another row of fur. The loom therefore 
is operated only intermittently and considerable handwork is involved. 
The warp binder threads are of cotton; the stuff er or backing threads 
used in the warp are of jute; for weft threads which do not appear on 
the surface there may be used jute or coarse woolen yarns (the 
latter often containing a large percentage of hair). 

• A technical description of this loom is to be found in the Scientific American of June 6, 1914. 
82304—22 63 



994 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The " Smyrna' ' rug resembles the chenille Axminster, although it 
is inferior; as yet, however, it is made only in this country. It is so 
woven that the chenille or fur projects on both sides, making a re- 
versible piece of goods. The warp yarns are usually of cotton, and 
the filling yarns, which are inserted between the rows of fur, are 
usually of jute. 

Production. — Handmade knotted-pile carpets and rugs are not 
made in tjj£ United States. One loom is in operation which produces 
a knotted-pile fabric very similar to the handmade article. 

Chenille Axminster rugs, woven whole ■, were 178,000 square yards, 
valued at $715,000 in 1914; and 310,000 square yards, valued at 
$2,527,000 in 1919. Smyrna rugs, woven whole, were 822,000 square 
yards, valued at $871,000, in 1914; and 808,000 square yards, valued 
at $1,914,000, in 1919. 

Imports. — Imports which would be dutiable under the wording of 
paragraph 1117 are not determinable precisely owing to the listing of 
imports of cheniUe Axminsters with other machine-made Axminsters. 
Imports listed as "carpets woven whole for rooms, and oriental, 
Berlin, Aubusson, Axminster, and other similar rugs" would practi- 
cally all fall under paragraph 1117. Imports by calendar years since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valo- 
rem rate. 


CARPETS WOVEN WHOLE FOR ROOMS, AND ORIENTAL, BERLIN, AUBUSSON, 
AXMINSTER, AND OTHER SIMILAR RUGS. 


1918.:.. 


Sq. yards. 

• 268,897 

391,592 

925, 453 

1684,741 


$1,257,399 
2,529,692 
7,808,031 

14,964,253 


$628,699 
1,264,846 
3,904,015 


Per cent. 
50 


1919 


50 


1920 . 


50 


1921 (9 months) j 










AUBUSSON, AXMINSTER, MOQUETTE, AND CHENILLE CARPETS, AND CARPETS 
AND CARPETING OF LIKE CHARACTER. 


1918 


43,397 

55,898 

233,535 

2 194,351 


$220,269 
290,497 
993,077 

2 885,414 


$77,094 
101,674 
347,577 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 











i Includes 511 square yards, valued at $3,295, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 
2 Includes 759 square yards, valued at $1,951, imported under emergency tariff act of 1921. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The number of tariff para- 
graphs heretofore devoted to carpets and rugs of wool — for instance, 1 1 
in the act of 1909 and the same number in the act of 1913 — has 
been disproportionately large. In wording this bill it was decided to 
use only three paragraphs : One to cover wool carpets and rugs that are 
distinctively luxuries, another to include all other varieties of carpets 
and rugs made with the use of .wool, and a third to cover special articles 
made from wool carpets or rugs. These paragraphs are numbered 
1117, 1118, and 1119, respectively. 

The intent of paragraph 1117 is to include only such carpets and 
rugs as are distinctively luxuries. Falling within this classification 
are handmade carpets and rugs such as the oriental, "real-" Axmin- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 995 

ster, Savonnerie, and Aubusson, and also chenille Axminsters which, 
although made on a power loom, necessitate a large amount of hand- 
work and are costly goods which are in much the same class as hand- 
made goods. There is also included " carpets and rugs of oriental 
weave or weaves, produced on a power-driven loom." The term 
" oriental weave or weaves" means woven similar to the oriental; 
that is, with knotted pile. This provision at present covers the 
product of only one loom, that invented by J. K. Dalkranian, but 
is inserted because of possible future developments in the production 
of knotted-pile carpets by machinery. 

The compensatory duty of 5 cents per square foot is based on evi- 
dence obtamed in a careful study of the domestic carpet industry by 
the Tariff Commission. (See Tariff Information Survey K-6, " Car- 
pets and rugs of wool.") The average weight of wool yarn per square 
yard in the chenille Axminsters reported to the commission was 3.82 
pounds, and statements from the trade show that on an average about 
60 pounds of yarn were produced from 100 pounds of carpet wool in 
the condition in which imported. The maximum duty applicable 
to carpet wool entered under paragraph 1101 would be 7 cents a 
pound. The duty paid on the wool required per pound of yarn would 
therefore be 7 divided by 0.60, or 11§ cents. The wool duty for a 
square yard of chenille Axminster would be 11§ X3.82, or 44.57 cents 
per square yard, and this divided by 9 is 4.95 cents per square foot. 
A round figure of 5 cents per square foot was therefore suggested and 
adopted for the compensatory duty. This is considered liberal, par- 
ticularly as much of the carpet wool dutiable under paragraph 1101 
would, by virtue of the ad valorem clause, pay less duty than 7 cents 
a pound. 



PARAGRAPH 1118. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1118. Axminster carpets and rugs, 
not specially provided for, and carpets 
and rugs of like character or description, 
2 cents per square foot; Wilton carpets 
and rugs, and carpets and rugs of like 
character or description, 3 cents per 
square foot; Brussels carpets and rugs, 
and carpets and rugs of like character or 
description, 2 cents per square foot; 
velvet and tapestry carpets and rugs, and 
carpets and rugs of like character or 
description, 1^ cents per square foot; 
and, in addition thereto, on all the fore- 
foing, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Ingrain carpets, and ingrain rugs or 
art squares, of whatever material com- 
posed, and carpets and rugs of like char- 
acter and description, not specially pro- 
vided for, 1 cent per square foot and, in 
addition thereto, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 

All other floor coverings, including: mats 
and druggets, not specially provided for. 



996 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

composed wholly or in part of wool, 
whether or not constituting chief value, 
2 cents per square foot and, in addition 
thereto, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Parts of any of the foregoing shall be 
dutiable at the rate provided for the 
complete article. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 384. * * .* Axminster, mo- 
quette, and chenille carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, sixty cents per 
square yard and in addition thereto forty 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 385. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay 
velvet carpets, figured or plain, and all 
carpets or carpeting of like character or 
description, sixty cents per square yard 
and in addition thereto forty per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 386. Brussels carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, forty-four cents 
per square yard and in addition thereto 
forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 387. Velvet and tapestry velvet 
carpets, figured or plain, printed on the 
warp or otherwise, and all carpets or 
carpeting of like character or description, 
forty cents per square yard and in addi- 
tion thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 388. Tapestry Brussels carpets, 
figured or plain, and all carpets or carpet- 
ing of like character or description, 
printed on the warp or otherwise, twenty- 
eight cents per square yard and in addi- 
tion thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 389. Treble ingrain, three-ply, 
and all chain Venetian carpets, twenty- 
two cents per square yard and in addition 
thereto 40 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 390. Wool Dutch and two-ply in- 
grain carpets, 18 cents per square yard 
and in addition thereto forty per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 392. Druggets and bookings, 
printed, colored, or otherwise, twenty- 
two cents per square yard and in addition 
thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 393. Carpets and carpeting of 
wool, * * * not specially provided 
for in this section, * * * fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 394. Mats, rugs for floors, * * * 
bedsides, art squares, and other portions 
of carpete or carpeting made wholly or in 
part of wool, and not specially provided 
for in this section, shall be subjected to 
the rate of duty herein imposed on carpets 
or carpetings of like character or descrip- 
tion. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 






ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 293. * * * Axminster, mo- 
quette, and chenille carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, 35 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 294. Saxony, Wilton, and Tour- 
nay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and 
all carpets or carpeting of like character 
or description, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 295. Brussels carpets, figured or 
plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 296. Velvet and tapestry velvet 
carpets, figured or plain, printed on the 
warp or otherwise, and all carpets or car- 
peting of like character or description, 30 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 297. Tapestry Brussels carpets, 
figured or plain, and all carpets or carpet- 
ing of like character or description, 
printed on the warp or otherwise, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 298. Treble ingrain, three-ply, 
and all-chain Venetian carpets, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 299. Wool Dutch and two-ply in- 
grain carpets, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 301. Druggets and bookings, 
printed, colored, or otherwise, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 302. Carpets and carpeting of 
wool * * * or composed in part of 
either of them [wool or cotton], not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, 
* * * 20 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 303. Mats, rugs for floors, * * * 
bedsides, art squares, and other portions 
of carpets or carpeting, composed wholly 
or in part of wool, and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, shall be sub- 
jected to the rate of duty herein imposed 
on carpets or carpeting of like character 
or description. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 997 

CARPETS AND RUGS, N. S. P. F. 

(See Survey K-6.) 

Description and uses. — The carpets and rugs covered by this para- 
graph may be divided into four classes. 

(1) Axminster carpets and rugs, not specially provided for, signifies 
Axminsters other than the handmade ("real") Axminsters and the 
chenille Axminsters. The machine-made Axminsters here covered 
are sometimes known as "spool" Axminsters, a term derived from the 
fact that the pile yarns are, in weaving, drawn from wide spools, each 
spool being as wide as the loom. The spool Axminster is an imitation 
of the oriental weave, in that the pile threads are drawn from outside 
and not formed from the warp ; it differs from it in that the pile is not 
knotted to the warp threads but inserted around a filling thread and 
bound in by additional filling threads. It is made with uncut loop 
pile. The materials consist of cotton or linen for the binding warp; 
jute for stuff er warp, float and bottom or back weft; cotton, linen, or 
jute for top and binding weft; and worsted yarn of good quality for 
the fur or tufts. Weight and firmness are supplied by the jute and 
cotton threads and the worsted yarn gives the surface only. 

(2) Wilton, Brussels, velvet, and tapestry carpets form a distinct 
class, being warp-pile fabrics having a foundation made with warp 
and filling and a surface made of an extra set of warp threads woven 
over wires. 

The Wilton is a cut-pile fabric and the better varieties rank among 
the highest examples of machine-made floor coverings. The warp is 
usually of cotton and the weft yarns of either cotton or jute. The 
extra warp threads to form the piles are drawn from superimposed 
frames of spools at the back of the loom; the spools in each frame are 
usually of a single color and the fabric therefrom known as a "five- 
frame" or "six-frame" Wilton; the larger the number of frames the 
greater variation of color and design obtainable. These pile-warp 
threads may be either woolen or worsted yarn. The term Saxony 
usually signifies a Wilton made with woolen pile yarns. 

The Brussels is a loop (uncut) pile fabric, durable and of high 
quality. It is made in much the same manner as the Wilton, drawing 
tne dyed warp-pile yarns from frames of spools at the back of the 
loom, but differing in construction in certain details. The pile is 
always worsted yarn; the warp is of jute, and the weft yarns of linen 
or jute; sometimes jute stuff er threads are inserted to give greater 
bulk and weight to the goods. 

Velvet (sometimes known as tapestry velvet) is a cut-pile fabric 
made in imitation of the Wilton but cheaper and less durable. Instead 
of a design formed from dyed warp-pile yarns, the pattern is printed 
on the pile warp. As this printed pile is used only for the surface 
there is a smaller proportion of wool and a larger proportion of jute 
and cotton than is the case in Wiltons in which the dyed pile when not 
used to form pile is buried in the body of the fabric. Tournay velvet 
is a type of velvet carpeting of fine quality. 

Tapestry (sometimes known as tapestry Brussels) is a loop (uncut) 
pile fabric made in imitation of the Brussels. The pattern is printed 
on the warp and this, as for velvet, permits a greater economy of wool; 
the fabric produced is cheaper but less durable than the Brussels. 



998 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



(3) Ingrain carpets differ from all the preceding in that they are 
not pile fabrics but multiple cloths. The primary meaning of the 
term " ingrain" is "dyed in the grain"; that is, yarn dyed. Ingrain 
carpets are composed of two or more webs, each with its own warp and 
filling of a distinctive color. The superimposed webs are interlaced in 
weaving and the design is secured by bringing to the surface, from 
either the warp or the filling, the color required. Three-ply or treble 
ingrain has three sets of warp and filling interlaced; it is possible in 
this type to have six colors, a different one for each warp and filling, 
instead of four as in two-ply ingrain. Venetian is an inexpensive 
ingrain carpet, made with worsted or cotton warp and jute filling, and 
used only for stairs and hallways. The warp predominates on the face 
to such an extent that it is sometimes known as " all-chain" (meaning 
" all-warp ") Venetian. Ingrain rugs woven in one piece are known as 
art squares. " Wool Dutch," a term now obsolete, was used to desig- 
nate a coarse heavy carpet, woven in stripes and similar in appearance 
to ingrain. Production of the old-fashioned wool ingrain carpeting 
has practically ceased in this country; but the production of fiber 
(paper) and wool and fiber floor coverings on ingrain looms has 
grown to large proportions. 

(4) "All other floor coverings, including mats and druggets, not 
specially provided for, composed wholly or in part of wool, whether or 
not constituting chief value" is a basket clause that covers a number 
of miscellaneous floor coverings. Mats are small rugs not longer than 
36 inches and not wider than 18 inches. A mat or small rug for use at 
the side of a bed is a "bedside," but this term is now rarely used. The 
term " druggets," also " bookings," a more obsolete term, was formerly 
used to mean coarse woolen cloths, felted or woven, used for floor 
coverings; druggets now usually signify a lighter woven cloth that is 
used to cover carpets in summer time or to substitute therefor. Felt 
carpets are included in this catch-all provision. 

Production in 1914 and 1919 was recorded by the Federal Census as 
follows : 



Carpets and rugs. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1914 


1919 


1914 


1919 


Axminster and moquette 


Sg. yds. 
15,742,000 
5,616,000 
2,695,000 
13,228,000 
13,615,000 
8,973,000 
4,169,000 


Sq. yds. 
14,700,000 
4,959,000 

785,000 
9,865,000 
9, 996, COO 
1,956,000 
6,829,000 

290,000 
1,493,000 


$18,579,000 
11,930,000 
3,986,000 
12,867,000 
9,853,000 
3,406,000 
1,543,000 


§35,503,000 


Wilton 


23,431,000 
2, 188, 000 


Brussels 


Tapestry velvet 


20,626,000 


Tapestry Brussels 


13,119,000 


Ingrain, including art squares 


1,770,000 


Wool and paper 

Colonial or rag 


6,248,000 
505,000 


All other 


1,302,000 


933,000 


2, 246, 000 






Total 


65,340,000 


50,873,000 


63,097,000 


105,636,000 



If the chenille Axminster and Smyrna types (dutiable under par. 
1117) be added, the grand total for the American production of carpets 
and rugs is 66,340,000 square yards, valued at $64,683,000, in 1914; 
and 51,991,000 square yards, valued at $110,077,000, in 1919. As this 
decrease in quantity of production was accompanied by a greater 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



999 



decrease in imports and is a continuation of a decline that began earlier 
(for instance, production in 1904 totaled 82,670,000 square yards and 
in 1909, 81,219,000 square yards), it is evident that the demand for 
carpets and rugs in general is declining in this country. This is 
largely explained by two factors, the increasing use of hardwood floors, 
requiring less carpeting, and the substitution of other styles of floor 
covering, such as felt base fabrics, linoleums, and grass rugs. 

In spite of this decline the United States continues to rank as the 
world's largest producer of carpets and rugs of wool. 

Imports of machine-made carpets and rugs of wool constitute less 
than 1 per cent of the domestic production. Imports of goods cov- 
ered by this paragraph during the fiscal years ended June 30, 1914 
and 1919, were as follows: 



Carpets and rugs. 



Quantity. 



1914 



1919 



Value. 



1914 



1919 



Axminster and moquette 

Wilton, Saxony, and Tournay velvet 

Brussels 

Velvet and tapestry velvet 

Tapestry Brussels 

Ingrain 

All other 

TotaP 



Sq. yds. 
C 1 ). 

34,606 
6,760 

41,467 
8,730 
9,372 

56, 543 



Sq. yds. 

1,126 

122 

-2,484 

■11,779 

10, 481 
8,272 



C 1 ) 

$64,851 

8,110 

88,050 

7,083 

150 

66, 538 



0) 

$5, 857 

468 

15,971 

13,568 

353 

9,390 



157, 478 



34, 264 



234, 782 



44,607 



1 Imports of spool Axminsters here dutiable not recorded separately. See imports under preceding 
paragraph. 

2 Exclusive of spool Axminsters. 

It is obvious from the above that imports of Wilton, Brussels, 
velvet, tapestry, ingrain, and other machine-made carpets included 
under this paragraph are too small to affect the domestic market. 

Exports of machine-made carpets and rugs included under this 
paragraph are not recorded separately but are now larger than im- 
ports. As an indication, Canadian statistics for the fiscal year 
ended March 31, 1921, record imports of carpets and rugs from the 
United States valued at $71,509, in addition to $198,696 worth of 
" Oriental and handwoven squares" which, as they are not made in 
the United States, were probably reexports. 

Important changes in classification. — The intent of this paragraph 
is to cover all carpets and rugs which contain any wool, other than 
those that are strictly luxuries provided for in paragraph 1117; 
but the first two sentences of the paragraph are not restricted to 
wool. 

This paragraph includes (1) Axminsters, other than the handmade 
and the chenille Axminsters; (2) warp-pile, such as the Wilton, 
Brussels, velvet, and tapestry; (3) ingrain; and (4) all other floor 
coverings, not specially provided for, which contain any wool. 

The floor coverings thus covered in one paragraph .concisely 
worded have in past acts required several paragraphs and these were 
worded more loosely and contained terms which are to-day obsolete 
or else designations of varieties covered by other terms. 

Terms used in previous acts and here omitted include moquette 
(a variety of spool Axminster) ; Saxony (a variety of Wilton) ; Tour- 



1000 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



nay velvet (a variety of velvet) ; two-ply, three-ply, treble, all-chain 
Venetian, and wool Dutch (all varieties of ingrain) ; booking (an 
obsolete term for a coarse woolen cloth similar to the drugget) ; and 
bedsides (small mats or rugs). There has also been omitted the 
perplexing phrase " carpets woven whole for rooms," as well as the 
phrase ''rugs for floors," and the Tariff Commission recommendation 
was adopted to omit any differentiation between carpets and rugs 
and to base the tariff classifications solely on method of manufacture. 
The compensatory duties used for wool pile carpets in this para- 
graph were derived by calculations similar to that stated in para- 
graph 1117. They are based on the highest duty (7 cents a pound) 
applicable to carpet wool under paragraph 1101, and a yield of 
60 pounds of yarn from 100 pounds of carpet wool in the condition 
imported. The calculations, and compensatory duties based thereon, 
are as follows : 



Average 

weight of 

wool yarn 

per square 

yard of 

carpet. 



Duty paid on wool. 



In each 

pound of 

yarn. 



In each 
square 
yard of 
carpet. 



In each 
square 
foot of 
carpet. 



Compensa- 
tory duty 



per square 
foot of 
carpet. 



Axminster, n. s. p. f 

Wilton 

Brussels 

Velvet 

Tapestry 



Pounds. 

1.42 

2.31 

1.52 

.96 

.47 



Cents. 



us 
111 

11§ 
111 

111 



Cents. 
16.57 
26.95 
17.85 
10.62 
5.48 



Cents. 
1.84 
2.99 
1.98 
1.18 
0.69 



Cents. 



These compensatory duties are considered liberal, particularly as 
much of the carpet wool dutiable under paragraph 1101 would, by 
virtue of the ad valorem clause, pay less duty than 7 cents a pound. 

Ingrain carpets and rugs are assigned a compensatory duty of 
1 cent per square foot. Wool yarns used in such goods are generally 
of the poorest class of carpet wools, the duty on which, under para- 
graph 1101, would generally be less than 7 cents a pound. At 
present only a small amount of wool ingrain is made in this country; 
in most ingrains the yarns are now in part or in whole of " fiber" 
(paper). 

"All other" floor coverings cover various types and the compensa- 
tory duty has been made the same as that assigned to Brussels and 
spool Axminsters on the assumption that they will be mostly medium 
grade goods with approximately the same percentage of wool to 
total weight. 

Specific mention of carpets and carpeting of cotton, n. s. p. f. 
(par. 393, act of 1909, and 302, act of 1913), has been omitted, with 
the intent that these shall fall under the basket proviso in paragraph 
1020. 



PARAGRAPH 1119. 
H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1119. Screens, hassocks, and all 
other articles composed wholly or in part 
of carpets or rugs, and not specially pro- 
vided for, 22 per centum ad valorem 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1001 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 394. * * * screens, covers, has- 
socks, * * * made wholly or in part 
of wool, and not specially provided for in 
this section, shall be subjected to the rate 
of duty herein imposed on carpets or 
carpetings of like character or description. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 303. * * * screens, covers, has- 
socks, * * * composed wholly or in 
part of wool, and not specially provided 
for in this section, shall be subjected to 
the rate of duty herein imposed on car- 
pets or carpeting of like character or de- 
scription. 



ARTICLES MADE FROM CARPETS. 

Description and uses. — Carpets and rugs are not infrequently used 
in making other articles. Screens made of such materials are here 
dutiable, as also are hassocks, which are thick, hard cushions used for 
footstools. These are mentioned specifically only as an indication of 
the scope of the paragraph, which would include any article made in 
whole or in part from carpets or rugs. 

Production, imports, and exports are not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph is a modifica- 
tion of a part of paragraphs 394, act of 1909, and 303, act of 1913, 
and is intended to secure separate enumeration of articles made from 
carpets and rugs. This provision would include articles made wholly 
or in part of carpets or rugs, whatever the materials might be, and 
whether or not any wool be used. It does not include any such floor 
coverings themselves. 



PARAGRAPH 1120. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1120. All manufactures not spe- 
cially provided for, composed of wool or of 
which wool is a component part, whether 
or not constituting chief value, 25 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 378. On * * * all manufac- 
tures of every description made wholly or 
in part of wool, not specially provided foT 
in this section, valued at not more than 
fortv cents per pound, the duty per pound 
shall be three times the duty imposed 
by this section on a pound of unwashed 
^ : ool of the first class; valued at above 
forty cents per pound and not above 
seventy cents per pound, the duty 
per pound shall be four times the 
duty imposed by this section on one 
pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class, and in addition thereto, upon 
all the foregoing, fifty per centum ad 
valorem; valued at over seventy cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be four 
times the duty imposed by this section on 
one pound of unwashed wool of the first 
class and fifty-five per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 288. * * * all manufactures of 
every description made, by any process, 
wholly or in chief value of wool, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
35 per centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

Par. 308. * * * and all manufac- 
tures of every description made by any 
process, wholly or in chief value of the 
hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other 
like animals, not specially provided for in 
this section, 40 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 289. Blankets, * * * com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of wool, 25 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



1002 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 379. * * * On blankets com- 
posed wholly or in part of wool, valued at 
more than fifty cents per pound, the duty 
per pound shall be three times the duty 
imposed by this section on one pound of 
unwashed wool of the first class, and in 
addition thereto forty per centum ad 
valorem. * * * Provided, That on 
blankets over three yards in length the 
same duties shall be paid as on cloths. 

BASKET PARAGRAPH OF WOOL SCHEDULE. 

Description and uses. — The basket paragraph for the wool schedule 
is intended to cover miscellaneous articles, in whole or in part of 
wool, which are not individually important enough to be specially 
provided for. Among the items covered are articles of furniture in 
chief value of wool; fancy baskets composed of willow or metal and 
wool; cotton quilts with wool fringe; dolls' wigs of goat hair attached 
to a cotton foundation; dusters having strips of wool cloth attached 
to a wooden handle; hat crowns of wool and silk; musical instru- 
ment key pads of leather, cotton, and wool; penwipers, for use or 
for ornament, containing wool; and scapulars of wool and cotton, 
with religious emblems printed thereon. It also includes manufac- 
tures of woven felt, such as endless belts used by paper makers; all 
blankets, containing wool, other than those mentioned in paragraph 
1112, and carriage and automobile robes, steamer rugs, and the like. 

Production. — It is impossible to make up an inclusive total of 
domestic output for contrast with imports under a basket paragraph. 
However, the production of carriage robes was 1,768,000 square 
yards, valued at $1,231,000, in 1914; and 2,197,000 square yards 
(2,470,000 pounds), valued at $3,845,000, in 1919; the production 
of endless belts, largely paper makers' felts, was valued at $4,164,186 
in 1914. 

Imports of manufactures of wool not specially provided for were 
valued at $658,337 in the fiscal year 1914, and at $1,112,678 in the 
calendar year 1920. These figures can hardly be used in contrast, 
however, since the list of unenumerated articles under paragraph 1120 
of H. R. 7456 will be somewhat different from that of preceding acts. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification . — Heretofore manufactures of 
wool not specially provided for have been included in paragraphs 
(such as 378 of 1909 and 288 of 1913) which also covered other goods 
specifically mentioned. A basket or catchall paragraph is here pro- 
vided, in accordance with the logical arrangement usual in the other 
textile schedules, to include all manufactures, in whole or in part of 
wool, which are not provided for elsewhere. 

Inasmuch as many of these miscellaneous articles, such as fancy 
baskets, wooden-handled dusters, musical instrument key pads, etc., 
would be in. part of other materials, it was considered inadvisable to 
attempt a compensatory wool duty based on the total weight of the 
article, or to have a compensatory wool duty based on the weight 
of wool contained in the article, as this latter would in many instances 
involve destructive analysis. For these reasons the duty on such 
miscellaneous articles is made a straight ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1003 

The wool schedule of H. R. 7456 provides for manufactures in part 
of wool, whereas the wool schedule of the tariff act of 1913 requires 
manufactures to be wholly or in chief value of wool. The other 
textile schedules require cotton, flax, silk, etc., to be in chief value. 
The general rule of construction is that a provision for manufactures 
in chief value of a material is more specific than a provision for 
manufactures in part of a material. However, in prior tariff acts an 
exception has been made of manufactures in part of wool. Thus, in 
the act of 1897 there was a proviso to paragraph 391 reading: 

Provided, That all manufactures, of which wool is a component material, shall be 
classified and assessed for duty as manufactures of wool. 

And in the act of 1909 there was a proviso to paragraph 403 reading: 

tided, That all manufactures of silk enumerated under any paragraph of this 
schedule, if composed in any part of wool, shall be classified and assessed for duty 
as manufactures of wool. 

There is no such provision in the act of 1913. 

Under H. R. 7456 as passed by the House of Representatives, 
articles in chief value of some other textile than wool, or in chief 
value of india rubber, might be held not to come within the wool 
schedule, although in substantial part of wool, in cases where the 
same descriptive terms, such as " wearing apparel" or f! manufac- 
tures", are used in the paragraph requiring the particular material 
to constitute chief value of the article and in the paragraph per- 
mitting the particular component material to constitute a minor part 
of the article. Thus a provision for " manufactures in chief value of 
india rubber" might govern as against a provision for " manufac- 
tures in part of wool," but a different situation would be presented 
if the competing provisions were such as " wearing apparel in part of 
wool," and "manufactures in chief value of india rubber", (or of 
any other material other than wool). The expression "whether or 
not constituting chief value" in H. R. 7456 is, however, broader in 
form than usual. 

Suggested changes. — Because there is no compensatory duty, a 
straight ad valorem duty does not give fancy blankets, traveling 
rugs, etc., the equality of treatment accorded other manufactures of 
wool that are specially provided for. It is suggested that, in lieu 
of a compensatory duty in this paragraph, paragraph 1112 be ex- 
tended to include, in such form as desired, all blankets, carriage 
robes, steamer rugs, and the like. 

If a compensatory duty is inserted in this basket paragraph, it is 
suggested that the wording be changed to cover only manufactures 
wholly or in chief value of wool. 

If paragraph 1120 should be construed to apply to importations 
having wool in any quantity, however small, as a component part, 
merchandise might be manufactured for the express purpose of 
avoiding a higher rate of duty than 25 per cent, such as cotton 
tapestries and other jacquard figured upholstery goods, carrying 
30 per cent ad valorem under paragraph 908. Substitution of the 
word "substantial" for "component" before "part" in line 21, 
page 125, of H. R. 7456, would require something more than a negli- 
gible part such as a few picks of wool in a silk tie. 



1004 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1121. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1121. Whenever in this title the 
word "wool" is used in connection with 
a manufactured article of which it is a 
component material, it shall be held to 
include wool or hair of the sheep, camel, 
Angora goat, alpaca, or other like animals, 
whether manufactured by the woolen, 
worsted, felt, or any other process. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 395. Whenever, in any schedule Par. 304. Whenever in this section the 

of this Act, the word "wool " is used in word "wool'' is used in connection with a 

connection with a manufactured article manufactured article of which it is a com- 

of which it is a component material, it ponent material, it shall be held to in- 

shall be held to include wool or hair of the elude wool or hair of the sheep, camel, or 

sheep, camel, goat, alpaca or other animal, other like animals, whether manufac- 

whether manufactured by the woolen, tured by the woolen, worsted, felt, or 

worsted, felt, or any other process. any other process. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913, manufac- 
tures of hair of the Angora goat, alpaca, and other like animals are 
provided for separately from manufactures of wool or hair of the 
sheep, camel, and other like animals. Paragraph 1121 of H. R. 7456 
eliminates such separate provision and restores paragraph 395 of the 
act of 1909, with the word "like" inserted between " other" and 
" animals" and "Angora" before "goat." 

This paragraph deals with the hair covering of certain animals 
and not with the animals themselves; therefore the expression " other 
like animals" does not mean animals which are like the sheep, camel, 
Angora goat, or alpaca in build or appearance, but those which are 
like them in the wool or hair which they produce. (Bloomingdale 
v. United States, 8 Ct. Cust. Appls., 104, of 1917.) Animal hair 
which is dissimilar in its characteristics and uses to the above — for 
instance, hair of the horse and cattle — is provided for in para- 
graph 1579. 

A true fur does not differ materially from a true wool, which, like 
fur, is a modified form of hair and is distinguished by its fine, soft, 
and curly nature and by pointed scales or plates attached to the 
filament. Hair which is so short that it is commercially unfit to 
be spun into yarn or for the making of textiles, and is chiefly em- 
ployed in the making of furs or fur garments, or for other fur uses, 
is that kind of hair which is known as fur, though it be taken from the 
back of a sheep. Hair which possesses all the characteristics of 
fur, but is so long and of such quality that it can be spun into yarn 
and converted into cloth and is chiefly used for that purpose, should 
be classified as a wool or hair other than fur. (Bloomingdale v. 
United States, supra.) Undressed furs are provided for in para- 
graph 1573. 

Suggested changes. — Litigation is now pending as to whether the 
hair of the Cashmere goat is more " similar" to that of the Angora 
goat than to that of the camel. It might therefore be well to insert 
in paragraph 1121 (and also in par. 1102) the words "Cashmere goat" 
after the words " Angora goat." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1005 



PARAGRAPH 1122. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1122. All samples of manufac- 
tures of wool which are not admitted 
under bond for exportation within six 
months shall be subject to the same rates 
■of duty and the same valuation as the 
manufactured articles which they are in- 
tended to represent. 



ACT OF 1909. 



[No corresponding provision. 



ACT OP 1913. 

[No corresponding provision. Subsec. 
4 of par. J of Section IV, however, ex- 
empts from duty "samples solely for use 
in taking orders for merchandise. "] 



Suggested changes. — This is a new provision in the wool schedule. 
It is peculiarly difficult of administration, especially in appraisement. 
In Title III, section 311, of H. R. 7456, provision is made for samples 
solely for use in taking orders for merchandise. 



SCHEDULE 12.— SILK AND SILK GOODS. 

PARAGRAPH 1201. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1201. Silk partially manufactured 
from raw silk, waste silk, or cocoons, and 
silk noils exceeding two inches in length, 
not twisted or spun, 35 cents per pound: 
Provided, That none of the foregoing shall 
pay a'less rate of duty than 25 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Schedule L. — Silks and Silk Goods. Schedule L.— Silks and Silk Goods, 

Par. 396. Silk partially manufactured Par. 311. Silk partially manufactured 
from cocoons or from waste silk, and not from coccons or frcm waste silk and not 
further advanced or manufactured than further advanced or manufactured than 
carded or combed silk, thirty-five cents carded or combed silk, and silk noils ex- 
per pound. ceeding two inches in length, 20 cents 

per pound. 

RAW SILK PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. 

(See Survey L— 1.) 

Description. — Raw silk passes through only a few stages in the 
course of its manufacture into thrown silk ; therefore possible imports 
of silk partially manufactured from cocoons are practically limited 
to silk wound on spools or tubes. 

Production. — The winding of silk on spools or tubes in the United 
States is a preliminary operation to "throwing" (see par. 1203, p. 
1013), and hence practically none is offered for sale. 

Imports. — See below under "Silk Waste Partially Manufactured." 

Exports are not recorded and are probably nil. 

SILK WASTE PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and use. — Where silk waste (par. 1650) in course of 
conversion into spun silk has gone through any or all of the processes 
up to but not including roving, it is dutiable under this paragraph. 
Until recently waste silk degummed by boiling seems to have been 
dutiable under the paragraph, but in Smillie v. United States, 11 Ct. 
Cust. Appeals, — ; T. D. 38966, of 1922, it has been held that waste 
silk so degummed is not advanced in manufacture and thus comes in 
dutyfreeassilkwaste. (See par. 1650, p. 1430.) Dressed and combed 
silk, known as peignee, is the only important article of commerce 
covered by this paragraph; it is useful only in the further processes 
of silk spinning. 

Production. — The making of waste silk into peignee involves 
numerous technical processes requiring highly skilled adult male 

1006 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



1007 



labor. Domestic spinners prefer to make their own peignee, and 
there is no domestic output for sale. It is estimated that about 
7,300,000 pounds were produced here in 1920. In Europe little is 
manufactured in excess of needs of European spinners. The same was 
true of Japan until the World War. Japanese producers during that 
period, however, enlarged their peignee-making capacity without pro- 
portionately increasing their spinning facilities. In recent years they 
have been installing additional spindles in order to sell spun silk 
instead of peignee. 

Imports. — Imports prior to 1917 averaged less than 1,000 pounds 
annually. With American participation in the war, there was an 
enormous Government requirement for cartridge bag cloth made 
from noil yarn or coarse spun silk yarn (see par. 1202). The demand 
caused a shortage of peignee. As low-grade coarse yarn was needed, 
the peignee furnished by the newly expanded Japanese industry was 
used. In 1918 and subsequent years, moreover, domestic spinning 
facilities were expanded somewhat more rapidly than peignee-making 
facilities, and the Japanese product was also imported to make up 
for the deficiency thus arising in the domestic supply. Furthermore 
there has recently been established here a spun-silk plant owned by 
the European spun silk combination and importing its peignee- from 
Europe. The results will be seen in the following statistics of imports 
of partially manufactured silk, chiefly peignee. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 

478,716 
717,953 
479,044 
585,967 


$995,450 
2,089,493 
1, 552, 732 
1,848,986 


$95, 743 
143,591 
95,809 


Per cent. 
9 62 


1919 


6 87 


1920 


6.17 


1921 (9 months) 











Imports in 1919, the year of largest entry, were probably about 
10 per cent of domestic production. 
Exports are not recorded. 



LONG SILK NOILS. 



(See Survey L— 1.) 



Description and use. — Silk noils are the short fibers removed when 
silk waste is dressed. Those above 2 inches in length, known as 
long silk noils, are capable of being redressed or combed; shorter 
lengths can not be so used, and are admitted free as silk waste (par. 
1650). 

Production is not recorded. 

Import statistics do not appear separately, being included in the 
figures for imports given under "Silk Waste Partially Manufactured;" 
they constitute, however, only a small percentage of this item. 

Exports . — None . 

Important changes in classification. — The corresponding paragraphs 
in the act of 1909 (par. 396) and in the act of 1913 (par. 311) do not 
cover waste silk advanced beyond the peignee state; sliver and roving, 
intermediates between peignee and spun silk, came in under the basket 
paragraph of Schedule L (pars. 403 of 1909, and 318 of 1913) at a 
higher rate of duty than either peignee or spun silk. In H. R. 7456 



1008 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



sliver comes within this paragraph (1201) ; roving, within paragraph 
1202 at the same rate of duty as spun silk. 

Suggested changes. — If it is desired to bring degummed silk under 
the operation of this paragraph, the following changes are suggested : 

(1) In line 11, page 126: Insert after " manufactured" a comma 
and the words " including total or partial degumming" followed by 
a comma. 

(2) Inline 13, page 126: Change the comma after " length" to a 
semicolon and insert the words "all the foregoing" before the word 
"not." 



PARAGRAPH 1202. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1202. Spun silk or schappe silk 
yarn, and roving, in skeins, cops or warps, 
if not bleached, dyed, colored, or ad- 
vanced beyond the condition of singles, 
by grouping or twisting two or more yarns 
together on all numbers up to and includ- 
ing number 205, 45 cents per pound and in 
additien thereto ten one-hundredths of 1 
cent per number per pound; exceeding 
number 205, 45 cents per pound, and in 
addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths of 
1 cent per number per pound; if advanced 
beyond the condition of singles by group- 
ing or twisting two or more yarns together, 
at the rate on the single yarn and in addf- 
tion thereto 5 cents per pound cumula- 
tive; if bleached, dyed, or colored, at the 
rate on unbleached yarn and in addition 
thereto 10 cents per pound cumulative: 
Provided, That any of the foregoing on 
bobbins, spools, or beams shall pay the 
foregoing rates, according to the character 
of the yarn or roving, and in addition 
thereto 10 cents per pound: Provided 
further, That none of the foregoing shall 
' pay a less rate of duty than 26 per centum 
ad valorem. In assessing duty on all 
spun silk or schappe silk yarn and roving, 
the number indicating the size of the yarn 
or roving shall be determined by the 
number of kilometers that weigh one 
kilogram, and shall, in all cases, refer to 
the size of the singles: And provided 
further, That in no case shall the duty 
be assessed on a less number of yards 
than is marked on the skeins, bobbins, 
cops, spools, or beams. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 397. Spun silk or schappe silk 
yarn, valued at not exceeding one dollar 
per pound, whether in singles, or ad- 
vanced beyond the condition of singles by 
grouping or twisting two or more yarns 
together, thirty-five cents per pound; if 
valued at exceeding one dollar per pound, 
in the gray, in skeins, warps, or cops, if in 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 312. Spun silk or schappe silk 
yarn, 35 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1009 



ACT OF 1909. 

(singles or not advanced beyond the con- 
dition of singles by grouping or twisting 
two or more yarns together, on all num- 
bers up to and including number two 
hundred and five, forty-five cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto ten one- 
hundredths of one cent per number per 
pound; exceeding number two hundred 
and five, forty-five cents per pound, and 
in addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths 
of one cent per number per pound; if 
advanced beyond the condition of singles 
by grouping or twisting two or more yarns 
together, on all numbers up to and includ- 
ing number two hundred and five, fifty 
cents per pound, and in addition thereto 
ten one-hundredths of one cent per num- 
ber per pound; exceeding number two 
hundred and five, fifty cents per pound, 
and in addition thereto fifteen one-hun- 
dredths of one cent per number per 
pound ; if valued at exceeding one dollar 
per pound, in the gray, on bobbins, 
spools, or beams, if in singles or not 
advanced beyond the condition of singles 
by grouping or twisting two or more yarns 
together, on all numbers up to and includ- 
ing number two hundred and five, fifty- 
five cents per pound, and in addition 
thereto ten one-hundredths of one cent 
per number per pound; exceeding num- 
ber two hundred and five, fifty-five cents 
per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen 
one-hundredths of one cent per number 
per pound; if advanced beyond the con- 
dition of singles by grouping or twisting 
two or more yarns together, on all num- 
bers up to and including number two 
hundred and five, sixty cents per pound, 
and in addition thereto ten one-hun- 
dredths of one cent per number per 
pound; exceeding number two hundred 
and five, sixty cents per pound, and in 
addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths 
of one cent per number per pound; if 
valued at exceeding one dollar per pound, 
colored, bleached, or dyed, in skeins or 
warps, if in singles or not advanced 
beyond the condition of singles by group- 
ing or twisting two or more yarns together, 
on all numbers up to and including 
number two hundred and five, fifty-five 
cents per pound, and in addition thereto 
ten one-hundredths of one cent per num- 
ber per pound; exceeding number two 
hundred and five, fifty-five cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto fifteen 
one-hundredths of one cent per number 
per pound; if advanced beyond the con- 
dition of singles by grorfping or twisting 
two or more yarns together, on all num- 
bers up to and including number two 
hundred and five, sixty cents per pound, 
and in addition thereto ten one-hun- 

82304—22 64 



ACT OF 1913. 



1010 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. 

dredths of one cent per number per 
pound; exceeding number two hundred 
and five, sixty cents per pound, and in 
addition thereto fifteen one-hundredths 
of one cent per number per pound; if 
valued at exceeding one dollar per pound, 
colored, bleached, or dyed, on bobbins, 
cops, spools, or beams, if in singles or not 
advanced beyond the condition of singles 
by grouping or twisting two or more yarns 
together, on all numbers up to and in- 
cluding number two hundred and five, 
sixty- five cents per pound, and in addi- 
tion thereto ten one-hundredths of one 
cent per number per pound; exceeding 
number two hundred and five, sixty-five 
cents per pound, and in addition thereto 
fifteen one-hundredths of one cent per 
number per pound; if advanced beyond 
the condition of singles by grouping or 
twisting two or more yarns together, on 
all numbers up to and including number 
two hundred and five, seventy cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto ten one- 
hundredths of one cent per number per 
pound ; on all numbers exceeding number 
two hundred and five, seventy cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto fifteen 
one-hundredths of one cent per number 
per pound. In assessing duty on all spun 
silk or schappe silk yarn, the number 
indicating the size of the yarn shall be 
taken according to the metric or French 
system, and shall, in all cases, refer to the 
size of the singles: Provided, That in no 
case shall the duty be assessed on a less 
number of yards than is marked on the 
skeins, bobbins, cops, spools, or beams. 
But in no case shall any of the goods 
enumerated in this paragraph pay less 
rate of duty than thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

ROVING. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and uses. — Silk roving — a loosely compressed rope of 
fibers in which has been inserted a slight twist — is the product of the 
process which, in the conversion of waste silk into spun silk, im- 
mediately precedes spinning; it is of use only for spinning into 
yarn. 

Production. — The amount of silk roving produced in the United 
States is approximately equal to the production of spun silk. (See 
p. 1011.) It is produced as an intermediate in the manufacture of 
spun silk, and hence none is offered for sale. 

Imports have never been separately recorded; they have been 
negligible. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See page 1012. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1011 

SPUN SILK. 
(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and uses. — Spun silk or schappe yarn is manufactured 
from waste silk by a series of highly technical processes, chiefly 
dressing and drawing, the products of which are covered by para- 
graph 1201; and roving and spinning, the products of which are 
covered by paragraph 1202. Spun sflk is employed principally in 
velvets and plushes, piece-dyed broad silks, wool-mixed fabrics, and 
knit goods; its use is rapidly expanding. A low grade of spun-silk 
yarns, called noil yarn, made from exhausted silk noils, is used in 
cartridge-bag cloth and in various wool and silk goods; a shortage 
of noil yarn during the war caused the substitution of coarse spun 
silk yarns. 

There are two general systems for numbering spun silk. In the 
metric system, used on the Continent of Europe, the count indicates 
the number of thousand meters per kilogram, and is based on the 
singles. In the English system, which is more generally used in 
this country, the count indicates the number of 840-yard hanks to 
the pound. The latter system is similar to the cotton-yarn number- 
ing so far as single yarn is concerned, but is different for ply yarn, 
where cotton is based on the single and spun silk on the finished 
yarn. 

Production.— -In recent years the industry, almost wholly in the 
hands of seven large producers, has rapidly expanded both in volume 
and in variety of output. In 1914 there were reported 101,382 
active spindles engaged in spun silk production; in 1919, 187,306. 
In 1914 the output for sale was 1,607,416 pounds; in 1919, 3,957,OOo 
pounds (1,764,000 pounds of single and 2,193,000 of ply yarns). 
Including that for manufacturers' own use, the estimated produc- 
tion in 1914 was around 2,500,000 pounds; in 1919, 8,000,000 pounds; 
in 1920, 6,700,000 pounds. Until recently, American spinners have 
manufactured yarns chiefly of coarse or medium size from high-grade 
wastes, which require in their production less skill and labor per 
unit than do fine yarns or yarns from low-grade waste. They now, 
however, manufacture on a large scale fine yarns from high-grade 
waste and are slowly developing their manufacture from low-grade 
waste. 

Other leading producers are France, Switzerland, the United 
Kingdom, Italy, Germany, and Japan. Production in France, 
Switzerland, and Italy is largely by. three concerns which work in 
close cooperation and which supply the bulk of American imports. 
The war greatly stimulated coarse spun silk and noil yarn spinning 
in Japan. 

Imports. — Imports of spun silk, which supply about one-third of 
the present annual consumption, are used chiefly in the manufacture 
of velvets, where fine yarns made of low-grade waste are preferred. 
Before the war this type of yarn was not produced here, but recently 
domestic spinners have, to a limited extent, undertaken its produc- 
tion: this branch of the domestic industry is, however, not yet 
entirely out of the experimental stage. In the decade 1901 to 1910 
(fiscal year) the average annual import was 2,226,824 pounds ; 



1012 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



in the decade 1911 to 1920, 2,943,000 pounds. The latest import 
figures are given below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
2, 146, 897 
2, 255, 235 
2,864.264 
1, 625, 346 


$6, 261, 871 
9, 548, 871 

13,164,585 
4, 880, 748 


$2,191,655 
3, 342, 105 
4,607,605 


Per cent. 
35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


35 









General imports for nine months in 1921 were as follows: 



Month. 



January. . 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 



Quantity. 


Value. 


Pounds. 




94, 756 


$328,353 


90, 320 


290, 592 


134, 850 


432, 726 


328,000 


842, 798 


316,469 


765, 889 


242, 881 


721, 309 



Month. 



July 

August 

September .- 

Total for 9 months 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 
265, 327 
223, 467 
132, 658 



1, 828, 728 



Value. 



$785, 653 
597, 633 
345, 777 



5, 110, 730 



The chief sources of imports are Switzerland, France, the United 
Kingdom, and Italy. Germany was, before the war, also an impor- 
tant source. Imports from Japan, except for the calendar year 1918, 
when there were fairly large purchases of coarse spun silk and noil 
yarns for Army uses from that country, have always been less than 
50,000 pounds annually. 

Exports are not separately recorded and are probably negligible. 
Important changes in classification. — Roving is for the first time 
placed in this paragraph (1202). In the acts of 1909 and of 1913 it 
came in like sliver (see par. 1201 above), under the basket paragraph 
of Schedule L (pars. 403 of 1909 ; and 318 of 1913), at a higher rate of 
duty than that on the spun silk into which it was made. 

In this paragraph (1202 of H. R. 7456) the bracket, contained in 
paragraph 397 of the act of 1909, covering yarns valued at not more 
than $1.00 per pound, is omitted. Under the act of 1909 only 1 per 
cent or less of the total imports came in under this bracket and with 
present values there probably would be no importations thereunder. 
However, should prices fall to the 1913 level, very low-grade coarse 
tussah waste silk yarns and noil yarns would probably be below that 
value, and with this provision omitted would come in at a materially 
higher duty than they paid under the act of 1909, and at a materially 
higher ad valorem equivalent than most other yarns covered by 
paragraph 1202. 

Suggested changes. — Strike out comma after the word " singles" in 
line 18, page 126, of H. R. 7456. 

Page 126, line 19: Insert a comma after " together." 
Page 126, line 20: Insert a comma after " pound." 
Page 127, lines 1 and 2: Insert a comma after the word "yarn." 
Page 127, line 13: Strike out the colon after "singles"; also the 
words "And provided further , That" and begin a sentence with "In," 
to agree with paragraphs 1203 and 1204. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1013 

PARAGRAPH 1203. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1203. Thrown silk in the gum, if 
singles, 50 cents per pound; if tram, 75 
cents per pound; any of the foregoing con- 
taining more than thirty turns of twist per 
inch, and organzine, $1 per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture, 
in addition to the rates herein provided, 
50 cents per pound : Provided, That none 
of the foregoing shall pay a less rate of 
duty than 12 J per centum ad valorem. 
In no case shall the duty be assessed on a 
less number of yards than is marked on 
the goods as imported. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 398. Thrown silk in the gum, if Par. 313. Thrown silk not more ad- 
singles, fifty cents per pound; if tram, vanced than singles, tram, or organzine, 
seventy-five cents per pound; if organ- * * * 15 per centum ad valorem, 
zine, one dollar per pound; and if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture, 
in addition to the rates herein provided, 
fifty cents per pound. * * *. 

THROWN SILK. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

'Description and uses. — Thrown silk is a yarn made from raw silk by 
doubling and twisting or by twisting only. The more important 
thrown silks are known according to the method of manufacture, as 
" organzine" made by twisting separately two or more singles and 
then doubling and re twisting in the opposite direction; "tram, " 
made by twisting together, usually with a slack twist, two or more 
raw-silk threads ; crepe, which is in structure a tram made with extra- 
hard twist; and "singles" (if hard twist, known as u poile") con- 
sisting of raw silk singles twisted without doubling. Organzine is 
used chiefly for warp; tram, for filling; cr&pe yarn, for crepe fabrics; 
singles, for chiffons. 

In the United States there are two methods of numbering thrown 
silk: (1) The English method based upon the weight (in drams) of 
a hank 1,000 yards in length; (2) the continental European method 
based upon the weight (in deniers) of a hank 450 meters long. To 
reduce denier counts to dram counts, divide the deniers by 17.44. 
Thus four-thread tram of 16/18 denier size is 17 X 4 -f- 17.44 = 3.90 
drams. There are 256 drams to the pound avoirdupois. 

Production. — In 1914 a total of 13,869,000 pounds of raw silk was 
thrown on contract by commission throwsters and 4,070,401 pounds 
thrown for sale; in 1919 the amounts were 18,476,000 and 5,569,000 
pounds, respectively. In neither year are figures presented for the 
large amount of thrown silk produced by weavers for their own use. 
The estimated total production for 1914 was 23,500,000 pounds; for 
1919, 28,000,000 pounds. The United States is by far the greatest 
thrown silk producer and has an almost continuously increasing 
output. 



1014 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports. — Imports of thrown silk have long formed a negligible 
proportion of domestic consumption. For the thirty years ended 
June 30, 1920, the average annual import was 34,213 pounds, valued 
at $116,322. The record import of the period was in 1917, when there 
were imported 125,495 pounds, a quantity probably a little less than 
one-half of one per cent of domestic production. The latest import 
data are presented below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad' 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
30, 146 
12,599 
95,355 
22,580 


S230,354 
126,803 
929,494 
204,719 


$34,553 

19,021 

139,424 


Per cent. 
15 


1919. 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports are not recorded and are probably small. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1909 (par. 398) 
three types of thrown silk were differentiated: Singles, tram, and 
organzine. Crepe yarn (i. e., hard twist tram), although costing 
more to produce than organzine, was subject, as tram, to a lower 
rate of duty than organzine. In H. K. 7456, crepe yarn comes within 
the provision for singles, and tram " containing more than 30 turns 
of twist per inch" is given the same rate of duty as organzine. 

In 1909 (par. 398) and in 1913 (par. 313) thrown silk and sewing 
silk were included in the same paragraph. For uniformity with other 
textile schedules, as well as on account of their distinct character 
and uses, the two products are placed in separate paragraphs in H. It. 
7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1204, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1204. Sewing silk, twist, floss, and 
silk threads or yarns of any description, 
made from raw silk, not specially pro- 
vided for, if in the gum, $1 per pound: 
Provided, That none of the- foregoing shall 
pay a less rate of duty than 20 per centum 
ad valorem; if ungummed, wholly or in 
part, or if further advanced by any pro- 
cess of manufacture, $1.50 per pound: 
Provided, That none of the foregoing shall 
pay a less rate of duty than 26 per centum 
ad valorem. Tn no case shall the duty be 
assessed on a less number of yards than is 
marked on the goods as imported. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 398. * * * Sewing silk, twist, 
floss, and silk threads or yarns of any 
description made from raw silk, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, if in the 
gum, one dollar- per pound; if ungummed 
wholly or in part, or if further advanced 
by any process of manufacture, one dollar 
and fifty cents per pound : Provided, That 
in no case shall duty be assessed on a less 
number of yards than is marked on the 
■keins, bobbins, cops, spools, or beams. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 313. * * * sewing silk, twist, 
floss, and silk threads or yarns of every 
description made from raw silk, 15 per 
centum ad valoren. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION- 1921. 



1015 



SEWIXG SILK, TWIST, FLOSS, ETC. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and uses. — Sewing silk is a thread made by winding and 
doubling silk, giving it a hard twist, and doubling and twisting again 
in reverse direction under a strong tension : it is used for hand sewing. 
Twist is a thread resembling sewing silk, but is three-ply instead of 
two-ply; it is used for both machine and hand sewing, principally the 
former. Embroidery silk consists of numerous slackly twisted singles, 
doubled, and slackly twisted together in the reverse direction. Floss 
silk is a variety of embroidery silk composed of a large number of 
singles slackly twisted together. 

Production. — Silk- thread production, the oldest branch of the 
domestic industry, has long supplied the bulk of domestic needs. It 
is carried on largely by automatic machinery. In 1914 the output of 
all kinds of silk and embroiderv threads was 1,562,039 pounds, 
valued at 89,681,613; in 1919, 1,326,000 pounds, valued at $9,682,000. 
Silk thread has in recent years been steadily superceded by cotton 
thread, mercerized and unmercerized. 

Imports. — In the fiscal year 1910 imports were 43,624 pounds, about 
2.3 per cent of domestic production in the calendar year 1909. 
Since then imports have, except in 1920, been a fraction— usually a 
small fraction — of 1 per cent thereof. In the fiscal year 1914 they 
amounted to only 3,031 pounds, or less than one-fifth of 1 per cent. 
In the calendar year 1920 they amounted to 22,499 pounds, or 1.7 per 
cent, of the domestic production in 1919. Imports for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 are recorded as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

2,265 

5,302 

22,499 

800 


$5,473 

24,295 

135, 156 

5,724 


$821 
3,644 
20,273 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Exports are not separately reported but are larger than 
imports. Before the war there was a fair export to Australia and 
small shipments to a few other countries; since that time this trade 
has increased. Canada is now apparently the best market. Cana- 
dian statistics for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, record imports 
from the United States valued at $407,313, as compared with imports 
from the United Kingdom valued at only $173,026. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1909 (par. 398) 
and the act of 1913 (par. 313) sewing silk and thrown silk were 
included in the same paragraph. For uniformity with other textile 
schedules, as well as on account of their distinct character and uses, 
the two products are in H. R. 7456 placed in separate paragraphs. 



1016 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1205. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1205. Woven fabrics in the piece, 
composed wholly or of chief value of silk, 
if dyed in the thread or yarn, and the 
weight is not increased in dyeing beyond 
the original weight of raw silk, if contain- 
ing not more than 30 per centum 
in silk, $1.25 per pound; if containing 
more than 30 per centum but not 
more than 45 per centum in weight of 
silk, $1.60 per pound; if containing more 
than 45 per centum in weight of silk, $3 
per pound; if weight is increased in dye- 
ing beyond the original weight of raw 
silk; if weighing more than one-third of 
one ounce but not more than one ounce 
per square yard, if black (except sel- 
vedges), $2.25 per pound; if other than 
black, $3 per pound; if weighing more 
than one ounce but not more than one and 
one-third ounces per square yard, if black 
(except selvedges), $2 per pound; if other 
than black, $2.75 per pound; if weighing 
more than one and one-third but not more 
than one and two-thirds ounces per square 
yard, if black (except selvedges), $1.80 
per pound; if other than black, $2.50 per 
pound; if weighing more than one and 
two-thirds but not more than two ounces 
per square yard, if black (except sel- 
vedges), $1.65 per pound; if other than 
black, $2.25 per pound; if weighing more 
than two but not more than eight o\mces 
per square yard, and if containing not 
more than 30 per centum in weight of 
silk, if black (except selvedges), 75 cents 
per pound; if other than black, 90 cents 
per pound; if containing more than 30 per 
centum but not more than 45 per centum 
in weight of silk; if black (except sel- 
vedges), $1.10 per pound; if other than 
black, $1.30 per pound; if containing 
more than 45 per centum in weight of 
silk, but not more than 60 per centum, if 
black (except selvedges), $1.40 per 
pound; if other than black, $1.60 per 
pound; if containing more than 60 per 
centum in weight of silk, or if composed 
wholly of silk, and if having not more 
than four hundred and forty single threads 
to the inch in the warp; if black (except 
selvedges), $1.50 per pound; if other than 
black, $2 per pound; if having more than 
four hundred and forty, but not more 
than six hundred single threads to the 
inch in the warp, if black (except sel- 
vedges), $1.65 per pound; if other than 
black, $2.25 per pound; if having more 
than six hundred but. not more than seven 
hundred and sixty single threads to the 
inch in the warp, if black (except sel- 
vedges), $1.80 per pound; if other than 
black, $2.50 per pound; if having more 
than seven hundred and sixty, but not 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1017 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



more than nine hundred and twenty 
single threads to the inch in the warp, if 
black (except selvedges), $2 per pound; 
if other than black, $2.75 per pound; if 
having more than nine hundred and 
twenty single threads to the inch in the 
warp, if black (except selvedges), $2.25 
per pound; if other than black, $3 per 
pound ; if weighing more than 8 ounces per 
square yard, 33£ per centum ad valorem. 
Woven fabrics in the piece, composed 
wholly or in chief value of silk, not 
specially provided for, weighing not more 
than one-third of one ounce per "square 
yard, $4 per pound; weighing more than 
one-third of one ounce, but not more than 
two-thirds of one ounce per square yard, if 
in the gum, $3 per pound; if ungummed, 
wholly or in part, $3.25 per pound; if 
further advanced by any process of manu- 
facture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed 
in the piece, $3.50 per pound; if weighing 
more than two-thirds of one ounce, but 
not more than one ounce per square yard, 
if in the gum, $2.65 per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, $3 per pound; 
if further advanced by any process of 
manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or 
printed in the piece, $3.25 per pound; if 
weighing more than one ounce, but not 
more than one and one-third ounces per 
square yard, if in the gum, $2.50 per 
pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, 
$2.85 per pound; if further advanced by 
any process of manufacture or otherwise, 
or if dyed or printed in the piece, $3.10 
per pound; if weighing more than one and 
one- third ounces, but not more than two 
and one-half ounces, and if containing 
not more than 20 per centum in weight of 
silk, if in the gum, 75 cents per pound; if 
ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, 85 cents per pound; if containing 
more than 20 per centum, but not more 
than 30 per centum in weight of silk, if in 
the gum, 85 cents per pound: if un- 
gummed. wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, $1.10 per pound; if containing more 
than 30 per centum, but not more than 40 
per centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, 
$1.05 per pound; if ungummed, wholly or 
in part, or if further advanced by any 
process of manufacture or otherwise, or if 
dyed or printed in the piece, $1.25 per 
pound; if containing more than 40 per 
centum, but not more than 50 per centum 
in weight of silk, if in the gum, $1.25 per 
pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, 
or if further advanced by any process of 
manufacture or otherwise, or" if dyed or 
printed in the piece, $1.50 per pound; if 



1018 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

containing more than 50 per centum in 
weight of silk or if wholly of silk, if in the 
gum, $2.50 per pound'; if ungummed, 
wholly or in part, or if further advanced 
by any process of manufacture or other- 
wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, $3 
per pound; if weighing more than two and 
one-half ounces, but not more than eight 
ounces per square yard, and if containing 
not more than 20 per centum in weight of 
silk, if in the gum, 57 i cents per pound; if 
ungummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
Advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, 70 cents per pound; if containing 
more than 20 per centum but not more 
than ^ per centum in weight of silk, if in 
the gum, 75 cents per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, 90 cents per pound; if containing 
more than 30 per centum, but not more 
than 40 per centum in weight of silk, if in 
the gum, 90 cents per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, $1.10 per pound; if containing more 
-than 40 per centum, but not more than 
50 per centum in weight of silk, if in the 
gum, $1.10 per pound; if ungummed, 
wholly or in part, or if further advanced 
by any process of manufacture or other- 
wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, 
$1.30 per pound; if containing more than 
-50 per centum in weight of silk, or if 
wholly of silk, if in the gum, $2.25 per 
pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, or 
if further advanced by any process of 
manufacture, or otherwise, or if dyed or 
printed in the piece, $2.75 per pound. 

Woven fabrics in the piece, composed 
wholly or in chief value of silk, having 
threads or yarns whether in the warp or 
filling containing more than thiity turns 
of twist to the inch, or woven on Jacquard 
looms, or having more than one color in 
the rilling, shall pay, in addition to the 
foregoing specific rates, 25 cents per 
pound. None of the foregoing fabrics in 
this paragraph shall pay a less rate of 
duty than 31 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 399. * * * Woven fabrics in the 
piece, composed wholly or in chief value of 
silk, not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, weighing not more than one-third of 
one ounce per square yard, four dollars per 
pound; weighing more than one-third of 
one ounce, but not more than two-thirds 
of one ounce per square yard; if in the 
gum, three dollars per pound; if un- 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 318. Woven fabrics, in the piece 
or otherwise, of which silk is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, * * * 
not specially provided for in this section, 
45 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1019 



ACT OF 1909. 

gummed, wholly or in part, three dollars 
and twenty-five cents per pound; if 
further advanced by any process of man- 
ufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or 
printed \n the piece, three dollars and 
fifty cents per pound; if weighing more 
than two-thirds of one ounce but not more 
than one ounce per square yard; if in the 
gum, two dollars and sixty-five cents per 
pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, 
three dollars per pound; if further ad- 
vanced by any process of manufacture or 
otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, three dollars and twenty-five cents 
per pound; if weighing more than one 
ounce but not more than one and one- 
third ounces per square yard; if in the 
gum, two dollars and fifty cents per 
pound; if ungummed, wholly or in part, 
two dollars and eighty-five cents per 
pound ; if further advanced by any process 
of manufacture or otherwise, or if dyed 
or printed in the piece, three dollars and 
ten cents per pound; if weighing more 
than one and one- third ounces, but not 
more than two and one-half ounces, and 
if containing not more than twenty per 
centum in weight of silk, if in the gum, 
seventy cents per pound; if ungummed, 
wholly or in part, or if further advanced 
by any process of manufacture or other- 
wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, 
eighty-five cents per pound; if containing 
more than twenty per centum, but not 
more than thirty per centum in weight 
of silk; if in the gum, eighty-five cents 
per pound; if ungummed, wholly or in 
part, or if further adA r anced by any proc- 
ess of manufacture or otherwise, or if 
dyed or printed in the piece, one dollar 
and ten cents per pound; if containing 
more than thirty per centum, but not 
more than forty per centum in weight of 
silk; if in the gum, one dollar and five 
cents per pound; ij: ungummed, wholly 
or in part, or if further advanced by any 
process of manufacture or otherwise, or 
if dyed or printed in the piece, one dollar 
and twenty-five cents per pound ; if con- 
taining more than forty per centum, but 
not more than fifty per centum in weight 
of silk; if in the gum, one dollar and 
twenty-five cents per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, one dollar and fifty cents per 
pound; if containing more than fifty per 
centum in weight of silk or if wholly of 
silk; if in the gum, two dollars and fifty 
cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly 
or in part, or if further advanced by any 
process of manufacture or otherwise, or 
if dyed or printed in the piece, three 
•dollars per pound; if weighing more than 
two and one-half ounces, but not more 



ACT OF 1913. 



1020 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

than eight ounces per square yard, and 
if containing not more than twenty per 
centum in weight of silk; if in the gum, 
fifty-seven and one-half cents per pound; 
if ungummed, wholly or in part, or if 
further advanced by any process of man- 
ufacture or otherwise, or if dyed or printed 
in the piece, seventy cents per pound; if 
containing more than twenty per centum, 
but not more than thirty per centum in 
weight of silk; if in the gum, seventy-five 
cents per pound; if ungummed, wholly 
or in part, or if further advanced by any 
process of manufacture or otherwise, or 
if dyed or printed in the piece, ninety 
cents per pound; if containing more than 
thirty per centum, but not more than 
forty per centum in weight of silk;^ if in 
the gum, ninety cents per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, one dollar and ten cents per 
pound ; if containing more than forty per 
centum, but not more than fifty per cen- 
tum in weight of silk; if in the gum, one 
dollar and ten cents per pound; if un- 
gummed, wholly or in part, or if further 
advanced by any process of manufacture 
or otherwise, or if dyed or printed in the 
piece, one dollar and thirty cents per 
pound ; if containing more than fifty per 
centum in weight of silk, or if wholly 
silk ; if in the gum, two dollars and twenty - 
five cents per pound; if ungummed, 
wholly or in part, or if further advanced 
by any process of manufacture or other- 
wise, or if dyed or printed in the piece, 
two dollars and seventy-five cents per 
pound. 

* * * Woven fabrics in the piece, 
composed wholly or of chief value of 
silk, if dyed in the thread or yarn, 
and the weight is not increased in dye- 
ing beyond the original weight of raw 
silk, if containing less than thirty per 
centum in silk, one dollar and twenty- 
five cents per pound; if containing more 
than thirty per centum but not more 
than forty-five per centum in weight of 
silk, one dollar and sixty cents per pound; 
if containing more than forty-five per 
centum in weight of silk, three dollars per 
pound; if weight is increased in dyeing 
beyond the original weight of raw silk; 
if weighing more than one-third of one 
ounce, but not more than one ounce, 
per square yard; if black (except sel- 
vedges), two dollars and twenty-five cents 
per pound; if other than black, three 
dollars per pound ; if weighing more than 
one ounce, but not more than one and 
one-third ounces per square yard; if 
black (except selvedges), two dollars 
per pound; if other than black, two 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1021 



ACT OF 1909. 

dollars and seventy-five cents per pound; 
if weighing more than one and one-third 
but not more than one and two-thirds 
ounces per square yard; if black (except 
selvedges), one dollar and eighty cents 
per pound; if other than black, two 
dollars and fifty cents per pound; if 
weighing more than one and two-thirds 
but not more than two ounces per square 
yard; if black (except selvedges), one 
dollar and sixty-five cents per pound; 
if other than black, two dollars and 
twenty-five cents per pound; if weighing 
more than two but not more than eight 
ounces per square yard, and if containing 
not more than thirty per centum in 
weight of silk; if black (except selvedges), 
seventy-five cents per pound; if other 
than black, ninety cents per pound; if 
containing more than thirty per centum 
but not more than forty-five per centum 
in weight of silk; if black (except sel- 
vedges), one dollar and ten cents per 
pound; if other than black, one dollar 
and thirty cents per pound ; if containing 
more than forty-five per centum in 
weight of silk, but not more than sixty 
per centum; if black (except selvedges), 
one dollar and forty cents per pound; if 
other than black, "one dollar and sixty 
cents per pound; if containing more than 
sixty per centum in weight of silk, or 
if composed wholly of silk, and if having 
not more than four hundred and forty 
single threads to the inch in the warp; 
if black (except selvedges), one dollar 
and fifty cents per pound; if other than 
black, two dollars per pound; if having 
more than four hundred and forty, but 
not more than six hundred single threads 
to the inch in the wr rp; if black (except 
selvedges), one dollar and sixty-five cents 
per pound; if other than black, two dol- 
lars and twenty-five cents per pound; 
if having more than six hundred, but not 
more than seven hundred and sixty single 
threads to the inch in the warp; if black 
(except selvedges), one dollar and eighty 
cents per pound; if other than black, 
two dollars and fifty cents per pound; 
if having more than seven hundred and 
sixty, but not more than nine hundred 
and twenty single threads to the inch in 
the warp; if black (except selvedges), 
two dollars per pound; if other than 
black, two dollars and seventy-five cents 
per pound; if having more than nine 
hundred and twenty single threads to the 
inch in the warp; if black (except sel- 
vedges), two dollars and twenty-five 
cents per pound; if other than black, 
three dollars per pound; if printed in the 
warp and weighing not more than one and 
one-third ounces per square yard, three 
dollars and fifty cents per pound ; weighing 
more than one and one-third but not more 



ACT OF 1913. 



1022 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

than two ounces per square yard, three 
dollars and twenty-five cents per pound; 
weighing more than two ounces per 
square yard, two dollars and seventy-five 
cents per pound. 

But in no case shall any goods made 
on Jacquard looms or any goods contain- 
ing more than one color in the filling, or 
any of the goods enumerated in this para- 
graph, including such as have India rub- 
ber as a component material, pay a less 
rate of duty than forty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

BROAD SILKS. 

(See Survey L-3.) 

Description and uses. — In value of imports and in revenue derived 
this is by far the most important paragraph of the silk schedule. 
All broad silks (i. e., woven silk fabrics in the piece over 12 inches 
in width), except bolting cloth (par. 1526), of which silk is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, are included in paragraph 1205, 
unless they are covered with pile (i. e., plushes and velvets, pars. 
1206 and 1453); or are embroidered, tamboured, etc., or made 
wholly or in part of lace, netting, veiling, etc. (par. 1430). u Broad 
silks " are used for man} 7 purposes, particularly as women's dress 
goods, as linings, and as materials for shirts, ties, underclothing, 
furniture coverings, and draperies. 

Production. — Broad silk manufacture, it is estimated, consumes 
about 50 per cent of raw silk imports and considerable quantities of 
spun silk, artificial silk, cotton, wool, and mohair yarns. The output 
of broad silks in 1914 was 216,034,000 yards, valued at $137,720,000, 
or 54 per cent of the total value of all silk manufactures; in 1919, 
307,104,000 yards, valued at $391,225,000, or 44 per cent of the 
total value of all silk manufactures. From 1904 to 1914 yardage 
increased 73 per cent and value 105 per cent; from 1914 to 1919 
yardage increased 42 per cent and value 184 per cent. The industry- 
employed in 1919, 85,071 looms, while 7,829 additional looms were 
idle. In making woven-silk fabrics, skilled labor is essential, although 
a large proportion of women and girls of 16 years of age and older 
can be utilized. The bulk of domestic production consists of goods 
of standard weave, made from high quality silk, of coarse and medium 
sizes, permitting a high degree of machine manipulation and mass 
production. In recent years, however, domestic weavers have in- 
creased the variety of their product and have gone extensively into the 
manufacture of fancies such as are required in large quantities. 

Imports. — Imports vary widely from year to year with seeming 
independence of tariff changes. The general tendency has in the 
past been for imports to supply a decreasing proportion of domestic 
consumption. Both in 1914 and 1919, however, they were in value 
about 7.2 per cent of domestic production, although in most inter- 
mediate years the percentage was evidently somewhat smaller. For 
the five fiscal years 1911 to 1915, inclusive, the average annual import 
was 1,872,577 pounds; for the five fiscal years 1916 to 1920, inclusive, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1023 



2,585,128 pounds, an average materially raised by the large import 
in 1919, which corresponds with the large domestic production of 
that year. Imports for the three calendar years 1918, 1919, and 
1920 and for the first nine months of 1921 are shown below: 



Calendar year. 

• 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1, 676, 168 
3, 123, 889 
2, 565, 535 
3, 394, 393 


$10, 645, 113 
28, 416, 782 
25, 470, 263 
19, 892, 120 


$4, 790, 301 
12, 787, 551 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45 


1920 


11,445,262 , 


1921 (9 months) 




45 






General imports in 1921 


are shown by months, as follows : 



Month. 



Quantity. ! Value 



I Pounds. 

January 202, 358 

February | 285,542 

March 420, 513 

April ! 566,927 

May i 617,165 



$1, 180, 931 
1, 797, 909 
2, 643, 703 
3, 279, 057 
3, 337, 922 



Month. 



June 

July 

August 

September 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 
464, 884 
437, 048 
333, 020 
290, 752 



Value. 



$2, 624, 528 
2, 465, 451 
1, 716, 091 
1, 536, 772 



Since the fiscal year 1914 there has been a radical change in the 
relative importance of the different sources of broad silk imports. 
In that year 52.1 per cent of the total value of imports came from 
France; 12.2 per cent from Switzerland; 24.8 per cent from Japan; 
and 1 per cent from China. In the fiscal year 1921 the percentages 
were: Japan, 71.1; France, 10.3; China, 5.5; Switzerland, 4.8. In 
quantity Japan's predominance in 1921 is even greater. Accom- 
panying this change in the source of imports, there has been almost 
as great a modification in their character. Fabrics obtained from 
Europe are chiefly expensive goods demanded because of style, 
unique design or construction, and because desired in small amounts, 
or because of complicated weave, requiring much labor, frequently 
hand weaving. In general, they are supplementary rather than 
directly competitive. Imports from China and Japan are ordinarily 
low and medium grade goods of simple weave, made from fine or 
coarse silk filaments. The silks imported from Japan are mainly 
habutae — an unweighted fabric woven of pure, unthrown (i. e., 
untwisted) raw silk — although considerable quantities of light- 
weight wash satins and crepes, pongees, and striped and figured 
shirtings have in recent years come from that country. Consider- 
ably more than half of the total from Japan are light-weight habutae 
and light-weight wash satins such as are not made in the United States 
and therefore only indirectly competitive; the rest of them are heavy- 
weight habutae and other goods similar to those made in the United 
States and therefore directly competitive, although a considerable 
percentage is brought in from time to time to supply temporary 
shortages in domestic production. From China come chiefly pongees 
woven in the gum from wild tussah silk. 

Exports have been recorded only for 1918 and subsequent years, 
and all available annual figures are therefore presented below. 
Before the war the export was small, consisting, except for a fairly 



1024 



SUMMARY OF TABIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



regular trade with Canada, of men's linings and a few other lines of 
specialties and goods sold for " quick delivery.'' Such exportation 
(except possibly that of linings) did not attest American ability to 
compete with similar goods in neutral markets. During the war 
the trade rapidly expanded, enlarged markets being found in Canada, 
Cuba, and South America, and to a limited extent in Europe. Since 
the war this export has been reduced by more than one-half, but is 
still far above the prewar level. It consists of satins, taffetas, cr&pes, 
and other staples, and to a less extent of specialties of American 
origin. Much the largest market is Canada. Official trade figures 
for that country show that broad silk imports from the United 
States in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1920, amounted in value 
to $7,270,981; in the fiscal year 1921, to $2,961,727. From Japan 
the Canadian import was in 1920, $6,938,400; in 1921, $4,202,884. 
From Switzerland, the largest European source, Canada imported 
broad silks valued at $5,165,531 in 1920 and at $7,431,829 in 1921. 
Exports from the United States since 1917 by calendar years have 
been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (yards) 


10,623,304 
$9,671,058 


8, 985, 647 
$10, 225, 376 


5, 645, 038 

$8, 775, 079 


2, 356, 742 


Value . .1. .". 


$2, 542, 244 





Important changes in classification. — The classification of silk 
fabrics in H. R. 7456 is, with two exceptions, the same as that in 
the act of 1909. The two exceptions are as follows: 

(1) In H. R. 7456 the brackets contained in the act of 1909 cover- 
ing fabrics printed in the warp, are omitted. This omission makes 
it doubtful where, in the various divisions of paragraph 1205, such 
fabrics will fall, and will, therefore, probably lead to litigation. 

(2) A new departure in H. It. 7456 is the additional duty (of 25 
cents per pound) superimposed upon all other specific duties in the 
case of the following types of fabrics : 

(a) Those containing threads of more than 30 turns of twist to 
the inch — a provision which covers cr&pe fabrics and a wide variety 
of other piece-dyed fabrics, some of them European specialties. 
Cr6pe fabrics from Japan, however, make up the only very important 
import of goods containing this type of yarn, and that import is not 
more than 3 per cent — usually less — of the total import from that 
country and an even smaller percentage of the total import from all 
countries. 

(b) Those made on Jacquard looms — a provision which covers 
most fancy figured fabrics. Imports from Europe consist largely 
of this type of goods; most of them coming from that source are 
high-priced specialties. 

(c) Those containing more than one color in the filling — a pro- 
vision which covers changeable taffeta and other box-loom special- 
ties. Imports of these are small but regular. 

Suggested changes. — Change "of" to "in" between "or" and 
"chief" in line 12, page 128, of H. R. 7456. 

Page 128, line 15: Insert "weight of" before "silk." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1025 

Page 129, line 12: Change semicolon after "silk" to a comma to 
agree with similar provisions elsewhere. 
"Page 129, lines 17, 18: Omit the phrase "or if composed wholly of 
silk" as unnecessary. 

Page 129. line 19: Change semicolon after "warp" to a comma. 

Page 129, line 21: Strike out comma after "four hundred and 
forty."' 

Page 130, line 4: Strike out comma after "sixty." 

Page 130, line 11: Insert the following, which was in paragraph 
399 of the act of 1909, and which was apparently inadvertently 
omitted : 

Woven fabrics in the piece, composed wholly or in chief value of silk, if printed 
in the warp, and if weighing not more than one and one-third ounces per square yard 
[rate]; if weighing more than one and one-third ounces, but not more than two ounces 
per square yard [rate]; if weighing more than two ounces per square yard [rate]. 

Page 130, lines 13, 15: Insert "if" before "weighing" to agree 
with similar provisions elsewhere. 

Page 132, lines 1, 2; page 133, line 1: Omit as unnecessary the 
phrase " or if wholly of silk. " 

Page 133, line 4: Change the period after "pound" to a semicolon, 
and add "if weighing more than eight ounces per square yard [rate]" 
to agree with lines 10 and 11, page 130. This was apparently inad- 
vertently omitted. 

Specific provision is not made for yarn-dyed fabrics advanced be- 
yond the original weight of raw silk, weighing one-third and less of 
an ounce per square yard. Provision, therefore, might be made by 
striking out the words "more than one-third of one ounce but" in 
lines 19 and 20, page 128, thereby making the context read "if weigh- 
ing not more than one ounce per square yard." 

To avoid possible uncertainty, the last sentence (lines 11 and 12, 
page 133), "None of the foregoing fabrics in this paragraph shall pay 
a less rate of duty than 31 per centum ad valorem" should be made a 
paragraph and the word "foregoing" omitted therefrom. 



PARAGRAPH 1206. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 120(). Plushes, cut or uncut, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of silk, 
weighing not less than nine and one-half 
ounces per square yard, $1 per pound; 
weighing les3 Than nine and < one-half 
ounces per square yard, $2.40 per pound: 
Providfd, That none of ihf foregoing 
shall pay a less rate of duty than 33 J per 
centum ad valorem. Velvets, chenilles, 
and other pile fabrics, not specially pro- 
vided for, cut or uncut, composed wholly 
or in chief value of silk, weighing not 
less than five and three-fourths ounces 
per square yard, $1.50 per pound; weigh- 
ing less than five and three-fourths 
ounces per square yard, but not less than 

82304—22 65 



026 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



four ounces, if all the filling is not cotton, 
$2.75 per pound; if all the filling is cotton, 
$2 per pound; all the foregoing weighing 
less than four ounces per square yard, $4 
per pound: Provided, That none of the 
foregoing shall pay a less rate of duty than 
33£ per centum ad valorem. Measure- 
ments to ascertain widths of goods for 
determining weight per square yard of 
the foregoing articles shall not include 
the selvedges, but the duty shall be 
levied upon the total weight of goods, 
including the selvedges. The distinction 
between ''plushes" and "velvets" shall 
be determined by the length of the pile; 
those having pile exceeding one-seventh 
of one inch in length to be taken as 
' ' plushes ' ' ; those having pile one-seventh 
of one inch or less in length shall be taken 
as "velvets." The distance from the 
end of the pile to the bottom of the first 
binding pick shall be considered as the 
length of the pile. 

Velvet or plush ribbons, and all other- 
pile fabrics, cut or uncut, composed 
wholly or in chief value of silk, not 
specially provided for. not over twelve 
inches and not less than three-fourths of 
one inch in width- containing no silk 
except that in the pile and selvedges; if 
black, $1.60 per pound; if other" than 
black, $1.75 per pound; if containing silk 
other than that in the pile and selvedges; 
if black. $2 per pound: if other than 
black, $2.25 per pound; for each one- 
fourth of one inch or fraction thereof, 
less than three-fourths of one inch in 
width, there shall be paid in addition 
to the above rates, 40 cents per pound: 
Provided, That none of the foregoing shall 
pay a less rate of duty than 33J per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 399. Velvets, chenilles, and other 
pile fabrics, not specially provided for in 
this section, cut or uncut, composed 
wholly or in chief value of silk, weighing 
not less than five and three-fourths 
ounces per square yard, one dollar and 
fifty cents per pound; weighing less than 
five and three-fourths ounces per square 
yard, but not less than four ounces, or 
if all the filling is not cotton, two dollars 
and seventy-five cents y>ot pound: if all 
the filling is cotton, two dollars per 
pound; all the foregoing weighing less 
than four ounces to the square yard 
four dollars per pound. Plushes, cut or 
uncut, composed wholly or in chief value 
of silk, weighing not less than nine and 
one-half ounces per square yard, one 
dollar per pound; weighing less than nine 
and one-half ounces per square yard, 
two dollars and forty cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pajr. 314. Velvets, plushes, chenilles, 
velvet or plush ribbons, or other pile 
fabrics, composed of silk or of which silk 
is the component material of chief value. 
50 per centum ad valorem. 

Far. 358. * * * coach, carriage, and 
automobile laces, * * * 60 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1027 



ACT OF 1909. 

Measurements to ascertain widths of 
goods for determining weight per square 
yard of the foregoing articles shall not 
include the selvedges, but the duty shall 
be levied upon the total weight of goods, 
including the selvedges, the distinc- 
tion between •plushes'' and 'velvets*' 
shall be determined by the length of the 
pile; those having pile exceeding one- 
seventh of one inch in length, to be taken 
as "plushes"; those having pile one- 
seventh of one inch or less in length. 
shall be taken as " velvets." The dis- 
tance from the end of the pile to the 
bottom of the first binding pick shall be 
considered as the length of the pile. 
Velvet or plush ribbons, or other pile 
fabrics not over twelve inches and not 
less than three-fourths of one inch in 
width, cut or uncut, of which silk is the 
component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 
containing no silk except that in the pile 
and selvedges; if black, one dollar and 
sixty cents per pound; if other than 
black, one dollar and seventy-live cents 
per pound; if containing silk other than 
that in the pile and selvedges; if black, 
two dollars per pound; if other than black. 
two dollars and twenty-five cents per 
pound; for each one-fourth of one inch or 
fraction thereof, less than three-fourths of 
one inch in width, there shall be paid in 
addition to the above rates, forty cents 
per pound. * * But in no case 

shall any goods made on Jacquard looms 
or any of the goods containing more than 
one color in the filling, or any of the goods 
enumerated in this paragraph, including 
such as have India rubber as a component 
material, pay a less rate of duty than 
forty-five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 



SILK PILE FABRICS. 



(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and uses. — Silk pile fabrics include cloths and ribbons 
composed of a woven ground of silk or other material more or less 
completely concealed by a covering of short silk threads, or pile, 
which project from it as cut ends or, in a few fabrics, as loops. Silk 
pile cloths are mainly velvets and plushes, which differ principally 
in that the pile of velvet is the shorter. Silk pile ribbons are almost 
invariably velvet. Velvets and plushes are usually woven as double 
ile fabrics, i.e.. two cloths are woven one above the other, connected 
v the interlacing of pile warp threads. A knife traveling from 
side to side cuts the pile halfway between the two cloths, leaving 
each with its half of the pile. Silk velvets are used chiefly for 
women's garments and millinery purposes. Plushes serve for 
upholstery and decoration and for women's garments, especially 
imitation sealskins and other imitation furs. Thev are also useS 



i: 



1028 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

for hats for both men and women, especially for men's high silk 
hats. If of the qualities and widths ordinarily used in making men's 
silk hats they are separately provided for. (See par. 1453.) 

Chenille yarn is made by cutting a specially woven cloth into 
narrow strips and twisting the strips to produce" a rough yarn from 
which the cut thread ends stick out in every direction* Fabrics 
woven of chenille yarn are used for curtains, rugs, upholstery, and as 
fringes for women's wear. Chenilles are a minor product. 

Production. — From 1904 to 1914 production of silk velvet increased 
from 7,262,000 yards, valued at $3,161,000, to 16,318,000 yards 
valued at $8,570,022; of silk plushes, from 2,547,000 yards valued at 
$1,341,000, to 9,115,000 yards, valued at $10,136,000. For 1919, 
preliminary census figures show a production of 16,150,000 yards of 
silk velvets, valued at $20,950,000, and of 5,860,000 yards of silk 
plush, valued at $10,136,000. In the same year 2,144 active looms 
were reported as employed in the industry. Silk pile fabrics are as a 
rule made with cotton back or ground and spun silk pile; some 
all-silk velvets are made, mainly light draping velvets. Velvet- 
ribbon production is comparatively small, irregular demand making 
profit in manufacture uncertain. 

Imports of broad pile fabrics are mainly fine all-silk velvets, pro- 
duced only to a limited extent here; high-grade figured specialties, 
which American firms generally do not produce; and velvet ribbons, 
the import of which supplies a large proportion of domestic consump- 
tion. Imports of plush fabrics are small, usually one-tenth or less 
of the broad velvet import. The average annual import of all types 
of silk pile fabrics for the 30 years ended June 30, 1920, was 652,015 
pounds, valued at $2,496,817. In the fiscal year 1913, 864,714 
pounds, valued at $3,486,011, entered; in the fiscal year 1914, 740,795 
pounds, valued at $4,171,390. From that time through 1919, when 
only 95,807 pounds, valued at $440,780, were imported, there was a 
steady decline. The year 1920 shows a considerable recovery, 
though in quantity the import was still less than half of the 1914 
figure and about half of the 30-year annual average. Below are 
given statistics for the period 1918-1921: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




Pouads. 


$499,564 

1,14.V',2() 
2,279,698 l 
1.157,110 


1219, 782 

572, 810 

1,139,849 


Per cent. 
50 


1919... 


213. 105 
311,121 
151,196 


50 


1920 


50 


1921 (9 months; 













France, England, Germany, and Switzerland are the chief sources 
of imports. 

Velvet ribbons alone also showed a decline of from 140,304 pounds, 
valued at $1,749,746, in 1914, to 59,902 pounds, valued at $203,397, 
in 1919. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192L, 



1029 



Imports of velvet or plush ribbons for the period 1918-1921 follow 



Calendar year. 

■ 


Quantity. 
Pounds. 


Value. 

$172, 169 
565, 491 
529,757 
240, 187 


Duty. 

$86,085 
282, 746 
264, 879 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 




Per cent. 
50 


1919 


156,947 

90,124 

45,669 


50 


1920 


SO 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports are not recorded. A small export trade has grown up in 
broad pile fabrics, especially since the war, but its survival is ques- 
tioned in the trade. 

Suggested changes. — Page 134, line 19, of H. R. 7456: Change semi- 
colon to a comma after " selvedges." 



PARAGRAPH 1207. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1207. Fabrics with fast edges, 
wholly or in chief value of silk, not ex- 
ceeding twelve inches in width, including 
ribbons, and articles made therefrom, 
tubings, garters, suspenders, braces, 
cords, tassels, and cords and tassels; all 
the foregoing composed wholly or in chief 
value of silk or silk and india rubber, if 
not embroidered in any manner by hand 
or machinery, and not specially provided 
for, 33 J per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 401. Ribbons, bandings, includ- 
ing hatbands, beltings, bindings, all of 
the foregoing not exceeding twelve inches 
in width, and if with fast edges, bone cas- 
ings, braces, cords, cords and tassels, gar- 
ters, gorings, suspenders, tubings, and 
webs and webbings, composed wholly or 
in chief value of silk, and whether com- 
posed in any part of India rubber or other- 
wise, if not embroidered in any manner, 
by hand or machinery, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 316. Ribbons, bandings, includ- 
ing hatbands, belts, beltings, bindings, 
all of the foregoing not exceeding twelve 
inches in width and if with fast edges, 
bone casings, braces, cords, cords and tas- 
sels, garters, suspenders, tubings, and 
webs and webbings; all the foregoing 
made of silk or of which silk or silk and 
india rubber are the component materials 
of chief value, if not embroidered in any 
manner, and not specially provided for 
in this section, 45 per centum ad valorem . 

Par. 358. * * * coach, carriage, and 
automobile laces. * * ' * 60 per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 



SILK SMALL WARES, INCLUDING RIBBONS. 

(See Survey 1-1 . i 



RIBBONS. 



Description. — Ribbons are narrow-woven fabrics with straight sel- 
vages. This paragraph applies only to ribbons wholly or in chief 
value of silk, or of silk ana india rubber, with fast selvages, not over 



1030 



^SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



12 inches in width, not embroidered, and not covered with pile. 
(See par. 1206.) 

Production of ribbons in 1914 was valued at $38,201,000; in 1919, 
at $66,053,000. Between 1899 and 1914 the ratio of domestic pro- 
duction to domestic consumption increased from 83 to 93 per cent: 
it was over 99 per cent in 1919. 

Imports from 1910-1918 had an average value of $676,000; in 1914 
the value was $2,146,988; in 1918, $105,483. Changes in fashion 
largely account for variations in imports, which consist mainly of 
extreme novelties, goods of complicated, multicolored weave, or of 
those with metal threads and similar articles, in which the element 
of hand labor is exceptionally high. These are required in quantities 
so small that American manufacturers do not care to concern them- 
selves with their production. Imports are for the most part supple- 
mentary rather than competitive. Ribbons made from low-grade 
silk, though not produced here, are not extensively imported, their 
prices, plus the duty, equaling those of better-grade domestic ribbons. 

Later imports are recorded as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duly. 


Ad 
valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Yards. 


$96, 127 
182,052 
989,661 
421,957 


$43,257 
81,923 

445, 347 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 




1,198,128 
10, 484, 874 

3,728,910 


45 


1920 


45 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Small quantities of ribbons are exported, principally to 
Canada and Latin America. 



OTHER SILK SMALL WAKKS. 



Description and uses.-— Small wares include, in addition to ribbons, 
practically all products of ribbon looms and some small articles which 
are not woven, such as cords and tassels. Many of the items enumer- 
ated are in whole or in part of elastic banding which has india-rubber 
threads woven into the warp. 

Production statistics are only partially comparable. In 1914 silk 
braids and bindings valued at fS, 073,648 were reported; trimmings, 
cords, tassels, ornaments, etc., other than military and tailors' trim- 
mings, valued at $1,674,399; labels, at $971,789; hatbands, at 
$607,204; and fishlines, at $177,150. 

Imports. — During 1910-1914 the import value averaged $567,000; 
in 1914 it was $527,100; and in 1918, $147,461. Hatbands, largely 
from German v, formed 80 to 90 per cent of the imports prior to the 
war. In 1914 they amounted to $484, :W9. Thus, although the 
imports of small wares as a whole are far below the total domestic 
production, they are competitive with one branch of the industry, 
because they consist so largely of one item. There has been some 
increase in tin 4 imports of hatbands in 1920 and 1921, and also of 
cords and tassels, principally from the Far Kast. 



sr.MMAiiV ()F TARIKK I X K( >RMATK> >i , 11)21. 1031 

Imports since 1917 by calendar years are recorded as follows: 



Value. 
Duty.. 



L918 


1919 


1920 

$416, 204 
187, 291 


69 


1921 
monihs.i 


JS2.fi04 1 
37, 171 


$80. 263 
86, 1M 


$21S,92o 







Exports. — None recorded. 

GENKKAL NOTES ON V\ R AOliAPH . 

Important changes in classification. — This small-wares paragraph is 
appropriately begun with the words '' Fabrics with fast edges * * * 
not exceeding twelve inches in width * * * and articles made 
therefrom.'' In both manufacture and trade, woven fabrics wider 
than twelve inches are known as cloth. 

The description covers all narrow woven wares and for the most 
part it is not necessary to provide for articles separately. The term 
''tubings" has been retained because tubings are a special form of 
narrow wares woven as tubes and therefore having no edges. "Bone 
casings" has been omitted as it is included under the term "tub- 
ings.' Specific mention of "garters, suspenders, braces" is retained 
because it not mentioned here they might possibly be construed as 
belonging under wearing apparel. "Cords, tassels, and cords and 
tassels" are specifically mentioned because they are not woven 
fabrics and have heretofore been listed with woven small wares. 
" Tassels '' is added because tassels alone were not covered by "cords " 
or '"cords and tassels" in the act of 1913 (par. 316) and act of 1909 
par. 401). Narrow wares ornamented with embroidery or lace are 
more specifically provided for in paragraph 1430. 

Suggested changes. — Page 135, lines 3 and 4: Omit words " wholly 
or in chief value of silk" because this is duplication of phrase in line 7. 

Page 135. line 5, H. R. 7456: Change comma to semicolon after 
therefrom." 

Page 135, lines 8 and 9: Articles embroidered by hand or machine 
are specifically provided for in paragraph 1430 and the words here 
usi'd "if not embroidered in any manner by hand or machinery'' 
are unnecessary; such wording has been omitted from other para- 
graphs of the textile schedules. 



PARAGRAPH 1208. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

no piece, 

composed wholly or in chin' value of 
silk. 35 per centum ad valorem; knit 
underwear, hose, halt hose, and gloves, 
finished or unfinished, composed wholly 
or in chief value of silk. 40 per centum 
ad valorem; outerwear and other goods, 
knit or crocheted, finished or unfinished, 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
silk. 40 per centum ad valorem. 



/ 

1032 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 402. * * * clothing ready made, Par. 317. Clothing, ready-made, and 
and articles of wearing apparel of every articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
description, including knit goods, made scription, including knit goods, made up 
up or manufactured in whole or in part or manufactured in whole or in part by 
by the tailor, seamstress, or manufac- the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer: 
turer; all of the foregoing composed of all the foregoing composed of silk or of 
silk, or of silk and metal, or of which silk which silk or silk and india rubber are 
is the component material of chief value, the component materials of chief value, 
whether in part of India rubber or other- not specially provided for in this section. 
wise * * * not speically provided 50 per centum ad valorem, 
for in this section * * * sixty per cen- Par. 318. * * * manufactures of silk, 
turn ad valorem: Provided, That articles or of which silk or silk and india rubber 
composed wholly or in chief value of any are the component materials oi chief 
of the, materials or goods dutiable under value, not specially provided lor in this 
this paragraph shall pay not less than the section, 45 per centum ad Valorem,. 
rate of duty imposed upon such materials 
or goods by this section: * * *. 

Par. 403. All manufacturers of silk, 
or of which silk is the component material 
of chief value, including such as have 
India rubber as a component material, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
fifty per centum ad valorem: * * *. 

SILK KNIT GOODS. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and uses. — -Silk knit fabrics are made on both warp and 
weft knitting machines. (See cotton knit fabrics, par. 913.) The 
warp knit fabric is made up in the mills into underwear and gloves 
and to some extent into hosiery, but as yet is not on the market for 
the use of the home dressmaker. Other silk knit fabrics are produced 
in great variety and are sold in the piece at retail as well as to the gar- 
ment trade. This is a field of manufacture which is constantly en- 
larging, new and improved processes adding to the uses of silk knit 
fabric. Silk underwear made in the United States is almost entirely 
of warp knit silk fabric, variously known as glove silk, Italian silk, 
tricot, milanese, etc. Gloves are made of this same fabric. Silk 
hosiery is made by the same processes as cotton hosiery (par. 915). 
"Cut" silk hosier}^, made of glove silk, however, is a much more im- 
portant division of the industry than is " cut " cotton hosieiy. Sweat- 
ers are probably the most important articles of knit outer wear, but 
silk knit scarfs, bathing suits, caps, blouses and even dresses are in- 
creasingly used. 

Production. — The total production of silk knit goods increased 
from a value of $41,262,000 in 1914 to $234,927,000 in 1919. The 
items which constituted the total in 1919 were hosiery valued at 
$125,710,000; underwear, $13,742,000; outer wear, including gloves, 
$88,926,000; and warp-knit "cloth," $6,437,000. The outer wear 
group showed the greatest percentage of increase over 1909 produc- 
tion. The silk hosiery industry is largely full-fashioned, but con- 
siderable quantities of seamless silk hosiery are also produced, vary- 
ing with the relation of silk to cotton pricei. " Cut '.' silk hosiery is of 
the best quality and is made by the underwear and glove mills. 

Import* of silk knit goods, recorded as one item, amounted to 
$181,135 in 1914. Later imports are recorded as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1033 





Calendar ye;\r. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1>!1S 




$14, 259 
68, 093 
140,269 
14.5,606 . 


$7, 125 
34,0*7 
73, 135 


Per cent . 
50 


1919 


:><> 


1920 


50 


1921 (9 months ) 













Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456 silk knit goods 
are for the first time placed in a separate paragraph — a position war- 
ranted both by their importance and by the desirability of uniformity 
with Other textile schedules. In the acts of 1909 and 1913 silk knit 
fabrics, nowhere specifically provided for, came in under the general 
provision of Schedule L contained in paragraph 403 of 1909 and para- 
graph 318 of 1913. In both these acts silk knit goods "made up or 
manufactured in whole or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manu- 
facturer," including hosiery, knit underwear and outerwear and other 
"made-up" knit goods — came under the general paragraph embrac- 
ing clothing and articles of wearing apparel of silk (par. 402 of 1909 
and par. 317 of 1913). 

PARAGRAPH 1209. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1209. Handkerchiefs, and woven 
mufflers, composed wholly or in chief 
value of silk, finished or unfinished, not 
hemmed, 33$ per centum ad valorem; 
hemmed or hemstitched, 40 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 400. Handkerchiefs or mufflers 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
silk, finished or unfinished, if cut, not 
hemmed or hemmed only, shall pay fifty 
per centum ad valorem; if such handker- 
chiefs or mufflers are hemstitched or imi- 
tation hemstitched, * * * sixty per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 315. Handkerchiefs or mufflers 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
silk, finished or unfinished; if cut, not 
hemmed or hemmed only, 40 per centum 
ad valorem; if hemstitched or imitation 
hemstitched, * * * but not embroid- 
ered in any manner with an initial letter, 
monogram, or otherwise, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. 



SILK HANDKERCHIEFS. 



(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and uses. — -There is not a steady demand for silk hand- 
kerchiefs as there is for those of cotton and linen. The} 7 are more 
susceptible to the vagaries of fad and fashion. During recent years 
largo quantities of women's cheap silk handkerchiefs have flooded 
tie markets, but fine silk handkerchiefs, except a few for sport wear, 
have been little used. There is a constant though small demand for 
certain types of mens silk handkerchiefs. In the bandanna size 
they are worn as mufflers. Silk handkerchiefs printed with flags, 
etc., are extensivelv made as souvenirs. 



1034 ST ALMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Silk handkerchiefs may be woven in the loom, two or three to the 
breadth, and then cut and finished; or they may be cut from silk 
cloth and hemmed or hemstitched, ironed, folded, and boxed for the 
trade. The material is chiefly habutai (Japanese), a pure, soft, 
plain-woven, un thrown washable silk. Crepe de chine, a cloth of 
domestic manufacture, is also extensively used. 

Production.— -The manufacture of silk handkerchiefs is not a 
separate industry in the United States; it is carried on in conjunction 
with the manufacture of broad silks or of other kinds of handker- 
chiefs—production is small and varies with demand, but imports 
supply by far the larger part of the domestic market. 

Imports of embroidered and other fancy silk handkerchiefs, formerly 
included under the same paragraph at the same rates as the hem- 
stitched article, but now covered by paragraph 358 of the act of 1913, 
have been slight. The plain hemstitched silk handkerchief has been 
the chief grade imported, occasionally constituting over 80 per cent 
of the total. Imports of silk handkerchiefs "cut, not hemmed or 
hemmed only," seldom equaled 10 per cent of the total until 1916, 
but since then have increased noticeably. Prior to 1916 import 
values of silk handkerchiefs remained fairly stationary at between 
$300,000 and $400,000 a year, despite reduced duties on the principal 
type (hemstitched). Japan is the chief source, supplying over 90 
per cent of the total imports. 

Imports from 1918-1921 are recorded as follows: 








Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


1918 




Dozens. 


$1,195,628 
1, 616,140 

1,602,5X4 
818.762 . 


$558, 429 


1919 




1,668,944 | 


751,826 


1920 




1, 077, 062 1 


735, 870 


1921 (9 months) 




699,0 IS 





Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Knitted mufflers have been 
transferred from this provision to paragraph 1208. 



PARAGRAPH 1210. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1.210. Shirt collars, composed in 
whole or in part of silk, whether natural 
or artificial, 50 cents per dozen and 20 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. UYl. ■• * * clothing ready Par. 817. Clothing, ready-made, and 

made, and articles ol Wearing apparel of articles of wearing apparel of every de- 

eve^y description, * • * made up or seription, * * * made up or manu- 

rnanufactured in whole or in part by the factored in whole or in part by the tailor, 

tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all of seamstress, or manufacturer; all the fore- 

Ihe fore£6mg composed Of silk, * * * going composed of silk or of which silk 

or of whichsilk is the component mate- *!,;.*■* are the component materials ol 

rial of chief value. * * * not spe- chief value, not specially |>ro\ ided for in 

eialiy provider! for in this section, * * * this section. 50 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1035 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

sixty per centum ad valorem: Pwrided. 
That articles composed wholly or in chief 
value of any of the material? or uoods 
dutiable under this paragraph shall pa> 
not less than the rate of duty imposed 
upon such materials or <*oods In this sec- 
tion: * * *. 

Par. 405. * * * articles - * * Par. 319. * * * articles * * * 
composed a holly or in chief value of composed wholly or in chief value of 
yams, threads, filaments, or fibers of yarns, threads, filaments, or libers of arti- 
artificial or imitation silk or of artificial ficial or imitation silk or of artificial or 
or imitation horsehair, by whatever name imitation horsehair * * * by what- 
known. and by whatever process made, ever name known, and by whatever proc- 
forty-tive cents per pound, and in addi- oss made. 60. per -centum ad valorem, 
tion thereto, sixty per centum ad valotom 

SILK SHIRT COLLARS. 

(See Survey fc-2j 

Description and uses. — This paragraph is restricted to shirt collars 
in whole or in part of silk or artificial silk, and would not include 
fancy collars for women. 

Production, import, and export data are not available. It is known, 
however, that silk shirt collars are a small item both of production 
and import. Exports are probably negligible. 

Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 74.56 silk and arti- 
ficial-silk shirt collars are for the first time given specific mention. 
The reason for this departure is not clear. Shirt collars wholly or in 
chief value of silk came in under the general wearing-apparel para- 
graphs of the acts of 1909 (par. 402) and of 1913 (par. 317) and shirt 
collars wholly or in chief value of artificial silk under the paragraphs 
of those acts (405 of 1909 and 319 of 1913) for articles of artificial 
silk. 

This paragraph and paragraph 1211 alone of the paragraphs of 
this schedule provide for goods containing silk or artificial silk, 
when not in sufficient quantity to constitute chief value. It. 
therefore, includes goods which came within other textile schedules 
of the acts of 1909 and 1913. 

Conflict in classification. -Paragraph 1210 conflicts with paragraph 
1(016, which provides for shirt collars composed wholly or in .part of 
flax. 

Suggested changes'.— SinCe silk and artificial-silk shirt collars are a 
small item of import, and as there is no apparent reason why they 
should be given separate treatment, it is suggested that this pro- 
vision be omitted. These articles would then come within para- 
graph 1212 if wholly or in chief value of silk, and within paragraph 
1215 if wholly or in chief value of artificial silk. Silk striped collars 
in chief Value of cotton would come within paragraph 91 S. 



1036 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1211. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1211. Shirts, for men and boys, in 
whole or in part of silk, whether natural 
or artificial. 40 per centum ad valorem. 
but not less than 10 per centum in ad- 
dition to the duty on the component 
materials. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 402. * * * clothing ready 
made, and articles of wearing apparel of 
every description. * * * made up or 
manufactured in whole or in part by the 
tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer; all of 
the foregoing composed of silk. * * * 
or of which silk is the component material 
of chief value, * * * not specially 
provided for in this section. * * * 
sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That articles composed wholly or in chief 
value of any of the materials or goods 
dutiable under this paragraph shall pay 
not less than the rate of duty imposed 
upon such materials or goods by this 
section: * * * . 

Par. 405. * * * _ articles * * * 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of 
artificial or imitation silk or of artificial 
or imitation horsehair, by whatever name 
known, and by whatever process made, 
forty-five cents per pound, and in ad- 
dition thereto, sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 317. Clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
scription, * * * made up or manu- 
factured in whole or in part by the tailor . 
seamstress, or manufacturer: all the fore- 
going composed of silk or of which silk 
* * * are the component materials of 
chief value, not specially provided for in 
this section, 50 per centum ad valorem. 

Pah. 319. * * * articles * * * 
composed wholly or in chief value of yarns, 
threads, filaments, or fibers of artificial or 
imitation silk or of artificial or imitation 
horsehair * * * by whatever name 
known, and by whatever process made. 
60 per centum ad valorem. 



SI^K SHIRTS FOR MEN AND BOYS. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Production. — While no figures are available as to the exact amount 
of domestic production, it is known that silk shirt manufacture is a 
large and growing industry, and that a large proportion of cotton 
shirts contain a silk stripe or figure and come within this paragraph. 
Artificial silk shirtings, usually woven with a warp or filling of cotton, 
are not widely produced; fancy shirts, however, often contain ar- 
tificial silk stripes or figures. Shirt factories at Paterson, N. J., 
reported the 1921 season one of the most successful ever known. 1 

Imports. — The import of silk shirts is small in actual quantity and 
forms only a negligible proportion of domestic consumption. 'This is 
true, even if one include silk striped shirts with cotton the component 
material of chief value. A few silk shirts are imported by exclusive 
men's furnishing shops from England and France. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 745G silk and artificial 
silk shirts are for the first time given specific mention. The reason for 
this departure is not clear, especially since the duty, with the ex- 
ception of the minimum in the proviso, is the same as the duty on 



Daily News Kecord, Nov. lfi, 1921. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 19i 



1037 



wearing apparel in paragraph 1212. Shirts wholly or in chief value of 
silk came in under the general wearing-apparel paragraphs of the acts 
of 1909 (par. 402) and of 1913 (par. 317), and shirts wholly or in chief 
value of artificial silk under the artificial silk paragraphs of those 
acts (405 of 1909 and 319 of 1913), 

This paragraph (1211) and the preceding paragraph (1210) alone 
of the paragraphs of this schedule provide that goods shall come 
within its scope if they contain any silk or artificial silk, even though 
not in sufficient quantity to constitute chief value. It therefore 
includes goods which came within other textile schedules of the acts 
of 1909 and 1913. The provision that the duty shall not be less than 
10 per cent in addition to the duty on the component materials is 
ambiguous and might require destructive analysis to determine the 
exact weights of the various materials used. Samples can not be 
taken as in the case of fabrics. 

Suggested changes. — Since silk and artificial silk shirts are a small 
item of import, since shirts are not specially provided for in other 
textile schedules, and moreover, since there is no apparent reason why 
they should be given separate treatment, it is suggested that the pro- 
vision be omitted. Shirts in chief value of silk would then come 
within paragraph 1212 and those in chief value of artificial silk, 
within 1215. Shirts in which silk or artificial silk is not the compo- 
nent material of chief value come within wearing-apparel provisions 
according to the material of chief value. 



PARAGRAPH 1212. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1212. Clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
scription, not knit or crocheted, manu- 
factured wholly or in part, composed 
wholly or in chief value of silk, and not 
specially provided for, 40 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That articles com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of any of 
the materials or goods dutiable under this 
paragraph shall pay not less than the rate 
of duty imposed upon such materials or 
goods by this title. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 402. * * * clothing ready made, 
and articles of wearing apparel of every 
description, * * * made up or man- 
ufactured in whole or in part by the 
tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer;' all of 
the foregoing composed of silk or of silk 
and metal, or of which silk is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, whether 
in part of India rubber or otherwise. 
* * * not specially provided for in 
this section, * * * sixty per centum 
ad valorem: 1'roiided, That articles com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of any of 
the materials or goods dutiable under this 
paragraph shall pay not less than the rate 
of duty imposed upon such materials or 
goods by this section: * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 317. Clothing, ready-made, and 
articles of wearing apparel of every de- 
scription, * * * made up or manu- 
factured in whole or in part by the tailor, 
seamstress, or manufacturer; all the fore- 
going composed of silk or of which silk or 
silk and india rubber are the component, 
materials of chief value, not specially 
provided for in this section, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. 



/ 

1038 sr.MMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 

SILK CLOTHINO. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description. — This paragraph includes all clothing and wearing 
apparel wholly or in chief value of silk, except knit goods (par. 1208), 
shirts for men and boys (par. 1211), and shirt collars (par. 1210). 

Production. — All but a small percentage of the domestic consump- 
tion of silk wearing apparel is made in this country. No statistics are 
available, but the industry is undoubtedly larger in this than in any 
other country. More broad silk is produced in the United States and 
the wearing-apparel industry is the largest consumer of broad silks. 

hnports. — Imports in 1914 were valued at $2,607,596, including 
corsets, $8,463; and read.v-m.ade clothing and articles of wearing 
apparel, $2,599,133. Imports in 1918 were valued at $967,860, of 
which corsets amounted to $3,809, and ready-made clothing and 
articles of wearing apparel to $964,051. Figures for ready-made 
clothing include shirts and shirt collars, specially mentioned in par- 
agraphs 1210 and 1211. 

Later imports for calendar years are recorded as follows : 



Value . 



1918 



$655,028 
Duty I 326, 706 



1919 



$1,173,168 
585,080 



1920 (9 months). 



$2,074,279 i $1,234,613 
103,604 ! 



Exports. — A considerable export trade was built up during the war. 
Statistics were not recorded prior to 1918, since which time they show 
values of exports during calendar years as follows: 1918, $3,634,861: 
1919, $7,435,929; 1920, $11,224,687; 1921 (9 months), $2,831,259. 

Important changes in classification.— In H. R. 7456 the following 
silk goods and articles covered in the corresponding paragraphs of 
the acts of 1909 (par. 402) and 1913 (par. 317) are placed in other 
paragraphs : 

(1) Knit wearing apparel — underwear and outerwear— par- 

agraph 1208. 

(2) Shirt collars, paragraph 1210. 

(3) Shirts for men and boys, paragraph 1211. 

See discussion of " Important changes in classi$i9atif>n'£ under those 
paragraphs. 

Suggested changes. — The word " ready-made" should be omitted, as 
has been done in the wearing-apparel paragraphs of the other textile 
schedules, that there may be no confusion as to the intent to cover 
in this paragraph all wearing apparel, w T hether read3 r -made or custom- 
made, wholly or in chief value of silk and not specially provided for 
elsewhere. 



PARAGRAPH 1213. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1213. All manufactures of silk, 
or of which silk is the component mate- 
rial of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided ror, 35 per centum ad valorem. 



ST. M.MARY OF TARIFF IX FORMATION , 1:921 



1039 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 403. All manufactures of silk, or 
of which «ilk is the component matt-rial 
of chief value, including such as have 
India rubber as a component material, 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, fifty per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That all manufactures of silk enu- 
merated under any paragraph of this 
schedule, if composed in any part of 
wool, shall be classified and assessed for 
duty as manufactures of wool. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Far. 318. * * * all manufactures of 
silk, or of which silk or silk and india 
rubber are the component materials of 
chief value, not specially provided for in 
this section, 45 per centum ad valorem. 



MANUFACTURES OF SILK X. S. P. F. 

(See Survey I -2.) 

Description and mes. — The principal items falling under this 
general catch-all provision are upholstery and made-up articles other 
than wearing apparel, composed wholly or in chief value of silk. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports. — For the four fiscal years 1910 to 1913 the average annual 
imports of silk manufactures not specifieall}^ provided for (par. 403, 
act of 1909) were valued at $548,791. In the fiscal year 1914 they 
amounted to $1,090,411. Imports in later years are recorded as 
follows : 





Calendar year. 


! Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


191S 




! Pounds. 


$476,659 

602, 669 

1, 183, 408 

798, 374 


$214, 466 
271,187 


1919 




___ 189.264 


1920 


532, 529 


1921 (9 months ! 







Important changes in classification.— In H. R. 7456 the following 
items covered by the corresponding paragraphs of the acts of 1909 
(par. 403) and 1913 (par. 318) have been provided for elsewhere: 

(1) Sliver — the product of the drawing operation in the conversion 
of waste silk into spun silk yarn. (See "Important changes in 
classification," par. 1201, p. 1007.) 

(2) Roving — the product of the operation immediately preceding 
spinning in the conversion of waste silk into spun silk yarn. (See 
" Important changes in classification," par. 1202, p. 1012.) 

(3) Knit fabrics in the piece; specially provided for in paragraph 
1208. 



PARAGRAPH 1214. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. L214. In ascertaining the weight 
or number of silk under the provisions of 
this title, either in the threads, yarns, 
or fabrics, the weight or number shall be 
taken in the condition in which found 
in the goods, without deduction there- 



1040 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 19&1. 



ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision. 



H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

from for any dye, coloring matter, or 
moisture, or* other foreign substance or 
material. The number of single threads 
to the inch in the warp provided for in this 
title shall be determined by the number 
of spun or reeled singles of which such 
single or two or more ply threads are com- 
posed. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 404. In ascertaining the weight 
of silk under the provisions of this sched- 
ule, either in the threads, yarns, or 
fabrics, the weight shall be taken in the 
condition in which found in the goods, 
without deductions therefrom for any 
dye, coloring matter, or other . foreign 
substance or material. The number of 
single threads to the inch in the warp 
provided for in this schedule shall be 
determined by the number of spun or 
reeled singles of which such single or two 
or more ply threads are composed. 

Important changes in classification. — There is but one difference 
between this paragraph and paragraph 404 of the act of 1909 (there 
is no corresponding provision in the act of 1913), and that is the 
insertion of the words '"'or number 7 ' after the word " weight" each 
time that it appears. Spun silk yarns are provided for in paragraph 
1202 bj number and silk fabrics in paragraphs 1205 and 1206 by 
weight. 

Comments and suggestions. — Change "title - " to "schedule" in 
line 17, page 136, H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1215. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1215. Yarns, threads, filaments, 
and lame, of artificial or imitation silk, or 
of artificial or imitation horsehair, or of 
the waste of such materials, by whatever 
name known, and by whatever process 
made, if singles, 45 cents per pound; if 
tram, 50 cents per pound; if organzine, 
GO cents per pound: Provided, That none 
of the foregoing shall pay a less rate of 
duty than 23 per centum ad valorem. 
Knit goods, ribbons, and other fabrics 
and articles composed wholly or in chief 
value of any of the foregoing, 45 cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto 37£ per 
cot i turn ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 405. Yarns, threads, filamnts of 
artificial or imitation silk, or of artificial 
or imitation horsehair, by whatever name 
known, and by whatever process made, 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 319. Yams, threads, filaments of 
artificial or imitation silk, or of artificial 
or imitation horsehair, by whatever name 
known, and by whatever process made, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 11)21. 1041 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

if in the form of singles, forty-five reals 35-per centum ad valorem; beltings, cords, 
per pound; if in the form of tram, fifty tassels, ribbons, or other articles or fabrics 
cents per pound: if in the form of organ- composed wholly or in chief value of 
sine, sixty cents per pound: Provided, yarns, threads, filaments, or fibers of 
That in no case shall any yarns, threads, artificial or imitation vsilk or of artificial 
or filaments of artificial or imitation silk or imitation horsehair, or of yarns, 
or imitation horsehair, or any yarns, threads, filaments or fibers of artificial or 
threads, or li laments made from waste of imitation silk, or of artificial or imitation 
such materials, pay a less rate of duty horsehair and India rubber, by whatever 
than thirty per centum ad valorem; name known, and by whatever process 
* * * beltings, cords, tassels, ribbons, made, 60 per centum ad valorem. 
or other articles or fabrics composed 
wholly or in chief value of yarns, threads, 
filaments, or fibers of artificial or imita- 
tion silk or of artificial or imitation horse- 
hair, by whatever name known, and by 
whatever process made, forty-five cents 
per pound, and in addition thereto, 
sixty per centum ad valorem. 

ARTIFICIAL SILK. 
(See Report T. I. S.-:;.) 

Description and uses. — Artificial silk and real silk have in common 
one property, luster; the former is the more lustrous of the two, but 
has a different "feel." Artificial silk is heavier, less elastic, weaker, 
and' more difficult to manipulate than real silk. All of the com- 
mercially important artificial silks are obtained from some form of 
cellulose, the predominating constituent of plant tissue. They are 
cheaper than real silk, and sometimes for this reason are preferred, 
but in general artificial silk has distinct uses and is not directly com- 
petitive with the natural product. The chief uses of artificial silk 
are for hosiery and other knit goods, silk and cotton fabrics, braids, 
plush goods, and tapestries. 

Production. — Domestic production of artificial silk increased from 
approximately 1,566,000 pounds in 1913 to 10,240,000 pounds in 
1920. It supplied less than one-half of domestic consumption in 
most pre-war years, but covered 88 per cent of the home demand in 
the post-war years, 1919 and 1920. This increase was a result of the 
varied uses of artificial silk and of war and post-war conditions, which 
reduced imports from Europe, especially from Germany. Until re- 
cently practically the entire domestic output has been manufactured 
by one company, whose stock is controlled by an English artificial- 
silk firm. This company uses the "viscose" process — i. e., the dis- 
solving of wood pulp in a strong alkali and the treatment of the re- 
sulting solution with dilute caustic soda. Tn Europe the nitro- 
cellulose, the cupra-ammonium, and the new acetate processes are also 
used. In 1 920 and 1921 several large plants — some of them of domes- 
tic and some of foreign ownership— have been completed for the pro- 
duction of artificial silk by various processes. There is impending, 
therefore, an increase both in quantity and variety of output. 

Imports declined from 2,733,952 pounds in the fiscal year 1911 to 
259,373 pounds in the fiscal year L918; that is, from about two-thirds 
to one-fiftieth of the domestic consumption, imports for the 
calendar years 1918-1921 are shown below. The importation for 
1920 is 12.6 per cent of the total consumption. 
S2304 -22 <;<; / 



1042 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



Calendar year. 



1918. 



Quantity. 



Pounds, 1 
120,540 I 



1919 : 1, 072, 040 



1920. 

1921 (9 months). 



1.479,610 
785,939 



Value. 



$313, 785 
4,415,813 
5, 059, 905 
4, 998, 918 



Duty. 



$109, 825 
1,545,535 
1, 770, 967 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



Per cent. 
35 
35 
35 



General imports for 1921 are shown by months as follows 



Month. 


Quantity. 


II 
Value. Month. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


January 

February 

March 

April 

May 


Pounds. 
139, 560 
76, 593 
353, 476 
.648, 276 
502, 292 


$196, 804 ;i June 

168,783 ij July 

540, 242 1 August 

1,171,549 ;| September 

841,864 
II 


Pounds. 
385. 455 
473,260 
318,348 
26] . 587 


$665,039 
831,254 
507, 480 
418,909 



Imports are of practically all sizes— 150 denier is the largest item, 
but the proportion of the finer sizes is greater than in domestic pro- 
duction. A Belgian concern has, however, recently installed a plant 
in this country for the production of fine sizes. The importation of a 
new type of artificial silk should be noted. It comes in ribbon form 
for making braids and is called "ribbon straw" or "lame." Ribbon 
straw or lame, although flat, is made in the first process of manu- 
facture. 

Belgium, France, England, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany are all 
important sources. 

Exports are not reported. 

MANUFACTURES OF ARTIFICIAL SILK. 

(See Report T. I. S.-3. 1 

Description. — -Artificial silk is used in an increasing range of goods. 
The domestic output in 1920 was distributed as follows: Hosiery, 25 
per cent; silk weaving, 13 per cent; knit goods other than hosiery, 21 
per cent; cotton weaving, 10 per cent; plush fabrics, 3 per cent; 
tapestry, 2 per cent; braids, 14 per cent; embroidery and other minor 
uses, 11 per cent. 

Production figures are not available, but the domestic output is 
known to be many times greater than imports. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 were valued at $643,975. Later 
statistics are recorded as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


iyi8 . . 


$36,577 
129,154 I 
726, 438 
319,354 , 


1919. . . 


1920.. 


1921 (9 months) 



Duty. 

$21,946 

77,492 

435,863 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 

Per cent. 
60 
60 
GO 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1043 



Exports, made up chiefly of artificial silk hosiery, are larger than 
imports. England, Argentina, Australia, Denmark, Canada, British 
South Africa, Cuba, and Italy are all important markets. For the 
calendar years 1918-1921 exports have been as follows: 1918, 
$3,406,191*: 1919, $9,694,248; 1920, $7,909,299: 1921 (9 months) 
$2,962,843. 

ARTIFICIAL lIOHSEHAIJi AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Description and use. ^-Artificial horsehair differs from artificial silk 
in that it is coarser and stiffer and is produced and used in coarse 
single filaments. 

Production is not recorded separately. It lias increased in recent 
years. 

Import values of artificial horsehair and manufactures thereof 
decreased from $569,283 in 1909 to $63,970 in 1914. Formerly 
imports came principally from Germany and Austria, but lately they 
come from Switzerland. Imports since 1917 are recorded as follows: 



Calendar year. Quantity. Value. Duty 

YARNS, THREADS, AND FILAMENTS. 

| Pounds, i 

! 1,752 J 

: 20,211 € 

' 46,090 ! It 

! 52,050 ; 7 

MANUFACTURES OF ARTIFICIAL HORSEHAIR. 

1918 J $398 $239 

1919 ! 1,571 ! 943 

1920 i 6,937 4,162 

1921 (9 months) j 5. 504 

Exports are not recorded. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



1918 


Pounds. 
1,752 
20, 211 
46, 090 

52, 056 


$6; i8s 

66,571 
100,516 t 
79,590 . 


$1, 815 
23,300 
35, 181 


Per cent. 
35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 











SCHEDULE 13. PAPERS AND BOOKS. 



PARAGRAPH 1301. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1301. Printing paper, not spe- 
cially provided for, one-fourth of 1 cent 
per pound and 10 per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That if any country, depend- 
ency, province, or other subdivision of 
government shall forbid or restrict in any 
way the exportation of (whether by law, 
order, regulation, contractual relation, or 
otherwise, directly or indirectly), or im- 
pose any export duty, export license fee, 
or other export charge of any kind what- 
soever (whether in the form of additional 
charge or license fee or otherwise) upon 
printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use 
in the manufacture of wood pulp, the 
President may enter into negotiations 
with such country, dependency, prov- 
ince, or other subdivision of government 
to secure the removal of such prohibition, 
restriction, export duty, or other export 
charge, and if it is not removed he may, 
by proclamation, declare such failure of 
negotiations, setting forth the facts. 
Thereupon, and until such prohibition, 
restriction, export duty, or other export 
charge is removed, there shall be imposed 
upon printing paper provided for in this 
paragraph, when imported either directly 
or indirectly from such country, depen- 
dency, province, or other subdivision of 
government, an additional duty of 10 per 
centum ad valorem and in addition there- 
to an amount equal to the highest export 
duty or other export charge imposed by 
such country, dependency, province, or 
other subdivision of government, upon 
cither an equal amount of printing paper 
or an amount of wood pulp or wood for use 
in the manufacture of wood pulp neces- 
sary to manufacture such printing paper. 



ACT OF 1909. 



Schedule 



M. Pulp, 
Books. 



Papers, and 



ACT OF 1913. 

Schedule M. — Papers and Books. 



Par. -1 0J). Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as handmade 
or machine handmade paper, japan paper, 
and imitation' japan paper by whatever 
name known), unsized, sized, or glued. 
suitable for the printing of books and 
newspapers, but not for covers or bind- 

104 1 



Par. 322. Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as handmade 
or machine handmade paper, japan pa- 
per, and imitation japan paper by what- 
ever name known), unsized, sized, or 
glued, suitable for the printing of books 
and newspapers, bu1 not for covers or 



SVMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, J.923 



1045 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



ings. not specially provided for in thi^sef- 

lion. * * * Valued above two and 
one-half cents per pound and not above 
four rents per pound, live-tenths of one 
cent per pound; valued above four cents 
and not above five cents per pound, eight-' 
tenths of one cent per pound; valued 
above five cents per pound, fifteen per 
centum ad valorem: Provided, however, 
That if any country, dependency, prov- 
ince, or other subdivision of government 
shall forbid or restrict in any way the ex- 
portation of (whether by law. order, regu- 
lation, contractual relation, or otherwise, 
directly or indirectly) or impose any ex- 
port duty, export license fee, or other ex- 
port charge of any kind whatsoever 
(whether in the form of additional charge 
or license fee or otherwise) upon printing 
paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the 
manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be 
imposed upon printing paper when im- 
ported either directly or indirectly from 
such country, dependency, province, or- 
other subdivision of government, an addi- 
tional duty of one-tenth of one cent per 
pound when valued at three cents per 
pound, or less, and in addition thereto the 
amount of such export duty or other ex- 
port charge imposed by such country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdivision 
of government, upon printing paper, wood 
pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture 
of wood pulp. 



bindings, not specially provided for in 
ihis section, valued above 2£ cents per 
pound, 12 per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided. Jioirv /■()■. That if any country, de- 
pendency, province, or other subdivision 
of government shall impose any export 
duty, export license fee. or other charge of 
any kind whatsoever (whether in the form 
of additional charge or license fee or other- 
wise) upon printing paper, wood pulp, Or 
wood for use in the manufacture of wood 
pulp, there shall be imposed upon print- 
ing paper, valued above 2* cents per 
pound, when imported either directly or 
indirectly from such country, depen- 
dency, province, or other subdivision of 
government, an additional duty equal to 
the amount of the highest export dtity or 
other export charge imposed by such 
country, dependency, province, or other 
subdivision of government, upon either 
printing paper, or upon an amount of 
wood pulp, or wood for use in the manu- 
facture of wood pulp necessary to manu- 
facture such printing paper. 

[Value per pound changed from 2\ to 5 
cents bv sec. 600 of Revenue Act of 1910, 
and to 8 cents by Act of Apr. 23. 1920, 
chap. 158.] 



PRINTING PAPER. 



(See Survey M-2.) 



NEWSPRINT PAPER. 



Description and uses. — There are two kinds of printing paper, news- 
print and book paper. Newsprint is a cheap grade, consisting usually 
of 80 per cent mechanically ground wood pulp and 20 per cent sul- 
phite pulp. It is used primarily for printing newspapers, and second- 
arily for cheap magazines, books, catalogues, etc. 

For further information in regard to newsprint, see paragraph 1659, 
p. 1440. 



BOOK PAPER. 



Description and uses. — Book paper is of a higher grade than news- 
print and is usually made entirely of chemical wood pulp. Rag pulp 
alone or mixed in a greater or less proportion with chemical wood 
pulp is used for the better grades, while some of the cheaper grades 
contain a small proportion of mechanically ground wood pulp. It 
is used primarily for printing books, magazines, and catalogues. It 
serves a great number of secondary purposes, among which may be 
mentioned its use for school pads and cheap writing papers. There 
are four principal grades of book paper — machine finish, sized and 
supercalendered. coaled, and cover. 






/ 

1046 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Production in 1914, was 934,979 short tons, valued at $73,499,514; 
in 1919, 1,001,000 short tons, valued at $153,368,000. The chief 
centers of production are to be found in the Northeastern and Lake 
States. The rank in percentages of output, by States, in 1914 was 
Peimsvlvania (15), Massachusetts (14), Maine~ (12), Michigan (11), 
New York (10), Wisconsin (9), Ohio (8), all other (21). 

Imports of book paper in 1914 were 3,359 short tons, valued at 
$310,551, and in 1918, 139 short tons, valued at $41,377. . Later sta- 
tistics follow: 



Under the act of 1913, printing papers were classified for tariff pur- 
poses as (1) printing paper valued at not more than 2\ cents per 
pound, and (2) printing paper valued at more than 2\ cents per 
pound. By act of September 8, 1916, the dividing line was changed 
from 2\ cents to 5 cents, and by act of April 23, 1920, from 5 cents 
to 8 cents. This division by price corresponds roughly with division 
into newsprint and book paper. The above table is based on the 
division by price. The great increase in imports in 1920 — the year 
of the so-called " paper famine " — will be noted. In spite of the great 
increase, however, the imports in 1920, % amounted to only one-fifth of 
1 per cent of the domestic production of that year. 

Exports of book paper in 1914 were 14,301 short tons, valued at 
$1,612,370, and in 1918, 45,036 short tons, valued at $7,605,298. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 

Booh paper (printing paper other than newsprint). 



J9ip una ly.o 

-- 



1921 
(9 months-. 



Quantity (pounds) 99,220,241: 153,3$%«QQ 96. Uf., lis 96U55;33G 

Value $8,710,940 $16,1Q9,055 $13, 7T»». M>\ ^,458,387 

In 1919 exports of book paper amounted to S per cent of the 
domestic production, in 1920 the proportion fell to 4 per cent, and the 
decrease has continued in 1921. 

Important chanqex in classification. — The distinction made pre- 
viously between the two kinds of printing paper on the basis of value 
per pound has been dropped. Newsprint paper is specifically pro- 
vided for as " standard newsprint paper ,7 (par. 1 6*59) . Printing paper 
other than standard newsprint, which includes not only book paper 
(except the coated and cover grades which are provided for in other 
paragraphs) but also grades of newsprint other than standard 
newsprint paper, takes the place of printing paper valued above the 
maximum value per pound specified for newsprint. 



ST. M.MARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1047 



The reason for the change is that the value distinction between 
newsprint and book paper is now unsatisfactory because of the 
markedly fluctuating prices of printing paper. The term " standard 
newsprint paper" is the commercial term for the principal subdivi- 
sion of newsprint paper, being paper weighing 32 pounds per ream, 
used for printing newspapers. It constitutes more than nine-tenths 
of the total output of newsprint paper in this country. It applies to 
practically all the newsprint shipments from Canada to the United 
States. The use of this term furthermore disposes of complaints 
that because of the present 8-cent maximum free limit on printing 
paper, some cheap grades of book paper are allowed to enter this 
country free. 

In each of the following paragraphs — paragraph 1301 on book 
paper, paragraph 16 10 on wood pulp, and paragraph 1659 on news- 
print — there is inserted a clause for a countervailing duty in case any 
country or part of a country restricts the free export of pulp wood, 
wood pulp, newsprint, or book paper. It consists of a 10 per cent 
ad valorem duty plus a duty equal to the highest export duty or other 
charge applied by the country in question to an equal or equivalent 
amount of pulp wood, wood pulp, or printing paper. 

All three of these clauses providing countervailing duties are so 
phrased that an export duty placed by another country on one of the 
three items (wood pulp, newsprint, or book paper) or on pulp wood 
(in case of presidential proclamation to that effect) would presumably 
result in a 10 per cent import duty on all of them except pulp wood, a 
conditional countervailing duty on some of which is provided for 
independently and in a different manner in paragraph 402. In 
addition, the highest foreign export duty on one of them or on pulp 
wood would be translated into an equivalent duty on all of them 
•but not on pulp wood). For example, according to this interpreta- 
tion, if another country should impose a certain export duty on a 
cord of pulp wood and it should be so announced by the President, 
such duty (plus 10 per cent) would immediately be applied on an 
amount of ground wood pulp that on the average is made from a 
cord of pulp wood. As considerably less chemical pulp than ground 
wood can be made from a cord of pulp wood, the equivalent import 
duty per ton of chemical pulp would be higher than on ground wood. 
In a similar way the equivalent duty would be worked out for stand- 
aid newsprint and book paper, based on a general average of the 
percentages of ground wood and chemical pulp entering into the 
finished paper, for with those varying percentages the amounts of 
wood used to make a ton of paper vary considerably. Similarly, a 
foreign export duty on either standard newsprint, book paper, or wood 
pulp would be applied as an import duty (in addition to 10 per cent 
ad valorem) either direct or in equivalent form to all three items 
named. 



1048 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 1021. 



PARAGRAPH 1302. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1302. Paper board and pulp- 
board, including cardboard, and leather 
board or compress leather, not laminated, 
dazed, coated, lined, embossed, printed, 
decorated or ornamented in any manner, 
nor cut into shapes for boxes or other 
articles and not specially provided for. 
10 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
for the purposes of this Act any of the 
foregoing less than nine one-thousandths 
of an inch in thickness shall be deemed 
to be paper: sheathing paper, roofing 
paper, deadening felt, sheathing felt, 
roofing felt or felt roofing, whether 'or 
not saturated or coated. 10 per centum 
ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 407. Sheathing paper and roofing 
felt, ten per centum ad valorem. 



Par. 415. * * * cardboard and 
bristol board, thirty -five per centum ad 
valorem; * * *. 

Par. 564. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing 
vessels [Free]. 



[No corresponding provision for paper 
board, pulpboard, and leather board.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 320. Sheathing paper, pulpboard 
in rolls, not laminated, roofing felt, com- 
mon paper-box board, not coated, lined, 
embossed, printed or decorated in any 
manner, nor cut into shapes for boxes 
or other articles. 5 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Par. 328, * * * cardboard and bris- 
tol board. * * * 25 per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 481. Felt, adhesive. k«j sheathing 
vessels [Free]. 

Par. 530. * * * leather board or 
compressed leather; * * * [Free]. 

[No corresponding provision for paper 
board.] 



PAPER BOARD AND BUILDING PAPERS AND FELTS. 



(See Survey M-l.j 

Description and uses. — Paper board and pulpboard, which may be 
regarded as synonymous terms, consist of paper l0 9 00 of an inch 
or more in thickness. They are made in the main on a cylinder 
machine from a cheap grade of pulp, the strength and condition of 
the fibers not being an important element of consideration except 
in the best grades. About 80 per cent of the United States paper 
board output is made of waste paper. The principal use of paper 
board is in making paper boxes and other containers. It is used also 
in sheathing the interior of buildings; in bookbinding; in printing: in 
making trunks, suitcases, shoes, tags, cartridges, cards for Street 
railway advertising, etc., placards ol various sorts; and other arti- 
cles; and for various other purposes. The principal kinds of paper 
board are box board, wall board, binders' board, bristol board, tag 
board, pressboard 'see par. 1313 for pressboard), leatherboard. 
trunk board, and cartridge board. The above terms overlap to a 
certain extent. The term cardboard is often tised to cover a number 
or all of the varieties of paper board. 



SC.M.MAHV OF TARIFF INFORMATION, li*21. 



1049 



Building papers and felts are heavy, coarse papers made usually 
on a cylinder machine out of coarse, low-grade stock, such as woolen, 
cotton, and jute waste: old gunny sacks: paper-board cuttings; sul- 
phite screenings; waste paper of all sorts; old coarse, dirty rags; 
cornstalks: straw — in fact, almost any fibrous material. They are 
used for roofing buildings, as a liner for the walls of buildings, for 
deadening sounds by being placed under carpets or floors, and for 
manufacturing shoe soles. 

Production. — The production of paper boards in 1914 was 1,208,795 
short tons, valued at $39,493,174, and in 1919, 1,885,000 short tons, 
valued at $124,090,000. The production of building paper in 1914 
was 243,908 short tons, valued at 19,475,733, and in 1919, 195,000 
short tons, valued at $17, 737,000. 

Imports of pulpboard in 1914 were valued at $203,862; in 1918, 
at $1,377,291. Imports of paper box boards in 1914 were valued 
at $43,137: in 1918, at $16,619. Imports of cardboard and bristol 
board (including bristol board made on a Fourdrinier machine) in 
1914, were valued at $81,229; in 1918, at $10,081. Imports of 
sheathing paper in 1914 were valued at $4,236; in 1918, at $9,235, 
exclusively from Canada. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year 



Quantity, j Value. 







Ad 


JJnil value. I 


Duty. 


valorem 

rale. 



CARD, BRISTOL, AND STRAW BOARD. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. | 
i $10,164 

13,823 I 8,428 

603, 555 48, 992 

690,499 ' 33,867 



$0. 06 



$2,541 
2, 107 

12, 248 



1'er ant. 
25 
25 
25 



BOX HOARD, COMMON PAPER, NOT COATED, LINED, EMBOSSED, PRINTI 
DECORATED IN ANY MANNER, NOT CUT INTO SHAPE 



ARTICLES. 



FOR BOXES OR OTHER 



1918 


i 
I 


$9, 743 

27, 305 

208, 699 

151,473 




$487 

1,365 

10, 435 


5 


1919 


856, 132 


$0. 03 
.04 


5 


1920 


5, 527, 205 


5 


1921 (9 months) 


4, 043, 746 
















PCLPBOARDS, IN ROLLS, NOT LAMI 


NATED. 






1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


68, 119,271 

88, 922, 1 49 

85,309,613 

29,857,406 


$1,566,779 

2, 270, 353 

2, 659, 993 

S67, 211 


$0.02 
. 02 
.03 


$78, 339 
113,51b 
133,000 


5 
5 
5 














sheath i no papers. 








1918 




$11,247 

7. sM 

35, VIS 

3, 794 




$5-i2 

394 

l , 795 




1919 






r> 


1920 







1921 (9nio!ii! 


















1050 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports of paper board and strawboard in 1915 were valued at 
$663,230. Exports of sheathing paper in 1914 were valued at 
$1,029,127. Later export values for calendar vears of paper board 
and strawboard follow: 1918, $3,055,255; 1919, $4,604,048; 1920, 
$5,553,094; 1921 (9 months), $1,901,530. 

important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

LEATHER BOARD OR COMPRESSED LEATHER. 

Description and uses. — Leather board or compressed leather is a 
composition made of leather scrap and paper. It is used principally 
for insoles and heels of shoes. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports, 1918-1921, are shown in following table: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. | Unit value. 

i 


1918 




Pounds. 


i 
I 
$119,577 


1919 


795, 256 
213, 746 
96, 455 


82,661 i $0.10 


1920 : 


21,352 | .10 


1 921 (9 months) 


9,917 ! 







Important changes in classification. — Leather board and compressed 
leather (par. 530) and adhesive felt for sheathing vessels (par. 481) 
have been transferred from the free list of the act of 1913. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — All varieties of paper board 
which have been advanced no further than the original manufacture 
on the paper machine have been grouped together in this paragraph. 
The aim has been to throw together all kinds of paper board which 
were separately named in the act of 1913, such as cardboard and 
cylinder-machine bristol board in paragraph 328, leather board in 
paragraph 530 and box board and pulpboard in paragraph 320. It 
appears to be desirable for the purpose of avoiding confusion and 
inconsistencies to place all paper board which has not undergone 
special processes of manufacture on the same tariff basis. Some 
manufacturers define paper board as paper nine one-thousandths of an 
inch or more in thickness. As this seems to be the more generally 
accepted dividing line between paper and paper board, it is used in 
the present classification. The phrasing " sheathing paper and 
roofing felt" is amplified to include in general all papers and felts 
used for building purposes whether or not the} T had their origin on 
a paper machine. It is anticipated that felt now admitted free 
under paragraph 481 as " adhesive felt for sheathing vessels" will 
be dutiable under this paragraph. Apparently the greater part of 
the imports of this adhesive felt has been used in the manufacture 
of soles for shoes and as a substitute for roofing felt. Adhesive felt 
would appear to have practically the same use for building purposes 
as tar-saturated roofing felt or paper. Thus the need of two items 
for this general grade of paper does not appear to be evident and 
the two are combined. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1051 



PARAGRAPH 1303. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1903. Filter masse or filter stock, 
composed wholly or in part of wood pulp, 
wood flour, cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, 1-J cents per pound and 15 per 
centum ad valorem; indurated fiber ware, 
masks composed of paper, pulp or papier- 
mache\ manufactures of pulp, and manu- 
factures of papier-mache, not specially 
provided for, 23 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

I'ar. 408. Filter masse or filter stock, 
composed wholly or in part of wood pulp. 
wood flour, cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, one and one-half cents per pound 
and fifteen per centum ad valorem. 

Pat. 447. Indurated fiber ware and 
manufactures of pulp, not specifically pro- 
vided for in this section, printed or un- 
printed, thirty-five per centum ad valo- 
rem . 

Par. 4b4. Manufactures of * * * 
papier-mache. * * * or of which these 
.substances or any of them is the compo- 
nent/material oi chief value, not specially 
provided for in this section, * * * 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 465. Masks, composed of paper or 
pulp, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 32 J. Filter masse or filter stock, 
composed wholly or in part of wood pulp, 
wood flour, cotton or other vegetable fiber, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 

Pau. 355. Indurated fiber ware and 
manufactures of pulp, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 25 per centum 
ad valorem! 



Par 

* * 



369. * * * manufactures of 
papier-mache\ * * * or of 
which these substances or any of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
25 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 370. Masks, of whatever material 
composed, 25 per centum ad valorem. 



FILTER MASSE, INDURATED FIBER WARE, PAPIER-MACHE, ETC. 

(See Surveys M-l, M-4, and N-ll.) 

Description 'and uses. — Filter masse (M-l) is a mass of cellulose 
or fiber, usually pressed into the form of cakes, varying in dimension 
from 12 by 12 by 1 inch to 20 by 20 by 2_inches, with embossed top 
and bottom. Although made of the same material as many kinds 
of paper, it is pu t up in entirely different form. It is used for clarifying 
beer, wine, soft drinks, glue, gelatine, vinegar, cider, soups, fruit 
beverages, chemicals, etc. The best quality of filter masse, like the 
best quality of paper, is made of fiber from selected white linen and 
cotton rags, and also of cotton linters. The greater part of the 
American production is of this type. Sulphite wood pulp and to a 
smaller degree jute fiber are used mainly for the cheaper grades; 
some asbestos liber is sometimes also mixed in, particularly in the 
better grades. The chemicals used are lime, chloride of lime, and 
sulphuric acid. 

Indurated fiber ware (N-ll) is wood pulp chemically treated and 
molded into pails, kegs, tubs, boxes, cuspidors, coolers, trunks, 
cases, etc. Other manufactures of pulp include composite board for 
car ceilings, bulkheads, and door panels for steamboats, vulcanized 
(ibcr and fiber specialties for motors and dynamos, insulators, skate 
wheels, washers, disks and bushings, railway signals, electric rail 
joints, noiseless rollers and gears, fiber sheets, and fiber rods and 
tubing. 



1052 

Papier-mache (M-4) is a hard, tough, and plastic substance gen- 
erally made from pulped waste paper, mixed with mineral matter, 
such as china clay, rosin, etc., or made from sheets of paper glued 
and pressed together. It is molded when moist by steel dies into 
architectural ornaments, lacquered boxes, trays, durable utensils, 
dress forms, window dummies, signs, figures, toy animals, other 
kinds of toys, and other articles. 

Production. — The annual production of filter masse in the United 
States is about 750,000 pounds per year. Owing to the decrease in 
the demand for filter masse on account of the decrease in the pro- 
duction of alcoholic beverages, the establishments now existing in 
this country have no difficulty in producing enough filter masse for 
domestic requirements; nevertheless, manufacturers say that the use 
of filter masse for filtering soft drinks and other liquors has increased 
to such an extent as largely to make up for the decrease in its use 
for filtering wine and beer. 

In 1914 the production in the United States of pulp goods, which 
include indurated fiber ware, was valued at $4,483,000. There were 
24 establishments, located chiefly in Delaware and New York. The 
total capital was $6,862,000, and the number of wage earners, 1,654. 
In 1919 the value of production had increased to $24,257,000, and 
the number of establishments to 42. A very rough estimate places 
the average annual output of papier-mache in the United States at 
5,000 tons, valued at $250,000. 

Imports in 1914 of filter masse were 486,476 pounds, valued at 
$53,974; of indurated fiber ware and manufactures of pulp at $4,559. 
Imports of manufactures of papier-mache in 1914 were valued at 
$25,679. (Imports of papier-mache unmanufactured not segre- 
gated.) Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. I Unit value 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



FILTER MASSE OR FILTER STOCK, COMPOSED WHOLLY OR IN PART OF WOOD PULP. 
WOOD FLOUR, COTTON. OR OTHER VEGETABLE FIBER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


1 Pounds. 1 

1 13,290 i 

'. 8,628 

171,498 : 

7.3,424 \ 


! 

$2,743 1 
1,768 i 

31,960 ! 
8,550 .. 


$0.21 
.20 
.19 


$549 

354 

6,392 


Per cent. 
20 
20 
20 















INDURATED FIBER WARE AND MANUFACTURES OF PULP 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$3, 124 

894 

2, 871 

3,213 



$781 
223 
701 





PAPIER-MACHE, 


MANUFACTURES OF. 






1918 


1 




$18,978 1 

8,737 ' 


J $4,744 
2,184 
8,256 


25 


1919 


25 


1920 






33,024 


25 


1921 (9 months) 






29,960 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021 



1053 



Exports not segregated. 

Important changes in classification. — To filter masse have been added 
indurated fiber ware and manufactures of papier-mache from the 
sundries schedule because these goods are akin to filter masse in being 
made of pulp. Masks have also been transferred from the sundries 
schedule. The act of 191o includes all masks, whatever the material, 
and the act of 1909 masks of paper or pulp only. The present act 
retains the 1909 phraseology with the addition of papier-mache as a 
material, leaving all other masks dutiable under other schedules 
according to the material. 

Suggested changes. — Page 139. line 6, of H. R. 74.~j(): Change oomjna 
to a semicolon after 



ware 



PARAGRAPH 1304, 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1304. Papers commonly known as 
tissue paper, stereotype paper, and copy- 
ing paper and all papers not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, weighing not 
over eight pounds to the ream of four hun- 
dred and eighty sheets on the basis of 
twenty by thirty inches, and whether in 
reams or any other form, 6 cents per pound 
and 15 per centum ad valorem ; if weigh- 
ing over eight pounds and less than twelve 
and one-balf pounds to the ream, 5 cents 
per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; 
cr£pe paper, 6 cents per pound and 15 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
no article composed wholly or in chief 
value of one or more of the papers speci- 
fied in this paragraph shall pay a less rate 
of duty than that imposed upon the com- 
ponent paper of chief value of which such 
article is made. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 410. Papers commonly known as 
copying paper, stereotype paper, bibu- 
lous paper, tissue paper, pottery paper, 
and all papers not specially provided for 
in this section, colored or uncolored, 
white or printed, weighing not over six 
pounds to the ream of four hundred and 
eighty sheets, on the basis of twenty by 
thirty inches, and whether in reams or 
any other form, six cents per pound and 
fifteen per centum ad valorem; if weigh- 
ing over six pounds and less than ten 
pounds to the ream, and letter copying 
books, whether wholly or partly manu- 
factured, five cents per pound and fifteen 
per centum ad valorem; crepe paper 
five cents per pound and fifteen 
!>e r centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
no article composed wholly or in chief 
value of one or more of the papers epeci- 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 323. Papers commonly known as 
copying paper, stereotype paper, bibu- 
lous paper, tissue paper, pottery paper, 
* * * crdpe paper * * * and articles 
manufactured from any of the foregoing 
papers or of which such paper is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 



1054 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

fled in this paragraph shall pay a less rate 
of duty than that imposed upon the com- 
ponent paper of chief value of which such 
article is made. 

TISSUE PAPER, ETC. 

(See Survey M-3.) 

Description and uses. — Tissue paper: The predominant character- 
istic distinguishing tissue paper from other kinds of paper is its thin- 
ness. Tissue paper is a thin paper of fine, soft texture, silky to the 
touch, translucent, and to a limited extent transparent. The better 
qualities are made from rag and the cheaper from wood pulp. Its 
principal uses are for toilet purposes, for napkins, and for wrapping 
articles, especially those which the manufacturer does not wish to 
tarnish. The an ti tarnishing quality results from special processes 
pursued in its manufacture, which makes it free from sulphur or other 
chemicals that would tarnish a metal article. 

Tissue paper is treated in H. R. 7456 as paper weighing less than 
12^ lbs. per ream of 480 sheets on the basis of 20 x 30 in. Stereotype 
arid copying papers are merely subdivisions of tissue paper. Stereo- 
type paper is an extra strong, pliable tissue used in the manufacture 
of stereos (molds or matrices), from which printing plates are made. 
It is often an absorbent, unsized, so-called waterleaf paper. The 
sheets of paper, a considerable number together and backed by matrix 
paper, which is absorbent paper similar to high-grade blotting paper, 
and by ordinary brown paper, are pressed against the type to form 
the mold, the metal for the plate being then cast in the mold. Copy- 
ing paper is a strong unsized, usually cheap tissue paper, used for the 
manufacture of letter books, in which copies of letters are kept, and 
also for the manufacture of carbon paper. 

Crepe paper is usually a very thin, strong tissue paper, variously 
colored, and passed through heavy embossed rollers which crinkle the 
paper into a form resembling cr6pe. It is used for fanc}^ and decora- 
tive purposes and also for paper towels. Some grades of cr&pe paper 
are heavier than tissue paper. 

Production. — The production of tissue paper in 1914 was 115,401 
tons, valued at $11,535,720. In 1919 it was 191,000 tons, valued at 
•$40,696,000. Nearly half the tissue paper produced in this country 
is made in New York. The other tissue-paper States of importance 
are New Jersey, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and 
Massachusetts. There are no separate figures available for the pro- 
duction of crepe paper. 

Imports in 1914 of tissue, stereotype, letter-copying, and pottery 
papers were 1,996,751 pounds, valued at $383,831. Imports of crepe 
and filter paper and articles manufactured therefrom were 984,596 
pounds, valued at $144,538. Later statistics follow: 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1055 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Unit value.! Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



COPYING, STEREOTYPE, BIBULOUS, TISSUE, AND POTTERY PAPERS (SEGREGATED 

AFTER 1918). 



191*. 



Pounds. 
397,978 



$149,712 



$0.38 



j Per cent. 
* 14,914 ! 30 



TISSUE PAPER. 



1919 


489, 584 
667, 990 
758, 387 


$316,263 ! $0.65 j $94,879 , 30 
377,222 .56 113,167 1 30 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 


34,977 ! ! 




1 i 


BIBULOUS PAPER, 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



2,885 i 
35.842 ! 
23; 487 j 



$2, 319 
4,572 
5,158 



$0.80 $696 

.13 1,372 



COPYING PAPER. 



1919 


170, 183 
139,493 
66,801 


$68,313 
69,764 
37,074 


$0. 40 
.50 


$20, 494 
20,929 


30 


1920 


30 


1921 (9 months) 













POTTERY PAPER. 



1919. 
1920. 



15,963 
3,400 



$5, 336 
1,044 



$0.33 i 
.31 I 



$1,601 
313 



STEREOTYPE PAPER. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


4,486 

i 8,541 

2,171 

1 


$4,187 
6,216 1 
1,433 i 


$0. 93 
.73 


$1, 256 
1,865 


30 
30 


1 







MANUFACTURES OF COPYING, STEREOTYPE, BIBULOUS, TISSUE, POTTERY, CREPE. 

AND FILTERING PAPER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$731, 734 
62, 583 
47, 922 
31.755 



$219,520 30 

18', 775 3d 

11,377 l 30 



CREPE AND FILTERING 1 PAPER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 


409,214 | 
288,890 i 
474,059 ■ 
396,480 j 


$215,696 
196,066 
169,623 
100, 192 


$0.53 
.68 
. 36 


■$04,709 I 
58,820 
50,887 1 


30 

30 
30 


1921 (9 months) 






i 



1 Filtering paper classified in H. R. 7456 in paragraph 1309. 



1056 

Exports. — In 1914 no exports of stereotype, letter copying, and 
tissue papers were listed. In 1918 tissue and toilet papers to a value 
of $919,536 were exported.* Later statistics (for calendar years) 
follow : 



1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 



Tissue and toilet papers < $1,443,578 $2,056,607 $2,654,529 $685,015 

Paper towels and napkins 83,, 199 L80,963 418,348 137,102 

Carbon paper : 379,': 964,288 , 1,029.898 394, 027 



Important changes in classification. — As the purpose of this para- 
graph has always been to include tissue paper in general, it has been 
reworded so as to be more consistent. The classification in the act 
of 1913 and preceding acts grouped both bibulous and filtering paper 
along with tissue paper. Filtering paper is a different kind of paper 
from tissue paper; consequently it is now being removed from this 
paragraph and appears in paragraph 1309. As bibulous paper is the 
term for absorbent papers in general, such as blotting paper, it is 
undesirable to use it in this connection. Apparently it was placed 
here originally in order to include so-called bibulous tissue paper, the 
principal use of which seems to be for massage purposes in beauty 
parlors. The term is very little used in the trade to-day, and what 
bibulous tissue paper might be imported would easily fall under the 
general heading ''tissue paper." Also, the paragraph has been rear- 
ranged somewhat so that the term " tissue paper" stands at the head. 
It was hardly logical, in the old phraseology, to name copying paper 
first, as copying paper is merely a relatively unimportant variety of 
tissue paper. The term '' pottery paper" has been dropped as a term 
not used in the paper trade. Pottery paper is either a thin tissue of 
good quality, well glazed, used for wrapping pottery, or a special 
kind of paper by which designs are transferred to pottery. In the 
former sense it is sufficiently covered by the term "tissue paper," 
and in the latter case it would probably be covered by decalcomania 
paper. The item letter-copying books has been left out both because 
it is unimportant and because it is sufficiently covered by the pro- 
vision in this paragraph for manufactures of tissue and similar 
papers. Also the weight qualifications have been revised so that 
papers weighing up to 12j pounds per ream are classed in this para- 
graph as tissue paper, instead of those weighing up to 10 pounds per 
ream as in the act of 1909. (The act of 1913 has no weight qualifi- 
cation.) % As in the act of 1909 crepe paper is not included in the 
weight classification. The reason for this is that it is desired to 
extend the jurisdiction of this paragraph to crepe paper even if its 
weight is above the maximum fixed for tissue paper in general. 
Orepe paper is ordinarily a tissue paper, and so is properly included in 
this paragraph. 

Paper (other than crepe) above llH pounds pel ream will fall under 
whatever other heading in the paper schedule it happens to come, such 
as the writing-paper paragraph. 

Conflicting provisions.- The provision in this paragraph for "all 
papers not specially provided for in this section," is in conflict with 
the concluding provision of paragraph 1309 for "paper not specially 
provided for. " 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1057 

Suggested changes. — As the context of the provision for "all papers 
not specially provided for in this section " relates to papers of the 
tissue class, it is suggested that the word "'all" in line 10, page 139 
be changed to "similar." The words "in this section'' should in 
any event be stricken out of line 11, page 139, to agree with the 
practice elsewhere in the bill H. R. 7456. Page 139, line 15, of H. 
R. 7456: Strike out "if" before ''weighing/' to agree with line 11 
and practice elsewhere. 



PARAGRAPH 1305. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1305. Papers with coated surface 
or surfaces, not specially provided for, 5 
cents per pound; papers with coated sur- 
face or surfaces, embossed or printed 
otherwise than lithographically, and pa- 
pers wholly or partly covered with metal 
or its solutions (except as herein pro- 
vided), or with gelatin or flock, 5 cents 
per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; 
papers, including wrapping paper, with 
the surface or surfaces wholly or partly 
decorated or covered with a design, fancy 
effect, pattern, or character, except de- 
signs, fancy effects, patterns, or characters 
produced on a paper machine without at- 
tachments, or produced by lithographic 
process, 4£ cents per pound, and in addi- 
tion thereto, if embossed, or printed other- 
wise than lithographically, or wholly or 
partly covered with metal or its solutions, 
or with gelatin or flock, 17 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That paper wholly or 
partly covered with metal or its solutions, 
and weighing less than fifteen pounds per 
ream of four hundred and eighty sheets, 
on the basis of twenty by twenty-five 
inches, shall pay a duty of 5 cents per 
pound and 17 per centum ad valorem; 
gummed papers, including decalcomania 
paper not printed, 5 cents per pound; 
cloth-lined or reinforced paper, 5 cents 
per pound and 17 per centum ad valorem; 
papers with paraffin or wax-coated surface 
or .•surfaces, vegetable parchment paper, 
grease-proof and imitation parchment pa- 
pers which have been supercalendered 
and rendered transparent or partially so, 
by whatever name known, all other grease- 
proof and imitation parchment paper, 
not specially provided for, by whatever 
name known, 3 cents per pound and 13 
per centum ad valorem ; bags, printed mat- 
ter other than lithographic, and all other 
articles, composed wholly or in chief 
value of any of the foregoing papers, not 
specially provided for, and all boxes of 
paper or papier-mache or wood covered or 
lined with any of the foregoing papers or 

82304—22 67 



1058 



S IT M MARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. B. 7456. 

lithographed paper, or covered or lined 
with cotton or other vegetable fiber, 5 
cents per pound and 20 per centum ad va- 
lorem; plain basic paper for albumenizing, 
sensitizing, baryta coating, or for photo- 
graphic or solar printing processes, 3 cents 
per pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; 
album enized or sensitized paper or paper 
otherwise surface coated for photographic 
purposes, 3 cents per pound and 20 per 
centum ad valorem; wet transfer paper 
or paper prepared wholly with glycerin 
or glycerin combined with other mate- 
rials, containing the imprints taken from 
lithographic plates, 30 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 166. * * * wet transfer paper 
or paper prepared wholly with glycerin, 
or glycerin combined with other mate- 
rials, containing the imprints taken from 
lithographic plates, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 411. Papers with coated surface 
or surfaces, not specially provided for in 
this section, five cents per pound; if 
wholly or partly covered with metal or its 
solutions (except as hereinafter provided), 
or with gelatin or flock, or if embossed or 
printed, five cents per pound and twenty 
per centum ad valorem; papers, includ- 
ing wrapping paper, with the surface 
decorated or covered with a design, fancy 
effect, pattern or character, whether pro- 
duced in the pulp or otherwise, but not 
by lithographic process, four and one-half 
cents per pound; if embossed, or wholly 
or partly covered with metal or its solu- 
tions, or with gelatin or flock, 5 cents per 
pound and twenty per centum ad valo- 
rem: Provided, That paper wholly or 
partly covered with metal or its solutions, 
and weighing less than fifteen pounds per 
ream of four hundred and eighty sheets, 
on a basis of twenty by twenty-five 
inches, shall pay a duty of five cents per 
pound and twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem; parchment papers, and grease- 
proof and imitation parchment papers 
which have been supercalendered and 
rendered transparent, or partially so, by 
whatever name known, 2 cents per pound 
and 10 per centum ad valorem; all other 
grease-proof and imitation parchment pa- 
pers, not specially provided for in this 
section, by whatever name known, two 
cents pei' pound and ten per centum ad 
valorem; bags, * * * printed matter 
other than lithographic, and all other arti- 
cles composed wholly or in chief value of 
any of the foregoing papers, not specially 
provided for in this section, and all 
boxes of paper or wood covered with any 
of the foregoing paper, live cents a pound 
and thirty per centum ad valorem; albu- 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 137. * * * wet transfer paper 
or paper prepared wholly with glycerin, or 
glycerin combined with other materials, 
containing the imprints taken from litho- 
graphic plates, 25 per centum ad valorem . 

Par. 324. Papers wholly or partly cov- 
ered with metal leaf or with gelatin or 
flock, papers with white coated surface or 
surfaces, calender plate finished, hand 
dipped marbleized paper, parchment 
paper, and lithographic transfer paper not 
printed, 25 per centum ad valorem; pa- 
pers with coated surface or surfaces suita- 
ble for covering boxes, not specially pro- 
vided for, whether or not embossed or 
printed except by lithographic process, 
40 per centum ad valorem; all other paper 
with coated surface or surfaces not spe- 
cially provided for in this section; un- 
coated papers, gummed, or with the sur- 
face or surfaces wholly or partly deco- 
rated or covered with a design, fancy 
effect, pattern, or character, whether pro- 
duced in the pulp or otherwise except by 
lithographic process, cloth-lined or rein- 
forced papers, and grease-proof and imita- 
tion parchment papers which have been 
supercalendered and rendered transpar- 
ent or partially so, by whatever name 
known, all other grease-proof and imita- 
tion parchment papers, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, by whatever 
name known, bags, * * * and all 
other articles composed wholly or in chief 
value of any of the foregoing papers, not 
specially provided for in this section, and 
all boxes of paper or papier-mache or 
wood covered with any of the foregoing 
papers or covered or lined with cotton or 
other vegetable fiber, 35 per centum ad 
valorem; albuminized or sensitized paper 
or paper otherwise surface-coated for pho- 
tographic purposes, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; plain basic papers lor albuminiz- 
ing, sensitizing, baryta coating, or for 
photographic or solar printing processes, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1059 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

menized or sensitized paper or paper 
otherwise surface coated for photographic 
purposes, thirty per centum ad valorem: 
plain basic papers for albumenizing, 
sensitizing, baryta coating, or for photo- 
graphic or solar printing processes, three 
cents per pound and ten per centum ad 
valorem . 

Par. 418. All boxes made wholly or in Pah. 507. * * * decalcomania pa- 
chief value of paper or papier-mache, if per, not printed |Tree|. 
covered with surface-coated paper, forty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for papers [No corresponding provision for papers 
with paraffin or wax-coated surface or with paraffin or wax-coated surface or 
surfaces.] surfaces.] 

SURFACE-COATED, WAXED, GUMMED, DECALCOMANIA, AND DECORATED 

PAPER, ETC. 

(See Surveys M-3, M-4, and C-15.) 

Description and uses.— Surface-coated paper, as the name implies, 
is paper one or both surfaces of which may be coated. The larger part 
of the surface-coated paper made in the United States is coated with 
clay. There are also some coatings with a metal base and others 
made of gelatin and other products. An important grade is coated 
book paper, which is used for printing half-tones and for other 
printing purposes. It is usually coated on both sides, its base gen- 
erally being a good grade of book paper. Other kinds of coated 
paper are used mainly for covering boxes and for various other 
fancy or decorative purposes. They are usually known as super- 
calendered, flint-glazed, friction glazed, plated, embossed, waterproof, 
and fancy papers. Flock, referred to in one of the tariff items on 
surface-coated paper, is finely ground wool, felt, or vegetable fiber. 
It is a coating substance. 

Gummed paper is a kind of coated paper one surface of which is 
covered with gum or glue. It is used in making stickers, labels, 
stamps, seals, etc. 

Waxed paper is also a kind of coated paper with one or both sur- 
faces covered with wax. It is used for wrapping and preserving bread, 
cake, pie, and various bakery products, confectionery, other food 
products, drugs, flowers, etc. 

Decalcomania paper is a kind of gummed paper. It is used for 
transferring colored designs to glassware, porcelain, marble, and the 
like. It is covered with a vegetable gum or alumina coating, on 
which the design in colors is placed and which allows the complete 
removal of the design and its adherence to the surface of the glass- 
ware or other article when the paper is pressed against the latter 
after being soaked in water. 

Cloth-lined or reinforced paper is paper lined with cloth or rein- 
forced by string or some other substance. This paper is used some- 
times where an especially strong, nontearable variety of packing 
paper is needed, but there are also cheaper grades, which are not 
very durable. It is much used in merchandise shipments, particu- 
larly for lining cases or covering machinery shipped in crates and for 
outside coverings of cases shipped on flat cars. An important use 



/ 

1060 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

for the better grades is as a durable drawing paper for draughtsmen 
and as a tough ; durable paper for children's books. 

Vegetable parchment paper (M-3) is an unsized or waterleaf paper 
made preferably of cotton rags, vegetable fiber, or sulphite wood 
pulp treated with dilute sulphuric acid. It is dull in finish, dense, 
hard, and hornlike; it is grease proof, waterproof, translucent, and 
to a limited extent transparent. It is used for drawing, bookbinding, 
as covers for corks in medicine bottles, for filtering in sugar manufac- 
ture, in refining gutta-percha, as wrapping paper for greasy substances 
and for various food products, as casing for sausages, and in many 
other ways. 

Vulcanized paper (M-3) , produced in a manner similar to the pro- 
duction of vegetable parchment paper, ordinarily so called, but treated 
with zinc chloride instead of sulphuric acid, is a type of vegetable 
parchment paper. This paper is much used, a number of sheets 
being pressed together, in the manufacture of trunks, tubs, waste 
baskets, trucks, etc. Willesden paper is a variety of vegetable parch- 
ment paper, made by passing paper through an ammoniacal solution 
of copper oxide. 

Grease-proof or imitation parchment paper (M-3) is made of sul- 
phite wood pulp, preferably that produced by the Mitscheiiich or 
slow-cook process. In the course of manufacture the stock is sub- 
jected to an unusually extended process of beating, which reduces it 
to a gelatinous condition. The first finished product of this process 
is a paper with a dull finish, dense and hard, resembling parchment 
paper in various ways, especially in the characteristic hornlike ap- 
pearance above noted. The paper is not waterproof and is but par- 
tially grease proof; that is, it is not entirely impervious to grease, 
but nevertheless it has the quality of resisting grease to a limited 
extent. The paper is more tenacious than sulphite paper not so 
treated. . It is translucent and imperfectly transparent. A part of 
the paper thus produced is afterwards moistened and run through 
supercalender rollers under heat and pressure. It loses thus its dull 
finish and becomes very glossy and more perfectly transparent. 

The dull, uncalendered kind is known variously in the trade as 
imitation parchment, grease proof, and pergamyn. The calendered, 
transparent kind is usually called glassine, parchmyn, or japanin 
paper, although sometimes, as in the tariff act of 1913, also called 
grease proof. Both .kinds are used as a wrapping for cakes and simi- 
lar articles which do not require a perfectly grease-proof covering. 
The supercalendered variety is more useful, however, for the manu- 
facture of an outer wrapping for bottles and boxes, through which 
labels may be read, as the transparent material for " window enve- 
lopes," and for making sanitary protectors for telephone receivers. 

Photographic and blue-print paper (M-4) : Two groups of paper 
are included in the tariff items which cover photographic and blue- 
print paper, namely, (1) photographic paper and platinum paper, 
and (2) blue-print paper and brown-print paper. Each of these in 
turn is divided into two kinds: (1) " Raw" paper, which is practically 
the same as. high-grade writing paper, and (2) the finished paper, 
which is the "raw" paper after it has been sensitized for printing 
by photographic, blue-print, or brown-print processes. As the names 
imply, these are the kinds of light-sensitive paper on which photo- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1061 



graphs, photostats, blue prints, and other similar forms of prints are 
made. 

Wet transfer paper (C-15) is a kind of coated paper used in lithog- 
raphy for transferring designs to lithographic plates. As indicated 
in the tariff phraseology, this paper contains the imprints taken from 
lithographic plates. The same sort of paper coated but not yet im- 
printed with the design is included under the provisions for surface- 
coated paper in the first part of paragraph 1305. 

Production. — Surface-coated, waxed, gummed, decalcomania, and 
decorated paper: In 1914, 117,342 tons of coated "book paper, valued 
at $11,605,584, were produced in the United States. The 1919 pro- 
duction was 132,000 tons, with a value of $24,010,000. No figures 
are available for production of other kinds of coated paper. In the 
12 months ended January, 1921, the 22 members of the Waxed Paper 
Manufacturers 7 Association, representing approximately 85 per cent 
of the waxed-paper production of the United States, produced 46,880 
tons of waxed paper. The annual output of decalcomania paper is 
estimated at 100 tons, valued at $80,000. The decalcomania paper 
industry is a new one in the United States, having been carried on 
only since 1916. Decalcomania paper manufacturers estimate do- 
mestic consumption at 600 tons annually. No figures for the pro- 
duction of gummed paper and decorated paper are available. 

Cloth-lined or reinforced paper production in the United States is 
estimated at 1,000 to 1,500 tons annually. 

Vegetable parchment-paper production in the United States is 
about 12,000 tons per year. In January, 1921, six mills were engaged 
in parchmentizing. The 1915 production was 13,500 tons and the 
1920 production 10,800 tons. 

Imitation parchment-paper production figures are not available. 

Bags, boxes, etc.: wSee par. 1313, p. 1088. 

Photographic and blue-print paper: The annual production of 
"raw'' photographic paper is roughly estimated at 5,000 tons. 

Figures for sensitized photographic paper production and raw blue- 
print paper production are not available. The annual output of 
sensitized blue-print paper is variously estimated by sensitizers at 
from 2,000 to 10,000 tons. 

Wet transfer paper: No figures available. 

Imports for 1914 and 1918 (fiscal years) of the paper mentioned in 
paragraph 1305 are shown in the following table: 



Grease-proof and imitation parchment papers (act of 

1909) supercalendered and rendered transparent 

Parchment paper (act of 1913 only) 

Plain basic for albuminizing, sensitizing, etc 

Reinforced or cloth-lined paper 

Lithographic transfer 

Marbleized hand-dipped paper 

Suitable for covering boxes 

White-coated surface calender plate finished j 

Wholly or partly covered with metal leaf, etc ! 

All other surface-coated paper 

Boxes of paper, papier-mache" or wood 

Papers, uncoated, gummed (decorated) j 

Bags, envelopes, composed of surface-coated 

Decalcomania 



1914 



Pounds. 
6,184,511 



14, 145 
125,329 
224, 777 
, 252. R91 

57,878 
391,174 



178,956 



Value. 

$300,725 

51,483 

1,371,346 

2,281 

25, 564 

25,335 

339,953 

7,752 

123,287 

175,672 

117,724 

27,647 



224,235 



1918 



Pounds. 
287,234 



1,416,513 
13,318 
26,061 
28,775 
184,650 
3,513 
22 242 

no', 301 



345,630 



40,053 



Value. 

$27,469 

27,104 

430,252 

9.775 

7,899 

6,767 

23,815 

287 

10,683 

34, 161 

178,052 

32,688 

5,161 

63,500 



1062 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports during the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. ; Value. 



Unit value. Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



WHITE COATED SURFACE PAPER, CALENDER PLATE FINISH. 



1918 

1919 .*. 

1920.. 


Pounds. 

831 

7,092 

41,867 

142,813 


$134 
3,741 
19,664 1 
26,586 ! .. 


$0.16 
.53 
.47 


$33 

935 

4,916 


Per cent. 
25 
25 

25 


1 921 (9 months) 









SURFACE COATED PAPER SUITABLE FOR COVERING BOXES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). . 


28, 522 
54,285 
165,641 
54, 189 


$6, 226 

8,556 
28, 745 
12, 496 


SO. 22 


$2,490 
3,422 
11,498 


40 
40 
40 











PARAFFIN PAPER (NOT INCLUDING OIL) AND PARAFFIN WAX. 



1918 

1919 9,883;i80 | 973,521 

1920 7, 629, 395. | 820, 885 



$0.10 
.10 
.11 



1921 (9 months) 


3, 526, 670 


290,230 j 








1 






MARBLEIZED PAPER, HAND DIPPED. 






1918 


j- 


r 






1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


i 14, 365 

i 3,524 

18 212 


$3,341 | $0.23 
1,419 i .40 
6.309 1 


$835 
355 


25 

25 










DECALCOMANIA PAPER 


NOT PRINTED. 







1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



.1 $144,378 

.1 121,115 

.j 185.579 

! 165,963 



PAPER WHOLLY OR PARTLY COATED WITH METAL LEAF, GELATIN, OR FLOCK. 



1918 


6.495 
5,418 ! 
37,238 | 
49,703 

1 


$4, 209 

4,147 

38, 460 

24,348 


$0.65 
.76 . 
1.03 j 


$1,052 
1,037 
9,615 


25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 






1 



PAPER, UNCOATED, GUMMED, OR WITH SURFACE OR SURFACES DECORATED OR 
COVERED WITH A DESIGN, FANCY EFFECT, PATTERN, OR CHARACTER. 




LITHOGRAPHIC TRANSFER PAI'KK, NOT PRINTED. 



I'JIS 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



19,318 $6,811 

12, 463 5, 120 

69,573 16,720 

59,493 13,555 



$0.35 I $1,703 25 

.11 1 . 280 ! 25 

.24 l. ISO 25 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1063 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



PLAIN BASIC PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER. FOR ALBUMINIZING, SENSITIZING, OR 
BARYTA COATING FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS. 



I91S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Pounds. 

647,545 $188,566 I JO. 29 

251, 5SS 100,226 . .40 

641,663 124,280 . 19 

749,177 128,371 ! 



Per cent. 
$28,285 15 

15,034 15 

18,642 15 



PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER. ALBUMINIZED OR SENSITIZED OR OTHERWISE COATED 



191S ' 

1919 i 58, 004 

1920 ' 465, 21 1 

1921 (9 months) 574. 408 



$26, 460 
46,632 
191,943 
1.50,627 



SO. 80 
.41 



$6, 615 
11,658 
47, 986 



ALL OTHER SURFACE COATED PAPERS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



55,345 824.801 

93,273 36,883 

473,869 166.332 
279,560 77,306 . 



$0.45 ' $8,680 ! 35 

.39 12,909 35 

.35 58,216 35 



REINFORCED OR CLOTH-LINED PAPER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



8,836 


3,463 


15, 129 


13, 942 



$5, 700 
4,607 

S, 798 
10.746 



50.64 
1.33 

.58 



$1,995 i 35 

1,612 35 

3,079 ' 35 



PARCHMENT PAPER. 



1918 




$55,214 .. 
28,213 . 





$13. .803 ! 
7.053 | 
16,899 . 


25 


1919 




25 


1920 


193, 447 
118,690 


67, 595 
36,531 .. 


$0.35 


25 


1921 (9 mouths) 











REASE PROOF AND IMITATION PARCHMENT PAPERS BY WHATEVER NAME 
KNOWN, SUPERCALENDERED AND RENDERED TRANSPARENT OR PARTIALLY SO. 



191S 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 month- 


40 

465 

23,977 

15,986 


$729 

484 

2,967 

5,052 


1 
$18.22 1 
1.04 j 
.12 


$255 

169 

1,038 


35 
35 

35 













ALL OTHER CREASE PROOF AND IMITATION PARCHMENT PAPERS. 



191s 

1919 

L920 

1921 (9 months). 



34, 741 
155,910 
108,510 
536, 661 



$8,231 
32,459 
18,912 
53.986 



$0.24 
.21 

.17 



$2,881 35 
11,360 35 
6,619 35 



BAGS: ENVELOPES, AND ARTICLES COMPOSED OF SURFACE-COATED PARCHMENT 

OR SIMILAR PAPERS. 



1918 

1919 

L930 

months). 



$6,566 
11,582 

:;:.>77 

32,319 



$2,298 35 

4,0.54 35 

[3.257 35 






1064 



SUAOIAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar yeai. 




Dulv 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



BOXES OF PAPER, PAPIER-MACHE, OR WOOD COVERED WITH SURFACE-COATED 
PARCHMENT, OR SIMILAR PAPERS, OR COVERED OR LINED WITH COTTON OR 
OTHER VEGETABLE FIBERS. 



191s I $121, 510 I 

1919 \ I 72,677 | 

1920 129.813 • 

1921 (9 months) 19, 771 ! 




Exports since 1917 by calendar years are shown in the following 
tables : 



Wax paper 

Paper bags 

Paper boxes and cartons 
All other paper 



191S 



1919 



$228,137 j 5552,167 , $403, S10 

884,415 i 1.566,373 2,593,459 

1,079,413 1.351,930 : 2,237,596 

6,170,601i 8,799,550, 11,091,952 



11921 (9 months). 



$106,228 

670, 882 

988, 436 

4, 879, 930 



Important changes in classification. — This paragraph has been 
remodeled substantially on the lines of the act of 1909 with certain 
additions. 

Surface-coated paper: Changes in wording have been made for the 
sake of clearness, but little change in application. The items paper 
with white-coated surface or surfaces, calender plate finished, hand 
dipped, marbleized paper, surface-coated papers suitable for covering 
boxes, and lithographic transfer paper not printed, which appeared 
for the first time in the act of 1913, did not need to be enumerated 
eo nomine in H. R. 7456 because sufficiently covered otherwise. 

Decorated paper: To the item " papers, including wrapping paper," 
etc., which appeared in the act of 1909, has been added a qualifying 
phrase, "except designs, fancy effects, patterns, or characters pro- 
duced on a paper machine without attachments," and the phrase 
"whether produced in the pulp or otherwise" has been omitted. 
The purpose of the change is to exclude from the application of this 
paragraph papers, particularly wrapping paper, which have been 
decorated to no greater extent than receiving lines or designs as a 
watermark w T hile they are on the ordinary paper machine. 

Gummed paper: Gummed paper is different from the paper with 
which it is classified in the act of 1913, and hence is given a separate 
provision. Decalcomania paper not printed exempt from duty 
under the act of 1913 (par. 567) has been included with gummed 
paper, where it appears logically to belong. 

Wax-coated paper: This is a new item. The trade has suggested 
its inclusion and it appears that the}^ are justified in doing so for wax- 
coated paper is an important item of production in the United States. 

Vegetable parchment paper: In the acts of 1909 and 1913 this was 
called parchment paper. The new wording is used to distinguish it 
from certain fine writing papers which are sometimes called parch- 
ment papers, and because it is the ordinarily used trade designation. 
It is a chemically treated paper different in process of making from 
any other paper in the paper schedule, but has been grouped with 
imitati&n parchment paper because of the similarity of use. 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1065 

Photographic paper: The plain basic paper is now being placed 
ahead of the sensitized paper, as being a more logical order than 
the reverse which occurs in the acts of 1909 and 1913. 

Wet transfer paper or glycerine-prepared paper contains imprints 
from lithographic plates. This paper is a coated paper used in the 
lithographic process for transferring lithographic designs. In the acts 
of 1909 and 1913 it appeared in (lie metal schedule in paragraphs 166 
and 137, respectively. Being coated paper, its logical location is in 
this paragraph. 

Suggested changes. — Photographic and blue-print paper: Inasmuch 
as the albumenizing process went out of use some years ago, the words 
"albumenized" and " albumenizing'' might be omitted. 

It is suggested that cigarette paper be moved from paragraph 1452 
either to this paragraph or to paragraph 1309. 



PARAGRAPH 1306. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. L306. Pictures, calendars, cards. 
labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, and 
other articles, composed wholly or in 

chief value of paper lithographically » 

printed in whole or in part from stone, 
gelatin, metal, or other material (except 
boxes, views of American scenery or ob- 
jects, and music, and illustrations when 
forming part of a periodical or newspaper, 
or of bound or unbound books, accom- 
panying the same), not specially provided 
for, shall pay duty at the following rates: 
Labels and flaps, printed in less than 
eight colors (bronze printing to be counted 
as two colors), but not printed in whole or 
in part in metal leaf, 20 cents per pound; 
cigar bands of the same number of colors 
and printings, 30 cents per pound; labels 
and flaps printed in eight or more colors 
(bronze printing to be counted as two. 
colors), but not printed in whole or in 
part in metal leaf, 30 cents per pound; 
cigar bands of the same number of colors 
and printings, 40 cents per pound; labels 
and flaps, printed in whole or in part in 
metal leaf, 50 cents per pound; cigar 
bands, printed in whole or in part in 
metal leaf. 55 cents per pound; all labels, 
flaps, and bands, not exceeding ten 
square inches cutting size in dimensions, 
if embossed or die-cut. shall pay the same 
rate of duty as hereinbefore provided for 
cigar bands of the same number of colors 
and printings (but no extra duty shall be 
assessed on labels, flaps, and bands for 
embossing or die-cutting); fashion maga- 
zines or periodicals, printed in whole or 
in part by lithographic process, or deco 
rated by hand, 8 cents per pound; decal- 
comanias in ceramic colors, weighing not 
over one hundred pounds per one thou- 
sand sheets on the basis of twenty by 
thirty inches in dimensions, 70 cents per 
pound and 15 per centum ad valorem; 
weighing over one hundred pounds per 
one thousand sheets on the basis of 



1066 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

twenty by thirty inches in dimensions. 
22 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad 
valorem; if backed with metal leaf, 65 
cents per pound; all other decalcomanias. 
except toy decalcomanias, 40 cents per 
pound; all other articles than those here- 
inbefore specifically proA'ided for in this 
paragraph, not exceeding eight one-thou- 
sandths of an inch in thickness, 20 cents 
per pound; exceeding eight and not ex- 
ceeding twenty one-thousandths of an 
inch in thickness, and less than thirty- 
rive square inches cutting size in dimen- 
sions, 8£ cents per pound; exceeding 
thirty-five square inches cutting size in 
dimensions, 8 cents per pound, and in 
addition thereto on all of said articles 
exceeding eight and not exceeding 
twenty one-thousandths of an inch in 
thickness, if either die-cut or embossed, 
one-half of 1 cent per pound; if both 
die-cut and embossed, 1 cent per pound; 
exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an 
inch in thickness, 6 cents per pound: 
Provided, That in the case of articles here- 
inbefore specified the thickness which 
shall determine the rate of duty to be 
imposed shall be that of the thinnest 
material found in the article, but for the 
purposes of this paragraph the thickness 
of lithographs mounted or pasted upon 
paper, cardboard, or other material shall 
be the combined thickness of the litho- 
graph and the foundation on which it is 
mounted or pasted, and the cutting size 
shall be the area which is the product of 
the greatest dimensions of length and 
breadth of the article, and if the article 
is made up of more than one piece, the 
cutting size shall be the combined cut- 
ting sizes of all of the lithographically 
printed parts in the article. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 412. Pictures, calendars, cards. 
labels, flaps, cigar bands, placards, and 
other articles, composed wholly or in 
chief value of paper, lithographically 
printed in whole or in part from stone, 
metal, or material other than gelatin (ex- 
cept boxes, views of American scenery or 
objects, and music, and illustrations when 
forming part of a periodical or newspaper, 
or of bound or unbound books, accom- 
panying the same, not specially provided 
for in this section ), shall pay duty at the 
following rates: Labels and flaps, printed 
in less than eight colors (bronze printing 
to be counted as two colors), but not 
printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 
twenty cents per pound; cigar bands of 
the same number of colors and printings, 
thirty cents per pound; labels and flaps 
printed in eighl or more colors, but not 
printed in whole or in part in metal 
leaf, thirty cents per pound: cigar bands 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 325. Pictures, calendars, cards, 
* * * labels, flaps, cigar bands, plac- 
ards, and other articles composed wholly 
or in chief value of paper lithographically 
printed in whole or in part from stone, 
gelatin, metal, or other material (except 
boxes, views of American scenery or ob- 
jects, and music, and illustrations when 
forming a part of a periodical or news- 
paper or of bound or unbound books, ac- 
companying the same, not specially 
provided for in this section) shall pay 
duty at the following rates: Labels and 
flaps printed in less than eight colors 
(bronze printing to be counted as two 
colors), but not printed in whole or in 
part of metal leaf, 15 cents per pound; 
cigar bands of the same number of colors 
and printings, 20 cents per pound; labels 
and flaps printed in eignt or more colors 
('bronze printing to be counted as two 
colors), but not printed in whole or in pari 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



1067 



ACT OF 1909. 

of the same number of colors and print- 
ings, forty cents per pound; labels and 
flaps, printed in whole or in part in metal 
leaf, fifty cents per pound; cigar bands, 
printed in whole or in part in metal leaf. 
fifty-five cents per pound ; all labels, flaps, 
and bands not exceeding ten square 
inches cutting size in dimensions, if em- 
bossed or die-cut, shall pay the same rate 
of duty as hereinbefore provided for cigar 
bands of the same number of colors and 
printings (but no extra duty shall be 
assessed on labels, flaps, and bands for 
embossing or die-cutting); * * * 
fashion magazines or periodicals, printed 
in whole or in part by lithographic proc- 
ess, or decorated by hand, eight cents per 
pound; * * * decalcomanias in ce- 
ramic colors, weighing not over one hun- 
dred pounds per thousand sheets on the 
basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimen- 
sions, seventy cents per pound and 15 per 
centum ad valorem; weighing over one 
hundred pounds per thousand sheets on the 
basis of twenty by thirty inches in dimen- 
sions, twenty-two cents per pound and 
fifteen per centum ad valorem; if backed 
with metal leaf, sixty-five cents per 
pound; all other decalcomanias, except 
toy decalcomanias, forty cents per pound ; 
all other articles than those hereinbefore 
specifically provided for in this paragraph, 
not exceeding eight one-thousandths of 
one inch in thickness, twenty cents per 
pound; exceeding eight and not exceed- 
ing twenty one-thousandths of one inch 
in thickness, and less than thirty-five 
square inches cutting size in dimensions, 
eight and one-half cents per pound; ex- 
ceeding thirty-five square inches cutting 
size in dimensions, eight cents per pound, 
and in addition thereto on all of said arti- 
cles exceeding eight and not exceeding 
twenty one-thousandths of one inch in 
thickness, if either die cut or embossed, 
one-half of one cent per pound; if both 
die cut and embossed, one cent per pound; 
exceeding twenty one-thousandths of one 
inch in thickness, six cents per pound: 
Provided, That in the case of articles 
hereinbefore specified the thickness 
which shall determine the rate of duty to 
be imposed shall be that of the thinnest 
material found in the article, but for the 
purposes of this paragraph the thickness of 
lithographs mounted or pasted upon 
paper, cardboard, or other material, shall 
be the combined thickness of the litho- 
graph and the foundation on which it is 
mounted or pasted'. 

Par. 415. * * * articles composed 
wholly or in chief value of paper printed 
by the photogelatin process and not spe- 
cially provided for in this Act. three 
cents per pound and twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem 



ACT OF 1913. 

of metal leaf, 20 cents per pound; cigar 
bands of the same number of colors and 
printings, 25 cents per pound; labels and 
flaps printed in whole or in part of metal 
leaf, 35 cents per pound; cigar hands 
printed in whole or in part of metal leaf, 
40 cents per pound; * * * all other 
articles not exceeding eight one-thou- 
sandths of an inch in thickness, 15 cents 
per pound; exceeding eight one-thou- 
sandths of an inch and not exceeding 
twenty one-thousandths of an inch in 
thickness • and less than thirty-five 
square inches cutting size in dimension, 5 
cents per pound; exceeding eight and not 
exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an 
inch in thickness and thirty-five square 
inches and over cutting size in dimension, 
7 cents per pound ; exceeding twenty one- 
thousandths of an inch in thickness, 5 
cents per pound, providing that in the 
case of articles hereinbefore specified the 
thickness which shall determine the rate 
of duty to be imposed shall be that of the 
thinnest lithographed material found in 
the article, but for the purpose of this 
paragraph the thickness of lithographs 
mounted or pasted upon paper, cardboard, 
or other material shall be the combined 
thickness of the lithograph and the foun- 
dation upon which it is mounted or 
pasted; * * * fashion magazines or 
periodicals printed in whole or in part by 
lithographic process or decorated by hand, 
6 cents per pound; * * * decalco- 
manias in ceramic colors, weighing not 
over one hundred pounds per thousand 
sheets, on a basis of twenty by thirty 
inches in dimensions, 60 cents per pound; 
all other decalcomanias, except toy de- 
calcomanias, 15 cents per pound. 



Par. 425. * * * lithographic prints , 
bound or unbound, * * * [Free]. 



1068 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PICTURES. CALENDARS, CARDS, ETC. 

Description and uses. —Pictures, calendars, cards, etc. may be 
lithographically or otherwise printed. They are used principally for 
advertising, displa} T purposes, and for presents, souvenirs, etc. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports, including pictures, calendars, cards, booklets, labels, 
flaps, cigar bands, placards, decalcomanias, and other similar articles 
composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically printed, 
were 4,895,643 pounds, valued at $1,780,548 in 1914. Post cards 
imported in 1914 were valued at $527,932. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Dutv I Eqnivalent 
•' ; ad valorem. 





LABELS AND FLATS 


PRINTED 


LN LESS THAN 8 COLORS. 




1918 

1919 




Pounds. 

9,625 

9,464 

15,503 

38,090 


$16,271 1 $1.69 
25,841 j 2.73 
19,365 ! 1.25 
24,760 ! _. 


SI, 300 , 
1.374 ! 
2,274 | 


Per cent. 


1920 




1921 (9 months) 








! 





LABELS AND FLAPS PRINTED IN 8 OR MORE COLORS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



10, 738 
10, 726 
10,423 

17,380 



$16, 645 
13,499 
12,532 
21,620 



$1.55 i $1,741 

1.26 ; 1.-736 

1.20 j 1,815 



LABELS AND FLAPS PRINTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN METAL LEAF. 



1918 : 


i 7,220 

i 1,503 j 

3,951 ! 


$4,733 
1,894 
6,497 
2,095 


$0. 656 
1.260 
1.644 


82,420 

477 

1.383 


' 


1919 

1920 




1921 (9 months) 


1,848 






1 1 











CIGAR BANDS PRINTED IN 


LESS THAN S COLORS. 






1918 


'■ 7,017 

i 3,564 

i 11,951 

21, 578 


$12,043 

4,733 

14, 137 

21,832 


$1,716 , 
1.328 
1.183 ; 


$X, 137 

619 
2,240 




1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months).. 















CIGAR BANDS PRINTED IN 8 OR MORE COLORS. 




1918 ! 44 


$85 j $1.93 
1,275 1.19 
1,369 | .91 
1,200 


$9 
214 
376 


10.35 


1919 

1920 


: 1,070 

1,506 


16. 7K 
27.50 


1921 (9 months) 


615 















CIGAR BANDS PRINTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN METAL LEAP 




1918 142 $313 

1919 ! 1,253 1 2,617 

1920 1,402 2,264 

1921 (9 months) 297 804 


$2.20 
2.09 
1.55 


$45 
430 

585 


14.52 
16.43 

25.86 











FASHION MAGAZINES OR PERIODICALS PRINTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY THE 
LITHOGRAPH PROCESS OR DECORATED BY HAND. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

l')21 ( ( t months) 


579 
3,473 
17,594 
6,007 


$617 
2,083 
7,007 
7,523 .. 


w.or 

.60 
.40 


$35 

208 

1,056 


5.63 
10.00 
15. 07 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1069 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. I Value. 



Unit value. 



I)nfv ' Equivalent 
1),ltJ - J advalorem. 



DECALCOMANIAS IN CERAMIC COLORS, WEIGHING NOT OVER 100 POUNDS PER 

1,000 SHEETS. 




DECALCOMANIAS, ALL OTHER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



49,955 
42,805 
118,817 
101, 108 


$85, 728 
49,932 
140,117 
122,862 


SI. 72 
1.17 
1.18 


$7,406 
6,421 
17,823 







12.86 
12.72 



PICTURES, CALENDARS, ETC., N. S. P. F. 
NOT EXCEEDING j6 %tj OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS. 



1918 

1919 


26, 680 
28, 172 


$25, 737 
43,341 
108, 955 
117,805 


$0.96 
1.54 
1.52 


$4,002 

4,226 
10,760 


15. 55 
9.75 


1920 

1921 (9 months 1 * 


71,731 

78. 184 


9.88 











DEEDING -,-„"„ „ OF AX INCH AND NOT EXCEEDING x %%a OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS, LESS THAN 35 SQUARE 

INCHES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



8,857 

75,270 

354.796 

373,140 


$9,711 
43,832 
145,213 
143,057 


$1.10 
.58 
.41 


$443 
3,763 
17,738 


4.56 
8.59 
12.22 











EXCEEDING 10 s „ OK AN INCH AND NOT EXCEEDING T §^ OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS, 35 SQUARE INCHES AND 

OVER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



12,343 
31,044 
106, 463 
159, 719 



$9, 756 
15, 027 
59,575 
60,373 



$0.; 



$857 
2,173 
7,452 



8.78 
14.46 
12.51 





EXCEEDING t |g ff 


OF AN INCH IN THICKNES? 








1918 




2,712 
10, 282 
43,623 
86,565 


$4,451 

3,915 

20,116 ; 

30,468 - 


$1.64 
.38 ! 
.46 1 


8136 

514 

2,181 


3 05 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 





13. 13 

10.84 




I 







Exports not segregated. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for determining 
the cutting size which shall govern the rate of duty is new. 

Suggested changes. — This paragraph provides that pictures, calen- 
dars, cards, and placards, as well as labels, flaps, and cigar bands, 
"shall pay duty at the following rates" without, however, separately 
imposing duties thereon as in the case of labels, flaps, and cigar bands. 
It is therefore suggested that the words " pictures, calendars, cards 
* .* * placards, and other articles," together with the phrase in 
parentheses " (except boxes, views of American scenery or objects, and 
music, and illustrations when forming part of a periodical or news- 
paper, or of bound or unbound books, accompanying the same),'' and 



1070 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

the words "not specialty provided for," be stricken out of the first 
part of the paragraph, which would thereby be confined, from line 17, 
page 141, to line 15, page 142, to labels, flaps, and cigar bands, with 
the respective rates of duty thereon set forth in proper order. 

If this should be done, a period should be substituted for the semi- 
colon in line 15, page 142, and the word " fashion" ending line 15, be 
made the beginning of a new sentence to end with the word "pound'' 
in line 18, page 142, with the words "from stone, gelatin, metal, or 
other material" inserted after the word "process" in line 17. 

The provisions concerning decalcomanias in line 18, page 142, to 
line 1, page 143, should be inserted as another sentence after the word 
"pound" in line 13, page 143, and the words "pictures, calendars, 
cards, placards, and all other articles, composed wholly or in chief 
value of paper lithographically printed in whole or in part from stone, 
gelatin, metal, or other material (except boxes, views of American 
scenery or objects, and music, and illustrations when forming part of 
a periodical or newspaper, or of bound or unbound books, accompany- 
ing the same), not specially provided for" should be inserted after the 
word "pound" in line 18, page 142, and the words "all other articles 
than those hereinbefore specifically provided for in this paragraph," 
should be omitted from lines 1 to 3, page 143. 

If it should be desired to have .lithographically printed envelopes, 
used as containers of hair nets or seeds, come within this paragraph 
rather than paragraph 1308, which provides for paper envelopes 
without qualification or limitation, specific provision therefor should 
be made in this paragraph. With these changes, paragraph 1306 
would read as follows : 

Labels , flaps , cigar bands composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically 
printed in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material, shall pay duty 
at the following rates: Labels and flaps, printed in less than eight colors (bronze print- 
ing to be counted as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, 
[rate] per pound: cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, [rate] per 
pound ; labels and flaps printed in eight or more colors (bronze printing to be counted 
as two colors), but not printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, [rate] per pound; 
cigar bands of the same number of colors and printings, [rate] per pound; labels and 
flaps, printed in whole or in part in metal leaf, [rate] per pound; cigar bands printed 
in whole or in part in metal leaf, [rate] per pound; all labels, flaps, and bands not 
exceeding 10 square inches cutting size in dimensions, if embossed or die-cut, shall 
pay the same rate of duty as hereinbefore provided for cigar bands of the same number 
of colors and printings (but no extra duty shall be assessed on labels, flaps, and bands 
for embossing or die-cutting). Fashion magazines or periodicals, printed in whole or 
in part by lithographic process from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material, or deco- 
rated by hand, (rate] per pound. Pictures, calendars, cards, envelopes, placards, 
and all other articles, composed wholly or in chief value of paper lithographically 
printed in whole or in part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other material (except boxes, 
views of American scenery or objects, and music, and illustrations when forming 
part of a periodical or newspaper, or of bound or unbound books, accompanying 
the same), not specially provided for, not exceeding eight one-thousandths of an 
inch in thickness, [rate] per pound; exceeding eight and not exceeding twenty one- 
thousandths of an inch in thickness, and less than 35 square inches cutting size in 
dimensions, [rate] per pound; exceeding 35 square inches cutting size in dimensions, 
[rate] per pound, and in addition thereto on all of said articles exceeding eight and 
not exceeding twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, if either die-cut or 
embossed, [rate] per pound; if both die-cut and embossed, [rate] per pound; exceeding 
twenty one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, [rate] per pound. Decalcomanias in 
ceramic colors, weighing not over 100 pounds per 1,000 sheets on the basis of 20 by 30 
inches in dimensions, [rate] per pound and [rate] per centum ad valorem; weighing 
over 100 pounds per 1,000 sheets on the basis of 20 by 30 inches in dimensions, [rate) 
per pound and [rate] per centum ad valorem; if backed with metal leaf. [rate| per 
pound; all other decalcomanias, except toy decalcomanias. |rate| per pounds Provided. 
That in the case of articles, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



1071 



PARAGRAPH 1307. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1307. Writing, letter, note, draw- 
ing, handmade paper and paper commer- 
cially known as handmade paper and ma- 
chine handmade paper, japan paper and 
imitation japan paper by whatever name 
known, and ledger, bond, record, tablet, 
typewriter, manifold, and onionskin and 
imitation onionskin paper, Bristol board 
of the kinds made on a Fourdrinier ma- 
chine, calendered or uncalendered, 3 
cents per pound and 15 per centum ad 
valorem; but if any of the foregoing is 
ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, 
lined, or decorated in any manner, other 
than by lithographic process, it shall pay 
10 per centum ad valorem in addition to 
the foregoing rates. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 41.3. Writing, letter, note, hand- 
made paper and paper commercially 
known as handmade paper and machine 
handmade paper, japan paper and imita- 
tion japan paper by whatever name 
known, and ledger, bond, record, tablet. 
typewriter, manifold, and onionskin and 
imitation onionskin papers calendered or 
uncalendered, weighing six and one- 
fourth pounds or over per ream, three 
cents per pound and fifteen per centum 
ad valorem; but if any such paper is 
ruled, bordered, embossed, printed, 
lined, or decorated in any manner, other 
than by lithographic process, it shall pat- 
ten per centum ad valorem in addition to 
the foregoing rates: Provided, That in com- 
puting the duty on such paper every one 
hundred and eighty thousand square 
inches shall be taken to be a ream. 

Par. 415. * * * bristol board, thir- 
ty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 326. Writing, letter, note, draw- 
ing, handmade paper and paper commer- 
cially known as handmade paper and 
machine handmade paper, japan paper 
and imitation japan paper by whatever 
name known, and ledger, bond, record, 
tablet, typewriter, and onionskin and 
imitation onionskin papers calendered or 
uncalendered, whether or not any such 
paper is ruled, bordered, embossed, 
printed, lined, or decorated in any man- 
ner, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 328. * * * bristol board. 
* * * 25 per centum ad valorem. 



FINE PAPER. 



(See Survey M-6.) 

Description and uses. — Fine paper, as is evident from its classifica- 
tion in the above paragraph, has a great many subdivisions. It 
consists of paper made from a high grade of raw material, principally 
cotton and linen rags, also cotton linters, esparto, and special fibers. 
Sulphite wood pulp, however, is being used increasingly in making 
writing paper. It is impossible to exclude such medium-grade 
writing papers as those containing wood pulp from the general head- 
ing of fine paper, because it is desirable to treat all classes of writing 
paper together. 

Writing paper and other fine papers are very similar in the raw 
material from which they are manufactured and in texture to certain 
high grades of book paper, except that watermarks and special finishes 
are much more used in the former. 



1072 SUMMARY OF TARIFF IX FORMATION, 1921. 

It is impossible to differentiate satisfactorily the manifold varieties 
of fine paper. This is particularly true of the principal group of fine 
papers, namely, writing papers. Writings, bonds, and ledgers are 
classified separately; yet bonds and ledgers are actually writing paper. 
There is no uniform system of classifying bonds, ledgers, papeteries. 
linens, etc., by raw-material content, by size, or by the use to which 
they are to be put. Every variety overlaps one or more varieties to 
some extent. Some varieties bear two names, such as " linen bond." 
In actual practice, in the mill, the product will often be named ac- 
cording to the dimensions of the finished sheet turned out by the mill, 
because the mill ordinarily sells sheets of certain standard sizes to 
makers of papeterie, other standard sizes to makers of bond, and yet 
others to makers of ledgers, etc. In general, however, the distinctions 
in terminology are as follows: Bond paper (which derives its name 
from the fact that it was first used as paper for engraved bonds) is 
usually of medium weight, is not highly calendered, and hence has not 
a highly polished surface, and tends to be translucent. It often rattles 
when handled. The cheapest bond paper is made of pure sulphite 
wood pulp and the best of 100 per cent new linen rags. Intermediate 
grades are made of various proportions of sulphite and old and new 
cotton and linen rags. 

Ledger paper is usually harder, tougher, and has a more polished 
surface than bond paper. Oftentimes it is heavier also. There are 
no bond papers of as great a weight as the heaviest ledger papers. A 
smooth polished surface on which frequent erasures can be made is 
necessary, for ledger paper is most frequently used for bookkeeping, 
public records, and similar purposes. Strength and durability are 
also naturally requisites of this sort of paper. It is usually made 
entirely or in greater part of rags. 

Papeterie is the term applied to writing papers to be packed in 
boxes as stationery. It differs usually from bond and ledger in 
having a rather soft coarse texture. It has a dull, rough finisn, for, 
like bond paper, it often is not calendered. It is usually rather 
heavy. 

Letter, note, record, tablet, and typewriter papers, as specified in 
the tariff, are merely subdivisions of the kinds discussed above, 
classified according to use. Often it is merely the size or the form 
in which the paper is cut for a particular purpose that determines 
its tariff classification. Tablet paper is often of material inferior 
to that used in the other grades named. Drawing paper is a high- 
grade product made chiefly of rags. In England esparto grass is 
much used for drawing paper. Handmade papers, when imported, 
are usually extra fine and fancy papeteries or special stationery. 
Japan paper is a paper of a pronounced silky texture, formerly 
made exclusively from the bark of the mulberry tree, beat out by 
the Japanese with mallets. Now, however, it is made also of other 
vegetable fibers. It is used principally for writing, printing, tapestry, 
imitation Japanese wall hangings, and to some extent in art-craft 
books. It is almost transparent, and has a highly glazed surface 
and a texture almost like the skin of an onion. 

Bristol board made on a Fourdrinier machine is also a kind of 
line paper. Its classification is discussed in detail below in the 
section on " Changes in classification/' 






STMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1073 



Production. — The production of fine paper increased from 248,000 
tons, valued at $34,055,000, in 1914 to 325,000 tons, valued at 
$87,741,000, in 1919. Massachusetts is the principal seat of the fine- 
paper industry; the other States of importance are New York, 
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Ohio. The domestic production is 
sufficient to supply practically the whole of the demand for domestic 
consumption and to export a surplus. 

Imports of writing paper in 1914 were 2,163,432 pounds, valued at 
$203 .171. La ter statistics follow : 



Writing, drauing, and similar papers. 



Calendar year, 



Quantity. ; Value. 



I'nit value. Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



LEDGER, BOND, AND RECORD. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 






Pounds. 
9,093 
6,697 
4,599 




$3,796 
3,733 
2,205 


$0.42 
..56 


$949 
933 


Per cent. 
25 
25 






DRAWING. 










1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 






133,182 
268,154 i 
412,086 


$45, 130 
66,481 
92,177 


$6. 34 

.25 


$11,282 
16,620 


25 
25 


















TABLET. 










i919 

1920 

1921 (9 mouths. 






25 

638 
354 


$10 
409 
205 


$0. 40 
.64 


$2 
102 




25 
25 


















TYPEWRITER 








4 


1919 






939 

1,077 

380 




$616 
446 
213 


$0.66 
.41 


$151 
111 


25 


1920 


• 25 


1921 (9 months) 





•• 













Writing, letter, note, handmade, and paper commercially known as handmade and 
i/iarhini handmade, Japan and imitation Japan pajxr, and onionshn and imitation 
papers, calendered or uncalendered. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



j 
I'nii value J Duty, 

i 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



RULED, BORDERED, EMBOSSED, PRINTED, LINED, 


or decorated: 


Pounds. 

1918 » 405, 939 

1919 25, 152 

1920 4:'.; 163 

1921 (9 months; 24.495 


$182,487 
21,788 
20,370 1 

11. 115 


$0. 45 
.87 
.48 


Per cent. 

$45; 622 ! 25 

5,447 25 

5,092 , 25 


! 




i 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 






ALL OTHER. 



363,945 
897,479 
754.372 



$268,697 
428,62a 

437,119 . 



T4 ! 



167,174 25 

107,1*6 25 



' Includes both the '-ruled, bordered, embossed," etc., and ••all other." 
82304—22 G8 



1074 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF TXI'OKMATtOX, 1921 



Exports in 1914 of writing paper and envelopes combined were 
valued at SI. 179, 232; later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1919 



Writing paper and en vclopes : S6. 1 1 3^98 | S13, 188, 165 ' 

Cash-register and adding-maehine paper ( 109, 207 132, 515 



1920 


1921 (9 months). 


88. 908, 230 
211, 167 


$3,841,127 
13-5, 60»i 



Important changes in classification. —-The minimum weight pro- 
vision is omitted because practically all the papers included are 
papers heavier than what is ordinarily called and sold as tissue paper. 
Manifold paper, which did not appear in the act of 1913 but did appear 
in 1909, is restored. Manifold and typewriter paper are practically 
always heavier than tissue paper. Bristol board of the kinds made 
on a Fourdrinier machine is a new item. Bristol board appears in 
connection with cardboard in paragraph 328 of the act of 1913. 
However, there are two entirely different kinds of bristol board. 
The kind included in this paragraph is made on the Fourdrinier 



machine in the same wav as writing 



paper 



and is used as a line 



writing paper and for cards in index files. A Fourdrinier machine 
may be defined as a paper machine on which the sheet of paper is 
first formed by placing pulp much diluted with water onto a hori- 
zontal moving wire screen from which part of the water is removed 
through drainage and through suction. Bristol board of this type 
is sometimes made as a single-ply sheet and is calendered and finished 
in practically the same way as a heavy ledger paper. Sometimes two 
or three thicknesses are placed together after they have come off the. 
Fourdrinier machine, after which the calendering and other finishing 
processes take place. This kind is usually called solid bristol board. 
The other kind of bristol board is included under paper board or 
pulpboard in paragraphs 1302 and 1313; it is not specifically named. 



PARAGRAPH 1308. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1308. Paper envelopes not spe- 
cially provided for, folded or flat, if 
plain, shall pay the same rate of duty as 
the paper from which made and 5 per 
centum ad valorem; if bordered, em- 
bossed, printed, tinted, decorated, or 
lined, 10 per centum ad valorem in addi- 
tion to the foregoing rates. 

ACT OF 1909. 

PAH. 411. * * * envelopes,* * * 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
the foregoing papers, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, * * * five 
cents a pound and thirty per centum ad 
valorem, * * *. 

414. Paper envelopes not specially pro- flat, not* specially provided for in : 
vided for in this section, folded or flat, section. 15 per centum ad valorem, 
if plain, twenty per centum ad valorem; 
if bordered, embossed, printed, tinted, 
decorated, or lined, thirty-five per eenl- 
um ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Pah. 324. * * * envelopes, * * * 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
any of the foregoing papers, not specially 
provided for in this section, * * 
35 per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 327. Paper envelopes, folded or 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF JXVORMA TION , 192,1- 



1075 



EWELon:s. 



(See 



M 6 



Description and uses. Kraft paper (made of sulphate wood pulp) 
forms the basis for a considerable class of envelopes. These are 
ordinarily large, strong coverings and are used mainly for mailing 
circulars, photographs, pamphlets, and catalogues. Manila envelopes 
constitute an important class. They are much used for filing- 
cabinets and, like kraft envelopes, for mailing circulars, etc. A 
great many manila and kraft envelopes are made in all sizes with 
metal clasps for wrapping and for mailing a variety of small articles. 
A very large number of envelopes are made to carry business corre- 
spondence and light weight advertising matter. Of these the great 
preponderance is made of wood pulp, principally sulphite. The 
stamped envelopes sold at post offices are of this type. Often- 
times the envelopes used by business concerns are of material inferior 
to the correspondence sheets they contain. The best grades of 
envelopes (other than ornamental specialties) are those designed to 
be used with fine stationery or so-called social writing paper. In 
this class both envelopes and writing sheets are ordinarily manu- 
factured from the same kind of paper and thus may range in content 
from all sulphite to all new rag. 

Production. — The production of envelopes in the United States 
increased from $18,481,000 in 1914 to $39,664,000 in 1919 and the 
number of establishments making envelopes from 90 in 1914 to 106 
in 1919. Domestic production supplies practically the whole of the 
demand for domestic consumption. The capitalization of the 90 
envelope establishments in the United States in 1914 was $15,830,000. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $29,350. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$5,122 

14.291 

M8,742 

31,387 


$768 
2,144 

7,288 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 






— . — ... .» . ....... 








1 In addition to i he figure given ($48,712) envelopes to the value of $152 were imported free of duty from the 
Philippine IslaniK 

Exports not segregated. 

Important changes in classification. — The wording of this paragraph 
is slightly changed so that all paper envelopes instead of bearing a 
uniform rate of duty shall bear duty according to the paper from 
which they are made. This change is made because of the great 
variety in quality of the paper from which envelopes are made. 



1076 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF IX FORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1309. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1309. Jacquard designs on ruled 
paper, or cut on Jacquard cards, and parts 
of such designs, 23 per centum ad valorem; 
hanging paper, not printed, lithographed, 
dyed, or colored, 10 per centum ad va- 
lorem; paper hangings with paper back 
or composed wholly or in chief value of 
paper, not printed, lithographed, dyed, or 
colored, 5 cents per pound; printed', litho- 
graphed, dy4ed, or colored, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; wrapping paper not specially 
provided for, 23 per centum ad valorem; 
blotting paper, 2 cents per pound and 
10 per centum ad valorem; filtering paper, 
5 cents per pound and 15 per centum ad 
valorem; paper not specially provided for. 
23 per centum ad valorem. 

.ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 410. * * * filtering paper, five 
cents per pound and fifteen per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That no article 
composed wholly or in chief value of one 
or more of the papers specified in this 
paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than 
that imposed upon the component paper 
of chief value of which such article is 
made. 

Par. 415. Jacquard designs on ruled 
paper, or cut on Jacquard cards, and parts 
of such designs, * * * thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem; * * * paper 
hangings with paper back -or composed 
wholly or in chief value of paper, twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem; wrapping 
[>aper not specially provided for in this 
section, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
paper not specially provided for in this 
section, thirty per centum ad valo- 
rem: * * *. 

[No corresponding provision for hanging 
paper and blotting paper.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 332. * * * all papers * * * 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 32S. Jacquard designs on ruled 
paper, or cut on Jacquard cards, and parts 
of such designs. * * * paper hangings 
with paper back or composed wholly or 
in chief value of paper, and wrapping 
paper not specially provided for in this 
section. 25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 323. * * * filtering paper, and 
articles manufactured from any of the 
foregoing papers, or of which such paper 
is the component material of chief value, 
30 per centum ad valorem. 

| No corresponding provision for hanging 
paper and blotting paper.] 



JACQUARD DESIGNS, HANGING PAPER, PAPER HANGINGS, WRAPPING . 
BLOTTING AND FILTERING PAPER. 

'Sec Surveys M-7. M-3. ami M-4.) 

Description and uses. — Jacquard designs or Jacquard cards arc 
used with the Jaequajxl loom, a machine for fancy weaving, having 
a chain of perforated cards passing over a rotary prism, the per- 
forations permitting the passage of wires that determine the raising 
of warp threads, causing the figure to be woven in accordance with 
the prearrangement of the perforated cards. 

Wall paper, or paper hangings, is paper ready for use as a covering 
for the interior walls of buildings. Hanging paper is the paper used 
for making wall paper, i. e., it is wall paper not yet ready for use as 
wall covering. The distinction between them is discussed in detail' 
below in the section on changes in classification. 



sr \r.MAi;v of tariff tn I oifuatiox, L921. 1077 

Wrapping paper, as its name indicates, is used for wrapping 
and packing purposes of all sorts. This is practically its sole use. 
There are, however, three principal varieties according to material 
used: (1) Kraft, a very tough brown paper made wholly or in 
part of sulphate wood pulp, introduced within the last 15 years; 
(2) manila. a strong pabfef of lighter color, formerly made principally 
of old and waste manila rope and rope ends, hemp, jute, and flax 
waste, old gunny cloth and old gunny bags, but now^ made chiefly of 
sulphite wood pulp, and frequently called bogus manila; and (3) 
fiber paper, a cheap, more or less brittle and tearable variety made 
of waste paper, cuttings from paper-board factories, mechanically 
ground wood pulp, wood-pulp refuse, or almost any fibrous material 
of inferior quality. Of these three sorts, genuine manila made of old 
rope, bagging, etc., is the strongest per unit of weight. Next comes 
kraft paper, followed by the best grades of wood pulp or bogus 
manila. Last, of course, are the fiber papers of common stock. In 
addition to these varieties, there are a number of cheap wood-pulp 
papers made of ground wood with varying proportions of chemical 
pulp. 

Bag paper is made of all the different substances above listed. 
Paper to be made into sacks for flour, cement, charcoal, sugar, nails, 
etc., is necessarily heavy and tough and often is reinforced by cloth. 

There are a great many special kinds of wrapping paper, all of which 
may be classified under the varieties already named. Mill wrapper 
is a thick, coarse paper used to a great degree in paper mills, where it 
is made to pack the staple products of those mills. It is made often 
out of paper-mill sweepings. So-called news wrapping paper comes 
under the head of fiber paper, the raw material being repulped news- 
print. Straw wrapping paper,' screenings (paper made from pulp 
screened out as unfit for use in the paper for which it was originally 
intended), express paper (primarily for wrapping express shipments), 
fruit wrappers, and silk wrappers are other varieties. Certain kinds 
of tissue paper are used for wrapping purposes, but are treated 
separately in the tariff and bear a higher rate of duty. (See Survey 
M-3, on tissue paper.) Grease-proof paper and imitation parch- 
ment are also mainly used for wrapping. A special survey treats of 
these grades. 

Blotting paper, as its name indicates, is used for soaking up liquids 
for one purpose or another. It is unsized, porous, and absorbent. 

Filtering paper is a white, unsized, porous paper. The domestic 
product in the main is a very ordinary grade, differing little from 
blotting paper and used principally for clarifying liquids. It is 
used by soap, paint, sugar, color, and pharmaceutical manufac- 
turers. It is also used by electrical companies to filter oil for trans- 
formers. Another use is for chemical qualitative analyses. The 
best grades for qualitative analysis are not made in this country 
and must be imported mainly from England, Sweden, Germany, and 
France. Recently, however, a beginning has been made in the 
United States in manufacturing the better grades. 

Production. — Jacquard designs used here are almost exclusively 
domestically produced. They are made by punching holes in pieces 
of cardboard with a plate (or a piano) punching machine. There is 
little need to import designs. Our imports compared with domestic 



1078 



Si: AL MARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



production are of no importance. They are accounted for in part 
by the fact that one American compan}^ weaving with Jacquard 
looms has a mill in France which sends for reference to the American 
mill copies of the designs it produces. 

The production of hanging paper in the United States decreased 
from 97,000 tons valued at $4,489,000 in 1914 to 69,000 tons valued at 
$6,043,000 in 1919. The output of hanging paper fluctuates con- 
siderably from month to month and from year to year. One of 
the reasons for this fluctuation is the fact that many of the machines 
making hanging paper can be operated at will either in the manu- 
facture of newsprint or of hanging paper. 

The production of wall paper not made in paper mills increased 
from $15,887,000 in 1914 to $23,895,000 in 1919. The number of 
establishments increased from 48 in 1914 to 49 in 1919. Production 
of wall paper in the United States supplies practically the whole of 
the demand for domestic consumption. 

The production of blotting paper decreased from 14,000 tons valued 
at $1,458,000 in 1914 to 13,000 tons valued at $2,309,000 in 1919. 

A rough estimate places the annual production of filter paper in the 
United States at 500 tons. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 are shown by the following table: 





Article. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Jacquard designs 






$10,763 

936,339 

1,028,500 


Paper hangings 




Wrapping paper (pounds) 


36,515,554 



Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. | Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad valo- 
rem rate. 



JACQUARD DESIGNS ON RULED PAPER OR CUT ON JACQUARD CARDS. 



1918 . 


Poni/d.v. ' 

$877 .. 


$219 

. 113 

1,765 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


452 . 


25 


1920 




7,059 

10,411 


25 


1921 (9 months) 

















PAPER HANGINGS, WITH PAPER BACK OR COMPOSED WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE 

OF PAPER. 


1918 . ! 1 


$135,697 1 


$33,924 25 
21,918 1 25 


1919 .. I ' 


99,674 


l<)20 i 


361,363 ! 


90,341 ' 25 


1921 (9 months) ' J 

• 


270,026 '■ 




| 



WRAPPING PAPER. 




1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months^). 



23,313 

431,444 
512,5.55 



$31,115 
14,916 
86,915 
59,547 



$0. 64 
.20 



$7,779 

3,729 

21,729 






Sl.M.UARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1079 

Exports in 1914 of paper hangings were valued at $453,412. Ex- 
ports of wrapping paper were 14,133,097 pounds, valued at $532,657. 
Later statistics for calendar vears follow: 



1918 1919 1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Paper hangings (value) $529. 539 $899, 457 ; $1, 251, 743 $503, 05> 

Wrapping paper: 

Quantity (pounds) 59,899,043. 74,910.830 : 01,204.501 20,208,163 

^"alue S4,S2S,S56 $0,604,402 i $0,994,381 i $1,913,840 

I _2J • 

Important changes in classification. — Cardboard and hristol board 
are omitted from this paragraph. Cardboard is now taken care of in 
two paragraphs: paragraph 1302 provides for all paper board and 
pulpboard, including cardboard wnich has not had a special treat- 
ment after leaving the paper machine, and paragraph 1313 provides 
for cardboard when it has been subjected to some sort of special 
treatment. There is apparently no good reason wiry cardboard 
should appear in the tariff act wudely differentiated from paper board 
and pulpboard in general, especially as it has been held that card- 
board is the generic term for paper board. Bristol board of the kinds 
made on a Fourdrinier machine is provided for eo nomine in para- 
graph 1307. The other kind of bristol board is produced on a cylin- 
der machine out of layers of pulp pressed together when wet. As the 
inside layer or layers are usually of inferior material, this kind is 
ordinarily called filled bristol board. The principal variety of it is 
called bogus bristol. Bristol board of this kind comes under the 
general heading for paper board and so does not need an eo nom'm* 
provision. 

The provision for hanging paper is new. Hanging paper is the raw 
material for paper hangings or wall paper, i. e., it is wall paper not 
yet printed or decorated. The principal variety of hanging paper is 
Xo. 2 hanging paper. This is an uncolored, untreated paper. There 
are also certain kinds which are specially treated, some of which do 
not have to be subsequently printed in a wall-paper mill in order to 
be used for interior decoration. Among these are oatmeal and tile 
paper. These special papers, such as oatmeal and tile, although often 
called hanging paper in the trade, are in reality finished wall paper 
or paper hangings. 

Blotting paper has been introduced eo nomine for the first time. 
A great deal of blotting paper is produced in this country, and, 
although the imports are negligible, separate classification seems 
desirable. 

Suggested changes. -It is suggested that cigarette paper be moved 
from paragraph 1452 either to this paragraph or to paragraph 1305. 



1080 



SEfMM'ABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1310. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



Par. 1310. Books of all kinds, bound 
or unbound, including blank books, slate 
books and pamphlets, drawings, engrav- 
ings, photographs, etchings, maps, charts, 
music in books or sheets, and printed 
matter, all the foregoing not specially pro- 
vided for, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
books bound wholly or in part in leather, 
the chief value of which is in the binding, 
not specially provided for, 33^ per cen- 
tum ad valorem; books of paper or other 
material for children's use, printed litho- 
graphically or otherwise, not exceeding 
in weight twenty-four ounces each, with 
more reading matter than letters, numer- 
als, or descriptive words, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; booklets, printed lithograph- 
ically or otherwise, not specially pro- 
Aided for, 7 cents per pound; booklets, 
wholly or in chief value of paper, deco- 
rated in whole or in part by hand or by 
spraying, whether or not printed, 15 
cents per pound; all post cards (not in- 
cluding American views), plain, deco- 
rated, embossed, or printed except by 
lithographic process. 26 per centum ad 
valorem; views of any landscape, scene, 
building, place or locality in the United 
States, on cardboard or paper, not thinner 
than eight one-thousandths of one inch, 
by whatever process printed or produced, 
including those wholly or in part pro- 
duced by either lithographic or photo- 
gelatin process (except show cards), occu- 
pying thirty-five square inches or less of 
surface per view, bound or unbound, or 
in any other form. 15 cents per pound and 
20 per centum ad valorem; thinner than 
eight one-thousandths of one inch, $2 per 
thousand; Christmas and other greeting 
cards, printed lithographically or other- 
wise, or decorated in whole or in part by 
hand or by spraying. 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 410. * * " :; letter copying 
books, whether wholly or partly manu- 
factured, five cents per pound and fifteeu 
per centum ad valorem; * * * Pro- 
vided, That no article composed wholly or 
in chief value of one or more of the papers 
specified in this paragraph shall pay a 
less rate of duty than that imposed upon 
the component paper of chief value of 
which such article is made. 

Par. 412. * * * booklets, seven 
cents per pound; books of paper or other 
material for children's use, not exceeding 
in weight twenty-four ounces each, six 
cents per pound; * * * booklets, dec- 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 323. * * * letter-- opyinu: 
books, wholly or partly manufactured. 
* * *. 30 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 325. * * * booklets, * * * 
composed wholly or in chief value of paper 
lithographically printed in whole or in 
part from stone, gelatin, metal, or other 
material * * * booklets, 7 cents per 
pound; * * * books of paper or other 
material for children's use, lithographi- 
cally printed in whole or in part, not 
exceeding in weight twenty-four ounces 
each, 4 cents per pound; * * * book- 
lets, wholly or in chief value of paper, 
decorated in whole or in part by hand or 






Summary of tariff information, iw2i 



1081 



ACT OF 1909. 

orate'l in whole or in part by hand or by 
spraying, whether or not lithographed, 
iif teen cents per pound; * * *. 

Par. 416. Books of all kinds, bound or 
unbound, including blank books, slate 
books and pamphlets, engravings, pho- 
tographs, etchings, maps, charts, music 
in books or sheets, and printed matter, 
all the foregoing wholly or in chief value 
of paper, and not specially provided for 
in this section, twenty-live per centum 
ad valorem. Views of any landscape, 
scene, building, place or locality in the 
United States, on cardboard or paper, not 
thinner than eight one-thousandths of 
one inch, by whatever process printed or 
produced, including those wholly or in 
part produced by either lithographic or 
photogelatin process (except show cards), 
occupying thirty-five square inches or 
less of surface per view, bound or un- 
bound, or in any other form, fifteen cents 
per pound and twenty-five per centum ad 
ad valorem; thinner than eight one-thou- 
sandths of one in"h, two dollars per thou- 
sand: Provided, That the rate or rates of 
duty provide.! in the tariff Act approved 
July twenty-fourth, eighteen hundred 
and ninety-seven, shall remain in force 
until October first, nineteen hundred and 
nine, on all views of any landscape, scene. 
building, place, or locality, provided for 
in this paragraph, which shall have, prior 
to July lirst, nineteen hundred and nine, 
been ordered or contracted to be delivered 
to bona fide purchasers in the United 
States, and the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall make proper regulations for the 
enforcement of this pixn ision. 

Par. 517. Books, maps, music, en- 
gravings, photographs, etchings, bound 
or unbound, and charts, which shall have 
been printed more than twenty years at 
the date of importation, * * * [Fr.e]. 

Par. 518. Books and pamphlets printed 
chieflv in languages other than Eng- 
lish; ** * * [Free]. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities. l" 



ACT OF 1913. 

by spraying, whether or not lithographed, 
10 cents per pound ; * * *. 

Par. 329. Books of all kinds, bound or 
unbound, including blank books, slate 
books and pamphlets, engravings, pho- 
tographs, etchings, maps, charts, music 
in books or sheets, and printed matter, 
all the foregoing, and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 15 per centum 
ad valorem. Views of any landscape, 
scene, building, place or locality in the 
United States, on cardboard or paper, not 
thinner than eight one-thousandths of 
one inch, by whatever process printed or . 
produced, including those wholly or «in 
part produced by either lithographic or 
photogelatin process (except show cards . 
bound or unbound, or in any other form. 
20 cents per pound; thinner than eight 
one-thousandths of one inch, $2 per 
thousand. 

Par. 332. * *.* all post cards, not 
including American views, plain, deco- 
rated, embossed, or printed, except by 
lithographic process, * * - * 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 425. Books, maps, music, en- 
gravings, photographs, etchings, litho- 
graphic prints, bound or unbound, and 
charts, which shall have been printed 
more than twenty years at the date of 
importation, * * ** [Free]. 

Par. 426. Books and pamphlets printed 
wholly or chiefly in languages other than 
English; * * * and all textbooks 
used in schools and other educational 
institutions; * * * [Free]. 

Par. 428. Books, libraries, * * * 
of persons or families from foreign coun- 
tries, * * * if actually used abroad 
by them not less than one year, and not 
intended for any other person or persons, 
nor for sale. 

Par. 582. Professional books, * * * 
in the actual possession of persons emi- 
grating to the United States owned and 
used by them abroad; * * *. 

[Xo corresponding provision for the 
other commodities. I 



BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, POST CARDS, AND OTHER PRINTED MATTER. 



Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1310 are 
self-explanatory. 

Production of books of all kinds in 1914 was 786,626 tons, valued at 
$58,496,221.- 



1082 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1U21. 



Imports in 1914 were valued at $(^,644,265. Later imports have 
been as follows : 

Ho->!:s, pamphlets, and other printed rriatter. 



Calendar rear. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Ad 
Duty. : valorem 
rate. 



BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS, BOUND AND UNBOUND. 




Includes, besides books and pamphlets, maps and charts, and other printed matter segregated alter 1918- 

MAPS AND CHARTS. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$11, 325 
26,361 
15, 142 



$1,698 
3,954 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



MUSIC IN BOOKS OR SHEETS. 



$48. 568 j . 
75,687 I. 
52,739 !. 



$7,281 
11,35^ 



353 



OTHER PRINTED MATTER (EXCEPT POST CARDS). 



1919 1 $293,202 

1920 I 561,964 

1921 (9 months) j j 391, 869 

i ! 



$43,901 



BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS PRINTED WHOLLY OR CHIEFLY IN LANGUAGES OTHER 

THAN ENGLISH. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 C9 months). 




BLANK AND SLATE BOOKS. 



191S 




$9,835 
36,500 
42, 191 
43,325 




$1,475 

5,475 

6,322 




15 


1919 






15 


1920 








1921 (9 months).. 














_ 


. 



LETTER COPYING BOOKS. 



1 '.) 1 s 




38 

216 

1,661 

228 


$27 
35 

S78 
90 


$0.71 1 
.16 
.53 


$S 

10 

263 


30 


l»ig 


30 


1920 

1921 (9 months)... 





30 









TEXTBOOKS USED EN SCHOOLS AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$132, 866 
208,263 
281,066 
166,130 



SUMMARY OK TARIFF I X I'OKM ATIO N , 1!>21. 
Books, pamphlets, mid other* printed mutter— Continued. 



1083 



Calendar year. 



Quantity,. Value. 



Unit value 



Dutv. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



BOOKS OF PAPER OR OTHER MATERIAL FOR CHILDREN'S USE NOT EXCEEDING IN 

WEIGHT 24 OUNCES EACH. 



1918 

1919 


Pmnds. 

5.035 

7,302 


$2,694 
6, 146 
25,013 

11,035 


$0. 53 

.84 
.48 


§201 

292 

2,096 


Per cent. 

7.4* 
4. 75 


1920 

1921 (9 months; 


52,410 

30.975 


8.38 











ENGRAVINGS, BOUND OR UNBOUND, ETCHINGS, VND PHOTOGRAPHS (EXCEPT 

POST C WIDSi. 



191S 

iyi;< 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



•516.186 

30,487 ' 

49,473 ' 

25.053 ' 



$2, 428 
4,569 
7,417 



BOOKLETS DECORATED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY HAND SPRAYING WHETHER OR 

NOT LITHOGRAPHED. 



191$. ... 


3,571 1 
1,406 
17,385 
11,175 


$5,082 
2,897 
7,161 

14,749 


i 

$1.42 I 

2.06 j 

..' ;fj :: 


I 




1919 

1920 


141 I 

1,738 , 




1921 (9 months ^ 


1 






ALL OTHER BOOKLETS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months).. . 


1,677 

3,181 

15,905 

22, 829 


$733 
2, 857 
8,034 

7, 408 


$0.44 
.90 

.50 


$117 ! 

223 | 
1.113 


16,02 

7.79 
13.86 













Calendar rear. 



Souvenir post curds. 



Quantity. '• Value. 



Unit 

value. 



Dutv 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 



.1THOGRAPHICALLY PRINTED, NOT EXCEEDING Tt ,*, )A OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS. 



KH8 


Pounds. 
4, 255 
3,064 
8,696 
7,529 


$6, 843 
6,198 

15,363 
7,221 


SI. 61 
2.02 
1.77 


$638 

460 

1 , 304 


Per cent. 
9 33 


1919 


7 42 


1920 


8.49 


1921 (9 months) 













LITHOGRAPHICALLY PRINTED, EXCEEDING , » 00 OF AN TNCH AND NOT r ^ 9 OF AN 
INCH IN THICKNESS, CUTTING SIZES IN DIMENSION LESS THAN 35 SQUARE INCHES. 

i 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 




LITHOGRAPHICALLY PRINTED, EXCEEDING jJU OF AN INCH, AND NOT **§* OF AN 
INCH IN THICKNESS, CUTTING SIZES IN DIMENSION 35 SQUARE INCHES AND OVER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



1,977 
6,65] 
16,517 
11,053 


$1,740 

2,967 
5,742 
5,064 


$0. KK ' 
.45 
.35 


$138 

466 

1,156 


7.95 
15.69 
20.14 










1084 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
Souvenir post cards — Continued. 




Equiva- 
lent value. Duty. I lent ad 
! valorem. 



LITHOGRAPHICALLY PRINTED, EXCEEDING iffc, OF AN INCH IN THICKNESS. 



1 Pounds. 

1918 1, 667 

1919 147 

1920 17, 643 

1921 (9 months) 1, 455 









Per cent. 


$1, 165 


$0.70 


$83 


7. 15 


552 


3. 75 


7 


1.33 


6, 824 


.39 


882 


12. 93 


1,395 









VIEWS OF ANY LANDSCAPE. SCENE, BUILDING, PLACE, OR LOCALITY IN THE UNITED 
STATES, THINNER THAN T ^ OF AN INCH. 





Thousand. \ 










1918 


48 


$188 


$3.92 


$96 


51.06 


1919 


10 


224 


2.24 


20 


8.93 


1920 


31 ! 


218 


7.03 


62 


28.44 


1921 (9 months) 


106 ! 

1 


813 

















VIEWS OF ANY LANDSCAPE, SCENE, BUILDING, PLACE, OR LOCALITY IN THE UNITED 
STATES, NOT THINNER THAN „•„*■ OF AN INCH. 





Pounds. 










1918 


287 


$355 


$1.24 


$57 


16.17 


1919 


2,309 


2,654 


1.15 


462 


17.40 


1920 


2,748 


2,753 


1.00 


550 


19.96 


1921 (9 months) 


8,635 


4,221 















ALL OTHER POST CARDS, PLAIN, DECORATED, EMBOSSED, OR PRINTED, EXCEPT BY 

LITHOGRAPHIC PROCESS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pounds. 



16, 748 
41,726 
77, 750 



$9,411 
17, 530 $1. 05 
31,537 .76 
32.170 ! 



$2,353 
4,382 



25.00 
25.00 



VIEWS OF ANY LANDSCAPE, SCENE, BUILDING, PLACE OR LOCALITY IN THE UNITED 
STATES EXCEPT POST CARDS, ON CARDBOARD OR PAPER, NOT THINNER THAN „Vtj 
OF AN INCH. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 








81,480 


$9. 651 


$0.12 


$16,296 


58 


87 


1.50 


12 


66 


81 


1.23 


13 


1,118 


556 











168. 85 
13. 33 
16. 30 



Exports in 1914 were valued at $9,639,860. Later statistics (for 
calendar years) follow: 1918, $11,493,524; 1919, $18,239,016; 1920, 
$24,803,932; 1921 (nine months), $16,345,578. 

Important changes in classification. — Drawings have been added to 
the list of printed matter in this paragraph to cover fashion plates and 
like drawings in water colors, mechanical drawings, etc., not works 
of art or original drawings, now classified as manufactures of paper. 
Leather-bound books, w T ith chief value in the binding, are included 
for the first time. Children's books have been transferred from para- 
graph 1306 to this paragraph and the clause "with more reading 
matter than letters, numerals, or descriptive words'' inserted. The 
reason for this qualification is that in paragraph 1414 a new item. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXl'ORMATIO X, 11)2 1. 1085 

"toy hooks without reading matter other than letters, numerals, or 
descriptive words, hound or unhound. and parts thereof," loss horn 
inserted to be distinguished from books which do not involve 
such elaborate processes of printing, lithographing, and deeroation. 
Booklets are transferred to this paragraph from paragraph 1300. 
The phrase "printed lithographically or otherwise,' n. s. p. f.. has 
been inserted in the general provision for booklets to show more 
definitely the inclusive?! ess of this item and to indicate explicitly 
that booklets more specifically provided for are not included here. 
The phrase "wholly or in chief value of paper" has been inserted in 
connection with booklets decorated in whole or in part by hand or by 
spraying, in order to limit the application of this item to paper hook- 
lets. At the end of this item the phrase "whether or not printed" 
is used in place of the phrase ''whether or not lithographed" which 
appeared in the act of 1909 or the phrase "whether printed litho- 
graphically or otherwise" as in some other provisions of this para- 
graph so as to be more inclusive and cover all booklets decorated as 
described. Booklets fall in this paragraph for printed matter more 
logically than in paragraph 1306. Christmas and other greeting 
cards are separately named in this paragraph for the first time. 

Several items included in the free list in the act of 1913 become 
dutiable under this paragraph in H. R. 7456: (1) Paragraph 425: 
"Books, maps, music, engravings, photographs, etchings, litho- 
graphic prints, bound or unbound, and charts, which shall have been 
printed more than twenty years at the date of importation M : (2) 
Paragraph 426: "Books and pamphlets printed wholly or chiefly in 
languages other than English," and "All textbooks used in schools 
and other educational institutions"; (3) Paragraph 428: Books 
and libraries of persons or families from foreign countries, exceeding 
$250 in value: (4) Paragraph 582: Professional books, exceeding 
*250 in value, of immigrants. 

PARAGRAPH 1311. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1311. Photograph, autograph, 
scrap, post-card and postage-stamp al- 
bums, and albums for phonograph records, 
wholly or partly manufactured, 23 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 417. Photograph, autograph, sera]). Par. 330. Photograph, autograph, scrap, 

post-Caid, and postage stamp albums. post-card, and postage-stamp albums, 

wholly or partly manufactured, thirty- wholly or partly manufactured, 25 per 

five per centum ad valorem. centum ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for albums [No corresponding provision for albums 

for phonograph records.] for phonograph records.] 

PHOTOOKAPJnC. AUTOGRAPHIC, POST-CARD. VXD POSTAGE-STAMP 

ALBUMS, ETC. 

Dfscription aiul tasesi The albums enumerated above consist of 
bound volumes of unprinted paper, designed to contain post cards, 
stamps, paper clippings, or photographs, when such articles are 
parted to the leaves of the album or inserted in cut or slotted per- 
forations. 



1086 



SUMMARY i)V TARIFF IN I- OK MAT ION. 1921: 



Calendar year. 



Production. — No data available. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $26,094. Later statistics follow: 

, ! 

Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



191s 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 




Important changes in classification. — Albums for phonograph record's 
have been added to this paragraph because they have grown to be 
one of the important divisions of albums. 



PARAGRAPH 1312. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1312. Playing cards, (>0 per 
centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 419. Playing cards, in packs not Par. 331. Playing cards, 60 per 
exceeding fifty-four cards and at a like centum ad valorem, 
rate for any number in excess, ten cents 
per pack and twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 

PLAYING CARDS. 

Production. — The domestic playing-card industry shows annual 
sales amounting to about $3,000,000 in 1913. In "1914 there were 
three manufacturers, with 1,402 employees, wages of $685,000, a 
capital of $4,634,000, and raw materials costing $918,000; the value 
of the finished product was $3,898,000, and value added by manu- 
facture, $2,980,000. 

Imports of playing cards in 1914 were valued at $7,664. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


19ix .. 


Packs-. 
37, 221 
58, 505 
71, 1 17 
179,073 


$5, 487 
9, 897 
12,758 
19,327 


so. 15 
.17 

. IS 


S3, 292 
5, 938 
7,655 


Per cent. 
60 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


60 
60 











Ex ports to China, India, and Oceania have greatly increased in 
the last five years, particularly to British India ($58,909 in 1914, 
$143,494 in L918). Previous to 1914 exports to France were limited 
by its Stale monopoly and almost prohibitive tariff regulations, since 
removed. Exports to France rose from $214 in 1914 to $18,128 in 
1 9 IN. Export values were $330,194 in 1914. Later exports bv cal- 
endar years have been as follows: 1918, $882,&70; 191 9, $1 ,522,516: 
1920, $1,173,559; 1921 (9 months). $527,347. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1087 



PARAGRAPH 1313. 



H. R. 7456. 



Pah. 13 13. Papers and paper board 
and pulpboard, including cardboard and 
leatherboard or compress leather, em- 
bossed, cut, die-cut, or stamped into 
designs or shapes, such as initials, mono- 
grams, lace, borders, bands, strips, or 
other forms, or cut or shaped for boxes or 
other articles, plain or printed, but not 
lithographed, and not specially provided 
for; paper board and pulpboard. including 
cardboard and leatherboard or compress 
leather, laminated, glazed, coated, lined, 
printed, decorated, or ornamented in any 
manner; press boards and press paper, 23 
per centum ad valorem; test or container 
boards of a bursting strength above 60 
pounds per square inch by the Mullen or 
the Webb test, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
stereotype-matrix mat or board, 28 per 
centum ad valorem; wall pockets, com- 
posed wholly or lri chief part of paper, 
papier-mache or paper board, whether or 
not die-cut, embossed, or printed litho- 
graphically or otherwise; boxes, composed 
wholly or in chief value of paper, papier- 
mache or paper board, and not specially 
provided for; manufactures of paper, or 
of which paper is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for, 
20 per centum ad valorem . 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 415. * * * press boards or press 
paper, valued at ten cents per pound or 
oyer, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
* * * paper not specially provided for 
in this section, thirty per centum ad 
valorem: Pro tided, That paper embossed, 
or cut, die-cut, or stamped into designs or 
shapes, such as initials, monograms, lace, 
borders, bands, strips, or other forms, or 
cut or shaped for boxes, plain or printed 
but not lithographed, and not specially 
provided for in this section, shall be 
dutiable at thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem; articles composed wholly or 
in chief value of paper printed by the 
photogelatin process and not specially 
provided for in this Act, three cents 
per pound and twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 420. Manufactures of paper, or of 
which paper is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for 
in this section, thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 



press boards or 
25 per centum ad 



Par. 328. * * 
press paper, * 
valorem. 

Par. 332. Papers or cardboard, cut, 
die cut, or stamped into designs or shapes. 
such as initials, monograms, lace, hol- 
ders, or other forms, * * * and man- 
ufactures of paper or of which paper is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this section. 
25 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 530. * * f leatherboard <>r 
compressed leather; . * * * [Free]. 

Par. 650. * * * paper twine lor 
binding any of the foregoing (wool ) 
* * * [Free.] 



1088 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES OF PAPER. 
Surveys M-4, and M-l. I 

Description and uses. — In the main this paragraph is made up of 
miscellaneous manufactures of paper. The significance of the phrase- 
ology is explained below in the section on ''Changes in classification/' 

Press boards are made of mechanical wood pulp and certain good 
grades of waste paper. They have a very close texture and a hard, 
smooth finish. They are used to form the backing for the bedplates 
of printing presses, and also in the compression of some kinds of 
cloth to impart a certain desired finish. 

Test or container board is a type of box board of especially high 
quality. It is made into boxes for holding commodities such as 
canned goods, paint, grease, varnish, etc., when packed in smaller 
containers. The size and strength of boxes for which container 
board is used are usually specified by the railroads and shipping 
companies. Hence container board often has to meet a certain 
minimum specified bursting strength test and must be of superior 
quality. It is usually made out of sulphate wood pulp. Jute and 
hemp waste are also much used in making container board. 

Mullen testers and Webb testers are instruments commonly used 
for testing the bursting strength of shipping containers. 

Stereotype matrix board or mat is a specially prepared board used 
in making stereotypes for printing papers. The board is imprinted 
with type, thus becoming a matrix from which the stereotype is 
made. The ordinary way of making a matrix is by building it up 
from sheets of stereotype tissue paper. This matrix board, however, 
is prepared by the manufacturers in ready form to be used for 
imprinting with type. It is known in the trade as " Hongs'' or "dry 
mats/"' 

Production. — The value of paper box production increased from 
$74,711,000 in 1914 to $213,384,000 in 1919. New York is the princi- 
pal seat of the industry. Illinois, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania 
rank next. Production of paper bags, not made in paper mills, 
increased from $17,603,000 in 1914 to $47,264,000 in 1919. New 
York is the principal paper bag manufacturing State. 

Imports in 1914 of paper or cardboard, cut, die-cut, or stamped 
into designs or shapes, were valued at $30,470: those of press boards 
or press paper were 93,633 pounds, valued aU $9,290. Imports of 
" all other'' manufactures of paper or of which paper is the component 
material of chief value were valued at $1 ,2 In", S9 1 . Later statistics 
follow: 



Ad 
Calendar year. Quantity. Value. CnitvalueJ Duty. valorem 

i rate. 



PVPERS OH CARDBOARD CUT, DIE CUT, OR STAMPED INTO DESIGNS OR SHAPES 
seen AS INITIAL-. MONOGRAMS, LACES. BORDERS, OR OTHER FORMS. 


/• muds. 
lids 14,608 $1,152 


Per ci ut. 

25 


1919 4,528 1 ' 1,132 


25 


1920 . 8,962 2,240 


25 


1921 (9 months) 6,039 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1089 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. jUnit value. Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rale. 



PRESSBOARDS OR PRESS PAPERS. 



191* 


Pound*. 

47,662 

16,650 

1,417 

50, 955 


$5,550 

3.1S1 

458 

7,136 


$0.12 
.19 
.32 


$1,387 

792 

114 




Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1921 


25 


1921 (9 mont hs) 











MANUFACTURES OF PAPERS OR OF WHICH PAPER IS THE 

OF CHIEF VALUE. 


COMPONENT MATERIAL 


1918 




$127,799 .... 
265,613 


$31,945 I 25 

66,327 


1919 




192). . 




553,318 


137.877 1 


1921 (9 mon hs) 




629,690 | 






* . 1 



Exports of the items enumerated in paragraph 1313 are not segre- 
gated. The total exports of papers and manufactures of paper for 
the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918, $54,170,134; 
1919. -886,983.063; 1920, $89,072,289; 1921 (9 months), $40,310,856. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph supplements 
paragraph 1302. The two paragraphs cover generally papers and 
paper board and pulpboard, including cardboard and leatherboard. 

The provisions for test or container boards, stereotype-matrix mat 
or board, and wall pockets and boxes, composed wholly or in chief 
value of paper, papier-mache or paper board, are new. 

Suggested changes. — Page 147, line 5, of H. R. 7456; Change 
"part" to " value" after "chief" to agree with uniform practice 
elsewhere. 

There is no separate provision for paper bags other than bags 
made of surface coated and certain other special kinds of paper. 
(See par. 1305.) As paper bags constitute an important staple article 
made of paper, it might be desirable to name them specifically in the 
tariff law. The following wording is suggested; "hags, composed 
wholly or in chief value oi paper, n. s. p. f." 
82304—22 69 



SCHEDULE 14.— SUNDRIES. 

PARAGRAPH 1401. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1401. Asbestos, manufactures of: 
Paper and millboard, composed of long 
fiber asbestos, used for making gaskets or 
similar articles, and electrical papers not 
exceeding five one-hundredths of one 
Inch in thickness, 8 cents per pound; 
composed of other asbestos fibers, If 
cents per pound; sheets and plates, of 
asbestos and hydraulic cement, flat, not 
exceeding one-eighth of one inch in 
thickness, 1 cent per square foot; exceed- 
ing one-eighth but not - exceeding one- 
fourth of one inch in thickness, 2 cents 
per square foot; exceeding one-fourth of 
one inch in thickness, 2\ cents per square 
foot; other than flat, 3^ cents per square 
foot; colored, stained, or mixed with 
other material, 3^ cents per square foot 
and 10 per centum ad valorem; wick and 
rope, 18 cents per pound; woven sheet 
packing, in rolls, 24 cents per pound; 
gaskets, folded or cut from the straight 
sheet, rubberized, graphited, or other- 
wise coated or treated, 56 cents per pound; 
yarn containing more than 10 per centum 
of foreign matter, 32 cents per pound; 
yarn and listing's, containing less than 10 
per centum of foreign matter, exceeding 
twenty-five one -thousandths of one inch 
in thickness, 84 cents per pound; not 
exceeding twenty-five one-thousandths 
of one inch in thickness, $1.68 per pound; 
textile fabrics containing 10 per centum 
and not more than 20 per centum of 
foreign matter, 42 cents per pound; con- 
taining more than 20 per centum of 
foreign matter, 32 cents per pound; 
mantle threads, with or without wire, 
treated or untreated, $1.40 per pound; 
all other manufactures of asbestos, or of 
which asbestos is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for, 
20 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That no article manufactured from any 
of the foregoing shall pav a less rate of 
duty than herein imposed on the asbestos 
paper, millboard, electrical papers, sheets, 
plates, wick, rope, woven sheet packing, 
yarn, listings, or textile fabrics of which 
it is composed. 

1090 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1091 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 462. Manufactures of * * * Par. 367. Manufactures of * * * 
asbestos, * * * or of which these asbestos, * * * or of which these 
substances or any of them is the compo- substances or any of them is the compo- 
nent material of chief value, not specially nent material of chief value, not specially 
provided for in this section, twenty-five provided for in this section, 10 per 
per centum ad valorem; woven fabrics centum ad valorem; yarn and woven 
composed wholly or in chief value of fabrics composed wholly or in chief 
asbestos, forty per centum ad valorem. value of asbestos, 20 per centum ad 

valorem. 

ASBESTOS MANUFACTURES. 

(See Survey N-20.) 

Description and uses. — Manufactures of asbestos are used mostly 
for heat and acid resisting purposes. Asbestos paper varies in thick- 
ness from about one one-hundredth to one-eighth of 1 inch. 
Thicknesses up to and including one-sixteenth inch are known as 
asbestos paper, and three thirty-seconds and one-eighth inch thick- 
nesses are spoken of as "rollboard." The width is generally 36 
inches, and the paper is put up in rolls weighing approximately 100 
pounds each. 

Asbestos millboard is made of asbestos fiber with a small percentage 
of cementing or sizing material, built up in thin layers in a manner 
similar to paper, in sheets 42 by 48 inches, and usually from one- 
sixteenth to one-half of an inch in thickness. 

The chief uses of asbestos paper and millboard are for high-pressure 
gaskets and packings, insulations, lining for stoves, air-cell pipe 
covering, roofing, building paper, and other purposes in the building 
trades. 

Under the head " Sheets and plates" come asbestos shingles, slate, 
wood, or lumber. These articles are made from short asbestos fiber 
mixed with hydraulic cement, the asbestos forming about 15 per cent 
of the product by weight. Asbestos shingles and slate are suitable 
for use wherever roofing material is required or employed. Asbestos 
lumber is used largely in making fireproof walls, doors, and partitions. 

Asbestos wick and rope are made from rovings produced by ordinary 
carding machinery, the rovings being twisted to the desired diameter 
and density on the wick and rope making machinery. - They are used 
for emergency packings, for wiping tin plate, sheet steel, and other 
metals during the cooling period, and for general packing purposes in 
or near hot surfaces. 

Asbestos woven sheet packings are made from asbestos cloth, rubber 
treated, cut to size in strips and laid or wound to desired finished 
size, either square, round, or oblong, and with or without rubber, 
wire, lead, or core. These are employed for general packing purposes, 
especially in service using high pressure and superheated steam. 

Asbestos gaskets are oi two kinds: (1) Gaskets made from rubber- 
treated asbestos cloth, cut in strips, folded, and formed to shape and 
size desired. They may be folded and tape jointed, or they may be 
made from asbestos tubings, the latter being known as seamless 
gaskets. These gaskets are used largely to seal joints on manhole or 
handhole openings of boilers, and at flanges in pipe lines, also at ports 
of gasoline motors. (2) Gaskets made from compressed sheet (made 



1092 



iUMMAEY OF TAKIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



by mixing short asbestos fiber with binding or filling materials) • 
Compressed sheet gaskets are used principally for jointings in con- 
nection with internal-combustion motors. They are also employed 
for emergency uses, the engineer preferring to cut gaskets from a 
sheet of compressed packing rather than wait to secure gaskets of a 
given size from a supply house. 

Asbestos yarn is made from asbestos crudes and fibers, often mixed 
with cotton to add strength and lessen expense. Frequently in 
twisting the yarn very fine brass or copper wire is used, which gives 
the material greater durability under certain conditions. The basis 
of all asbestos textiles is asbestos yarn. 

Asbestos listings are narrow woven strips, ranging from about J 
inch to 1J inches in width, used chiefly for winding armatures of 
motors. 

(For unmanufactured asbestos, see par. 1515, p. 1245.) 

Production. — In 1914 there were 32 establishments manufacturing 
asbestos products. The total value of the output, other than steam 
packings, for that year was $2,814,000, of which $1,813,000 repre- 
sented building materials. In 1919 there were 43 establishments 
with an output valued at $18,948,000. 

Imports of asbestos yarn and woven fabrics for the fiscal years 
1910 to 1913 averaged a little over $90,000; in 1914, $113,426. Im- 
ports of all other manufactures of asbestos in 1913 were valued at 
$287,308; in 1914, at $283,027. Later statistics, for calendar years, 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad valorem 
rate. 




ASBESTOS YARN. 










1918 


$2,349 

49,265 

248,649 

57,023 


$470 

9,853 

49, 730 


Per cet 


it. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 - - - 


W 


1921 (9 months) 


• 








WOVEN FABRICS. 


1918 


$783 

138,551 

230,266 

56,909 


$157 
27,710 
46,053 




20 


1919 


?0 


1920 


w 


1921 (9 months) 






i 




ALL OTHER MANUFACTURES OF 1 


ASBESTOS. 








1918 




$23,154 
69,565 

139,535 
128,711 


$2,314 
6,957 
13,954 




10 


1919 




10 


1920 





10 


1921 (9 months) 
















Imports are from England and Canada. 

Exports increased in value from $293,616 in the fiscal year 1910 to 
$687,073 in 1914. In the calendar year 1918 the export value was 
$2,493,320; in 1919, $3,531,978; 1920, $4,431,132; and in 1921 
(nine months), $2,167,324. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1093 

Important changes in classification. — H. R. 7456 divides manu- 
factures of asbestos into nine classes with separate rates of duty for 
each class, whereas the act of 1913 has only three classes, two of which 
have the same rate of duty. 

Suggested changes. — Page 147, lines 15 and 16: Should not " elec- 
trical papers" have a bracket of their own since the immediately 
following provisions in lines 17 and 18 apparently relate to paper and 
millboard to the exclusion of electrical papers ? 

Page 147, line 23, of H. R. 7456: Change " other than" to "not" 
before "flat" to agree with usual practice. 

Page 148, line 1 : Woven sheet packing not in rolls is not provided 
for. 

Page 148, lines 4-7: As the two thicknesses apparently refer only 
to listings, it is suggested that in lines 5 and 6 a comma be inserted 
after "yarn" and the comma after "listings" be stricken out. No 
provision is made for textile fabrics, other than listings, containing 
less than 10 per centum of foreign matter. Insertion of the words 
" and other textile fabrics" after "listings" or substitution of " textile 
fabrics" for "listings" would accomplish the purpose. 



PARAGRAPH 1402. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1402. Boxing gloves, ice and roller 
skates, and parts thereof, baseballs, foot- 
balls, tennis balls, golf balls, and all 
other balls, of whatever material com- 
posed, finished or unfinished, designed for 
use in physical exercise or in any indoor 
or outdoor game or sport, and all clubs, 
rackets, bats, or other equipment, such 
as is ordinarily used in conjunction 
therewith in exercise or play, all the 
foregoing, not specially provided for, 30 
per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[Classable according to component ma- [Classable according to component ma- 
terial of chief value.] terial of chief value.] 

BOXING GLOVES, SKATES, BALLS, BATS, ETC. 

Production. — Production data are not available for the various 
articles enumerated in this paragraph. In 1914 there were 162 
establishments engaged in the manufacture of sporting and athletic 
goods with products valued at $13,235,000; and in 1919, 187 estab- 
lishments with products valued at $22,806,000. 

Imports and exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The articles enumerated in 
paragraph 1402 were not provided for in the act of 1913 nor in pre- 
vious tariff acts. They are dutiable according to material of chief 
value, principally under paragraphs 167, 176, 360, 368, and 369 of the 
1913 act. 



1094 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



PARAGRAPH 1403. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1403. Spangles and beads, includ- 
ing bugles, but not including imitation 
pearl beads and beads in imitation of 
precious or semiprecious stones, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; fabrics and articles 
not embroidered, tamboured, appliqued, 
nor scalloped, composed wholly or in 
chief value of beads or spangles other 
than imitation pearl beads and beads in 
imitation of precious or semiprecious 
stones, 40 per centum ad valorem; imita- 
tion pearl beads of all kinds and shapes, 
of whatever material cornposed, pierced 
or unpierced, strung or loose, mounted 
or unmounted, 40 per centum ad valorem; 
all other beads in imitation of precious 
or semiprecious stones, of all kinds and 
shapes, of whatever material composed, 
pierced or unpierced, strung or loose, 
mounted or unmounted, 45 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That no article 
composed wholly or in chief value of any 
of the foregoing beads or spangles shail 
pay duty at a less rate than is imposed 
in any paragraph of this Act upon such 
articles without such beads or spangles. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 421. Beads and spangles of all 
kinds, including imitation pearl beads, 
not threaded or strung, or strung loosely 
on thread for facility in transportation 
only, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; 
fabrics, * * * and other articles not 
specially provided for in this section, com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of beads or 
spangles made of glass or paste, gelatin, 
metal, or other material, but not in part 
of wool, sixty per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That no article composed 
wholly or in chief value of beads or 
spangles made of glass, paste, gelatin, 
metal, or other material shall pay duty 
at a less rate than is imposed in any 
paragraph of this section upon such arti- 
cles without such beads or spangles. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 333. Beads and spangles of all 
kinds, including imitation pearl beads, 
not threaded or strung, or strung loosely 
on thread for facility in transportation 
only, 35 per centum ad valorem; cur- 
tains, and other articles not embroidered 
nor appliqued and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in chief value of beads or 
spangles made of glass or paste, gelatin, 
metal, or other material, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. 



BEADS AND SPANGLES. 

(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses. — -A spangle is a small plate or bar of shiny 
metai or other material used as an ornament or trimming on wearing 
apparel. A bead is a small perforated sphere, ball, or cylinder made 
from a great variety of materials, principally glass, fusible enamel, 
paste, metal, bone, wood, etc., and is used in the manufacture of 
jewelry, rosaries, and as ornaments or trimming on wearing apparel. 
A bugle is an elongated glass bead used as a tassel, pendant or orna- 
ment on wearing apparel. Imitation pearl beads may be divided into 
three classes: (1) A cheap hollow glass bead with an inside coating 
of pearl essence; (2) a hollow glass bead coated on the inside and 
filled or partly filled with wax; (3) a solid glass or fusible enamel bead 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1095 



coated on the outside. The last-named class is known as the in- 
destructible bead. 

Production. — Imitation pearl beads are perhaps the most important. 
The solid or indestructible imitation pearl bead is an American 
development, the hollow types not being produced to any extent in 
this country. The finer grades of beads of all sorts are usually made* 
in Europe, principally in Italy, Czechoslovakia, France, and Germany, 
where the industry has long been established and where the operatives 
have become skilled in the work. Since 1914, owing to the war's 
effect on Importation, there has been in the United States consider- 
able increase in the output of some classes of beads. The production, 
however, is small compared to imports. Exact figures are not avail- 
able, but the Census in 1914 reported 19 establishments engaged 
primarily in bead work with products valued at $1,083,000. The 
Association of American Manufacturers of Imitation Pearls and 
Specialties in Fusible Enamels has stated that the industry has 
developed rapidlv within the last five vears and that their products 
have increased in value from $500,000 in 1914 to $6,000,000 in 1920, 
and cover imitation pearl beads, imitation pearls, beads, imitation 
precious stones, buttons, and pins. 

Imports in 1914 were $1,185,495, beads and spangles, and $998,494 
curtains and other articles not embroidered, etc., composed wholly 
or in chief value of beads or spangles; from Germany, a total of 
$819,725; from Austria, $735,056; and from France, $555,595. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Value. 




BEADS AND SPANGLES OF ALL KINDS, INCLUDING IMITATION PEARL BEADS NOT 

THREADED OR STRUNG. 



1918 


£1,005,822 
4,131,737 
7,2*8,570 
3,841,394 


$352,038 
1,445,363 
2,521,230 


rcr cent. 
35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


35 









CURTAIN AND OTHER ARTICLES, NOT EMBROIDERED, ETC., N. s. P. F., COMPOSED 
WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF BEADS OR SPANGLES, ETC. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



$506, 512 
2,143,177 
4, 575, 372 
3,229,860 


$253,256 
1,071,588 
2,287,676 





General imports of all beads and bead ornaments in 1920 were 
$3,985,425 from France, $2,236,400 from Japan, $2,088,290 from 
Germany, $2,704,941 from Czechoslovakia, and $886,013 from Italy. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Rosaries dutiable in some cases 
under the bead paragraph of preceding tariff acts have been specially 
provided for in paragraph 1444, H. R. 7456. Bugles, which are 
elongated beads, are included within the ordinary designation of 
beads. Imitation pearl beads and beads in imitation of precious or 
semiprecious stones are excluded from the ordinary designation of 
beads, but are specifically provided for at higher rates of duties. 



1096 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



This paragraph also provides that no article composed wholly or 
in chief value of beads or spangles shall pay duty at a less rate than 
is imposed upon such articles without such beads or spangles. 

Conflicting provisions. — See paragraphs 1429 and 1430, pages 1148 
^nd 1153. 



PARAGRAPH 1404. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1404. Ramie hat braids, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; manufactures of 
ramie hat braids, 40 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 349. * * * braids * * * com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of cotton, 
flax, or other vegetable fiber, * * * 
and not elsewhere specially provided for 
in this section, sixty per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That no article com- 
posed wholly or in chief value of one or 
more of the materials or goods specified 
in this paragraph, shall pay a less rate of 
duty than the highest rate imposed by 
this section upon any of the materials or 
goods of which the same is composed: 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 334. Ramie hat braids, 40 per 
centum ad valorem; manufactures of 
ramie hat braids, 50 per centum ad 
valorem. 



RAMIE HAT BRAIDS. 
(See Survey N-2.) 

Description and uses. — Ramie braid, used for making hats, re- 
sembles silk braid, and may be made either by hand or by machinery, 
as other hat braid. 

(For hat braids made of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, horsehair,. 
etc., see paragraphs 1406 and 1430.) 

Production of ramie hat braid is not very extensive. Importers 
state that the demand in this country has ceased entirely. Switzer- 
land is the chief producer, but Italy, Germany, and France also 
make some braids. The raw material comes almost wholly from 
China and Formosa. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports of ramie hat braids were valued at 
$3,018; those of manufactures of ramie hat braids were valued at 
$153. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit 
value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 








RAMIE HAT BRAIDS. 








1918 


Yards. 


$2, 255 

150 

126 

2 




$902 
60 
50 


Per cent. 
40 


1919 


7, 000 
800 
60 


$0.02 
.16 
.03 


40 


1920 . . 


40 


1921 (9 months). - 


40 









MANUFACTURES OF RAMIE HAT BRAIDS (HATS). 



1919 


Number. 

912 

20 

246 


$533 
147 
278 


$0.58 
7.35 
1.13 


$266 

73 

139 


50 


1920 


50 


1921 (9 months) 


50 










SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1097 

Suggested changes. — In view of the small quantity and value of 
ramie hat braid and manufactures of ramie hat braid imported and 
produced in the United States separate classification thereof appears 
unnecessary. Furthermore, the exception of this paragraph from 
the operation of paragraph 1430 would make such articles as em- 
broidered ramie hats or ramie hats in part of lace dutiable. at the same 
rate as ramie hats not embroidered, under this paragraph. If this 
paragraph should be retained the express exclusion of manufactures 
of ramie hat braids embroidered or appliqued or in part of lace 
would apparently avoid such classification. 



PARAGRAPH 1405. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1405. Boots, shoes, or other foot- 
wear, the uppers of which are composed 
wholly or in chief value of wool, cotton, 
ramie, animal hair, fiber, silk or substi- 
tutes therefor, whether or not the soles 
are composed of leather, wood, or other 
material. 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[Xo corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 

FOOTWEAR, COMPOSED OF WOOL, COTTON, ETC. 

Description and uses. — This line of footwear is distinct from leather 
footwear.- It it not made in factories which are equipped to make 
leather shoes. 

Production. — Official figures covering footwear of this description 
are not available for 1914, but for 1919 the Census reports the pro- 
duction of 19,896,000 pairs of canvas shoes with rubber soles, valued 
at $25, 177,000. The National Association of Felt Shoe Manufac- 
turers state that 24 of their 27 members reported 17,328,895 pairs 
produced in the year ended July 1, 1920, and that sales amounted to 
nearly $24,000,000. Felt used in the manufacture of this class of 
footwear is imported. 

Imports. — Not shown in official statistics. Imports are principally 
from Germany, England, Austria, Japan, and Turkey, and consist 
almost entirely of low cuts or slippers. Felt boots are not imported 
to any extent. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Separate classification has 
been provided for boots, shoes, or other footwear the uppers of which 
are composed wholly or in chief value of wool, cotton, ramie, animal 
hair, fiber, or silk, regardless of the material in the sole. These 
articles come within various paragraphs of the existing law accord- 
ing to material, such as 256, 291, 308, 317, and 530. 

Suggested changes. — If " substitutes" is not to be limited to silk, 
"or" should be inserted after " fiber," and a comma after "silk," and 
"therefor" changed to "for any of the foregoing." 

The words "or not," page 150, line 4, H. R. 7456, should be 
omitted. 



1098 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



PARAGRAPH 1406. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1406. Braids, plaits, laces, and 
willow sheets or squares, composed 
wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, 
grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, real 
horsehair, cuba bark, or manila hemp, 
suitable for making or ornamenting hats, 
bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, dyed, 
colored, or stained. 13 per centum ad 
valorem; bleached, dyed, colored, or 
stained, 17 per centum ad valorem; hats, 
bonnets, and hoods composed wholly or 
in chief value of any of the foregoing 
materials, whether wholly or partly 
manufactured, but not blocked or 
trimmed, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
blocked or trimmed, 33J per centum ad 
valorem; straw hats known as harvest 
hats, valued at less than $3 per dozen, 
20 per centum ad valorem; all other men's 
hats, composed wholly or in chief value 
of any of the foregoing materials, whether 
wholly or partly manufactured, not 
blocked or blocked, not trimmed or 
trimmed, if sewed, 40 per centum ad 
valorem. But the terms "grass" and 
"straw" shall be understood to mean 
these substances in their natural form 
and structure, and not the separated 
fiber thereof. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 422. Braids, plaits, laces, and 
willow sheets or squares, composed 
wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, 
grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, 
real horsehair, cuba bark, or manila 
hemp, suitable for making or ornament- 
ing hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, or stained, fifteen per 
centum ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, 
colored, or stained, twenty per centum 
ad valorem; hats, bonnets, and hoods 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, 
osier, rattan, cuba bark, or manila hemp, 
whether wholly or partly manufactured, 
but not trimmed, thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem; if trimmed, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. But the terms "grass" and 
"straw" shall be understood to mean 
these substances in their natural form 
and structure, and not the separated 
fiber thereof. 



Par. 335. Braids, plaits, ■ laces, and 
willow sheets or squares, composed 
wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, 
grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, 
real horsehair, cuba bark, or manila 
hemp, suitable for making or ornamenting 
hats, bonnets, or hoods, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, or stained, 15 per centum 
ad valorem; if bleached, dyed, colored, 
or stained, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
hats, bonnets, and hoods composed 
wholly or in chief value of straw, chip, 
grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, rattan, 
cuba bark, or manila hemp, whether 
wholly or partly manufactured, but not 
blocked or trimmed, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; if blocked .or trimmed, and in 
chief value of such materials, 40 per 
centum ad valorem. But the terms 
"grass" and "straw" shall be understood 
to mean these substances in their natural 
form and structure, and not the separated 
fiber thereof. 



STRAW BRAIDS AND STRAW HATS. 

(See Survey N-2.) 



Description and use. — Straw hats may be divided into two general 
classes according to process of manufacture: (1) Sewn-braid bats, 
(2) woven hat bodies, including Panamas, Leghorns, Javas, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1099 



The principal business of straw-hat factories in the United States 
is the production of sewn-braid hats, i. e., hats made by sewing plaits 
or braids of straw or other vegetable fibers into the shape of hat 
bodies. Woven-body hats are shaped, finished, and trimmed in 
American factories. The manufacture of sewn-braid hats constitutes 
the bulk of the business in every large straw-hat factory. 

Hat braids used in the manufacture of men's and women's straw 
hats are not produced to any extent in the United States. 

Production.— In 1914 there were 149 manufacturers of straw hats, 
with 9,483 employees receiving wages of $5,253,000; capital invested 
was $12,589,000; cost of materials, $14,086,000; and product was 
valued at $25,444,000 — an increase over 1904 of 70 per cent in em- 
ployees and of more than 100 per cent in capital, wages paid, and 
value of product. The industry centers largely in New York, Massa- 
chusetts, and Maryland. About 45 per cent of the production was 
of men's hats. In 1919 there were 147 establishments with products 
valued at $31,920,000. It is estimated that the entire output of 
men's straw hats in 1920 amounted to $20,000,000, of which about 
$12,000,000 was sewed hats. 

The manufacture of hats of straw and similar material is well 
developed in Japan, Italy, England, France, and in Colombia, 
Ecuador, and Mexico. 

Imports in 1914 of braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares 
composed of straw, etc., not bleached, dyed, etc., were: $5,891,258 
dutiable and $13,845 (from the Philippines) free; bleached, dyed, 
etc., $356,698. The values of hats, bonnets, and hoods of these 
materials were: Not trimmed, $425,026; not blocked or trimmed 
$3,919,218 dutiable and $232,777 (from the Philippines) free; 
trimmed, $21,355; blocked or trimmed, $881,762 dutiable and $62 
(from the Philippines) free. In 1914 more than one-half the braids, 
etc., came from Japan, the rest mainly from France, England, Italy, 
and Germany. Of the hats, bonnets, and hoods of straw, etc., 
imported in 1914, more than one-half came from Japan and Colombia, 
the rest largely from Italy, England, Ecuador, Mexico, and France. 
Later statistics follow: 

Braids, plaits, laces, and willow sheets or squares of straw, chip, etc. 



Calendar rear. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit 
value. 



Duty. 



Ad valorem 
rate. 



NOT BLEACHED, DYED, OR COLORED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Yards. 



2,351,608,722 

1,710,080,622 

864,706,079 




Per cent. 





BLEACHED, DYED, 


OR COLORED. 






1918 1 •--- 


$395,951 
355. 661 
319, 549 
185,689 


| 


§79,190 
49,963 ! 
63,877 


20 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


22,138,899 

: 22,739,504 

20.004.669 


80.016 
.014 
.009 L 


20 
20 
20 







1100 SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Straw hats. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity- ! Value. 



Ad valorem 
rate. 



NOT BLOCKED OR TRIMMED. 


1918 


Number. 


$2,711,943 
3,844,888 
4 770 858 




$529,948 
816,426 
997, 286 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


15, 260, 794 
16, 691, 421 


$0. 252 
.285 
.188 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


10,061,717 1,898,486 


20 








BLOCKED OR TRIMMED. 


1 
1918 


$198,097 
169,820 
934, 470 
861, 100 




$70, 135 

66,296 

358,252 


40 


1919 


106, 854 
710, 210 
681,994 


$1,588 
1.315 

1.257 


40 


1920 


40 


1921 (9 months) 


40 









In 1920 about one-half of the material for straw hats was imported 
from China, and over 35 per cent from Japan. The other countries 
from which braids were imported in their order of importance were 
Italy, England, Switzerland, and France. Of the straw hats not 
blocked imported in 1920, over 20 per cent came from Italy, about 
19 per cent from Colombia, 12 per cent from Japan, and the rest 
principally from Mexico, Ecuador, and Dutch East Indies. Con- 
siderable quantities are imported from the Philippines free of duty. 
Straw hats not blocked are principally of the woven-body type. Of 
the straw hats blocked or trimmed about 45 per cent came from 
Japan and about 40 per cent from England and less than 10 per cent 
from Italy. 

Important changes in classification. — The important changes made 
in H. R. 7456 with respect to straw hats are those relating to men's 
hats. Straw hats known as harvest hats, valued at less than $3 per 
dozen, are specially provided for. This classification was inserted 
in order to provide a lower rate of duty on straw hats worn principally 
by farmers and other persons in rural districts. The other change 
provides for a higher rate of duty on men's hats, "if sewed," thus 
distinguishing them for tariff purposes from men's woven hats. 

Suggested changes. — Imitation Panama hats made of tissue paper 
are being imported from Japan in considerable quantities. As 
manufactures of tissue paper they are dutiable at 30 per cent under 
paragraph 323 of the act of 1913. 

The exception of this paragraph from the operation of paragraph 
1430 would make such articles as embroidered hats or hats in part 
of lace dutiable at the same rate as such hats not embroidered, under 
this paragraph. Express exclusion of hats, etc., embroidered, 
appliqued, or in part of lace would apparently prevent such result. 

Women's hats, if sewed, are not included in the last bracket of 
paragraph 1406. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1101 



PARAGRAPH 1407. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1407. Brooms, made of broom 
corn, straw, wooden fiber, or twigs, 15 
per centum ad valorem; tooth brushes 
and other toilet brushes, 35 per centum 
ad valorem; all other brushes not spe- 
cially provided for, including feather 
dusters and hair pencils in quills or other- 
vise, 30 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 423. Brushes, brooms, and feather 
dusters of all kinds, an:l hair pencils in 
quills or otherwise, forty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 336. Brooms, made of broom corn, 
straw, wooden fiber, or twigs, 15 per 
centum ad valorem; brushes and feather 
dusters of all kinds, and hair pencils in 
quills or otherwise, 35 per centum ad 
valorem. 



BROOMS. 

(See Survey N-3.) 

Description and uses.-— Brooms for sweeping floors and streets, 
cleaning ceilings and hearths, and ordinary whisk brooms usually are 
made of the tops of broom corn. Brooms for brewers' use are made 
of bristles; street and push brooms, of brass and steel, rattan, bass- 
wood fiber, or split bamboo. Those made of broom corn, straw, and 
wooden fiber and twigs, included hereunder, compose the bulk of the 
brooms used. 

Production of brooms in 1914 was valued at $14,085,000, of which 
those made from broom corn were valued at $13,800,000. The total 
production of brooms in 1919 amounted to $30,094,000. 

Imports. — The value of brooms imported in 1914 amounted to 
$3,640. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


! 
I 
Value. | Unit value. 

! 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Number. 


i $7, 831 


SI, 1"3 
1,173 
3,281 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


1 55,021 
i 147, 144 
1 80,433 


1 7, 874 SO. 14 

121,902 ' .15 

» 8, 176 . 10 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









» Includes a small amount from the Philippines, f.ee of duty. 

Exports. — The value of brooms exported in 1914 amounted to 
$135,207, of which one-half went to Panama, Mexico, and Canada. 
Later statistics for calendar years are as follows: 1918, $157,885; 
1919, $292,729; 1920, $330,267; 1921 (nine months), $92,986. 

The export trade in brooms with Mexico and Canada declined in 
1919 and 1920 while that with Panama and Cuba increased. Exports 
to Ireland in the years 1919 and 1920 amounted respectively to 
$113,900 and $134,883, being almost as much as was exported to all 
other countries. 



1102 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



BRUSHES. 



(See Survey N-4.) 



Description and uses. — Brushes may be divided into three classes: 
(1) Toilet, tooth, hair, nail, hand brushes, etc.; (2) painters' and 
artists' brushes; and (3) all other brushes, including feather dusters. 
Hair pencils and artists' brushes are made of soft hairs and are used 
by artists, decorators, stripers, and letterers. Toilet brushes and 
painters' brushes are made of bristles. 

Production. — The Bureau of the Census reports the value of the 
output in 1914 as $17,894,000, divided as follows: Toilet brushes, 
$2,675,000; paint and varnish brushes, $7,303,000; and all other, 
$7,916,000. The output of feather dusters and hair pencils is not 
reported separately. In 1919 the production of all brushes was 
valued at $39,030,000. 

Imports. — In 1914 the value of all brushes imported into the 
United States amounted to $2,171,615, of which $682,003 came from 
France, $665,952 from Japan, $514,240 from Germany, $267,734 
from England, and $29,734 from Austria. The increase in imports 
from Japan during the war period more than offset the decline in 
imports from Europe. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad valorem 
rate. 



TOOTH BRUSHES AND OTHER TOILET BRUSHES. 





Number, 
f 


i $1,528, 244 

2 1,257,669 

2,215,446 

3,594,100 

1,787,552 




i $534,885 

2 440,184 

775,406 

1,257,935 


Per cent. 
35 


1918 


12 27,009,043 
36,476,920 
41,437,232 
23,348,062 


2 $0.05 
.06 
.09 




1919 


35 
35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


35 











FEATHER DUSTERS. 



1918 ". 


a 21, 801 
498,388 
840,523 
247,961 


» $789 
5,178 
11,530 
8,768 


$0.04 
.01 
.01 


$276 
1,812 
4,035 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


35 











HAIR PENCILS. 



1918 


•311,125 

737,459 
1,212,043 
1,663,717 


» $4, 132 

7,081 
24,870 
16,613 


$0.01 
.01 
.02 


•$1,446 
2,478 
8,704 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


35 











ALL OTHER BRUSHES N. s. p. F. 



1918 34,994,196 i '$104,661 

1919 1 6,228,647! 175,372 

1920 10,775,716 464,322 

1921 (9 months) 8,437,551 114,530 



$0.02 
.03 
.04 



•$36,631 
61,377 
162,512 



1 Brushes, Jan. 1 to June 30. 

2 Toilet brushes, July 1 to Dec. 31. 
» July 1 to Dec. 31. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1103 



In 1920 the general imports of toilet brushes from Japan amounted 
to 49,474,118, valued at $3,831,886. England, France, and Ger- 
many were also exporting considerable quantities of these brushes 
in 1920. 

Exports.— Official statistics do not show exports of brushes by 
classes or grades. Exports of brushes aggregated $449,909 in 1914. 
With the exception of the years 1915 and 1916, Canada has been the 
chief country to which brushes have been exported. Later statistics 
for calendar vears are as follows: 1918, $1,099,016; 1919, $1,470,555; 
1920, $2,085,821; 1921 (nine months), $945,180. 

Important changes in classification. — Specific provision is made for 
toilet and other brushes. 

Conflicting provisions. — This paragraph and paragraph 29 are in 
conflict in respect to brushes having backs or handles of compounds 
of pyroxylin. 

Suggested changes. — The phrase "in quills or otherwise" should 
modify hair pencils only. A comma inserted after dusters would 
more clearly restrict the phrase to hair pencils. 



PARAGRAPH 1408. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1408. Bristles, sorted, bunched, 
or prepared, 7 cents per pound. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 424. Bristles, sorted, bunched, or 
prepared, seven and one-half cents per 
pound. 

BRISTLES 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 337. Bristles, sorted, bunched, or 
prepared, 7 cents per pound. 



(See Survey N-4.) 

Description and uses. — Bristles are the strong hairs growing on 
the back (and to some extent on the sides) of the hog, wild boar, and 
certain other animals. They are extensively used in brushes and by 
shoemakers and saddlers. The best bristles come from the cold 
regions of the Temperate Zone. (For crude products, see par. 1536.) 

Production. — The small and immature bristles obtained from 
slaughterhouses (as a by-product of the pork-packing industry) are 
short and inferior. Russia supplies the finest grade, the hairs being 
much longer and stiffer than those of American bristle-bearing 
animals. China, however, with a somewhat inferior product, sup- 
plies from 60 to 75 per cent of the bristles we require for paint brushes. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports of sorted, bunched, or prepared bristles 
were 3,551,081 pounds, valued at $3,255,554, of which 1,410,373 
pounds, valued at $934,211 came from China. The revenue aggre- 
gated $253,753 in 1914. Bristles are also imported from England, 
France, and Germany. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem . 


1918 


Pounds. 

3,820,718 

2,971,083 

4,897,868 

2,455,681 


$5,055,898 
5,567,462 

10,097,579 
4,330,591 


$1.32 
1.87 
2.06 


$267,450 
207,976 
342,851 


Per cent. 
5.29 


1919 


3.74 


1920 


3 40 


1921 (9 months) 













1104 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



Imports from Germany were cut of! during the war, but bristles 
are now being imported from that country, amounting, in the calendar 
year 1920, to 53,245 pounds, valued at $208,470. Imports from 
Japan in 1920 amounted to 133,805 pounds, valued at $694,433. 
Before the war imports from Japan were small. 

Exports. — Bristles of the quality required in brush making are not 
produced in the United States and consequently there are no domestic 
exports. 

PARAGRAPH 1409. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1409. Button forms of lastings, mo- 
hair or silk cloth, and manufactures of 
other material, in patterns of such size, 
shape, or form as to be fit for buttons ex- 
clusively, and not exceeding three inches 
in any one dimension, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 426. Button forms of la3tings, mo- 
hair or silk cloth, or other manufactures 
of cloth, woven or made in patterns of 
such size, shape or form as to be fit for 
buttons exclusively, and not exceeding 
three inches in any one dimension, ten 
per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 338. Button forms of lastings, mo- 
hair or silk cloth, or other manufactures 
of cloth, woven or made in patter: ,s of 
such size, shape, or form as to be fit fcr 
buttons exclusively, and not exceeding 
eight inches in any one dimension, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 



BUTTON FORMS, ETC. 

(See Report T. I. S. — 4.) 

Description and use. — Button forms included in this paragraph are 
pieces of cloth, of whatever composition, of a shape and size fit for 
use only as coverings for buttons. Lasting is usually a strong and 
durable worsted fabric woven with a double or three-ply warp and 
single filling into a twill or satin weave. 

Production. — No information available. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $19,183. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 
valorem 

rate. 


191S 


$76 

5 

1,634 

890 


$8 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


1(54 
89 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


10 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1105 



PARAGRAPH 1410. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1410. Buttons of vegetable ivory, 
finished or partly finished, 1£ cents per 
line per gross; vegetable ivory button 
blanks", not turned, faced, or drilled, . 
three-fourths of 1 cent per line per gross; 
buttons of pearl or shell, finished or partly 
finished, 1| cents per line per gross; pearl 
or shell button blanks, not turned, faced, 
or drilled, 1{ cents per line per gross; and, 
in addition thereto, on all the foregoing, 
15 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
the term " line " as used in this paragraph 
shall mean the line button measure of one- 
fortieth of one inch . 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 427. Buttons or parts of buttons 
and button molds or blanks, finished or 
unfinished, shall pay duty at the follow- 
ing rates, the line-button measure being 
one-fortieth of one inch, namely: * * * 
buttons of pearl or shell, one and one- 
half cents per line per gross; buttons of 
* * * vegetable ivory, * * * not 
specially provided for in this section, 
three-fourths of one cent per line per 
gross, and in addition thereto, on all the 
foregoing articles in this paragraph, fifteen 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 339. Buttons of vegetable ivory 
in sizes thirty-six lines and larger, 35 per 
centum ad . valorem; below thirty-six 
lines, 45 per centum ad valorem; buttons 
of shell and pearl in sizes twenty-six lines 
and larger, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
below twenty-six lines, 45 per centum ad 
valorem; * * * parts of buttons and 
button molds or blanks, finished or un- 
finished, * * * all the foregoing 
* * * 40 per centum ad valorem. 



VEGETABLE IVORY BUTTONS. 



(See Report T. I. S— 4.) 

Description and uses. — Vegetable ivory buttons are made from 
tagua nuts which grow in northern South America and in Panama. 
A similar nut, the "palma dum," from Africa has been much used 
in Italy. (See par. 1664, p. 1450.) 

The vegetable ivory button is the button generally used on men's 
and women's coats and suits. 

Production increased from 2,470,000 gross, valued at $1,300,000, in 
1904, to 5,125,000 gross, valued at $2,885,000, in 1914, and to 7,835,000 
gross (not including trouser buttons), valued at $7,676,000, in 1919. 
There were 22 factories in this country in 1921. Germany and Italy 
were important producers and exporters of vegetable ivory buttons 
before the war. At present (1921) Italy is the most important ex- 
porter, and Germany is again doing a large business in these buttons. 

Imports into the United States of tagua nuts increased from over 
23,000,000 pounds, valued at $790,000, in 1912, to about 51,700,000 
pounds, valued at over $425,000, in 1917. In the calendar year 1920 
almost 50,000,000 pounds, worth $2,550,000, were imported, of which 
Ecuador sent 66.2 per cent, Colombia 23.4 per cent, and Panama 8.3 
per cent. 

82304—22 70 



1106 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports into the United States in 1918 (fiscal year) were 32,128 
gross, valued at $13,624. The import value ranges from $10,000 to 
$50,000 a year. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Unit value 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



VEGETABLE-IVORY BUTTONS— 36 LINES AND LARGER. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Gross. 








4,928 


85, 006 


$1.02 


$1,752 


1,631 


736 


.45 


258 


1,285 


2,238 


1.74 


783 


3,036 


7,282 


2.40 


2,549 



Per cent. 



VEGETABLE-IVORY BUTTONS— BELOW 36 LINES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



14, 177 


$3,431 


$0.24 


$1, 544 


151 


160 


1.06 


72 


9,862 


3,710 


.38 


1,670 


16, 874 


4,844 


.29 


2,180 



Exports are sent in small amounts to several countries of South 
America. Exports to Canada for the three years 1919 to 1921 
averaged about $35,000 per year. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph eliminates the 
provision of the act of 1913 (par. 339), dividing these buttons into 
two classes, "36 lines and larger" and " below 36 lines." Specific 
rates per line per gross varying in amount depending upon the condi- 
tion of the blank or button are added. 

Suggested changes. — Horn buttons, being used for the identical 
purposes as vegetable-ivory buttons, mostly on men's and women's 
clothing and being very similar in price, could well be placed in the 
same provisions as vegetable ivory. 

PEARL OR SHELL BUTTONS. 



(See Report T. I. S. — 1.) 

Description and uses. — Ocean-pearl buttons are made of several 
varieties of salt-water mollusca, chiefly from the waters off the coasts 
of Oceania and Asia. The quality varies greatly with the shell. 
Wholesale prices for the same sized buttons range from 10 cents to 
$1.20 per gross. The better grades are used on women's wear and 
men's shirts. Fresh-water pearl buttons are made from the shells 
of mussels obtained in rivers and lakes. They are, on the whole, a 
cheaper grade of buttons than those of ocean pearl. 

Production of ocean-pearl buttons in the United States in 1918 was 
by 112 establishments. In 1914 the output of ocean-pearl buttons 
was over 4,500,000 gross, valued at $2,489,000; in 1919 the output was 
5,892,000 gross, valued at $6,564,000. Our production of fresh-water 
pearl buttons in 1914 was over 21,000,000 gross, valued at about 
$4,800,000. The output for 1916 was valued at $7,450,000, and the 
production in 1919 (census) was 23,969,000 gross, valued at $8,200,- 
000. Imports of shells (unmanufactured) amounted to $2,219,000 
in 1912, to $1,328,000 in 1915, to $2,435,000 in 1917, to 10,071,565 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1107 



pounds in 1920, and to 3,815,912 pounds, valued at $1,177,024 in 1921, 
valued at $3,144,786. Austria-Hungary long maintained a practical 
monopoly of the ocean-pearl button industry, but the development of 
a domestic fresh water pearl industry caused Austrian imports almost 
to disappear. Japan is an important producer and large exporter of 
both ocean and fresh water pearl buttons, sending very large quan- 
tities to the United States and other button-importing countries. 
Japan exported over 18,000,000 gross of all kinds of pearl buttons in 
1918, valued at $4,216,978. The volume has been less in later years. 

Imports of pearl or shell buttons in 1918 amounted to 4,784,041 
gross, valued at $913,721, and in 1921 to 2,412,935 gross, valued at 
$1,099,643, practically all of which came from Japan and the Philip- 
pines, about $900,000 worth from Japan, and $200,000 (free) from 
the Philippines. The estimated Japanese output of fresh-water 
pearl buttons for 1917 was about 600,000 gross of first-class buttons 
and over 1,000,000 gross of inferior grades. 

Over 80 per cent of all the pearl buttons imported are below 26 
lines. Prices on most imported pearl buttons are low compared with 
the domestic product, and the great quantities of these buttons in the 
domestic market have resulted in severe competition with domestic 
producers. The lower price is said to be less than the cost of cutting 
the blanks in the United States as reported in a brief submitted by 
the Button Manufacturers' Association to the United States Tariff 
Commission. Imports for 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value, 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



PEARL OR SHELL BUTTONS— BELOW 26 LINES. 



1918. 
1919. 



1920. 



1921 (9 months). 



Gross. 
( 70,367 
\ 4.692,796 
/ 200,404 
\ 3, 730, 279 
/ 258,937 
\ 2,576,943 
J 98,328 
\ 1,810,042 



$33, 272 


$0.47 


736, 080 


.16 


96, 078 


.48 


915,393 


.25 


148, 986 


.58 


894, 637 


.35 


56, 682 


.58 


673, 480 


.37 



$331,236 



411,927 



402, 587 



303, 066 



Per cent. 
( ] ) 

C 1 ) 

C 1 ) 

C 1 ) 



45 





PEARL OR SHELL BUTTONS 


—26 LINES 


AND LARGER. 








( 22. 299 


$14,579 
137,121 

16,441 
228, 844 

84, 126 
170,468 

11,680 

69,762 


$0.65 
.53 
.38 
.78 
.72 
.74 
.65 
.82 




C 1 ) 
C 1 ) 
C 1 ) 
0) 




1918 




\ 257, 821 
/ 43,488 
1 293,111 
/ 116,608 
\ 230, 954 
/ 17,950 
\ 85, 148 


$34, 280 


25 




57,211 








2o 




42, 617 








Jr> 




17,441 






ib 



1 From the Philippines, free. 

General imports of pearl buttons by principal countries are shown 
as follows : 



j Japan. 


Philippine 
Islands 
(free). 


England. 


1918 


1 $471,596 


$47, 851 
112,519 
226, 112 


$326 


1919 


1,175,509 


49,431 
10,758 


1920 


I 1 947 404 





1108 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports of pearl buttons in 1918 (fiscal year) amounted to $600,666, 
of which $303,019 went to Europe, $222,017 to North America, and 
$51,106 to South America. Previous statistics are not available. 
Statistics for later calendar years follow: 1918, $631,948; 1919, 
$710,727; 1920, $712,714; 1921, $142,884. 

England and Canada are the principal countries to which the 
United States ships pearl buttons. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph changes the 
act of 1913 (par. 339) by eliminating the classes, "26 lines and 
larger" and " below 26 lines," and substituting a specific duty per 
line per gross. 

BUTTON BLANKS OF VEGETABLE IVORY, PEARL, OR SHELL. 

(See pp. 1109 and 1113.) 



PARAGRAPH 1411. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1411. Buttons commonly known 
as agate buttons, 15 per centum ad val- 
orem; parts of buttons and button molds 
or blanks, finished or unfinished, not 
specially provided for, and all collar and 
cuff buttons and studs composed wholly 
of bone, mother-of-pearl, ivory, vegetable 
ivory, or agate, and buttons not specially 
provided for, 38 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 427. Buttons or parts of buttons 
and button molds or blanks, finished or 
unfinished, shall pay duty at the following 
rates, the line-button measure being one- 
fortieth of one inch, namely: Buttons 
known commercially as agate buttons, 
* * * one-twelfth of one cent per line 
per gross; buttons of bone, * * * 
one-fourth of one cent per line per 
gross; * * * buttons of horn, * * * 
glass, * * * not specially provided 
for in this section, three-fourths of one 
cent per line per gross, and in addition 
thereto, on all the foregoing articles in 
this paragraph, fifteen per centum ad 
valorem; shoe buttons made of paper, 
board, papier-mache\ pulp or other similar 
material, not specially provided for in 
this section, valued at not exceeding three 
cents per gross, one cent per gross; * * * 
buttons not specially provided for in this 
section, and all collar or cuff buttons and 
studs composed wholly of bone, mother- 
of-pearl, or ivory, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 383. * * * buttons or barrel 
buttons or buttons of other forms for tas- 
sels or ornaments * * * any of the 
foregoing made of wool or of which wool is 
a component material, whether contain- 
ing india rubber or not, fifty cents per 
pound and sixty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 339. * * * agate buttons and 
shoe buttons, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
parts of buttons and button molds or 
blanks, finished or unfinished, and all 
collar and cuff buttons and studs com- 
posed wholly of bone, mother-of-pearl, 
ivory, or agate, all the foregoing and but- 
tons not specially provided for in this 
section, 40 per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1109 



AGATE BUTTONS. 

(See Report T. I. S— 4.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Agate buttons are made of 
feldspar and a clay similar to that manufactured into porcelain, and 
are used on cheap underwear, boys' waists, etc., and on shoes. Very 
few, if any, have ever been made in this country. 

Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 2,857,167 gross, valued at 
$188,669. During the war imports were chiefly from France and 
Japan, and averaged annually about 2,500,000 gross. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


Gross. 
2, 163, 350 
1, 482, 552 
2, 429, 270 
1, 108, 341 


$132, 310 
110, 708 
163, 898 
71, 328 


$0.06 
.07 
.07 
.08 


$19, 847 
16,606 
24, 585 
10, 699 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 







BUTTON MOLDS OR BLANKS. 

(See Report T. I. S— 4.) 

Description. — Blanks or molds constitute material prepared espe- 
cially to be manufactured into particular kinds of buttons. 

Production in 1914 of button blanks for sale was 14,304,148 gross, 
valued at $2,349,406, and was more than double the output of 1904; 
the production in 1919 (census) was 13,093,000 gross, valued at 
$3,092,000. 

Imports. — Only small quantities of blanks and parts are imported. 
Some pearl shell blanks have been imported from Japan in recent 
years. No statistics available. 

Exports. — No separate statistics (United States) available. Cana- 
dian statistics report a few thousand dollars worth of " animal 
shell" blanks received from the United States. 

Suggested changes. — See General Notes on Paragraph, page 1113. 

COLLAR AND CUFF BUTTONS AND STUDS. 

(See Report T. I. S— 4.) 
(See Schedule 3, paragraph 349, for other metal buttons; trouser, collar, and cuff, etc.) 

Production in 1914 was 1,771,053 gross, valued at $56,251, includ- 
ing some metal buttons. Production in 1919 (Census) was 974,000 
gross, valued at $80,000. 

Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) were valued at $577; in 1914, at 
$52,125. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



COLLAR AND CUFF BUTTONS OF BONE, MOTHER-OF-PEARL, IVORY, OR AGATE. 



1918 


Gross. 


$23 

1,236 
6,386 
4,212 


SO." 09" 

.43 
.35 


$9 

494 
2, 554 
1,685 


Per cent. 
40 
40 
40 
40 


1919 

1920 

1921 19 months) 


14,359 

14, 669 

1 1 902 





1110 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. ' Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



METAL COLLAR, CUFF, AND DRESS BUTTONS, VALUED ABOVE 20 CENTS PER DOZEN 

PIECES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Dozen. 








( ill 

\ 2 11,764 


810 


SO. 91 


$6 


6,140 


.52 


3,684 


f 129 


6 


.21 


4 


\ 2 2,984 


2,010 


.67 


1,206 


f 1248 


125 


.50 


75 


1 2 3; 058 


1,198 


.39 


719 


/ i 102 


112 


1.10 


61 


\ 2 96? 


685 


.71 


411 



Per cent. 
60 



60 



B0 



1 Collar and cuff. 



* Dress. 



Exports.— None recorded. Statistics of some other countries 
report the import of small quantities of these buttons from the 
United States. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1113. 

BONE BUTTONS. 

(See Report T. 1. S.— 4.) 

Description and uses. — Bone buttons are made chiefly from the 
shin bones of cattle, and are used mostly on underwear, waists, and 
inside flaps of garments. 

Production. — In 1919 (Census) 2,171,000 gross were produced, 
valued at $509,000; the output in 1914 was 2,199,000 gross, valued 
at $330,000. Small amounts are produced in Japan. Formerly 
Germany practically controlled the export trade. 

Imports aggregated 30,289 gross, valued at $11,318 in 1918; 35,572 
gross, valued at $4,241 in 1915; 2,279 gross, valued at $492 in 1916; 
and 10,444 gross, valued at $1,803 in 1917 (fiscal years). Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Gross. 

28,622 

8,870 

13,517 

17, 464 


$11,081 
1,700 
9,330 
1,888 


• SO. 39 
.19 
.69 
.11 


$4, 432 

680 

3,732 

755 


Per cent. 
40 


1919 


40 


1920 


40 


1921 (9 months) 


40 







Exports. — None recorded, but small amounts are sent to various 
countries. 

GLASS BUTTONS. 



(See Report T. I. S .— 4.) 

Description and uses. — These buttons are made from glass rods, 
sometimes called " fusible enamel/' in a great variety of sizes, shapes, 
and colors, and are described as " fancy buttons used largely for 
women's wear." 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1111 



Production in 1919 (Census) was 571,000 gross, valued at $261,000, 
as compared with 217,000 gross valued at $100,000 in 1914. Most of 
our imports of glass buttons come from Czechoslovakia. 

Imports were 142 gross, valued at $448, in 1918, and 1,000,000 
gross, valued at $464,117, in 1914 (fiscal years). Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


! Quantitv. 

i j 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1919 . 


Gross. 

429 

144,399 


$674 

39, 382 

100,215 

44, 146 


$1.57 
.27 


8270 
15,753 
40,086 
17,658 


Per cent. 
40 
40 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


431,822 i 

j 141,394 


.23 
.31 


40 

40 



Exports. — Small quantities are now exported to Canada, South 
America, and other countries, but statistics are lacking. 

HORN BUTTONS. 

(See Report T. I. S— 4.) 

Description and uses. — Horn buttons are in the main made from the 
horns and hoofs of domestic cattle. These buttons are often made 
in large sizes and are much used on suits, cloaks, and overcoats. Eng- 
land and Japan are large producers and exporters. 

Production. — Eight factories employing about 600 persons were 
making these buttons in 1918. The census of 1914 reported a pro- 
duction of 537,000 gross, valued at $299,487; the 1919 census reports 
an output of 2,575,000 gross, valued at $1,111,000. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 

i 

I 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Gross. 
226,157 i 
121,711 1 


$69,098 


$0.31 


$27,639 
25,728 
13,473 
20,427 


Per cent. 
40 


1919 


64, 320 


.53 


40 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


27,281 ! 
28,129 - 


33,684 ! 1.23 
51,068 1.82 


40 
40 






Exports. — Separate statistic 

SH( 

(SeeR 


3s are not availa 

)E BUTTONS. 

eport T. I. S .— 4.) 


ble. 







Description and uses. — Shoe buttons are made from a number of 
materials, the most important being papier-mache, composition and 
agate. Cheaper grades from Austria and Germany were agate. The 
domestic product is in the main made of papier-mache. 

Production. — Twelve factories, chiefly in New England, gave an 
output in 1914 of about 15,500,000 gross, valued at about $610,000. 
The manufacture of papier-mache buttons greatly increased with the 



1112 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



elimination of German and Austrian competition during the war. 
In 1919 (census) production was 5,295,000 gross, valued at $632,000. 
Imports in 1918 (fiscal year) were 46,684 gross, valued at $3,134; 
in 1914, over 570,000 gross, valued at about $21,500. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Gross. 

44, 152 

3,010 

120, 171 

8,762 


$2,247 
1,867 

11, 856 
2,050 


$0.05 
.62 
.10 
.23 


$337 

280 

1,778 

308 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports. — Small quantities are exported but separate statistics 
are not given. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1113. 

SILK BUTTONS. 

(See Report T. I. S.— 4.) 

Imports. — Statistics for silk and "all other," are given below; sta- 
tistics of other kinds not available. 



Calendar year. 


I 

! Quantity. 

1 
1 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


SILK BUTTONS. 


1918 


Gross. 


$364 

13 

173 

1,783 




$146 

5 

69 

713 


Per cent. 
40 


1919 


3 

178 
7,042 


$4.33 
.97 
.25 


40 


1920 


40 


1921 (9 months) 


40 








ALL OTHER BUTTONS, N. s. P. 


F. 






1918 




$79,617 

/ 10,182 

1 106,310 

229, 153 

202, 564 




$31,847 


40 










C 1 ) 
40 
40 


1919 




42, 524 
91,661 
81,026 


1920 . 






1921 (9 months) 






40 











1 From the Philippines, free of duty. 

Exports. — The total domestic exports of all buttons for the calendar 
years 1918, 1919, 1920, and 1921 were as follows: $2,438,822, $3,- 
296,687, $3,846,830, and $1,033,573, respectively. Canada, England, 
and Argentina were the principal markets. There were also exported 
for the same periods the following amounts of foreign buttons, viz: 
$14,820, $26,191, $75,670, and $73,747. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1113 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

(See Report T. I. S. — 4.) 

Description and uses. — There are numerous kinds of buttons coming 
under the "not specially provided for" clause of this paragraph. 
The celluloid, composition, wood, and covered buttons, are of great 
importance in domestic manufacture. Silk, crochet, galalith, and 
many other kinds are also included under this paragraph. 

Production. — Celluloid (plastic) buttons to the amount of 623,000 
gross, valued at $724,000 were produced in 1914 (Census) ; for 1919 the 
same source gives a production of 2,210,000 gross, valued at$3,323,000. 

Covered buttons produced in 1914 (Census) amounted to 3,017,000 
gross, valued at $1,600,000; although the quantity decreased to 2,872- 
000 gross in 1919, the value increased to $1,769,000. 

Other buttons not specified in the 1914 census amounted to 2,001,- 
000 gross, valued at $696,000. In 1919 the production had increased 
to 4,364,000 gross, valued at only $523,000. 

Production of the many other kinds is not definitely known. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for collar and 
cuff buttons and studs of vegetable ivory is new. 

Shoe buttons specifically mentioned in paragraph 339 of the act of 
1913 are relegated to the provision for buttons not specially provided 
for. 

Suggested changes. — "Parts of buttons and button molds or blanks, 
finished or unfinished, not specially provided for/' carry a duty of 
38 per centum ad valorem, while a finished button under paragraph 
349, carrying a duty of a fraction of a cent per line per gross and 10 
per centum ad valorem, might be dutiable at a less rate than a part 
of the same or similar button. 

The expression "button blanks, not turned, faced, or drilled," is 
said not to express the process of manufacture and to be meaningless 
in the vegetable ivory button business. It is suggested that "vege- 
table ivory button blanks, not drilled, dyed or finished" would be 
proper. 

PARAGRAPH 1412. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1412. Cork bark, cut into squares, 
cubes, or quarters, 8 cents per pound; 
stoppers over three-fourths of one inch in 
diameter, measured at the larger end, and 
disks, wafers, and washers over three- 
sixteenths of one inch in thickness, made 
from natural cork bark, 20 cents per pound; 
made from artificial or composition cork, 
10 cents per pound; stoppers, three- 
fourths of one inch or less in diameter, 
measured at the larger end, and disks, 
wafers, and washers, three-sixteenths of 
one inch or less in thickness, made from 
natural cork bark, 25 cents per pound; 



1114 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. B. 7456. 

made from artificial or composition cork, 
12^ cents per pound; cork, artificial, 
commonly known as composition or com- 
pressed cork, manufactured from cork 
waste or granulated cork, in the rough and 
not further advanced than in the form of 
slabs, blocks, or planks, suitable for cut- 
ting into stoppers, disks, liners, floats, or 
similar articles, 6 cents per pound; in rods 
or sticks suitable for the manufacture of 
disks, wafers, or washers, 10 cents per 
pound; granulated or ground cork; cork 
insulation, wholly or in chief value of 
cork waste, granulated or ground cork, in 
slabs, boards, planks, or molded forms; 
cork tile; cork paper, and manufactures, 
wholly or in chief value of cork bark or 
artificial cork and not specially provided 
for, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 429. Cork bark cut into squares, 
cubes, or quarters, eight cents per pound; 
manufactured corks over three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter, measured at larger 
end, fifteen cents per pound; three-fourths 
of an inch and less in diameter, measured 
at larger end, twenty-five cents per pound; 
cork, artificial, or cork substitutes, manu- 
factured from cork waste or granulated 
cork, and not otherwise provided for in 
this section, six cents per pound; manu- 
factures, wholly or in chief value of cork, 
or of cork bark, or of artificial cork or cork 
substitutes, granulated or ground cork, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
thirty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 340. Cork bark, cut into squares, 
cubes, or quarters, 4 cents per pound; 
manufactured cork stoppers, over three- 
fourths of an inch in diameter, measured 
at the larger end, and manufactured cork 
disks, wafers, or washers, over three- 
sixteenths of an inch in thickness, 12 
cents per pound; manufactured cork 
stoppers, three-fourths of an inch or less 
in diameter, measured at the larger end, 
and manufactured cork disks, wafers, or 
washers, three-sixteenths of an inch or less 
in thickness, 15 cents per pound; cork, 
artificial, or cork substitutes manufac- 
tured from cork waste, or granulated 
corks, and not otherwise provided for in 
this section, 3 cents per pound; cork in- 
sulation, wholly or in chief value of 
granulated cork, in slabs, boards, planks, 
or molded forms, £ cent per pound; cork 
paper, 35 per centum ad valorem; manu- 
factures wholly or in chief value of cork 
or of cork bark, or of artificial cork or bark 
substitutes, granulated or ground cork, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
30 per centum ad valorem . 



MANUFACTURES OF CORK. 



(See Survey N-6.) 

Description and uses. — Cork manufactures are of two classes, those 
cut from the natural cork bark, such as cork stoppers and disks used 
in metallic crown corks, and products of composition cork. The com- 
position is made from the waste or residue from natural cork cutting, 
which is ground and baked in molds. The process of molding differs 
with the purpose for which the composition is intended; that for 
insulation board, for instance, is made entirely from natural cork 
granules, the natural resin or gum serving as a binder when baked 
under pressure, while in the composition from which disks for crown 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1115 



corks are cut a separate glutinous binder is used. Cork paper, made 
by pasting very thin sheets of bark to paper, is used for cigarette 
tips. The uses of natural and composition cork are very numerous, 
a complete listing being almost impossible. Portugal and Spain sup- 
ply nearly all the raw material. (See paragraph 1556.) 

Production in 1914 was by 52 establishments (30 in New York and 
10 in Pennsylvania), with a capital of $7,602,000, over 3,400 employ- 
ees, and wages of $1,582,000. Materials used were valued at $4,751- 
000, and the product at $7,875,000. In 1919 the number of establish- 
ments reported had increased to 62, with production valued at 
$16,282,000. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $2,628,387; in 1916, at $878,268; 
in 1917, at $2,626,804. Imports are practically all from Portugal 
and Spain. Statistics of imports of various forms of cork follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Duty. Equivalent 
3 acl valorem. 



CORK DISKS, WAFERS, OR WASHERS, ^ INCH OR LESS THICK. 



1915 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



Pound*. 

2,010,408 I $1,316,590 

791,053 ! 470,948 
1,382,697 905,429 

454,010 j 344,288 



$301, 561 
117,935 
207, 405 
68, 101 



Per cent. 
22.90 
25. 04 
22.91 



CORK DISKS, WAFERS, OR WASHERS, MORE THAN ^ INCH THICK. 


1 

1918 j 71, 112 

1919 | 12, 651 

1920 | 11, 764 

1921 (9 months) 1 19, 538 


$46, 495 ! $8, 533 
8,991 i 1,518 
6,736 I 1,412 
16,389 2,345 


18.35 
16.88 
20.96 


1 




CORK STOPPERS £ INCH OR LESS IN DIAMETER AT LARGE END. 


1918 


1 
64,556 ; $20,605 i $9,683 
76,397 ] 65,150 | 11,460 
103,961 88,509 1 15,594 
56,909 49,678 8,536 


47 00 


1919 


17.59 

17 62 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 








CORK STOPPERS OVER f INCH IN DIAMETER AT LARGE END. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



101, 021 


$72, 426 


$12, 123 


73, 728 


59, 966 


8,847 


67, 966 


39, 504 


8,151 


65, 078 


27, 420 


7,809 

1 



16.74 
14.74 
20.63 



CORK BARK CUT INTO SQUARES, CUBES, 


OR QUARTERS. 




1918 5 


$1 

3, 129 

403 

2 






1919 6 135 


$245 
55 


7 84 


1920 l) 387 


13 77 


1921 (9 months) 8 


16 00 









CORK INSULATION WHOLLY OR OF CHIEF VALUE OF CORK WASTE, GRANULATED 
OR GROUND CORK, IN SLABS, BOARDS, PLANKS, OR MOLDED FORMS. 



1918 1, ;;49, 570 

1919 I 5, 719, 668 

1920 9, 000, 101 

1921 (9 months) 6, 503, 902 



$53, 704 


$3,374 ! 


5.30 


411,472 


14,299 


3.47 


771,123 


22,500 i 


2.92 


421,105 


16,259 ! 


3.86 



1116 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar 3'ear. Quantity. 

i 


Value. Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


ARTIFICIAL OR COMPOSITION CORK, MANUFACTURED FROM CORK WASTE OR GRAN- 
ULATED CORK AND NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. 


1 Pounds. 

1919 i 175, 331 

1920 6 


$116, 505 

1 

41 


$5, 260 


Per cent. 
4.51 


1921 (9 months) ." 


220 


7 


1.61 








CORK PAPER. 






1918 




$116,665 $40,833 

101,569 35,549 

62,560 J 21,896 

17,193 6,017 


35.00 


1919 




35.00 


1920 




35.00 


1921 (9 months) 




35. 00 








MANUFACTURES WHOLLY OR IN CHIEF VALUE OF CORK OR ARTIFICIAL CORK AND 
NOT SPECIALLY PROVIDED FOR. 


1 
1918 1 


$32, 546 
51, 286 
94, 938 
39, 989 


$9, 764 
13, 386 
28, 481 
11, 996 


30.00 


1919 , 


30.00 


1920 '' 


30. 00 


1921 (9 months) 


30.00 











Exports for the fiscal years 1914-1918 were valued at $462,199, 
$211,795, $455,424, $541,579, and $847,377, respectively. Canada, 
Australia, and Brazil were the chief purchasers of domestic cork 
manufactures in 1914. Exports since 1917, by calendar years, have 
been as follows: 1918, $996,821; 1919, $1,081,537; 1920, $2,002,174; 
1921 (nine months) , $580,597. Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Argentina 
were the chief purchasers during these years. 



PARAGRAPH 1413. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1413. Dice, dominoes, draughts, 
chessmen, and billiard, pool, and baga- 
telle balls, and poker chips, of ivory, bone, 
or other material, 40 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 430. Dice, dominoes, draughts, 
chessmen, chess balls, and billiard, pool, 
and bagatelle balls, of ivory, lone, or 
other materials, fifty per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 341. Dice, dominoes, draughts, 
chessmen, chess balls, and billiard, pool, 
bagatelle balls, and poker chips, of ivory, 
bone, or other materials, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. 



DICE, CHESSMEN, ETC. 

(See Survey N-7.) 

Production and export data are not available. Establishments en- 
gaged in the manufacture of these articles are not given a separate 
classification by the census. France is the principal foreign manu- 
facturer of articles within this paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1117 



Imports of dice, dominoes, draughts, chessmen, etc., in 1914 were 
valued at $67,789, nearly all from Germany and France; in 1918 
(fiscal year) three-fourths of importations came from France, the rest 
largely from Hongkong, Japan, and China. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 .. 


$21,081 
57,789 
55,470 
93,519 


$10,539 
28,893 
27,734 


Per cent. 
50 


1919 ... 


50 


1920 


50 


1921 (9 months)... . 










PARAGRAPH 1414. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1414. Dolls, and parts of dolls, 
doll heads, toy marbles, of whatever ma- 
terials composed, air rifles, toy balloons, 
toy books without reading matter other 
than letters, numerals, or descriptive 
words, hound or unbound, and parts 
thereof, and all other tovs, and parts of 
tovs, not composed of china, porcelain, 
parian, risque, earthen or stone ware, 
and not specially provided for, 40 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 412. * * * books of paper or 
other material for children's use, not ex- 
ceeding in weight twenty-four ounces 
each, six cents per pound; * * *. 

Par. 431. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll 
heads, toy marbles of Whatever materials 
composed, and all other tovs, and parts of 
toys, not composed of china, porcelain, 
parian, lisque, earthen or stone ware, and 
not specially provided for in this section, 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 325. * * * books of paper or 
other material for children's use, litho- 
graphically printed in whole or in part, 
not exceeding in weight twenty-four 
ounces each, 4 cents per pound; * * *. 

Par. 342. Dolls, and parts of dolls, doll 
heads, toy marbles of whatever materials 
composed, and all other toys, and parts of 
toys, not composed of china, porcelain, 
parian, 1 isque, earthen or stone ware, and 
not specially provided for in this section, 
35 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 132. * * * air-rifles, * * * 
and parts thereof, 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



TOYS. 

(See Survey N-7.) 

Description and uses. — Toys, under the judicial decisions, are play- 
things intended and designed for the amusement of children only, and 
by their very nature and character reasonably unfit for other use. 
(Illfelder v. United States, 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 109, of 1910; Carson, 
etc., v. United States, 2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 386, of 1911.) 

Production. — Available figures cover toys and games in general. In 
1914 there were 290 manufacturers of toys and games, with an output 
valued at $13,757,000, a capital of $10,484,000, and 7,887 employees. 
Before the war Germany supplied a large part of the world's demand 



1118 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



for toys. In 1919 there were 541 establishments engaged in the 
manufacture of toys and games, the product amounting to $45,720,000. 
The Toy Manufacturers' Association reports that in 1914 there were 
10 concerns in the United States manufacturing dolls, and that the 
product amounted to $1,000,000, and in 1919, 48 concerns with a 
product valued at $9,000,000. 

Imports. — -In 1914 imports amounted to over $9,000,000, divided as 
follows: Dolls and parts of, $1,816,937; all other toys and parts of, 
$7,274,035. Of the dolls and parts of, $1*791,913 came from Germany 
and of all other toys $5,926,941 from Germany, $434,006 from Japan, 
$420,859 from England, and $206,194 from France. Later statistics 
for calendar years follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Dolls and parts of: 

Value 


$365, 473 
127, 916 

848, 013 
296, 805 


$1, 205, 215 
421, 825 

1,630,311 
570, 609 


$2, 593, 108 
907, 588 

7, 094, 418 
2, 483, 040 


$1, 215, 662 


Duty 


All other toys and parts of toys, n. s. p. f., in- 
cluding toy marbles: 
Value 


4, 784, 769 


Duty 

3 









Japan began to ship considerable quantities of toys to the United 
States during the war. In 1920 imports from Japan amounted to 60 
per cent of the dolls and to 50 per cent of all other toys. Germany 
in the same year supplied, respectively, 37 and 40 per cent. 

Exports. — In 1914 exports amounted to $809,120, chiefly to Canada, 
England, Australia, and Cuba. Later statistics for calendar years 
follow : 



Item. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Dolls and parts of 


jess 

woo 


$454, 770 

224, 628 

2, 190, 131 




$539, 821 

471, 369 

3, 178, 132 


$98, 034 




122,583 




1, 112, 182 






Total 


1, 656, 112 


2, 869, 529 


4, 189, 322 


1,332,799 







Important changes in classification. — Air rifles, toy balloons, and 
toy books are added. 

Conflicting provisions. — Page 153, lines 6, 7, of H. R. 7456: There is 
conflict between the provision for " dolls, and parts of dolls, doll 
heads, toy marbles, oi whatever materials composed," and the pro- 
vision in paragraph 29 for articles of pyroxylin. A common material 
for dolls and parts of dolls and doll heads is pyroxylin. The pro- 
viso to paragraph 29 is intended to make all articles of pyroxylin 
dutiable thereunder by virtue of the words "whether or not more 
specifically provided for elsewhere." 

Suggested changes. — If dolls, parts of dolls, doll heads, and toy 
marbles of pyroxylin are intended to be covered by paragraph 1414, 
an exception should be made thereof in the proviso to paragraph 29. 
If they are not intended to come within paragraph 1414, the excep- 
tion of pyroxylin should be made in line 7 on page 153, making that 
read "of whatever materials composed except those enumerated in 
paragraph 29." 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1119 

Page 153, lines 10-12, of H. R. 7456: The same comments apply to 
toys provided for in lines 10 to 12. If toys of pyroxylin are not 
intended to be included in paragraph 1414, pyroxylin should be men- 
tioned with china and the other materials therein named. 



PARAGRAPH 1415. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1415. Emery, corundum and arti- 
ficial abrasive grains and emery, corun- 
dum and artificial abrasives, ground, pul- 
verized, refined, or manufactured, 3 cent 
per pound; emery wheels, emery files, 
emery paper, and "manufactures of which 
emery, corundum or artificial abrasive is 
the component material of chief value, 
20 per centum ad valorem; crude artificial 
abrasives, 5 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 



ACT OF 1909. 



Par. 343. Emery grains and emery, 

Par. 432. Emery grains and emery, manufactured, ground, pulverized, or 

manufactured, ground, pulverized, or refined, 1 cent per pound; emery wheels, 

refined, one cent per pound; emery emery files, emery paper, and manufac- 

wheels, emery files, and manufactures of tures of which emery or corundum is the 

which emery or corundum is the com- component material of chief value, 20 per 

ponent material of chief value, twenty- centum ad valorem, 

five per centum ad valorem; crude arti- Par. 479. * * * and crude artifi- 

ficial abrasives, ten per centum ad cial abrasives, not specially provided for 

valorem. [Free]. 

EMERY AND CORUNDUM. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and uses. — Corundum and emery, prior to the invention 
of artificial abrasives, were the most important abrasive materials. 
Corundum is a natural crystalline mineral composed of aluminum 
oxide. Emery is an impure form of corundum. They are used in 
making emery cloth and paper, and are manufactured into grinding 
wheels by mixing with suitable materials. 

Production. — The chief commercial sources of emery are the Greek 
island of Naxos and the Province of Smyrna in Asia Minor. Emery 
is produced here chiefly in the Peekskill district of New York and 
recently has been obtained in Pittsylvania County, Va. Domestic 
production increased from 485 tons, valued at $2,425, in 1914, to 
16,315 tons, valued at .$173,589, in 1917, an increase due to restricted 
imports and increased war demand. Production of emery in 1919 
amounted to 2,601 short tons, valued at $23,203, and in 1920 to 
2,327 short tons, valued at $21,685. 

Canada, formerly the chief source of corundum, has been practically 
unproductive since 1913. There are important deposits in India and 
the South African Transvaal, whence considerable quantities reached 
this country during 1917. Crude ore is usually shipped to Glasgow 
for refining and is reexported to this country. Domestic production 
in 1917 (all from North Carolina) was 820 tons, valued at $67,461. 
No production of corundum was reported in 1919 and 1920. 



1120 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports of emery grains in 1914 were 844,157 pounds, valued at 
$33,874, with about 60 per cent from England and 25 per cent from 
France. In 1917 they fell to 136,969 pounds, valued at $7,889, all 
from England and Canada. 

Imports of corundum ore declined steadilv from 840 long tons, 
valued at $63,286, in 1911, to 17 tons, valued" at $633, in 1916. 

Imports of corundum grains have varied considerably. In 1913 
they were 1,937,803 pounds, valued at $87,187, with over 90 per cent 
from Canada; in 1916, 657,826 pounds. Scotland has been the chief 
source since 1915. 

Imports of manufactures of emery and corundum have been small, 
in 1913 valued at $15,067. Later imports have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


EMERY GRAINS. 


1918 : 


Pounds. 
623, 241 
392, 789 
543, 514 


$32, 499 

22, 432 

22, 462 . 

7,684 


$0.05 
.06 
.04 


$6, 232 
3,928 
5,435 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 










CORUNDUM GRAINS. 


1918 


Tons. 
1,569 
69 
546 

582 


$199, 409 

9,696 

63, 504 

74, 218 


$127. 13 
140.52 
116. 32 
127. 51 




1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 









Exports of abrasives, natural and artificial, for calendar years 
since 1917, have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




$3, 862, 531 
1, 982, 822 


$3, 032, 067 
2, 809, 231 


$2, 791, 128 
3, 810, 171 


$2, 040, 639 


All other 


2, 854, 921 







The principal countries of destination have been Canada and 
England. 

ARTIFICIAL ABRASIVES. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and uses. — Artificial abrasives are of two kinds (1) silicon 
carbides, sold under the trade names of carborundum, crystolon, and 
carbolon; and (2) aluminum oxides, sold as alundum, aloxite, exolon, 
and lionite. Artificial abrasives sold under other names are either the 
above products or are imported materials marketed under special 
trade names. Carbide of silicon is the best abrasive for use on cast 
iron, brass, bronze, and other metals of low tensile strength, and 
marble, granite, pearl, leather, and carbon. It is also used in the 
form of bricks as a refractory in furnace construction. Oxide of 
aluminum is the best abrasive for grinding steel and wrought iron. 
It also has found considerable use as a refractory and filtering medium. 
These artificial abrasives, by far the most important abrasive mate- 
rials, have replaced emery and corundum to a large extent. 



STJMMABY OF TABUT INTOBMATION, 1921. 1121 

Production. — Carbide of silicon is made by heating coke, sand, 
sawdust, and salt to a very high temperature in an electric furnace. 
Oxide of aluminum is made by fusing the mineral bauxite and carbon 
in an electric furnace and allowing it to cool and crystallize. By 
variations in conditions of manufacture, several degrees of hardness 
and toughness can be secured. These crude products are crushed 
and separated into grains of uniform size; the grains are then mixed 
with suitable binding materials and shaped into the desired form. 
Production in the United States and Canada (including a small 
quantity of steel abrasives) has increased from 33,489,000 pounds, 
valued at $2,017,458, in 1913, to 115,822,000 pounds, valued at 
$8,137,242, in 1917. The 1917 production was divided as follows: 
Silicon carbide, 16,646,000 pounds, valued at $1,074,152; aluminum 
oxide, 96,926,000 pounds, valued at $6,969,387; and metallic abra- 
sives, 2,250,000 pounds/valued at $93,703. In 1919 production of 
all artificial abrasives was 56,562,000 pounds (not including entire 
production), valued at $5,019,779, and in 1920, 64,034,000 pounds 
(not including entire production), valued at $6,269,084. The in- 
dustry was first established at Niagara Falls, N. Y., because of the 
electrical power. In recent years, power at Niagara failing to meet 
growing demands, branch factories, owned by American concerns, 
have been established in Canada, where water power is available; 
about 65 per cent of the 1917 production was from those plants. 
A large part of the Canadian output is exported to this country and 
manufactured into wheels, stones, and other finished products. 

Imports and exports of artificial abrasives are included with those 
of natural abrasives. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PAEAGBApH 

Important changes in classification. — Crude artificial abrasives are 
transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 479). 

Suggested changes .—The attention of the Tariff Commission has 
been called to the fact that there is no provision for and no uniform 
treatment of abrasive paper and cloths. Emery paper is the only 
one mentioned specifically in H. R. 7456 (par. 1415). This same 
paragraph contains a provision for " manufactures of which emery, 
corundum, or artificial abrasive is the component material of chief 
value." The abrasive material used in the manufacture of abrasive 
cloths and paper, in most cases, is not the item of chief value, and, 
moreover, materials other than emery, corundum, and artificial 
abrasives are used in making these products. It seems desirable 
that a specific provision covering abrasive cloths and paper be 
inserted in H. R. 7456. To accomplish this the provision for emery 
paper 1 ' in paragraph 1415, page 153, line 16, should be stricken out 
and the words u not specially provided for" inserted after the word 
" value" in line 18. The following provision should be inserted as a 
separate paragraph to follow paragraph 1415: 

All papers, cloth.3, and combinations of paper and cloth, wholly or partly coated 
with artificial or natural abrasives, or with a combination of natural and artificial 
abrasives [rate]. 

82304—22 71 



1122 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1416. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1416. Firecrackers of all kinds, 8 
cents per pound; bombs, rockets, Roman 
candles, and fireworks of all descriptions, 
not specially provided for, 12 cents per 
pound; the weight on all the foregoing 
to include all coverings, wrappings, and 
packing material. 









ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 433. Firecrackers of all kinds, 
eight cents per pound; bombs, rockets, 
Roman candles, and fireworks of all 
descriptions, not specially provided for 
in this section, twelve cents per pound; 
the weight on all the foregoing to include 
all coverings, wrappings, and packing 
material. 



Par. 344. Firecrackers of all kinds, 6 
cents per pound; bombs, rockets, Roman 
candles, and fireworks of all descriptions, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
10 cents per pound; the weight on all the 
foregoing to include all coverings, wrap- 
pings, and packing material. 



FIREWORKS. 



(See Survey N-8.) 



Description and uses. — The materials most used in fireworks are 
gunpowder or its constituents, carbon, sulphur, and potassium ni- 
trate. Fireworks are so varied in form that many substances may be 
employed in their manufacture. Metallic salts are used to produce 
different colors; several oxidizing materials may supplant potassium 
nitrate; and other explosives may replace gunpowder for certain pur- 
poses. Besides their use for scenic purposes, rockets, Roman can- 
dles, and Bengal lights, they are also employed for signaling at sea. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 41 manufacturers of fireworks 
with a capital of $2,162,449, and output valued at $2,296,236. In 
1919 there were 57 manufacturers with an output valued at $6,532,000. 

Imports of firecrackers for 1910-1915 averaged annually over 3,000,- 
000 pounds, valued at about $216,000, with revenue of $250,000. In 
1917 the imports were 2,999,503 pounds, valued at $382,248. Im- 
ports of bombs, rockets, Roman candles, and fireworks, n. s. p. f., 
in 1914 amounted to 185,514 pounds, valued at $20,237. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value 



Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem 






FIRECRACKERS. 









• 

1918 


Pounds. 
441,568 
1,683,244 
4,169,224 
4,036,239 


$64,597 
280,237 
740,985 
494,255 


$0.15 
.17 
.18 


$26,494 
100,995 
250,153 


Per cent. , 
41.01 


1919 


36.04 


1920 


33.76 


1921 (9 months) 













BOMBS, ROCKETS, ROMAN CANDLES, AND FIREWORKS, N. s. P. F. 




1919 . 


6,278 
14,987 
17,439 


$1,251 
4,071 
3,398 


$0.20 
.27 


$528 
1,499 


42.19 


1920 


36.81 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — None recorded. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1123 



PARAGRAPH 1417. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1417. Matches, friction or lucifer, 
of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- 
dred and forty-four boxes, containing not 
more than one hundred matches per box, 
6 cents per gross; when imported other- 
wise than in boxes containing not more 
than one hundred matches each, three- 
fourths of 1 cent per one thousand matches ; 
wax matches, wind matches, and all 
matches in books or folders or having a 
stained, dyed, or colored stick or stem, 
tapers consisting of a wick coated with an 
inflammable substance, night lights, fusees 
and time-burning chemical signals, by 
whatever name known, 30 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That in accordance 
with section 10 of "An Act to provide for 
a tax upon white phosphorus matches, 
and for other purposes," approved April 
9, 1912, white phosphorus matches manu- 
factured wholly or in part in any foreign 
country shall not be entitled to enter at 
any of the ports of the United States, and 
the importation thereof is hereby pro- 
hibited: Provided further. That nothing 
in this Act contained shall be held to re- 
peal or modify said Act to provide for a 
tax upon white phosphorus matches, and 
for other purposes, approved April 9, 
1912. 









ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 436. Matches, friction or lucifer, 
of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- 
dred and forty-four boxes, containing not 
more than one hundred matches per box, 
six cents per gross; when imported other- 
wise than in boxes containing not more 
than one hundred matches each, three- 
fourths of one cent per one thousand 
matches; wax and fancy matches and 
tapers, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 345. Matches, friction or lucifer, 
of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- 
dred and forty-four boxes, containing not 
more than one hundred matches per box, 
3 cents per gross; when imported other- 
wise than in boxes containing not more 
than one hundred matches each, f of 1 
cent per one thousand matches; wax 
matches, fusees, wind matches, and all 
matches in books or folders or having a 
stained, dyed, or colored stick orstem, and 
tapers consisting of a wick coated with an 
inflammable substance, and night lights, 
25 per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That in accordance with section ten of 
"An Act to provide for a tax upon white 
phosphorus matches, and for other pur- 
poses," approved April ninth, nineteen 
hundred and twelve, white phosphorus 
matches manufactured wholly or in part 
in any foreign country shall" not be en- 
titled to enter at any of the ports of the 
United States, and the importation thereof 
is hereby prohibited: Provided further, 
That nothing in this Act contained shall 
be held to repeal or modify said Act to 
provide for a tax upon white phosphorus 
matches, and for other purposes, approved 
April ninth, nineteen hundred and twelve. 



1124 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



MATCHES. 



(See Survey N-8.) 

Description and uses. — Since friction matches appeared, about 1830, 
the industry has grown rapidly. Many changes have been made in 
the ignition mixture, each company usually having its own special 
formulas ; but the principal substances used are phosphorus sesquisul- 
phide, some oxidizing material (such as potassium chlorate) , red lead, 
lead peroxide, or manganese dioxide, glue, ground flint or glass, and 
a filler, such as clay. White or yellow phosphorus was formerly 
extensively used, but owing to the dangerous character of these 
matches they are now practically prohibited by law. Pine wood is 
usually used for the stems. The manufacture is wholly by machin- 
ery, from the cutting of the stems from the block until finished, 
boxed, and ready for shipment. 

Safety matches contain neither phosphorus nor phosphorus com- 
pounds, but the substance on which they are struck usually contains 
red phosphorus — sometimes antimony sulphide — and powdered glass 
made into a paste with glue. 

Matches may be grouped into three classes: (1) Friction matches, 
single dip; (2) friction matches, double dip; and (3) safety matches. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 20 establishments, employing 4,546 
persons, with a capital of $11,736,187, and product valued at $12,- 
556,279. In 1919, with one additional establishment, the value of 
products had increased to $15,874,000. 

Imports of matches in 1910 were valued at $372,945, increasing to 
$882,795 in 1914, of which $473,628 were from Sweden, $117,748 
from Norway, $91,118 from Austria-Hungary, $49,651 from Ger- 
many, $35,187 from Belgium, and $22,797 from Japan. Imports 
have been chiefly of matches in boxes containing not more than 100 
per box. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. Unit value. Duty. 



Equivalent 
ad valorem. 



MATCHES, FRICTION OR LUCIFER— IN BOXES CONTAINING NOT MORE THAN 100 

MATCHES PER BOX. 



1918 , 


Gross. 

4,952,331 

1,611,618 

' 1,644,738 

1,707,920 


$3,044,714 
897, 314 
937, 690 
998, 186 


$0.61 
.56 
.57 
.59 


$148, 570 
48, 349 
49, 340 


Per cent. 
4.88 


1919 


5.39 


1920. 


5.26 


1921 (9 months). 











OTHER THAN IN BOXES CONTAINING NOT MORE THAN 100 MATCHES EACH. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Thousands. 

12 

11, 564 

204, 142 

106, 529 



$2 

2,885 

29, 515 

9,365 



$0.17 
.25 
.14 



$43 
766 



2.50 
1.50 
2.59 



WAX AND WIND MATCHES, AND ALL MATCHES IN BOOKS, OR FOLDERS, OR HAVING 
A STAINED, DYED, OR COLORED STICK OR STEM. 



1918 


Packages. 


$15, 060 
13, 555 
10, 419 
2,965 




$3, 765 
3,389 
2,604 


25.00 


1919 


4,927,882 

2,033,112 

280,811 


$0. 003 
.005 
.011 


25.00 


1920 


25.00 


1921 (9 months)..... 


25.00 









TAPERS, FUSEES, AND NIGHT LIGHTS. 



1918 




$2,017 
4,076 
6,007 
4,473 




1904 

1,019 
1,502 


25.00 


1919 






25.00 


1920 






25.00 


1921 (9 months) 






25.00 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1125 

The value of matches imported from Japan amounted to $858,738 
in 1918, $730,338 in 1919, and $111,510 in 1920. Imports from 
Sweden dropped in value from $2,299,045 in 1918 to $377,895 in 1919 
and to $640,817 in 1920, and those from Norway from $402,005 in 
1918 to $46,302 in 1919, and to $79,981 in 1920. 

Exports increased in value from $80,877 in 1910 to $102,407 in 
1913, but decreased to $77,736 in 1914. In the calendar year 1918 
the value of exports was $481,130; in 1919, $626,780; in 1920, $514,- 
592; and in 1921 (nine months), $200,683. 

Important changes in classification.--— Time-burning chemical signals 
are added. 



PARAGRAPH 1418. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1418. Percussion caps, cartridges, 
and cartridges shells empty, 25 per cen- 
tum ad valorem; blasting caps, contain- 
ing not more than one gram charge of 
explosive, §2.25 per thousand; containing 
more than one gram charge of explosive, 
75 cents per thousand additional for each 
additional one-half gram charge of ex- 
plosive; mining, blasting, or safety fuses 
of all kinds, not composed in chief value 
of cotton, $1 per thousand feet. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 437. Percussion caps, cartridges. Par. 346. Percussion caps, cartridges, 

and cartridge shells empty, thirty per and cartridge shells empty, 15 per cen- 

centum ad valorem; blasting caps, two turn ad valorem; blasting caps, one 

dollars and twenty-five cents per thou- dollar per thousand; mining, blasting, or 

sand; mining, blasting, or safety fuses of safety fuses of all kinds, 1 15 per centum 

all kinds, not composed in chief value of ad valorem, 
cotton, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

PERCUSSION CAPS AND CARTRIDGES. 

(See Survey N-8.) 

Description and uses. — Percussion caps and primers are shallow 
cups of gilding metal filled with fulminate or other igniting mixture. 
The term percussion cap, as used in the trade, refers only to the det- 
onators used with muzzle-loading firearms. The trade name for 
the inserted detonator of cartridge ammunition is "primer." Car- 
tridges, and cartridge shells empty, in common use, are of three types: 
(1) Center-fire metallic; (2) rim-fire metallic; and (3) center-fire paper 
shot shells. 

Production.- — Under " ammunition" the Census covers establish- 
ments manufacturing small-arms ammunition, including metallic and 
paper cartridges, empty and loaded gun shells, explosive shells, gun 
wads, caps, primers, shot, and bullets: also blasting caps and electric 
blasting caps, fuses and electrical exploder fuses, miners' squibs, rail 
way torpedoes, etc. Ammunition for large guns is produced in steel 
works, rolling mills and Federal establishments. The value of the 
product is not reported separately. Data are shown separately for 

1 Safety fuses in chief value of cotton will come within par. 920. 



1126 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



cartridges and all other ammunition. In 1914, the value of the for- 
mer was reported as $25,573,000 and of the latter as $5,267,000. 
In 1919 the total value of the products reported under " ammu- 
nition" was $88,059,000. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports of percussion caps were valued at $622 
and of cartridges and cartridge shells, empty, at $84,622. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


PERCUSSION CAPS. 


1918 


Thousands. 


$991 
50 

294 




$149 
7 


Per cent. 
15 


1920 


1 
21 


$50. 00 


15 


1921 (9 months) . 


15 










CARTRIDGES AND CARTRIDGE SHELLS, EMPTY 




1918 




$1, 024, 589 

170 

8,885 

15, 853 




$153, 688 

25 

1, 333 


15 


1919 






15 


1920 


678 
2,079 


$13. 10 

7.62 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Imports of cartridge shells, empty, are negligible. 

Exports. — In 1914 exports of cartridges, loaded, amounted to 
$3,521,533, going principally to Mexico, Russia in Europe, the Philip- 
pines, Canada, Australia, and Latin America. Later exports during 
calendar years have been as. follows: 1918, $10,764,765; 1919, 
$10,346,957; 1920, $5,972 ; 322; 1921 (9 months). $1,119,229. In 
1920 exports included $1,773,049 to Brazil, $798,340 to Argentina, 
$763,038 to Australia, $441,191 to Canada, and $307,843 to Cuba. 



BLASTING CAPS. 



(See Survey N-8.) 

Description and uses. — Blasting caps are used in connection with a 
fuse to detonate high explosives employed in the blasting of coal, 
ores, in quarrying, and in farming. They consist essentially of a 
measured charge of high explosive pressed into a thin copper shell. 
In addition to the blasting cap there is manufactured an electric 
blasting cap of similar construction. Ignition in the latter is ob- 
tained by the use of an electric current instead of a fuse. 

Production. — Official statistics are not available. One manufac- 
turer states that there are five establishments in the United States 
and that their combined product of blasting caps would range from 
250,000,000 to 300,000,000 caps with sales value of $3,200,000 to 
$3,800,000. Germany, Belgium, and Japan are the chief foreign pro- 
ducers exporting to the United States. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports were valued at $4,890. Later statistics 
covering calendar years are as follows: 1919, $5; 1920, $191; and 
1921 (9 months), $15. 

Exports. — Not shown in official statistics. Exports are principally 
to Mexico, Central and South America. 



STJM^IAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 1127 

MINING, BLASTING, OR SAFETY FUSES. 
(See Survey N-8.) 

Description and uses. — Fuses are used in connection with blasting 
caps to detonate high explosives. 

production. — Official statistics are not available. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports were valued at $183,035 of which an 
amount valued at $48,605 was dutiable under the act of 1909. Im- 

Eorts before the war were principally from Belgium and Germany, 
later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$195 
1,554 
3,771 
1,623 




$29 
223 
566 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


4,878 
8,215 
6,364 


$0.31 
.46 
.26 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 









Exports' of fuses are principally to Mexico. Statistics cover calen- 
dar years and show values of exports as follows: 1918, $3,050,257; 
1919, $600,718; 1920, $736,225; 1921 (9 months), $217,517. 

Important changes in classification. — The rate of duty on blasting 
caps has been made dependent on the weight of the charge of the 
explosive. It is stated by a manufacturer 2 that the classification in 
this paragraph based on the 1-gram charge is in keeping with the 
weight and strength of caps used to-day. 

Mining, blasting, or safety fuses of all kinds composed in chief value 
of cotton are excepted. 



PARAGRAPH 1419. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1419. Feathers and downs, on the 
skin or otherwise, crude or not dressed, 
colored, or otherwise advanced or manu- 
factured in any manner, not specially 
provided for, 20 per centum ad valorem; 
dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced 
or manufactured in any manner, includ- 
ing quilts of down and other manufactures 
of down, artificial or ornamental feathers 
suitable for use as millinery ornaments, 
artificial and ornamental fruits, vege- 
tables, grains, leaves, flowers, and stems 
or parts thereof, of whatever material 
composed, not specially provided for, 45 
per centum ad valorem; natural leaves, 
plants, shrubs, herbs, trees, and parts 
thereof, chemically treated, colored, 
dyed or painted, not specially provided 
for, 45 per centum ad valorem; boas, 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



2 Tariff Information, 1921. Hearings, Committee on Ways and Means, Part V, pp. 3257-3259. 



1128 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192L 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS 

boutonnieres, wreaths, and all articles 
not specially provided for, composed 
wholly or in chief value of any of the 
feathers, flowers, leaves, or other material 
herein mentioned, 50 per centum ad va- 
lorem: Provided, That the importation of 
birds of paradise, aigrettes, egret plumes 
or so-called osprey plumes, and the 
feathers, quills, heads, wings, tails, skins, 
or parts of skins, of wild birds, either raw 
or manufactured, and not for scientific or 
educational purposes, is hereby pro- 
hibited; but this provision shall not ap- 
ply to the feathers or plumes of ostriches 
or to the feathers or plumes of domestic 
fowls of any kind: Provided further, That 
birds of paradise, and the feathers, quills, 
heads, wings, tails, skins, or parts thereof, 
and all aigrettes, egret plumes, or so-called 
osprey plumes, and the feathers, quills, 
heads, wings, tails, skins, or parts of skins, 
of wild birds, either raw or manufactured, 
of like kind to those, the importation of 
which is prohibited by the foregoing pro- 
visions of this paragraph, which may be 
found in the United States, on and after 
the passage of this Act, except as to such 
plumage or parts of birds in actual use for 
personal adornment, and except such 
plumage, birds or parts thereof imported 
therein for scientific or educational pur- 
poses, shall be presumed for the purpose 
of seizure to have been imported unlaw- 
fully after October 3, 1913, and the col- 
lector of customs shall seize the same 
unless the possessor thereof shall estab- 
lish, to the satisfaction of the collector 
that the same were imported into the 
United States prior to October 3, 1913, or 
as to such plumage or parts of birds that 
they were plucked or derived in the 
United States from birds lawfully therein; 
and in case of seizure by the collector, he 
shall proceed as in case of forfeiture for 
violation of the customs laws, and the 
same shall be forfeited, unless the claim- 
ant shall, in any legal proceeding to en- 
force such forfeiture, other than a crimi- 
nal prosecution, overcome the presump- 
tion of illegal importation and establish 
that the birds or articles seized, of like 
kind to those mentioned the importation 
of which is prohibited as above, were 
imported into the United States prior to 
October 3, 1913, or were plucked in the 
United States from birds lawfully therein. 
That whenever birds of plumage, the 
importation of which is prohibited by the 
foregoing provisions of this paragraph, are 
forfeited to the - Government, the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury is hereby authorized 
to place the same with the departments 
or bureaus of the Federal or State Govern- 
ments or societies or museums for exhibi- 
tion or scientific or educational purposes, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1129 



H. R. 7456. 

but not for sale or personal use; and in 
the event of such birds or plumage not 
being required or desired by either Fed- 
eral or State Government or for educa- 
tional purposes, they shall be destroyed. 
That nothing in this Act shall be con- 
strued to repeal the provisions of the Act 
of March 4, 1913, chapter 145 (Thirty- 
seventh Statutes at Lare;e, page 847), or 
the Act of July 3, 1918 (Fortieth Statutes 
at Large, page 755), or any other law of 
the United States, now in force, intended 
for the protection or preservation of birds 
within the United States. That if on 
investigation by the collector before 
seizure" or before trial for forfeiture, or if 
at such trial if such seizure has been 
made, it shall be made to appear to the 
collector, or the prosecuting officer of the 
Government, as the case may be, that no 
illegal importation of such feathers has 
been made, but that the possession, 
acquisition or purchase of such feathers 
is or has been made in violation of the 
provisions of the Act of March 4, 1913, 
chapter 145 (Thirty-seventh Statutes at 
Large, page 847), or the Act of July 3, 
1918 (Fortieth . Statutes at Large, page 
755), or any other law of the United 
States, now of force, intended for the 
protection or preservation of birds within 
the United States, it shall be the duty of 
the collector, or such prosecuting officer, 
as the case may be, to report the facts to 
the proper officials of the United States, 
or State or Territory charged with the 
duty of enforcing such laws. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 438. Feathers and downs of all 
kinds, including bird skins or parts 
thereof with the feathers on, crude or not 
dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced, 
or manufactured in any manner, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, twenty 
per centum ad valorem; when dressed, 
colored, or otherwise advanced or manu- 
factured in any manner, including quilts 
of down and other manufactures of down, 
and also dressed and finished birds suit- 
able for millinery ornaments, and arti- 
ficial or ornamental feathers, fruits, 
grains, leaves, flowers, and stems or parts 
thereof, of whatever material composed, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
sixty per centum ad valorem; boas, 
boutonnieres, wreaths, and all articles not 
specially provided for in this section, 
composed wholly or in chief value of any 
of the feathers, flowers, leaves, or other 
materials or articles herein mentioned, 
sixty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 509. Birds, stuffed, not suitable 
for millinery ornaments [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 347. Feathers and downs, on the 
skin or otherwise, crude or not dressed, 
colored, or otherwise advanced or manu- 
factured in any manner, not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per centum 
ad valorem; when dressed, colored, or 
otherwise advanced or manufactured in 
any manner, and not suitable for use 
as millinery ornaments, including quilta 
of down and manufactures of down, 40 
per centum ad valorem; artificial or orna- 
mental feathers suitable for use as mil- 
linery ornaments, artificial and orna- 
mental fruits, grains, leaves, flowers, an d 
stems or parts thereof, of whatever ma- 
terial composed, not specially provided 
for in this section, 60 per centum ad 
valorem; boas, boutonnieres, wreaths, 
and all articles not specially provided for 
in this section, composed wholly or in 
chief value of any of the feathers, flowers, 
leaves, or other material herein men- 
tioned, 60 per centum ad valorem; 
Provided, That the importation of aigrettes, 
egret plumes or so-called osprey plumes, 



1130 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

.3T ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

and the feathers, quills, heads, wings, 
tails, skins, or parts of skins, of wild birds, 
either raw or manufactured, and not for 
scientific or educational purposes, is here- 
by prohibited; but this provision shall 
not apply to the feathers or plumes of 
ostriches, or to the feathers or plumes of 
domestic fowls of any kind. 

FEATHERS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, FRUITS, ETC. 
(See Survey N-9.) 

Description and uses. — Artificial flowers, fruits, etc., are made from 
various materials, chiefly textile fabrics, wax and metal. For 
millinery purposes textile fabrics varying from cheap calicos to ex- 
pensive silks and satins are used. Fancy feathers, prior to 1914, 
came from both domestic fowls and wild birds, but as the act of 
1913 prohibited imports of the skins, feathers, and plumage of wild 
birds, except of the ostrich, the feather trade now relies chiefly upon 
ostrich plumes and the feathers of domestic fowls. Raw feathers 
in their natural state are not suitable for millinery purposes until 
considerable labor has been expended upon them. 

Production. — The domestic artificial flower, feather, and plume 
industries are centered in New York, over 85 per cent of the total 
value of products in 1914 being credited to that city. In that year 
there were devoted primarily to the feather and plume industry, 
239 establishments with products valued at $11,451,000, and 217 
establishments with an output valued at $7,614,000 engaged in the 
production of artificial flowers, leaves, fruits, etc. In 1919 the value 
of feathers and plumes produced was $15,568,000 from 217 estab- 
lishments, and that of artificial flowers, etc., $15,978,000 from 225 
establishments. In addition to this there was some production of 
these various articles by establishments interested primarily in other 
industries, such as those engaged in the manufacture of house fur- 
nishing goods (feather pillows and beds), and millinery and lace 
goods manufactures (trimmed hats and frames) . 

Imports in 1914 of crude ostrich feathers were valued at $3,866,428; 
ostrich feathers suitable for millinery use, $34,976; feathers for beds, 
$45,357; other feathers, crude, $1,028,152; other feathers suitable for 
millinery, $1,459,900; other feathers, advanced, but not for millinery, 
$19,482; quilts and manufactures of downs, $13,237; fruits, grains, 
flowers, etc., $2,415,521; and boas, boutonnieres, etc., $18,767. 
Ostrich feathers were chiefly from England and British South Africa. 
Other feathers and artificial flowers and millinery ornaments came 
chiefly from Germany and France. Cheap flowers from Germany 
and Austria were cut off entirely and imports of more expensive 
grades from France greatly reduced during the war. Later statistics 
follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1131 



Calendar year. 






Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad 
valorem 

rate. 



OSTRICH FEATHERS, CRUDE. 



1918 


Pounds., 


$610, 036 
2,041,222 
], 336, 916 
1,156,744 




$122, 007 
408, 244 
267, 383 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


291, 078 
152,409 
.124, 966 


$7.01 
8.76 
9.25 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











OSTRICH FEATHERS, SUITABLE FOR MILLINERY. 




1918 




$18, 493 
20, 945 
16, 355 
7,942 




$11,096 
12, 567 
9,813 
4,765 


60 


1919 






60 


1920 






60 


1921 (9 months) 






60 











FEATHERS FOR BEDS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



3, 338, 094 
710, 852 
165, 293 
904, 457 



$448, 063 
189, 199 
463, 953 
223, 410 



$0.01 

.03 

2.81 

.02 



$89, 613 
37,840 
92,991 
44,682 



OTHER 


FEATHERS, CRUDE. 








1918 




$414, 540 

1,000 

604, 798 

878, 711 

464, 174 




$82, 908 

(?) 

120, 959 
175,742 
92, 835 


20 


1919 


/ 755 

\ 671,306 

1, 414, 694 

854, 554 


$1.32 
.90 
.62 
.55 


C 1 ) 


1920 


20 
20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 







OTHER FEATHERS, SUITABLE FOR MILLINERY. 



1918 




$504, 618 
693, 249 
498, 090 
214, 542 




$302, 771 
415, 949 
298, 854 

. 128, 725 


60 


1919 






60 


1920 






60 


1921 (9 months) 






60 











OTHER FEATHERS, ADVANCED, BUT NOT SUITABLE FOR MILLINERY. 



1918 


1 


$32, 563 
24,618 
42, 076 
20, 356 




$13, 025 
9,847 
16, 830 
8,142 


40 


1919 


28, 133 
78, 232 
12, 241 


$0.87 
.54 
.17 


40 


1920 


40 


1921 (9 months) 


40 









QUILTS AND MANUFACTURES OF 


DOWN. 






1918 


$5, 381 
9,723 

13, 974 
7,400 




$2, 144 
3,889 
5,590 
2,960 


40 


1919 




40 


1920 ! 




40 


1921 (9 months) j 




40 









ARTIFICIAL FRUITS, FLOWERS, GRAINS, ETC. 



1918 . 




$414, 863 
1,115,043 
f 1442 
1 2, 333, 329 
/ 169 
\ 1,641,530 




$248, 908 
669, 026 


60 


1919 






60 










1920 




1, 399, 997 


60 








1921 (9 months) 




984, 918 


60 











BOAS, BOUTONNIERES, 


WREATHS, ETC. 






1918 


$28, 255 
33, 562 
26, 383 
38, 226 




$16, 953 
20, 137 
15, 830 
22, 935 


60 


1919 




60 


1920 




60 


1921 (9 months) 




60 











From Philippine Islands, free. 



1132 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



British South Africa and England continue to be the chief sources 
of ostrich feathers, with large amounts also coming from Argentina. 
China has taken the lead as the chief source of other crude feathers, 
and France and Hongkong are also important sources. Artificial 
fruits, flowers, grains, etc., came chiefly from France in 1919, but in 
1920 Germany was the leading country of origin, with France second. 

Exports are shown only for feathers not for millinery purposes, and 
millinery trimmings including artificial flowers. The former in 
1914 were valued at $640,020. The latter were not separately shown 
until 1918. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921(9 months). 


Feathers 


$252, 903 
773,910 


$8Q3, 250 
1,024,036 


S57S, 644 
1, 240, 681 


$238, 850 
726, 797 


Millinery trimmings, including artificial 
flowers 







Feathers were exported chiefly to Canada, Denmark, France, and 
Cuba; millinery trimmings to Canada, Cuba, and Argentina. 

Important changes in classification.- — The provisions for artificial 
vegetables, and for natur al leaves, plants, shrubs, trees and parts 
thereof, chemically treated, colored, dyed or painted, n. s. p. f., are 
new. 

The specific inclusion of birds of paradise in the provision prohibit- 
ing the importation of plumes, feathers, quills, skins, etc., of wild 
birds, is new. The second proviso is also new. 

Suggested changes. — Change comma after " manufactures of down" 
to a semicolon to set off the provision immediately following for 
"feathers suitable for use as millinery ornaments" to agree with 
paragraph 347 of the act of 1913. 

The act of 1913 (par. 347) requires the flowers, etc., to be both 
artificial and ornamental (Bayersdorfer v. United States, 7 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 66, of 1916), whereas the act of 1909 (par. 438) required 
merely that the flowers, etc., be either artificial or ornamental. If 
restoration of the provision of the act of 1909 should be desired, 
"and" in line 12, page 155, should be changed to "or." 



PARAGRAPH 1420. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1420. Furs dressed on the skin, 
excepting silver or black fox furs, not 
advanced further than dyeing, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; plates and mats of 
dog and goat skins, 10 per centum ad 
valorem; manufactures of furs, excepting 
silver or black fox, further advanced than 
dressing and dyeing, prepared for use as 
material, joined or sewed together, in- 
cluding plates, linings, and crosses, ex- 
cept plates and mats of dog and goat skins, 
and articles manufactured from fur, not 
specially provided for, 35 per centum 
ad valorem; silver or black fox skins, 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1133 



H. B. 7456. 

dressed or undressed, and manufactures 
thereof, not specially provided for, 40 
per centum ad valorem; articles of wear- 
ing apparel of every description partly or 
wholly manufactured, composed wholly 
or in chief value of hides or skins of cattle 
of the bovine species, or of dog or goat 
skins, 15 per centum ad valorem; articles 
of wearing apparel of every description 
wholly or in part manufactured, composed 
wholly or in chief value of fur, not speci- 
ally provided for, 50 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 439. Furs dressed on the skin, not 
advanced further than dyeing, but not 
repaired, twenty per centum ad valorem; 
manufactures of furs, further advanced 
than dressing and dyeing, when prepared 
for use as material, including plates, 
linings, and crosses, thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem; articles of wearing 
apparel of every description, partly or 
wholly manufactured, composed of or of 
which fur is the component material of 

chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

* * * 

Par. 573. Furs, undressed [Free]. 

Par. 574. Fur skin of all kinds not 
dressed in any manner and not specially 
provided for in this section [Free]. 

[No provision for articles manufactured 
from fur not specially provided for.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 348. Furs dressed on the skin, not 
advanced further than dyeing, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; plates and mats of 
dog and goat skins, 10 per centum ad 
valorem; manufactures of furs, further 
advanced than dressing and dyeing, 
when prepared for use as material, joined 
or sewed together, including plates, 
linings, and crosses, except plates and 
mats of dog and goat skins, and articles 
manufactured from fur not specially 
provided for in this section, 40 per 
centum ad valorem; articles of wearing 
apparel of every description partly or 
wholly manufactured, composed of or of 
which hides or skins of cattle of the 
bovine species, or of the dog or goat are 
the component material of chief value, 
15 per centum ad valorem; articles of 
wearing apparel of every description 
partly or wholly manufactured, composed 
of or of which fur is the component 
material of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 50 per centum 
ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 491. Furs and fur skins, un- 
dressed [Free]. 

FURS, DRESSED, AND MANUFACTURES OF FURS. 

(See Survey N-10.) 

Description and uses. — Raw fur skins are known as ".pelts." Fur 
dressing and dyeing are intermediate processes applied in preparing 
the pelts for manufacture into garments or other articles, and are 
generally conducted as independent industries. After the skin has 
been removed, it is usually salted for preservation until it can be 
dressed and dyed. Dressing consists of the application of pre- 
servative materials and a mechanical treatment to soften the pelt. 
All the various kinds of furs coming under paragraph 1573 (free list) 
are subjected to these processes and provide the raw material for the 
fur manufacturing industry. Skins of the American bison formerly 
furnished the material for moderate-priced fur coats. The skins of 
dogs and goats are now substituted. The skins are sewed together 
in plates or mats for protection in transportation. 



1134 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Coats, muffs, capes, jackets, stoles, neckwear of various sorts, trim- 
mings, and other articles of wearing apparel are by far the most 
important manufactures of fur, fashion deciding the kinds used and 
the style. Great fluctuations in prices occur over a series of years. 
The use of all kinds of furs has become very popular, and there is 
an almost unlimited variety in their application as articles of apparel. 
The most expensive are those of sable, seal, ermine, chinchilla, 
silver fox, beaver, otter, mink, and marten; the inexpensive are 
those of skunk, rabbit, squirrel, raccoon, opossum, and others. By 
the use of the Cimiotti unhairing machine the long hairs of the outer 
coat of the seal, beaver, muskrat, mink, otter, and other fur animals 
can be removed, leaving only the soft underfur; thus, by skillful 
dressing and dyeing, low-grade furs are sometimes made to resemble 
more expensive skins. Muskrat and coney are sometimes marketed 
as Hudson seal, near seal, electric seal, or Baltic seal, and the marten 
as Hudson Bay sable. 

Production. — Dressed furs: In 1914 there were 96 establishments 
engaged in the dressing and dyeing of furs, chiefly located in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., with 1,525 employees and an output of $2,875,000. The 
industry has expanded greatly, the United States taking first place 
over Germany since 1914. The sealskins from Alaska, formerly sent 
to London, are now dressed and finished here. In 1919 there were 
141 establishments with products valued at $20,421,000. 

Fur wearing apparel and other manufactures of fur: In 1914 
1,322 establishments produced fur goods, the output being valued at 
$43,633,000; in 1909, 1,241 establishments, with output of $55,938,000. 
In 1919 there were 1,812 establishments engaged in the manufacture 
of "fur goods" with products valued at $178,533,000. The manu- 
factures consist mostly of wearing apparel. Some of these establish- 
ments dress and finish the furs used. New York produced to the 
value of $30,312,000 in 1914, leading the States. New York City 
is the principal center and, it is stated, manufactures more fur goods 
than London, Paris, Vienna, Leipzig, and Moscow combined. Manu- 
facturers of fur goods may be divided into makers of high-grade furs; 
medium-grade furs for the better class of the dry-goods trade; 
" popular priced" furs; low-grade, coarse furs and articles made from 
fur pieces. During the war the United States assumed the lead, 
both in fur distribution and manufacturing. 

Imports. — Furs dressed on the skin averaged in value over 
$5,000,000 before 1914. In the latter year they amounted to 
$3,204,251 of which $1,206,587 came from Germany, $647,538 from 
France, $553,019 from Belgium, $487,001 from China, and $250,018 
from England. All other manufactures of furs, including waste, 
amounted to $1,791,074 in 1914, principally from France, Germany, 
China, Belgium, and England. Later imports have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


FURS DRESSED ON THE SKIN NOT ADVANCED FURTHER THAN DYEING. 


1918 


Number. 


$427,384 
3,111,626 
3, 080, 973 
1,015,046 




$128, 216 
933, 488 
924,291 


Per cent. 
30 


1919 


2, 278, 641 
1,959,604 
1, 095, 670 




30 


1920 




30 


1921 (9 months) . 


















SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



1135 








PLATES AND MATS OF DOG AND 



7? 

SKINS. 






— 

Per cent. 
10 
10 
10 



1918. 
1919. 



1921 (9 months). 



Number. 



922, 956 
495,371 
323,978 



$616, 

1, 422, 

1, 021, 

479, 






$1.54 
2.06 
1.48 



$61,615 
142, 242 
102, 153 



MANUFACTURES OF FURS FURTHER ADVANCED THAN DRESSING AND DYEING 
WHEN PREPARED FOR USE AS MATERIAL, ARTICLES MADE FROM FUR, N. s. P. F., 
BUT NOT INCLUDING PLATES AND MATS OF DOG AND GOAT SKINS. 



1918 


$71, 831 
182, 214 
315, 144 
262, 012 




$28,730 
72,885 
126, 058 


40 


1919 




40 


1920 




40 


1921 (9 months) 






1 I 









WEARING APPAREL. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$34, 283 
86, 749 

124,654 
66,438 



$10, 285 
42,929 
62, 181 



.... 



FUR WASTE. 



1918 


Pounds. 


$166,970 
79,060 
168, 510 
21,269 




$16, 697 
7,906 
16,851 


10 


1919 


541,773 

708, 910 
78, 148 


$0.15 
.24 
.27 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 











1 15 per cent on wearing apparel composed of cattle, dog, or goat skins and 50 per cent on wearing apparel 
composed of furn.s. p. f. 

Imports of wearing apparel composed of cattle, dog, or goat skins 
have never reached $20,000 in value and in only two years since 1914 
have they exceeded $10,000. 

Exports of dressed furs and manufactures of fur in 1912 were valued 
at $615,441, about half going to Canada; in 1914, at $870,824, more 
than half to Canada; in 1915, over $1,000,000; in 1916, nearly 
$2,500,000; in 1917, over $5,000,000. In 1916 and 1917, England, 
France, and Canada took most of our exports. Later statistics cover 
calendar years: 1918, $2,160,107; 1919, $7,474,873; 1920, $6,613,688; 
1921 (nine months), $1,302,757. In 1920 the destination of exports 
was as follows: France, $2,944,529; Canada, $1,257,964; England, 
$1,145,739; and Argentina, $472,292. 

Important changes in classification. — The most important change is 
that with respect to silver or black fox furs. Under the act of 1913 
these furs, if undressed, are free of duty and, if dressed, dutiable at 
30 per cent. Both the undressed and dressed silver or black fox 
skins are specifically provided for in this paragraph. Manufactures 
of silver or black fox furs are also specifically provided for. 

Conflicting provisions. — Manufacturers oi silver or black fox 
skins and wearing apparel of fur are provided for in this paragraph 
at different rates of duty. 



1136 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



Suggested changes. — If it is desired to include wearing apparel of 
silver or black fox skins with other manufactures thereof, it should 
be there specified to avoid the conflict. 

Paragraph 1420 provides for a duty of 40 per cent on black or 
silver fox furs undressed and paragraph 1573 provides for ' r fur and 
fur skins, undressed/' free. Should not the latter paragraph have 
"n. s. p. f." inserted after ''undressed V 



PARAGRAPH 1421. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1421. Hatters' furs, or furs not on 
the sldn, prepared for hatters' use, includ- 
ing fur skins carroted, 22 per centum ad 
valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 439. * * * Furs not on the 
sldn, prepared for hatters' use, including 
fur skins carroted, twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 348. * * * furs not on the 
skin, prepared for hatters' use, including 
fur skins carroted, 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 



HATTERS FUR. 



(See Survey N-10.) 

Description and uses. — Hatters' fur is the fur or hair after it has 
been removed from the skins of such animals as the hare, rabbit, 
nutria, and beaver. After being prepared and chemically treated 
it can be used only for the manufacture of felt hats. Fur skins car- 
roted are skins which have been treated with a solution of nitric acid 
and quicksilver to protect them from damage by insects and to facili- 
tate the operations of manufacture. The raw materials; that is, the 
fur skins, are imported. 

Production. — No separate statistics are given for the production of 
hatters' fur. The Census classification, "hat and cap materials," 
which includes fur prepared for hatters' use, gives an output valued 
at about $7,600,000 in 1914. Hatters' fur was also reported under 
"furs, dressed." 

Imports. — Imports of furs not on the skin, prepared for hatters' 
use, including fur skins carroted, in 1914 were $607,254. The bulk 
of the imports come from France and Belgium. Later statistics fol- 
low: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 
valorem 

rate. 


1 
1918 


Pounds. 


$457,020 

496, 559 

1,387,420 

522, 267 




$68,230 

74,484 

208, 113 


Per cent. 
•15 


1910 : 

1920 


138,913 
341,257 
313, 1G2 


$3.57 
4.07 
1.67 


15 

15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — None recorded. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PARAGRAPH 1422. 



1137 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1422. Fans of all kinds, except 
common palm-leaf fans, 40 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 440. Fans of all kinds, except Par. 349. Fans of all kinds, except 
common palm-leaf fans, fifty per centum common palm-leaf fans, 50 per centum ad 
ad valorem. valorem. 

FANS. 

(See Survey N-ll.) 

Description and uses. — The varieties of fans may be classified as 
(1) those which can be folded or closed and (2) those permanently 
expanded or fixed. The former are sometimes made of thin slips of 
ivory or wood, but more commonly of a continuous surface of paper, 
silk, or other fabrics mounted on strips of rigid material, pivoted at 
one end, and folding together easily in the manner of a plaiting. 
Fixed fans are made of feathers set side by side, of leaves of palmate- 
leafed palm trees, or of paper or similar films spread on slender radi- 
ating sticks. Common palm-leaf fans, plain and not ornamented or 
decorated, are provided for in paragraph 1567. 

Production— -Statistics of production in the United States are not 
available. France, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Japan, and China 
have been leading producers. 

Imports of fans in 1914 were $216,330, about 40 per cent from 
Japan. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Dozens. 


$67,939 

56,211 

184,239 

103, 345 




$33, 872 
27,978 
92,060 
51, 677 


Per cent. 
50 


1919 


186, 125 
419,990 
204,166 


SO. 30 

.44 


50 


1920 


50 


1921 (9 months) 













PARAGRAPH 1423. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1423. Gun wads of all descrip- 
tions, not specially provided for, 10 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 441. Gun wads of all descriptions, 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 

82304—22 72 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 350. Gun wads of all descriptions, 
10 per centum ad valorem. 



1138 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

GUN WADS. 

(See Survey N-ll.) 

Description and uses. — Gun wads are disks used to hold in place 
powder or shot, and are made of felt, cardboard, or jute. 

Production. — Not shown in official statistics. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $3,716 and in 1916 at $507. No 
imports, with the exception of an insignificant amount in 1920, are 
shown for subsequent years. 

Important changes in classification. — The phrase "not specially pro- 
vided for" has been added in order that there shall be no conflict 
between this paragraph and paragraph 1426, which provides for 
manufactuies of hair felt, including gun wads. 

Suggested changes. — Gun wads are specifically provided for in para- 
graphs 1423 and 1426. Paragraph 1426 is for wads of hair felt only, 
but inasmuch as the importation is small, the provision in paragraph 
1426 might be stricken out and gun wads of hair felt classified under 
the general provision, or at least under this paragraph even though dif- 
ferent rates of duty be imposed on the two classes. In such case, if 
different rates are desired, paragraph 1423 might be amended to 
read: 

Gun wads of hair felt [rate]; all other gun wads [rate]. 



PARAGRAPH 1424. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1424. Human hair, raw, 10 per 
centum ad valorem; cleaned or commer- 
cially known as drawn, but not manufac- 
tured, 20 per centum ad valorem; manu- 
factures of human hair, including nets 
and nettings, or of which human hair is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for, 35 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 442. Hair, human, if clean or Par. 351. Human hair, raw, 10 per 

drawn but not manufactured, twenty per centum ad valorem; if cleaned or com- 

centum ad valorem; manufactures of mercially known as drawn, but not 

human hair, or of which human hair is the manufactured, 20 per centum ad valorem; 

component material of chief value, not manufactures of human hair, including 

specially provided for in this section, nets and nettings, or of which human hair 

thirty-five per centum ad valorem. is the component material of chief value, 

Par. 583. * * * human hair, raw, not specially provided for in this section, 

uncleaned, and not drawn [Free]. 35 per centum ad valorem. 

HUMAN HAIR. 

(See Survey N-12.) 

Uses of human hair are (1) for switches, wigs, hair nets, etc., made 
from a fine quality of hair, and (2) press cloth, used in extracting the 
oil from cotton and other seeds. The latter is made of coarse human 
hair derived from the Orient. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1139 



Production of hair nets, switches, wigs, etc., apparently decreased 
during the war, but the output of press cloth made from human hair 
greatly increased. Prior to the war press cloth was made from camel 
and goat hair, chiefly from Russia, but large quantities of coarse 
human hair from China are now used. Under the Census classifica- 
tion "hair work," 199 establishments are shown, with products valued 
at $7,325,000, in 1919. This includes, in addition to wigs, switches, 
etc., of human hair, similar articles of adornment made from hair 
other than human. 

Imports of human hair in 1910 were valued at $3,500,000; in 1915, 
at $500,000. Of these imports the largest single item is unmanu- 
factured hair. The great sources of supply have shifted,. since 1914, 
from Continental Europe to the Orient. Imports from Europe in 
1914 were 633,253 pounds, valued at $533,172; from China and Japan, 
280,170 pounds, valued at $115,084. Of manufactured products, 
the most important item is "nets and nettings," valued at $103,000 
in 1915. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


HUMAN HAIR, RAW. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1, 547, 731 
2, 069, 988 
2, 203, 206 
801 ' 904 


$791,670 

1,363,999 

1, 534, 308 

505, 465 


$79, 167 
136,400 
153,431 
50,546 


Per ce 


at. 

10 


1919 


in 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 








HUMAN HAIR, CLEANED OR DRAWN, BUT UN 


MANUFAC 


TURED. 






1918 


18,660 
69,000 
68, 936 
40. 334 


$28, 922 
72, 492 

117,216 
90. 936 


$5, 784 
14, 498 
23, 443 
18, 187 




?0 


1919 


an 


1920 


?0 


1921 (9 months) 








HUMAN HAIR, MANUFACTURES OF. 


1918 1 


$641, 192 
2, 158, 696 
5,923,285 
6,242,709 


$224, 417 

755,444 

2,073,150 

2, 184, 948 




3S 


1919 j 


3.1 


1920 


3*> 


1921 (9 months) ! 









In 1920 raw hair of Asiatic origin amounted to 1,947,624 pounds, 
with a value of $1,000,078; cleaned or drawn, to 53,374 pounds, 
valued at $52,790. Compared with the latter, imports of cleaned 
or drawn hair from other sources (chiefly European) amounted to 
15,562 pounds, valued at $64,426. These are from Italy, southern 
France and Germany. "Nets and netting" continue as the chief 
item of manufactured products, being valued in 1920 at $5,774,022. 
Practically all comes from China. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Suggested changes. — Should not "human hair tops" be enumerated 
in this paragraph ? 



1140 



H. It. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1425. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1425. Hair, curled, suitable for 
beds or mattresses, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 444. Hair, curled, suitable for Par. 352. Hair, curled, suitable for 
Teds or mattresses, ten per centum ad beds or mattresses, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. valorem. 

CURLED HAIR. 

(See Survey N-12.) 

Description and uses. — Short horsehair, cow hair, and the softer 
kinds of pig hair, after being curled by twisting, boiling, and drying, 
are used for stuffing beds, mattresses, sofas, divans, and seats. Often 
Tampico and coconut fiber and Spanish and sea moss are added to 
the hair in the manufacture of some grades of upholstery. 

Production in 1914, valued at $3,657,414, was by 19 establish- 
ments, with $2,930,000 capital, 1,317 employees, and wages of 
$524,000. The industry is widespread, New York and Pennsyl- 
vania leading. Figures for 1919 are not available. 

Imports of hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, are negli- 
gible, being valued at only $2 in 1914, with no substantial increase 
until 1921, when, for the first nine months of the calendar year, 
18,787 pounds, valued at $18,735, were imported. 

Exports are included with manufactures of animal hair, which were 
valued at $344,756 in 1914. Later statistics for calendar years 
follow: 1918, $374,985; 1919, $695,962; 1920, $1,095,712; 1921 (nine 
months), $189,919. Canada, France, and Japan were the principal 
countries of destination in 1920. 



PARAGRAPH 1426. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1426. Haircloth, known as "crin- 
oline" cloth, haircloth, known as "hair 
seating," and hair press cloth, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; hair felt, made 
wholly or in chief value of animal hair, 
not specially provided for, 25 per centum 
ad valorem; manufactures of hair felt, 
including gun wads, 35 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 382. On * * * felts not woven, 
and not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, composed wholly or in part of wool, 
the duty per pound shall be four times 
the duty imposed by this section on one 
pound of unwashed wool of the first class, 
and in addition thereto sixty per centum 
ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 288. * * * felts not woven, 
and all manufactures of every description 
made, by any process, wholly or in chief 
value of wool, not specially provided for 
in this section, 35 per centum ad valorem; 
cloths if made in chief value of cattle hair 
or horse hair, not specially provided for 
in this section, 25 per centum ad valorem; 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1141 

Par. 441. Gun wads of all descriptions, * * * press cloth composed of camel's 
twenty per centum ad valorem. hair, not specially provided for in this 

Par. 445. Haircloth, known as "crino- section, 10 per centum ad valorem, 
line" cloth, eight cents per square yard; Par. 350. Gun wads of all descriptions, 
haircloth, known as "hair seating," and 10 per centum ad valorem, 
hair press cloth, twenty cents per square Par. 353. Haircloth, known as "crino- 
yard. line" cloth, 6 cents per square yard; 

haircloth, known as "hair seating," and 
hair press cloth, 15 cents per square yard. 
Par. 422. * * * Press cloths com- 
posed of camel 's hair, imported expressly 
for oil milling purposes, and marked so as 
to indicate that it is for such purposes, 
and cut into lengths not to exceed 
seventy-two inches and woven in widths 
not under ten inches nor to exceed fifteen 
inches and weighing not less than one- 
half pound per square foot [Free]. 

HAIRCLOTH CRINOLINE AND HAIR SEATING. 

(See Survey N-12.) 

Description and uses. — Haircloth is made with horsehair filling and 
warp of cotton, linen, or worsted. " Crinoline " is a light haircloth 
with a cotton warp, used extensively for stiffening clothing, bonnets, 
and hats. Hair seating is a heavy, long- wearing horsehair covering 
formerly used in upholstering. 

Production of all kinds of haircloth in 1909 was valued at $2,230,033 ; 
in 1914, at $2,394,486; and in 1919, at $3,315,000. 

Imports of crinoline are small, amounting in 1914 to $46; in 1918 
(calendar year) to 2,465 yards, valued at $11,787; and in 1920, to 74 
square yards, valued at $150. In 1919 and 1921 none was imported. 
Imports of hair seating are combined with imports of hair press cloth, 
and are shown under that item. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1142. 

HAIR PRESS CLOTH. 

(See Survey N-12.) 

Description and uses. — Press cloth is a very thick cloth woven 
entirely from spun hair. It is used in the oil milling industry as a 
wrapper for holding the seed meats while under pressure. Two classes 
of press cloth are now in use — that made from camel's hair and that 
made from human (chiefly Chinese) hair. Camel's-hair press cloth 
excels, because of its quality of not absorbing the liquid or allowing 
the residue of the seeds to cling to it, as well as for its strength and 
long life. The human-hair press cloth also possesses these qualities 
to some extent and is widely used. Its cost is less than that of the 
camel's-hair cloth. Horse, cattle, and goat hair are employed to 
some extent. 

Production data are not separately shown for either camel's-hair 
press cloth or press cloth made of human hair. Human-hair press 
cloth is included in the total for all kinds of haircloth, while camel's- 
hair press cloth is combined with wool manufactures. Estimates of 
the trade place the production of human-hair press cloth at approxi- 
mately 1,800,000 pounds, with a value of $1,600,000. 



1142 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports of camel's-hair press cloth were not separately shown 
until 1914, when 129,004 pounds, valued at $62,804, were entered 
from January 1 to June 30. Imports of haircloth known as hair 
seating and hair press cloths in 1914 amounted to 54,920 square yards, 
valued at $106,757. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 






CAMEL'S-HAIR PRESS CLOTH. 






1919 


Pounds. 
22, 673 
15, 608 
4,476 


$29, 823 
18, 408 
4,460 




Per cent. 


1920 






1921 (9 months) 













HAIRCLOTH KNOWN AS "HAIR SEATING," AND HAIR PRESS CLOTH 




1918 


Square 

yards. 

21, 379 

33,885 

11, 831 

4,969 


$95, 751 
164, 560 
48, 775 

14,884 


$3, 209 
5,083 
1,774 


3.35 


1919 . 


3.09 


1920 


3.64 


1921 (9 months) 


5.00 









Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

HAIR FELT, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 

Description and uses. — Hair felt is made from cattle or goat hair. 
Manufactures include polishing felts for plate glass, cushion felts for 
shoes, refrigerator felts, cartridge felts, felt washers, pipe covering, 
bumper felts,, etc. 

Production, import, and export data are not shown in official sources 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions of this para- 
graph extend to all classes of hair press cloth. In the 1913 act 
camel's-hair press cloth is separately provided for (par. 288). The 
provision in paragraph 422 of the 1913 act for camel's-hair press 
cloths imported expressly for oil-milling purposes has been omitted. 
Hair felt, and manufactures of hair felt, including gun wads, have 
been added. 

Conflicting provisions. — It is possible that in the case of camel's- 
hair press cloth paragraph 1121 may conflict with this paragraph. 
This paragraph provides for "hair press cloth," whereas paragraph 
1121, in defining the word "wool," states, "Whenever in this title 
the word 'wool' is used in connection with a manufactured article 
of which it is a component material, it shall be held to include wool or 
hair of the * * * camel, * * * whether manufactured by 
the woolen, worsted, felt, or any other process." 

Suggested changes. — To avoid litigation growing out of this possible 
conflict, the provision for "hair press cloth," page 159 ; paragraph 
1426, line 22, of H. R. 7456, might be changed to read, "press cloth 
of camel's or other hair." Gun wads of hair felt are provided for in 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1143 



this paragraph, and gun wads n. s. p. f., in paragraph 1423. In view 
of the small imports of gun wads of all descriptions ($4 in 1920, 
none in 1918 and 1919), separate provisions appear inadvisable. 
If different rates are desired, gun wads of hair felt could be given 
in paragraph 1423 a higher rate than on gun wads n. s. p. f. 

Provision might be made in this paragraph for " cloths and all 
other manufactures of every description, wholly or in chief value of 
cattle hair or horse hair, not specially provided for, [rate] " following 
the word "valorem" in line 2, page 160. 



PARAGRAPH 1427. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1427. Hats, caps, bonnets, and 
hoods, for men's, women's, boys', or chil- 
dren's wear, trimmed or untrimmed, in- 
cluding bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms, 
or shapes, for hats or bonnets, composed 
wholly or in chief value of fur of the 
rabbit, beaver, or other animals, valued 
at not more than $4.50 per dozen, $1.50 
per dozen; valued at more than $4.50 and 
not more than $9 per dozen, $3 per dozen; 
valued at more than $9 and not more than 
$15 per dozen, $5 per dozen; valued at 
more than $15 and not more than $24 per 
dozen, $7 per dozen; valued at more than 
$24 and not more than $36 per dozen, $10 
per dozen; valued at more than $36 and 
not more than $48 per dozen, $13 per 
dozen; valued at more than $48 per dozen, 
$16 per dozen; and in addition thereto, 
on all the foregoing, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 439. * * * articles of wearing 
apparel of every description, partly or 
wholly manufactured, composed of or of 
which fur is the component material of 
chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 446. Hats, bonnets, or hoods, for 
men's, women's, boys', or children's 
wear, trimmed or untrimmed, including 
bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms, or shapes, 
for hats or bonnets, composed wholly or 
in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, 
or other animals, valued at not more than 
four dollars and fifty cents per dozen, one 
dollar and fifty cents per dozen; valued 
at more than four dollars and fifty cents 
per dozen and not more than nine dollars 
per dozen, three dollars per dozen; valued 
at more than nine dollars per dozen and 
not more than eighteen dollars per dozen, 
five dollars per dozen; valued at more 
than eighteen dollars per dozen, seven 
dollars per dozen ; and in addition thereto, 
on all the foregoing, twenty per centum 
ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 348. * * * articles of wearing 
apparel of every description, partly or 
wholly manufactured, composed of or of 
which fur is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in 

this section, 50 per centum ad valorem; 

* * * 

Par. 354. Hats, bonnets, or hoods, for 
men's, women's, boys', or children's 
wear, trimmed or untrimmed, including 
bodies, hoods, plateaux, forms or shapes, 
for hats or bonnets, composed wholly or 
in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, 
or other animals, 45 per centum ad 
valorem. 



1144 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



FUR HATS. 



(See Survey N-13.) 



Description. — The furs most generally used in fur-felt hats are the 
beaver, coypou, nutria, or South American beaver, the Saxony and 
Russian hare, the Scotch, English, and French coney, and muskrat. 
Through processes of manufacture the fur in a felt hat loses its 
resemblance to fur as generally known. Most of the raw materials 
used are imported. The fur of the domestic rabbit is unsuitable for 
fur-felt hats. 

Production. — In 1914 the number of fur-felt hat establishments 
was 224, with 21,318 employees, a capital of $39,401,429, wages of 
$12,070,812. Materials cost $16,947,058, and the value of products 
was $37,349,744. In addition, fur-felt hats to the value of $476,499 
were made in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture 
of other products. There is some duplication in the value of the 
product owing to the inclusion with "hats, fur-felt," of the product 
of establishments which made nothing but hat bodies, in some 
instances under contract work for other manufacturers, and of still 
others which did finishing only. The industry is concentrated in 
Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York. In 1919 
there were 176 establishments, with a total product valued at 
$82,745,000. 

Imports of hats, bonnets, or hoods of fur in 1914 were 36,725 dozen, 
valued at $664,717, of which 13,656 dozen, valued at $304,308, came 
from Austria-Hungary, the rest mainly from France, England, Italy, 
and Belgium. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Dozens. 
20,644 
15,244 
28,039 
14, 791 


$451, 738 

488, 479 

1,094,373 

436, 783 


$21.88 
32.04 
39.03 


$203,382 
219, 816 
492, 468 


Per cent. 
45 


1919 


45 


1920 


45 















In 1920 imports were principally from Italy (17,043 dozen, 
$617,288); France (6,768 dozen, $194,154); Czechoslovakia (1,729 
dozen, $120,220); and England (2,816 dozen, $108,811). 

Exports. — Domestic exports of fur-felt hats are not separately stated 
in official statistics. With the exception of one firm, which has a 
well-known trade-mark or name, exports are small. Felt hats and 
hat materials for men and boys were exported to the values of 
$1,273,799, $1,699,532, and $3,145,224, respectively, in the calendar 
years 1918, 1919, and 1920. For the nine months ending September, 
1921, exports of felt hats amounted to $889,402. Exports were 
chiefly to Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and South American countries. 

Important changes in classification. — A provision for caps, com- 
posecl wholly or in chief value of fur of the rabbit, beaver, or other 
animals, has been added. Such caps were held dutiable as articles 
of wearing apparel (paragraph 348, act of 1913), and not as hats, 
bonnets, or hoods of fur (paragraph 354, act of 1913). Caps are not 
hats in either customs practice or common parlance. (G. A. 4708, 
T. D. 22228, of 1900.) 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1145 



PARAGRAPH 1428, 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1428. Jewelry, commonly or com- 
mercially so known, valued above 20 
cents per dozen pieces, 55 per centum ad 
valorem; rope, curb, cable, and fancy 
patterns of chain not exceeding one-half 
inch in diameter, width, or thickness, 
valued above 30 cents per yard; and ar- 
ticles valued above 20 cents per dozen 
pieces, designed to be worn on apparel or 
carried on or about or attached to the 
person, such as and including buckles, 
cardcases, chains, cigar cases, cigar cut- 
ters, cigar holders, cigarette cases, ciga- 
rette holders, coin holders, collar, cuff, 
and dress buttons, combs, match boxes, 
mesh bags and purses, millinery, military 
and hair ornaments, pins, powder cases, 
stamp cases, vanity cases, and like ar- 
ticles; all the foregoing and parts thereof, 
finished or partly finished, composed of 
metal, whether or not enameled, washed, 
covered, or plated, including rolled gold 
plate, and whether or not set with pre- 
cious or semiprecious stones, pearls, cam- 
eos, coral, or amber, or with imitation 
precious stones or imitation pearls, 55 per 
centum ad valorem; stampings, galleries, 
mesh, and other materials of metal, 
whether or not set with glass or paste, 
finished or partly finished, separate or in 
strips or sheets, suitable for use in the 
manufacture of any of the foregoing ar- 
ticles in this paragraph, 45 per centum 
ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 448. Chains, pins, collar, cuff, and 
dress buttons, charms, combs, millinery 
and military ornaments, together with 
all other articles of every description, 
finished or partly finished, if set with 
imitation precious stones composed of 
glass or paste (except imitation jet), or 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
silver, German silver, white metal, brass, 
or gun metal, whether or not enameled, 
washed, covered, plated, or alloyed with 
gold, silver or nickel, and designed to be 
worn on apparel or carried on or about or 
attached to the person, valued at twenty 
cents per dozen pieces, one cent each and 
in addition thereto three-fifths of one cent 
per dozen for each one cent the value ex- 
ceeds twenty cents per dozen; all stamp- 
ings and materials of metal (except iron 
or steel), _ or of metal set with glass or 
paste, finished or partly finished, suitable 
for use in the manufacture of any of the 
foregoing articles (except chain valued 
at less than thirty cents per yard other 
than nickel or nickel-plated chain), val- 
ued at seventy-two cents per gross, three 



Par. 356. Jewelry, commonly or com- 
mercially so known, valued above 20 
cents per dozen pieces, 60 per centum ad 
valorem; rope, curb, cable, and fancy 
patterns of chain not exceeding one-half 
inch in diameter, width, or thickness, 
valued above 30 cents per yard; and ar- 
ticles valued above 20 cents per dozen 
pieces designed to be worn on apparel or 
carried on or about or attached to the 
person, such as and including buckles, 
card cases, chains, cigar cases, cigar cut- 
ters, cigar holders, cigarette cases, ciga- 
rette holders, coin holders, collar, cuff, 
and dress buttons, combs, match boxes, 
mesh 1 ags, and purses, millinery, mili- 
tary, and hair ornaments, pins, powder 
cases, stamp cases, vanity cases, and like 
articles; all the foregoing and parts thereof 
finished or partly finished, composed of 
metal, whether or not enameled, washed, 
covered, or plated, including rolled gold 
plate, and whether or not set with pre- 
cious or semiprecious stones, pearls, 
cameos, coral, or amber, or with imita- 
tion precious stones or imitation pearls, 



1146 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

cents per dozen pieces and in addition 
thereto one-half of one cent per gross for 
each one cent the value exceeds seventy- 
two cents per gross; rope, curb, cable, and 
other fancy patterns of chain, without 
b>ar, swivel, snap or ring, composed of 
Tolled gold plate or of silver, German 
silver, white metal, or brass, not exceed- 
ing one-half of one inch in diameter, 
breadth or thickness, valued at thirty 
cents per yard, six cents per foot, and in 
addition thereto three-fifths of one cent 
per yard for each one cent the value ex- 
ceeds thirty cents per yard; finished or 
unfinished bags, purses, and other articles, 
-or parts thereof, made in chief value of 
metal mesh composed of silver, German 
silver, or white metal, valued at two 
dollars per dozen pieces, ten cents per 
piece and in addition thereto three-fifths 
of one cent per dozen pieces for each one 
cent the value exceeds two dollars per 
dozen; all of the foregoing, whether known 
.a,s jewelry or otherwise and whether or 
not denominatively or otherwise provided 
for in any other paragraph of this Act, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem in 
addition to the specific rate or rates of 
•duty herein provided; all articles com- 
monly or commercially known as jewelry, 
or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, 
including chain, mesh, and mesh bags 
and purses composed of gold or platinum, 
whether set or not set with diamonds, 
pearls, cameos, coral, or other precious or 
semiprecious stones, or imitations thereof, 
sixty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

60 per centum ad valorem. Stampings, 
galleries, mesh and other materials of 
metal, whether or not set with glass or 
paste, finished or partly finished, separate 
or in strips or sheets, suitable for use in 
the manufacture of any of the foregoing 
articles in this paragraph, 50 per centum 
ad valorem. 



JEWELRY AND RELATED ARTICLES. 
(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses. — The wording of the paragraph describes and 
indicates the uses of the articles of jewelry included therein. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 1,914 establishments manufactur- 
ing jewelry, with $72,404,000 capital, 28,289 employees, wages of 
$18,302,000, and a product valued at $81,006,000. In 1919 there 
were 2,037 establishments, with products valued at $203,898,000. 

Imports of jewelry in 1914 were valued at $1,057,900, principally 
from Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, England, and Switzerland. 
Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 




JEWELRY, COMMONLY OR COMMERCIALLY SO KNOWN, VALUED ABOVE 20 CENTS 

PER DOZEN PIECES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



$147, 851 

543,998 

1, 063, 190 

711.312 



$88, 700 
326,288 
637, 902 



Per cent. 
60 
60 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1147 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



STAMPINGS, GALLERIES, MESH, ETC. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 







Per cent. 


$4, 716 


$2, 358 


50 


18, 160 


9,080 


50 


14, 873 


7,437 


50 


16,661 







MESH BAGS AND PURSES VALUED ABOVE 20 CENTS PER DOZEN PIECES. 



1918 


$5, 864 

288 

15, 514 

18, 182 


$3, 518 

173 

9,308 


60 


1919 


60 


1920 


60 


1921 (9 months) 











ARTICLES DESIGNED TO BE WORN ON APPAREL OR CARRIED ON OR ABOUT OR 
ATTACHED TO THE PERSON VALUED ABOVE 20 CENTS PER DOZEN PIECES, N. E. s. 


1918 


$26, 719 
155, 449 
196, 916 
125, 595 


$16, 031 
90, 950 
118,059 


60 


1919 


60 


1920 


60 


1921 (9 months) 






1*" 



Imports of cable, curb, rope, etc., are negligible, being valued at 
only $66 in nine months of 1921. 

Exports in 1914 were valued at $1,005,285 — mainly to Canada. 
Later exports in calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, 
$547,377; 1919, $1,428,910; 1920, $815,780; 1921 (nine months), 
$247,862. In 1919, when exports were largest in value, of the total 
amount $549,435 went to England and $300,235 to Canada. 

Conflicting provisions. — This paragraph provides for cigar and 
cigarette holders if composed of metal, at 55 per cent ad valorem, 
and paragraph 1452 provides for the same articles, of whatever 
material composed, at 45 per cent ad valorem. 

Suggested changes. — "Dress" buttons valued above 20 cents per 
dozen pieces are dutiable at 55 per cent ad valorem under this par- 
agraph, while such buttons worth less than 20 cents per dozen pieces 
would come within the provision in paragraph 349 for buttons of 
metal not specially provided for at three-fourths of one cent per line 
per gross and n per centum ad valorem, or, if embossed, at 35 per 
centum ad vaiorem. It is thus possible to have the same kind of dress 
buttons varying in value only a few cents per dozen pieces pay rates 
as divergent as 12 per centum and 55 per centum, or to have a 
high-valued metal button come in at the common metal button rate. 



1148 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1429. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1429. Diamonds and other pre- 
cious stones, rough or uncut, and not 
advanced in condition or value from their 
natural state by cleaving, splitting, cut- 
ting, or other process, whether in their 
natural form or broken, any of the fore- 
going not set, and diamond dust, 10 per 
centum ad valorem; pearls and parts 
thereof, drilled or undrilled, but not set 
or strung; diamonds, coral, rubies, 
cameos, and other precious stones and 
semiprecious stones, cut but not set, and 
suitable for use in the manufacture of 
jewelry, 20 per centum ad valorem: 
chatons, doublets, and synthetic cut 
stones, used in the manufacture of 
jewelry and other similar articles, 20 per 
centum ad valorem; imitation pearls of 
all kinds and shapes, of whatever ma- 
terial composed, pierced or unpierced, 
mounted or unmounted, and imitation 
precious or semiprecious stones except 
chatons, doublets, and synthetic cut 
stones of any kind, of all kinds and 
shapes, of whatever material composed, 
45 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 449. Pearls and parts thereof, 
drilled or undrilled, but not set or 
strung, ten per centum ad valorem: 
diamonds, coral, rubies, cameos, and 
other precious stones and semi-precious 
stones, cut but not set, and suitable for 
use in the manufacture of jewelry, ten 
per centum ad valorem; imitation pre- 
cious stones, including pearls and parts 
thereof, for use in the manufacture of 
jewelry, doublets, artificial, or so-called 
synthetic or reconstructed pearls and 
parts thereof, rubies, or other precious 
stones, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 555. Diamonds and other pre- 
cious stones, rough or uncut, and not 
advanced in condition or value from their 
natural state by cleaving, splitting, cut- 
ting, or other process * * * [Free]. 

Par. 556. * * * bort 3 ; any of the 
foregoing not set, and diamond dust 
[Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 357. Diamonds and other pre- 
cious stones, rough or uncut, and not 
advanced in condition or value from 
their natural state by cleaving, splitting, 
cutting, or other process, whether in 
their natural form or broken, and bort; 
any of the foregoing not set, and diamond 
dust, 10 per centum ad valorem; pearls 
and parts thereof, drilled or undrilled, 
but not set or strung; diamonds, coral, 
rubies, cameos, and other precious 
stones and semiprecious stones, cut but 
not set, and suitable for use in the manu- 
facture of jewelry, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; imitation precious stones, in- 
cluding pearls and parts thereof, for use 
in the manufacture of jewelry, doublets, 
artificial, or so-called synthetic or recon- 
structed pearls and parts thereof, rubies, 
or other precious stones, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 



PRECIOUS STONES. 



(See Survey N-l.) 

Description. — " Precious stones" as a trade term includes the 
diamond, sapphire, emerald, p^arl, opal, turquoise, garnet, beryl, 
topaz, rock crystal, lapis lazuli, agate, onyx, jade, amethyst, tiger- 
eye, chalcedony, bloodstone, moonstone, tourmaline, chrysoprase, 
etc. 



8 Or opposite par. 1561, U. R. 7156. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1149 



Production. — In 1914 there were 89 establishments engaged in 
lapidary work with value of products amounting to $5,380,000, and 
in 1919, 121 establishments with products of $30,056,000. In many 
cases the work is done for jewelry concerns which furnish the mate- 
rials. 

Important changes in classification.— See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1152. 

BORT AND DIAMOND DUST. 

(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses.— Bort denotes diamonds of inferior quality, 
especially such as have a radiating crystallization, not taking a 
polish; also, an amorphous variety of diamond, brown, gray, or 
black, known as " black diamond or carbonado," found massive in 
Brazil in association with pure diamonds. Diamond dust is a 
powder secured by rubbing together two diamonds in the process 
of faceting, and also by crushing bort. It is used for cutting and 
polishing diamonds and other precious stones. The amorphous 
variety is extensively used in diamond drills and stone saws, for 
which ordinary diamonds are unsuited. 

Imports in 1914 of bort and diamond dust were valued at $90,512 
and came principally from France and England. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


BORT. 


1918 


S460, 237 

1, 367, 088 

3, 328, 371 

314, 240 


$46, 024 
136, 709 
332, 837 
31,424 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


10 






DIAMOND DUST. 


1918 


$15, 633 
53, 354 
59, 117 
19, 609 


$1, 563 
5,335 
5,912 
1,961 


10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


10 







Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1152. 

DIAMONDS. 
(See Survey N-l.) 

Uses. — Besides its value as a gem, the diamond is of great use in 
the arts and manufactures. 

Production of rough and uncut diamonds for 1907-1918 ranged 
from $608 (1915) to $6,315 (1913), and was $1,910 in 1918. A few 
diamonds have been found along the base of the Sierra Nevadas, in 
Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and along 
the eastern base of the Appalachians from Virginia to Alabama. 
South Africa furnishes almost the whole of the world supply; its 
total production in 1917 was valued at $37,527,689. 



1150 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports. — During 1911-1913 imports of diamonds in the rough 
ranged from $9,071,089 (1911) to $11,973,764 (1913); in 1915 they 
amounted to $3,204,206. More than three-fourths are from Eng- 
land. Imports of diamonds cut, but not set, were $24,390,076 in 
1911, and $27,170,996 in 1913. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



DIAMONDS, ROUGH OR UNCUT AND NOT ADVANCED. 



1918 

1919....: 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Carats. 



290,677 
121, 031 
29, 517 



$12, 636, 024 

20, 308, 758 

10, 526, 125 

1, 997, 427 



86.97 
67.67 



$1, 263, 602 

2, 030, 676 

1,052,613 

199, 743 



Per cent. 
10 
10 
10 
10 



DIAMONDS, CUT BUT NOT SET, ANE 


SUITABLE FOR MANUFACTURE OF JEWELRY- 


1918 




87, 734, 150 

1 64, 085, 610 

45, 240, 013 

19, 327, 173 




$1, 546, 830 
12, 817, 096 
9, 048, 003 
3,865,435 


20 


1919 


524, 710 
302, 920 
184,408 


$122. 13 
149.34 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 









1 Includes small amount from Cuba. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1152. 

PEARLS. 

(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses. — Mother-of-pearl, the inner layer of the shell 
of the pearl mollusk, is secreted from the mantle of the shellfish. 
When a grain of sand or like foreign element finds lodgment between 
the shell and the mantle, it becomes enveloped in this pearly secretion, 
and thus is formed the pearl of commerce. 

Production. — River pearls are found in many parts of the United 
States, and have been systematically worked in the Little Miami and 
Mississippi Rivers. Pearls are obtained from India, the Persian Gulf, 
the Sulu seas, the coast of Australia, the shores of South America, 
and some of the Pacific islands. (See also Imitation Precious Stones, 
p. 1151.) 

Imports were valued at $1,932,109 in 1916, $1,551,597 in 1915, 
$5,800,790 in 1913, and $515,478 in 1908. About 90 per cent comes 
from France and England. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity . 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 




Number. 
f 


i $97, 939 

667,990 

i 75, 463 

10, 933, 510 

7,801,728 

2,436,714 




Per cent. 


1918 


{ 


$133,598 


20 






( 1 036 
\ 5, 381, 160 




1919 


2, 186, 702 

1, 560, 346 

487, 343 


20 

20 


1920 


1921 (9 months)...;.. 













iFrom Philippine Islands, free. 



Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1152. 



1151 



OTHER PRECIOUS STONES, ROUGH OR UNCUT. 

(See Survey N-l.) 

Production of precious stones, other than diamonds, was valued at 
$104,413 in 1918. 

Imports were $167,331 in 1916, $54,141 in 1915, $75,614 in 1913, 
and $180,012 in 1911. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Carats. 


$129, 959 
219, 526 
354,937 
145, 278 




$12, 996 
21, 953 
35, 494 
14,528 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


2, iS3, 808 

1,607,900 

283,692 


$0.10 
.22 
.52 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months).. 









Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1152. 

OTHER PRECIOUS AND SEMIPRECIOUS STONES, CUT BUT NOT SET. 

Imports were valued at $2,774,220 in 1913, and $4,058,696 in 1911, 
coming principally from France, England, and Germany. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


$956, 939 
4, 935, 287 
5, 010, 563 
2, 000, 689 


$191, 387 

987, 057 

1, 002, 113 

400, 138 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 









Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1152. 



IMITATION PRECIOUS STONES. 



(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses. — Imitation gems are manufactured from a 
specially prepared glass called "strass," after its German inventor. 
This glass consists essentially of a complex borosilicate of lead and 
potassium. The finished colorless glass is used in imitation diamonds. 
When employed to imitate colored precious stones, the strass is 
melted with various metallic oxides. Real diamonds, however, have 
been made artifically by Prof. Moissan, of Paris, by the use of an 
electric furnace. The stones produced were exceedingly small, but 
they possessed all the characteristics of the natural diamond. 

Artificial pearls are of two kinds, the solid or massive and the 
blown pearls. The first are known as " Venetian pearls," made 
chiefly on the island Murano, near Venice, from small white or col- 



/ 

1152 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ored glass tubes, the desired hues being produced by the use of oxide 
of tin and other metals. Blown pearls consist of small globules of 
thin glass, coated on the inside with the so-called oriental pearl 
essence, or " essence d'Orient," which is made from silvery scales of 
the bleak, a small fish common in France and Germany. Many imi- 
tation pearls are also formed of an opaline glass of nacreous luster, 
and the soft appearance of the pearl is obtained by the judicious use 
of hydrofloric acid. It is said that certain Japanese firms are produc- 
ing by artificial methods a genuine pearl in the body of the oyster. 
Synthetic or reconstructed stones differ from the imitation article 
in that they are of the same composition as the true stone. Doublets 
are defined as imitation gems consisting of a real stone cemented to 
a piece of glass colored to simulate the imitation gems, or paste 
jewels mounted with a thin face of the genuine jewels. A chaton is 
an eight-faceted stone in imitation of a diamond or other precious 
stone. 

Production. — The United States has never been an important 
producer of imitation precious stones. In recent years domestic 
manufacturers have produced considerable quantities of imitation 
pearls but it can not be said that the business is in a stable condition. 

Imports of imitation precious stones, including pearls and parts 
thereof, for use in the manufacture of jewelry, doublets, artificial 
or so-called synthetic or reconstructed pearls and parts thereof, 
rubies, or other precious stones, amounted to $1,192,897 in 1914. 
They came chiefly from France. Later import statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$889,086 
1, 590, 182 
2, 174, 632 
1,045,361 


$177, 817 
318, 036 
434,926 
209, 072 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 







Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Bort is not specifically provided 
for. 

The provision for chatons is new. Synthetic stones have been 
restricted to cut stones. The phrase "used in the manufacture of 
jewelry and other similar articles" is made to cover chatons, doublets, 
and synthetic cut stones. 

Imitation pearls are given a separate classification and are not 
included under imitation precious stones. The descriptive phrase 
"of all kinds and shapes, of whatever material composed, pierced or 
unpierced, mounted or unmounted," is new and the phrase "for use 
in the manufacture of jewelry" is omitted. 

Imitation precious or semiprecious stones exclude chatons, dou- 
blets, and synthetic cut stones, which are specifically provided for. 
The phrase " of all kinds and shapes, of whatever material composed " 
is new and the phrase "for use in the manufacture of jewelry" is 
omitted. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1153 

Conflicting provisions. — The provision in this paragraph for imita- 
tion pearls diners from the provision in paragraph 1403 for imitation 
pearl beads only in the words " strung or loose" which are in para- 
graph 1403 and not in this paragraph. There was litigation under 
the act of 1909 between two somewhat similar provisions (pars. 421 
and 449), in which the provision for imitation pearl beads was de- 
clared more specific than the provision for imitation pearls. For 
legislative purposes, paragraph 449 of the act of 1909 was declared to 
include only such imitation pearls for use in the manufacture of 
jewelry as were not also imitation pearl beads. (Lorsch v. United 
States, 5 Ct. Oust. Appls., 93; Colin v. United States, 5 Ct. Cust. 
Appls., 339; both of 1914.) The words " pierced or unpierced" in 
both paragraphs increase the conflict. 

Suggested changes. — Since beads are usually if not always pierced, 
omission of the words " pierced or unpicked" wherever they occur 
in paragraphs 1403 and 1429 would tend to limit the provisions of 
1403 to beads and 1429 to imitation pearls and imitation precious and 
semiprecious stones. 

Specific provision might be made for pearls, strung. 

Page 161, line 20, of H. R. 7456: Insert rate and change semi- 
colon to a comma. 



PARAGRAPH 1430. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1430. Laces, including burnt-out 
laces, lace window curtains; handker- 
chiefs, napkins, wearing apparel, and all 
other articles or fabrics of lace, or made 
wholly or in part, however small, of lace 
or of imitation lace of any kind; edgings, 
insertings, galloons, nets, nettings, veils, 
veilings, neck rumings, ruchings, tuck- 
ings, trimmings, flouncings, nutings, quil- 
lings, ornaments; ribbons ornamented in 
the process of weaving; braids loom woven 
and ornamented in the process of weaving, 
or made by hand, or on any braid ma- 
chine, knitting machine, or lace ma- 
chine; and all articles composed in any 
part, however small, of any of the fore- 
going fabrics or articles; all the foregoing 
(except plain gauze or leno woven cotton 
nets or nettings, and materials and articles 
specially provided for in paragraphs 919, 
1006, 1403, 1404, 1406, and 1424 of this 
Act), by whatever name known, and to 
whatever use applied, and whether or not 
named, described, or provided for else- 
where in this Act, when composed wholly 
or in chief value of yarns, threads, fila- 
ments, tinsel wire, lame, bullions, metal 
threads, spangles, or beads, 45 per centum 
ad valorem; embroideries, handkerchiefs, 
napkins, wearing apparel, and all other 
articles or fabrics embroidered in any 
manner by hand or machinery, whether 
with a plain or fancy initial, monogram, 

82304—22 73 



1154 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

or otherwise, or tamboured, appliqued, 
scalloped, or ornamented with beads or 
spangles, or from which threads have been 
omitted, drawn, punched, or cut, and 
with threads introduced after weaving to 
finish or ornament the openwork, not in- 
cluding straight hemstitching; all the 
foregoing (except plain gauze or leno 
woven cotton nets or nettings, and ma- 
terials and articles speciallv provided for 
in paragraphs 919, 1006, 1403, 1404, 1406, 
and 1424 of this Act), by whatever name 
known, and to whatever use applied, and 
whether or not named, described, or pro- 
vided for elsewhere in this Act, when 
composed wholly or in chief value of 
yarns, threads, filaments, tinsel wire, 
lame, bullions, metal threads, spangles, 
or beads, 37-| per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 179. * * * laces, embroider- 
ies, braids, galloons, trimmings, * * * 
ornaments, * * * made wholly or in 
chief value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, 
bullions, or metal threads, fifteen cents 
per pound and sixty per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Par. 322. Handkerchiefs or mufflers 
composed of cotton, whether in the piece 
or otherwise and whether finished or un- 
finished, * * * embroidered in any 
manner, whether with an initial letter, 
monogram, or otherwise, by hand or ma- 
chinery, or are tamboured, appliqued, or 
trimmed wholly or in part with lace or 
with tucking or insertion, they shall not 
pay a less rate of duty than sixty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 349. Laces, lace window curtains, 
and all other lace articles; handkerchiefs, 
napkins, wearing apparel, and all other 
articles made wholly or in part of lace or 
laces, or in imitation of lace; nets, net- 
tings, veils, veilings, neck rufflings, ruch- 
ings, tuckings, flutings, quillings, em- 
broideries, trimmings, braids, feather- 
stitch braids, edgings, insertings, flounc- 
ings, galloons, gorings, * * * orna- 
ments, ribbons, * * * wearing ap- 
parel, handkerchiefs, and other articles or 
fabrics embroidered in any manner by 
hand or machinery, whether with a plain 
or fancy letter, initial, or monogram, or 
otherwise, or tamboured, appliqued, or 
scalloped, by hand or machinery, for any 
purpose, or from which threads have been 
drawn, cut, or punched to produce open- 
work, ornamented or embroidered in any 
manner herein described, in any part 
thereof, however small; hemstitched or 
tucked flouncings or skirtings; all of the 
foregoing, composed wholly or in chief 
value of cotton, flax, or other vegetable 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 358. Laces, lace window curtains, 
not specially provided for in this section , 
coach, carriage, and automobile laces, and 
all lace articles of whatever yarns, threads, 
or filaments composed; handkerchiefs, 
napkins, wearing apparel, and all other 
articles or fabrics made wholly or in part 
of lace or imitation lace of any kind; em- 
broideries, wearing apparel, handker- 
chiefs, and all articles or fabrics embroid- 
ered in any manner byhand or machinery, 
whether with a plain or fancy initial, 
monogram, or otherwise, or tamboured, 
appliqued, or scalloped by hand or ma- 
chinery, any of the foregoing by whatever 
name known; edgings, insertings, gal- 
loons, nets, nettings, veils, veilings, neck 
rufflings, ruchings, tuckings, flouncings, 
flutings, quillings, ornaments; braids, 
loom woven and ornamented in the proc- 
ess of weaving, or made by hand, or on 
any braid machine, knitting machine, or 
lace machine, and not specially provided 
for; trimmings not specially provided for; 
woven fabrics or articles from which 
threads have been omitted, drawn, 
punched, or cut, and with threads intro- 
duced after weaving, forming figures or 
designs, not including straight hem- 
stitching; and articles made in whole or in 
part of any of the foregoing fabrics or 
articles; all of the foregoing of whatever 
yarns, threads, or filaments composed, 60 
per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1155 



ACT OF 1909. 

fiber, or of cotton, flax, or other vegetable 
fiber and india rubber, or of cotton, flax, 
or other vegetable fiber, india rubber, and 
metal, and not elsewhere specially pro- 
vided for in this section, sixty per centum 
ad valorem: Provide'!, That no article 
composed wholly or in chief value of one 
or more of the materials or goods specified 
in this paragraph, shall pay a less rate of 
duty than the highest rate imposed by 
this section upon any of the materials or 
goods of which the same is composed: 
And provided further, That no article or 
fabric of any description, composed of flax 
or other vegetable fiber, or of which these 
materials or any of them is the component 
material of chief value, when embroidered 
by hand or machinery, or having hand or 
machinery embroidery thereon, shall pay 
a less rate of duty than that imposed in 
this section upon any embroideries of the 
materials of which such embroidery is 
composed. 

Par. 350. Laces, embroideries, edgings, 
insertings, galloons, flouncings, nets, net- 
tings, trimmings, and \eils, composed of 
cotton, silk, artificial silk, or other ma- 
terial (except wool), made on the Lever or 
Goth rough machine, seventy per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That no wear- 
ing apparel, handkerchiefs, or articles of 
any description, composed wholly or in 
chief value of any of the foregoing, shall 
pay a less rate of duty than that imposed 
upon the articles or the materials of which 
the same are composed . 

Par. 383. * * * braids, galloons, 
edgings, insertings, flouncings, fringes, 
gimps, * * * ornaments, laces, trim- 
mings, and articles made wholly or in 
part of lace, embroideries and all articles 
embroidered by hand or machinery, head 
nets, nettings, * * * and manufactures 
of wool ornamented with beads or span- 
gles of whatever material composed, any 
of the foregoing made of wool or of which 
wool is a component material, whether 
containing india rubber or not, fifty cents 
per pound and sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 400. Handkerchiefs or mufflers 
composed wholly or in chief value of silk, 
finished or unfinished, * * * em- 
broidered in any manner, whether with 
an initial letter, monogram, or otherwise, 
by hand or machinery, or are tamboured, 
appliqueed, or having tucking or inser- 
tion, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 402. Laces, edgings, insertings, 
galloons, flouncings, neck rufflings, ruch- 
ings, braids, * * * trimmings, orna- 
ments, nets or nettings, veils or veilings, 
and articles made wholly or in part of any 
of the foregoing, or of chiffons, embroid- 
eries and articles embroidered by hand 



ACT OF 1913. 



1156 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913 



or machinery, or tamboured or appli- 
queed, * * * all of the foregoing com- 
posed of silk, or of silk and metal, or of 
which silk is the component material of 
chief value, whether in part of India rub- 
ber or otherwise and braid composed in 
part of India rubber, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, and silk goods 
ornamented with beads or spangles, sixty 
per centum ad valorem: Provided, That 
articles composed whollyor in chief value 
of any of the materials or goods dutiable 
under this paragraph shall pay not less 
than the rate of duty imposed upon such 
materials or goods by this section: Pro- 
vided further, That tamboured, embroid- 
ered, or appliqueed articles or fabrics 
shall pay no less rate of duty than that 
imposed upon the material if not so tam- 
boured, embroidered, or appliqueed. 

Par. 405. * * * braids, laces, em- 
broideries, galloons, neck rufflings, ruch- 
ings, * * * trimmings, * * * or 
other articles or fabrics composed wholly 
or in chief value of yarns, threads, fila- 
ments, or fibers of artificial or imitation 
silk or of artificial or imitation horsehair, 
by whatever name known, and by what- 
ever process made, forty-five cents per 
pound, and in addition thereto, sixty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 421. * * * nets or nettings, 
laces, embroideries, galloons, wearing 
apparel, ornaments, trimmings, curtains, 
fringes, and other articles not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in chief value of beads or span- 
gles made of glass or paste, gelatin, metal, 
or other material, but not in part of wool, 
sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, 
That no article composed wholly or iD 
chief value of beads or spangles made of 
glass, paste, gelatin, metal, or other ma- 
terial shall pay duty at a less rate than is 
imposed in any paragraph of this section 
upon such articles without such beads or 
spangles. 

LACE, EMBROIDERY, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Paragraph 1430, after paragraph 1008 (jute 
burlap, etc.), is probably the most important textile provision as 
regards value of imports. It includes laces, nets, embroideries, 
braids, and articles made of any of these materials. 

Lace is ornamental network made by intertwisting fine threads to 
form a pattern. When made by hand it is termed "real" or " point" 
lace, as distinguished from machine-made lace, sometimes known as 
imitation lace. Modern lace is mainly machine-made. The machines 
used are either the Lever or the " go- through." 

Netting is made by intertwisting fine threads to form open meshes, 
usually hexagonal in shape. Net, sometimes used as a synonym for 
netting, is, correctly, a particular length of netting. 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1157 

Veiling is a general commercial term covering a great variety of 
articles, such as chiffon, grenadine, fancy netting (having fancy 
H veiling" meshes, or ornamented with a bar or border or figuring), 
used chiefly or exclusively for the making of veils. A veil is a par- 
ticular length of veiling. 

Embroiderv is ornamental stitching. It implies a foundation 
material, such as cloth, or net, on which the embroidery is worked, 
thus differing from lace, which is made directly from yarn. Em- 
broidering is done by hand and by hand or power machines. Modern 
embroidery is made chiefly on the power-driven schiffli (shuttle) 
machines. A special type of embroidery is known as burnt-out lace; 
this is also called etched lace, embroidery lace, and Plauen lace. It 
is made by embroidering on a specially prepared cloth and then 
removing this foundation material, by chemicals or otherwise, so as 
to obtain an openwork embroidery fabric which resembles lace. 

Fancy braids, including the type known as " Barmen lace," are 
made on braiding machines with Jacquard attachments. 

Edging is narrow lace or embroidery specially designed for trim- 
ming frills and parts of dresses. It is usually made with one edge 
straight and one scalloped. Inserting, or insertion, is narrow lace or 
embroidery or other ornamental material especially made for insert- 
ing in a plain fabric. It is made with both edges alike, usually 
straight, and with a certain amount of plain work on either edge for 
use in sewing it to the fabric. Galloon is a narrow fabric made of 
lace, embroidery, or braid. Some of it is made with a mixture of 
metallic threads, composed of threads or cords covered with gold, 
silver, gilt, etc., and is used for ornamenting uniforms. Neck ruffling 
is a strip of textile material drawn up at one edge in gathers or pleats, 
especially prepared for wearing around the neck. Ruching is a full 
quilling or pleating of net, lace, ribbon, or other material in widths 
ranging from 1 to 3 inches, used as a trimming for women's garments 
or worn at the neck or wrists. It usually consists of two or more 
rows of material arranged in box or shell pleats, or in the form of 
quilling. Tucking consists of textile material ornamented with 
parallel rows of tucks, either arranged close together and covering 
the surface, or in clusters with spaces between. It is used for 
women's summer waists, yokes, underwear, and skirts and as fronts 
for men's shirts. Flouncing is textile material of any description 
used for making deep ruffles or flounces, usually gathered or pleated 
at one edge and loose at the other, the gathered edge being sewn to 
the garment. Fluting is ruffling made with a flute-shaped crimp. 
Quilling is a narrow border of lace, net, or ribbon, pleated or fluted 
so as to resemble a row of quills; it is a variety of ruffling. Tambour 
work originally meant a kind of embroidery worked by hand on mus- 
lin tightly stretched by means of hoops or a frame similar to that 
encircling a tambour. It is now usually applied to work, made on 
the embroidery machine, in which the tambour stitch is used. This 
stitch produces a pattern of straight ridges crossing each other in 
every direction at right or acute angles. Applique in dress and up- 
holstery usage means applied or sewn on. Thus, a gimp or pattern 
of lace may be sewn on a new ground, or embroidered flowers may 
be secured to silk net; in such case the pattern ornament is said to 
be appliqued. 



1158 



./ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



Production data of clothing and articles of wearing apparel made 
or ornamented with lace, embroidery, etc., are not obtainable. Their 
manufacture centers in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and other 
large cities. 

The production figures of lace, embroidery, etc., are not available 
except for certain items. The output of Lever laces of cotton, 
amounted in 1914 to 7,237,000 square yards, valued at $3,681,000, 
and in 1919 to 19,863,000 square yards, valued at $6,608,000. The 
production of braids and narrow laces, of cotton, was valued at 
$897,000 in 1914 and at $620,000 in 1919. The production of silk 
laces, embroideries, nets, veils, veilings, etc., was valued at $1,362,000 
in 1914 and at $5,953,000 in 1919; of silk fringes and gimps, at 
$1,025,000 in 1914 and at $3,464,000 in 1919; of military and tailors' 
trimmings of silk, at $642,000 in 1914 and at $1,317,000 in 1919. 

The machine embroidery industry centers around New York City, 
being largest on the New Jersey side of the North Eiver; there are 
also aggregations of embroidery machines at Philadelphia and 
Chicago and smaller numbers at other points. Fancy laces are pro- 
duced most largely in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, New Jersey, 
New York, and Connecticut. 

Imports of laces, embroideries, etc., have been valued as follows : 1914, 
$48,134,985; 1918, $22,314,665; 1919 (calendar year), $30,811,353; 1920 
(calendar year), $50,190,422. The record was $53,361,350 in 1907. 
The temporary free entry accorded lace and embroidery machines from 
August 5, 1909, to January 1, 1911, more than doubled the capacity 
of the local lace and embroidery industries and their development has 
tended to curtail the imports of foreign laces and embroideries. The 
decline in imports after 1914 was, however, largely because of the war. 
Lace imports are normally from Nottingham and Calais; embroidery 
from St. Gall; etched lace (burnt-out embroidery) from Plauen; and 
fancy braids most largely from Barmen. Ornamented wearing ap- 
parel comes chiefly from Paris. 

Imports are shown more in detail as to nature and material as 
follows : 

Lace, embroidery, etc. 



Calendar year. 



Cotton. 


Flax, etc. 


Wool. 


Silk. 


Artificial | M f , 
silk and | »™lf A 
artificial £™ 
horsehair, j labncs - 



Total 



LACES AND LACE ARTICLES. 



1918. 
1919. 
1920. 



$5,372,441 i $134, 
9,031,847 , 142, 
12.593,994 I 257, 



080 




$119, 999 
478, 028 
982,329 


: 


3fi9 






731 










l 



'Not made on Nottingham lace-curtain machines. 



$5,626,520 
9,652,244 
13, 834, 054 



COACH, CARRIAGE, AND AUTOMOBILE LACES. 


1918.. 


$2, 576 
1,010 
4,601 




$129 








$2,705 
1,010 
4,601 


1919 .. 










1920... 
























LACE WINDOW CURTAINS.* 


1918 $127,628 

1919 145,063 

1920 K93 2D1 


$6,714 










$134,342 


- 








145,063 


18, 821 










912,022 










1 ' 





SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



1159 



Lace, embroidery, etc. — Continued. 



Calendar year. 



Cotton. 



FJax, etc. 



Wool. 



Silk. 



Artificial 

silk and. 

artificial 

horsehair. 



Metal 

thread 
fabrics. 



Total. 



NETS, NETTINGS, VEILS, VEILINGS. 



1918 


$1,493,885 
2, 645, 3S2 
1, 983, S02 


$269 
13, 718 
6,062 


' $1,694,118 






$3, 188, 272 
6, 424, 773 
6, 513, 238 


1919 


$74 ! 3,765,599 
269 4, 523, 105 






1920 















BRAIDS. 



1918 ! $6,702 $159 

1919 1 33,832 490 

1920 | 168,194 S35 



$72 

171 

2,109 



$6, 145 

13, 795 

107, 381 



$31, 557 
30, 476 
671, 833 



$15,832 
5,081 
3, 480 



$60, 467 

83,845 

953, 832 



EMBROIDERIES AND EMBROIDERED ARTICLES. 



1918 $1,079,881 

1919 2,073,430 

1920 5,686,204 



$1, 080, 933 
1, 811, 120 
2, 799, 866 



$63, 569 

609, 195 

I 1.123,982 



|-- 



.1 $2,224,383 
.1 4,493,745 
. 9.610.052 



HANDKERCHIEFS, EMBROIDERED, ETC. 



1918 


$638, 471 

857, 705 

1, 828, 773 


$1, 456, 362 

989,223 

1, 390, 505 


$23,143 


$2,117,976 


1919 


55,180 ! 


1 1,902,108 


1920 


69,081 


; 3,288,359 




| ' [ 





CORSETS, EMBROIDERED, ETC. 



1918 


$2, 598 
2,644 
1,438 


1 
$578 j 


$2,773 


$5,949 


1919 


2,182 i 


3, 810 ! 


8,636 


1920 


984 | 


1,132 


3,554 









OTHER WEARING APPAREL, EMBROIDERED, ETC. 



1918 


$2, 363, 851 
3, 903, 955 
9, 164, 084 


$181, 706 
148, 065 
691,103 




$1,546,284 


! $4,091,841 


1919 




3,126,120 


!.. 1 7,178,140 


1920 




3,547,446 


1 13,405,633 











1 t 



ALL OTHER. 



1918 ' $752,847 

1919 138,127 

1920 179,534 



$922, 503 
7,886 
18,686 



$56,021 
68,442 
106, 584 



$494,948 
150,033 
395, 311 



$32, 
78, 
461, 



$229,577 
479, 286 
503, 367 



$2,488,641 

921, 789 

1,665,077 



TOTAL. 



1918 $11,840,880 

1919 18,832,995 

1920 32,503,825 



$3,783,304 
3, 115, 053 
5, 187, 593 



$56, 222 
68,687 
108, 962 



$3, 950, 979 
8, 201, 760 
10, 749, 767 



$64,302 

108, 491 

1, 133, 428 



$245, 409 
484,367 
506,847 



$19,941,096 
30,811,353 
50, 190, 422 



DUTIES, TOTAL. 



1918 

1919 

1920 


$5,878,398 
9,608,441 
15, 123, 944 


$2, 199, 378 
1, 837, 881 
2, 723, 806 


$33,733 
41,212 
65,376 


$2,303,055 
4, 896, 025 
6,424,636 


$38,581 
65, 075 
680,038 


$147, 245 
290, 621 
304, 108 


$10,600,390 
16,739,255 
25,321,908 



1160 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports of clothing and other articles of wearing apparel made or 
ornamented with lace, embroidery, etc., are not separately recorded, 
nor are there separate export statistics of the other articles covered 
by this paragraph except in regard to one item. Exports of cot- 
ton laces and embroideries were valued in the fiscal year 1914, at 
$232,457, and in the calendar years 1918-1921 as follows: 1918, 
$1,569,322; 1919, $1,731,675; 1920, $1,629,409; 1921 (nine months), 
$500,298. Canada is the main purchaser, followed by Mexico, Cuba, 
and the Philippine Islands. 

Important changes in classification. — In general this paragraph 
covers the same class of goods as is covered by paragraph 358 of the 
act of 1913. These articles, however, have been divided into two 
groups at different rates of duty, the group carrying the higher duty 
being composed of laces, fancy braids, and certain other specialties, 
and that carrying the lower duty being composed of embroideries 
and articles more or less similar. A special form of embroidery, 
known as " burnt-out lace" or "etched lace" is, however, placed in 
the higher class with laces. Fabrics and articles specially provided 
for in other paragraphs which are not of the class of goods covered by 
this paragraph are expressly excepted. 

The wording of the paragraph has been strengthened so that its 
intent can not be evaded because of the wording in any other para- 
graph. The need for a careful phraseology has been shown by judicial 
construction of the act of 1913, which took from paragraph 358 
Jacquard figured nets and nettings intended for use as curtains and 
admitted them under the lower rates of paragraph 258. 

"Coach, carriage, and automobile laces," which are listed in para- 
graph 358 of the act of 1913, have been omitted from paragraph 1430 
because they are not similar to the other articles here included; they 
are narrow woven fabrics, usually pile-woven, used as arm straps in 
vehicles, and except for their misleading trade name would probably 
never have been included with lace in preceding acts. 

There has been inserted a provision for "ribbons ornamented in the 
process of weaving"; this will include all ribbons other than the plain 
(plain woven, twilled, or sateen). There has also been inserted a 
provision for fabrics and articles "ornamented with beads or 
spangles." 

Conflicting provisions. — This paragraph conflicts with the provisions 
for "ribbons, beltings, toys, and other articles made wholly or in chief 
value of tinsel wire, lame or lahn, and india rubber, bullions, or metal 
threads, not specially provided for, 45 per centum ad valorem; woven 
fabrics, fringes, and tassels, made of any of the foregoing, 55 per centum 
ad valorem," in lines 1 to 5, page 73, paragraph 382. There is also a 
conflict with paragraph 1403. 

Suggested changes. — In view of the foregoing conflict, with articles 
of tinsel, etc., and as the articles in this paragraph carry rates of duty 
not greater than the articles provided for in paragraph 382, "382" 
might be inserted before "919" in line 21, page 162, and in line 12, 
page 163. Should this be done appropriate changes should be made 
in paragraph 1430. It may be noted that the phrase "ribbons 
ornamented in the process of weaving" causes the inclusion with 
laces at the lace rate of duty of ribbons woven with a jacquard or 
other special loom attachment, and leaves under the textile schedules 
only plain ribbons. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921; 1161 

As fringes and gimps are of the same class as trimmings, the words 
"fringes, gimps/' might be added after "trimmings" in line 13, page 
162. 

Separate provisions for articles of lace and embroidered articles at 
different rates of duty may involve litigation where both lace and 
embroidery are used on the same article. This litigation might be 
avoided by having one rate of duty on all such articles. If this should 
be done the two provisions should be combined. The omission of 
1403 from this paragraph, H. R. 7456, page 162, line 21, page 163, 
line 12, would prevent a conflict with paragraph 1403 and assure the 
classification of such articles as beaded net and spangled gowns in 
paragraph 1430. 

Page 162, line 15, of H. R. 7456: Insert comma after "braids." 



PARAGRAPH 1431. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1431. Chamois skins, pianoforte, 
pianoforte-action, player-piano-action 
leather, enameled upholstery leather, 
and glove leather, finished, in the white 
or in the crust, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 451. * * * chamois skin, twenty Par. 359. Chamois skins, 15 per centum 
per centum ad valorem; * * * en- ad valorem; pianoforte, pianoforte action, 
ameled leather weighing not over ten enameled upholstery leather, and glove 
pounds per dozen hides or skins, twenty- leathers, 10 per centum ad valorem, 
seven cents per pound and fifteen per 
centum ad valorem; if weighing over ten 
pounds and not over twenty-five pounds 
per dozen, twenty-seven cents per pound 
and eight per centum ad valorem; if 
weighing over twenty-five pounds per 
dozen, twenty cents per pound and ten 
per centum ad valorem; pianoforte leather 
and piano-forte-action leather, and glove 
leather, twenty per centum ad valorem; 



CHAMOIS SKIN. 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description and uses. — The goat antelope, known as the chamois, 
is nearly extinct. The trade name "chamois skin'' applies to a 
form of "tawed" or oil-tanned sheepskin. Only the stronger sheep- 
skins are capable of conversion into chamois leather. The skin is 
split into two layers and the flesh side is treated vigorously with oil. 
The grain split is called a "skiver" and is vegetable or chrome tanned 
and marketed for bookbindings, pocketbooks, hat sweat bands, and 
other light leather uses. As domestic sheepskins are usually not 
suitable for making chamois, sheepskins for such purpose are gener- 
ally imported. When domestic skins are used they must be tanned 
in "the full pelt," as it is impossible to split them because the grain 
is porous; this also precludes their use for the light-leather purposes 



1162 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



mentioned. Chamois skin is used extensively for washing and polish- 
ing. Formaldehyde-tanned sheep fleshers are bought and sold as 
steel-color chamois. These skins are made by a new process of 
tanning, and will bear washing in very hot water and remain soft 
without shrinkage until completely worn out. They will not absorb 
cold water as do the oil tanned chamois. 

Production in 1914 was 1,948,533 skins, valued at $925,492. A half 
dozen companies manufacture it exclusively, 12 or 15 only incidentally. 
Fleshers, in 1919, were valued at $2,160,873, not all of which were 
chamois, although the production of the latter was probably greater 
than in 1914. 

Import values were $149,057 in 1913; $107,424 in 1914; $64,267 in 
1915. The ratio of imports to production in 1914 was about 12 per 
cent. France is the principal competing country. England sends to 
the United States large quantities of " crust chamois - — tanned but 
unfinished — figures for which are not given separately. Imports of 
chamois skin since 1917 are shown as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$26,711 
47, 533 
53, 439 
64, 804 


• 

$4, 007 
7,130 
8,016 
9,720 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 









PIANOFORTE AND PIANOFORTE-ACTION LEATHER. 

(See -Survey N-17.) 

Description and uses. — This leather is oil-tanned buckskin made 
largely from Central American deerskins. It is used in pianos, prin- 
cipally to deaden the click of the keys, and must be of uniform thick- 
ness and pliability; the imported skins are best suited on account of 
their thickness and close texture. The skins for this use are especially 
selected and cost 10 per cent over the price of the ordinary quality. 
Some other varieties of light leather are used in pianos. Much of this 
can not be distinguished from light leather for other purposes. The 
amount of oil-tanned buckskin used has not increased greatly in recent 
years. 

Production. — -The output of pianoforte-action leather in 1914 was 
92,639 skins, valued at $159,031, production being mostly in New 
York, and sometimes in connection with that of glove leather. Sep- 
arate figures were not given in 1919. The best quality of cod oil, a 
good quality of finishing lime, soda ash, and aniline dyes are used. The 
process requires close attention, and machinery is less used than in 
making most kinds of leather. 

Import values in 1912 were $7,311; in 1913, $521; in 1914, $2,790. 
Imports from Germany ceased during the war period. The ratio of 
imports to domestic production in 1914 was about 2 per cent. Later 
statistics follow : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1163 





Calendar year. 






Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1920 






k 


$3, 605 
5,554 


$360 
555 


Per cent. 
10 


1921 (9 months) 










10 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1165. 

ENAMELED UPHOLSTERY LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-16.) 

Description. — Enameled upholstery leather is made principally 
from cattle hide " grains" or " splits." It differs from the patent 
leather made here for shoe uppers, the enamel being usually on the 
flesh side, while the patent leather is finished on the grain side. 

Production statistics are not obtainable for enameled upholstery 
leather. The output of upholstery leather was valued at $14,328,358 
in 1914, and in 1919 the number of hides tanned for all upholstery 
was 2,441,662, valued at $32,224,644. The proportion which was en- 
ameled was not separately stated for either year. 

Imports in 1913 were included with "all other leather, patent, 
japanned, varnished or enameled;" in 1914 the value of the imports 
of enameled upholstery leather was $17,123; in 1915, $6,563; in 1916, 
$3,579; in 1917, $2,710. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


I 
Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$126 ! 
604 i 
1,290 
479 i 


$13 ! 
60 
129 i 

18 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports of enameled upholstery leather are not separately stated. 
For exports of " carriage, automobile, and upholstery," see para- 
graph 1600, page 1353. 



GLOVE LEATHER. 



(See Survey N-17.) 



Description and uses. — The principal kinds of leather used in making 
dress gloves are sheep and lamb skins, goat and kid skins, Capeskin, 
and Mocha, for which large quantities are imported. The greater 
part of domestic dress gloves was formerly made of imported ma- 
terials, sheep and lamb skins being the most important. Of recent 
years domestic sheep and lamb skins have been more largely used. 
Horsehide and cowhide " splits" (the flesh side of the hide split into 
two layers) are the chief materials used in making work gloves. 
Deer, elk, and pig skin are also used. The term " Capeskin" at first 
designated the skin of a goat found in South Africa. The skins were 



1164 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



fairly large, heavy and tight-grained — that is, having small pores. 
This designation is now used, but applies to other kinds of high-quality 
glove leather as well as to the genuine. Mocha skins are the pelts of 
a variety of haired sheep found in Arabia and Africa. Deerskin ~ 
formerly plentiful here, now comes in large quantities from South 
America. Nearly all the goat and kid skins used in making glove 
leather come from Europe, the best from France, with Italy, Ger- 
many, Austria, and Belgium following. Most of the lambskins used 
for glove leather come from Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, 
France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and the Balkan States — -the best, 
known as Tuscany lambskin, from northern Italy. The skins of the 
dog, fox, bear, colt, kangaroo, and other animals are also used, but 
are not, save some grades of colt skin, used for the finer grades of 
gloves. 

Production. — The value in 1919 was $20,853,999. Sheep and lamb 
skins were valued at $9,179,619; calf and kip declined to $27,323; 
goat and kid skin production increased to $297,003; and horsehide 
glove leather rose to $5,014,024. Cattle grains and splits, particularly 
the latter, became very important, amounting to nearly $4,000,000. 
Several other varieties, pig and hog, deer and elk, etc., were manu- 
factured. A most important feature in the glove-leather industry 
was the development of the chrome process of tanning. Leather 
imported for gloves has been of the fine grades calling for considerable 
hand labor. The chrome tannage is distinctly a machine process 
and is better adapted to American conditions. The cessation of 
imports of glove leather from Germany, and the chrome method of 
tanning glove leather explain the domestic development of this indus- 
try in the past five years. Statistics of production of glove leather 
are given in the following table: 



1914 



Quantity. 



Value. 



1919 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Sheep and lamb skins. 

Calf and kip skins 

Goat and kid skins 

Cattle grains, sides 

Cattle splits, sides 

Horse, sides 

Pig and hog skins 

Deer and elk skins 

Allother 



Number. 

3, 637, 279 

356,935 

5,694 

ft) 

h 

343, 949 

( x ) 

0) 



S2. 



Total. 






169, 839 

725, 024 

4,0S0 

C 1 ) 

f 1 ) 

998, 303 

C 1 ) 
C 1 ) 
387, 409 



Number. 

4, 872, 351 

5,530 

123, 397 

43, 169 

4, 357, 984 

2 968, 816 

217, 122 

324, 273 



89. 



179, 619 
27,323 
297,003 
312, 298 
566, 702 
014,024 
334, 137 
027, 511 
095, 382 



4, 343, 857 



4, 284, 655 



10,912,642 



20, 853, 999 



1 Not specified. 

2 Figures given in 1919 census of manufactures are 197,4S2 hides and 573,852 sides; hides are multiplied 
by two to make figures comparable with 1914 amounts; the total is 968,816 sides. 



Imports of glove leather in 1912 were valued at $1,783,950; in 1913, 
$2,307,057; in 1914, $2,225,645. Before the war more than 75 per 
cent came from Germany; Austria-Hungar}^ and France followed. 
Italy has recently been exporting a considerable quantity to the 
United States. In 1919 nearly $560,000 out of the $789,098 value 
imported came from Italy. France was the source of imports valued 
at $131,984; Spain, $38,515; Austria-Hungary, $34,920; and England, 
$18,102. Later statistics follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1165 





Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




$11,818 


$1, 182 
74, 763 
95,482 
13,234 


, Per cent. 
10 


1919 . 




747,632 


10 


1920 .. 




954, 816 


10 


1921 (9 months) 




132,344 













Exports of glove leather, almost entirely to Canada, were valued at 
$316,715 in 1913 and at $359,486 in 1914. In 1917, out of exports of 
$1,497,957, $1,436,970 went to Canada; in 1920, the same country's 
share of our exports was over $2,000,000. Later statistics for calen- 
dar years are: 1918, $2,908,890; 1919, $1,797,024; 1920, $2,198,759; 
1921 (nine months), $445,150. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Provision is made for player- 
piano-action leather. The words "finished, in the white or in the 
crust" are also new. 

Suggested changes. — If the words "finished, in the white or in the 
crust," are intended to be confined to glove leather, the comma after 
"leather" and after "finished" should be omitted. If the word 
"finished," but not the words "in the white or in the crust," relates 
to glove leather, the comma should be stricken out after "leather." 
In either of these cases the word "and" should be inserted before 
"enameled upholstery leather." If the words "finished, in the white 
or in the crust," or the words "in the white or in the crust," are 
intended to apply to the entire paragraph, the words "all the fore- 
going" should be inserted before "finished" or before the first word 
"in," as the case may be. 

"Pianoforte and pianoforte-action leather" was formerly practi- 
cally synonymous with oil-tanned buckskin, but a number of other 
kinds of leather are now used in pianos. Some of these are, and some 
are not, tanned expressly for the purpose. Furthermore, felt and 
cork are more often used now to accomplish the purpose for which 
buckskin was formerly used. Calf, kid, and lamb skins are used for 
"pneumatic" leather for the bellows of player-pianos. It should be 
made clear in the law either that it is intended to include only oil- 
tanned buckskin or that it is intended to include all leather suitable 
for use in pianos and pianoforte-actions and player-pianos, so far as 
the possibility of such use can be ascertained. 



PARAGRAPH 1432. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1432. Bags, baskets, belts, 
satchels, cardcases, pocketbooks, jewel 
boxes, portfolios, and other boxes and 
cases, wholly or in chief value of leather 
or parchment, not jewelry, and moccasins, 
and manufactures of leather, rawhide, or 
parchment or of which leather, rawhide, 



1166 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

H. R 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

or parchment is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for, 
25 per centum ad valorem; any of the 
foregoing permanently fitted and fur- 
nished with traveling, bottle, drinking, 
dining or luncheon, sewing, manicure, 
and similar sets, 30 per centum ad 
valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 452. Bags, baskets, belts, satchels, Par. 360. Bags, baskets, belts, satchels, 
cardcases, pocketbooks, jewel boxes, cardcases, pocketbooks, jewel boxes, 
portfolios, and other boxes and cases, portfolios, and other boxes and cases, 
made wholly of or in chief value of made wholly of or in chief value of 
leather, not jewelry, and manufactures of leather or parchment, not jewelry, and 
leather, or of which leather is the com- manufactures of leather or parchment, or 
ponent material of chief value, not of which leather or parchment is the corn- 
specially provided for in this section, ponent material of chief value, not 
forty per centum ad valorem; any of the specially provided for in this section, 30 
foregoing permanently fitted and fur- per centum ad valorem; any of the fore- 
nished with traveling, bottle, drinking, going permanently fitted and furnished 
dining or luncheon and similar sets, fifty with traveling, bottle, drinking, dining, 
per centum ad valorem. luncheon and similar sets, 35 per centum 

ad valorem. 

BAGS, BELTS, POCKETBOOKS, ETC. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — These articles — bags, baskets, belts, satchels, 
cardcases, pocketbooks, jewel boxes, etc. — correspond very closely 
with the Census classifications, " Trunks and Valises," " Pocket- 
books/' and "Leather goods, not elsewhere specified." The first 
class includes leather bags; only a few leather trunks are now made. 
Under the second class are "purses, ladies' purse handbags, card- 
cases, wallets, coin purses, etc., made chiefly of leather." The third 
group includes "handbags, belts, wristlets for watches, straps, music 
rolls, burnt-leather goods, razor strops, leather cases of ail kinds, fobs, 
handles, firemen's leather helmets, suspender parts, sweatbands, 
tags, kid hair curlers, washers, valves, dog collars, leather garments," 
and similar products. 

Production of "leather goods, not elsewhere specified," was valued 
at $18,838,000 in 1909, at $19,334,000 in 1914, and $52,934,098 in 
1919. New York State produced $9,895,000 in 1914; Illinois, Penn- 
sylvania, and New Jersey, nearly $2,000,000 each; and Massachusetts, 
$1,309,000. Of the quantity produced in 1919, New York led with 
over $30,000,000, followed by Minnesota,with slightly over $4,000,000. 
The production of pocketbooks in 1909 was valued at $3,628,000 and 
in 1914 at $3,351,000, New York leading, and Massachusetts second. 
The value in 1919 was $14,725,930, New York producing $11,292,361 
and Massachusetts $1,324,791. Although there are a few large 
concerns, this is mainly a small-scale industry, the majority of 
establishments having less than 20 employees and an average capital 
of about $25,000. Formerly there were many skilled artisans and 
handworkers, mostly of German origin; but the adoption of machine 
methods has greatly reduced their numbers. England, Germany, 
France, and Austria-Hungary were leaders in the production of 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1167 



leather goods; England in the manufacture of high-class hand-sewed 
leather and pigskin goods. Jewelry cases, manicure sets, etc., re- 
quiring much hand labor, were made in small shops in England and 
Germany, the factory output not being large. France originated 
styles of handbags, which were frequently "extreme." 

Imports under this classification in 1913 were valued at $1,252,520; 
in 1914, at $1,381,649. England, Germany, France, and Austria- 
Hungary have supplied the largest quantities of leather goods, with 
Germany and England leading in 1914. In 1916 and 1917 England 
supplied about two-thirds; in 1918, Canada, over 90 per cent; Japan, 
to the value of $38,502 in 1918, and $80,170 in 1920. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



BAGS, BASKETS, SATCHELS, BOXES, ETC., NOT JEWELRY. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



i S10 

126,647 

45,012 

247,260 

170,685 



$37, 994 
13,504 
74, 178 | 
51,205 | 



Per cent. 



BAGS, BASKETS, SATCHELS, BOXES, ETC., FITTED WITH TRAVELING BOTTLES, 


ETC. 


1918 


$4,014 
16, 896 
136,790 
93, 009 


1 
$1,404 | 
5,914 ! 
47,877 


35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months') 






■ i 


MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER OR PARCHMENT, N. s. 


P. F. 





1918. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



i$8 

375, 657 
i 4 
286,992 
814,783 
1253 
i\ 600, 180 



$112,697 



30 



244, 432 
' 180." 054 



1 From Philippines, free. 

Exports of "all other manufactures of leather" (exclusive of 
boots and shoes and harness and saddlery) were $2,175,179 in 1913, 
and $1,881,223 in 1914. Later exports in calendar years have been 
as follows: 1918, 1 $3,058,924; 1919, 1 $7,254,395; 1920, 2 $5,521,569; 
1921 2 (nine months), $1,404,217. Of the value of exports in 1920, 
England received $1,327,960, Canada $1,206,185, and Cuba $650,758. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1168. 



1 Exclusive of boots and shoes, gloves, and harness and saddlery. 

1 Exclusive of boots and shoes, gloves, harness and saddlery, and leather belting. 



1168 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

LEATHER BELTING. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — Leather belting is generally produced from 
green-salted hides, free from scratches, brands, etc., as it is essential 
that the finished product possess uniformity. Most of the leather 
belting is vegetable-tanned, oak tannage giving a product of great 
tensile strength at moderate cost. Chrome tannage is employed to 
some extent, especially when a steam-proof product is desired. 
Chrome leather is effective in temperatures where leathers tanned by 
the vegetable processes fail. Chrome-tanned belting usually costs 
more per pound owing to the lower yield from the hide. Progress 
has been made in the sewing of leather belting, handwork being 
practically supplanted by machine sewing. Leather belting is used 
in a great number of industries. Chain belting and other substitutes 
for leather compete with this product. 

Production of leather belting increased from $6,525,737 in 1879 
to $14,220,306 in 1904, and to $23,035,951 in 1914. In 1919, the value 
of the leather belting manufactured was $40,540,653. Materials cost 
$28,156,713. New York led in production with an output valued 
at $9,391,023, followed by Pennsylvania with $5,574,105; Massachu- 
setts came next with $3,943,685, and Connecticut with $3,930,487. 

Import statistics are not separately recorded. 

Exports of leather belting were included under "all other manu- 
factures of leather" prior to 1920. In that year and nine months of 
the following, exports were, respectively, 2,819,078 pounds, valued 
at $5,412,290, and 64,124 pounds, valued at $41,035. Cuba received 
the largest amount in 1920, taking 359,106 pounds, valued at 
$807,715. England followed with purchases valued at $507,728, 
Japan with $402,235, British India with $399,180, and Mexico with 
$288,889. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions for moccasins 
and manufactures of rawhide are new. 

Suggested changes. — Page 163, line 24, of H. R. 7456: Transpose 
"wholly or in chief value of leather or parchment" and "not 
jewelry" so as to make the phrase read: and other boxes and 
cases, not jewelry, wholly or in chief value of leather or parch- 
ment, * * *." 

Page 164, line 5: change "and" to "or" before "similar sets." 



PARAGRAPH 1433. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1433. Gloves made wholly or in 
chief value of leather, whether wholly or 
partly manufactured, shall pay duty at 
the following rates, the lengths stated in 
each case being the extreme length when 
stretched to their full extent," namely: 
Men's gloves not over twelve inches in 
length, $4 per dozen pairs; and women's 
and children's gloves not over twelve 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1169 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



inches in length, $3 per dozen pairs; for 
each inch in length in excess thereof, 50 
cents per dozen pairs: Provided, That, in 
addition thereto, on all of the foregoing 
there shall be paid the following cumula- 
tive duties: When lined with cotton, wool, 
or silk, $2.40 per dozen pairs; when lined 
with leather or fur, $4 per dozen pairs; 
when embroidered or embellished, 40 
cents per dozen pairs : Provided further, 
That all the foregoing shall pay a duty of 
not less than 37£ per centum ad valorem: 
Provided further, That glove tranks, with 
or without the usual accompanying pieces, 
shall pay 75 per centum of the duty pro- 
vided for the gloves in the fabrication of 
which thev are suitable. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 453. Gloves made wholly or in 
part of leather, whether wholly or partly 
manufactured, shall pay duty at the fol- 
lowing rates, the lengths stated in each 
case being the extreme length when 
stretched to their full extent, namely: 

Par. 454. Women's or children's 
"glace" finish, Schmaschen (of sheep 
origin), not over fourteen inches in 
length, one dollar and twenty-five cents 
per dozen pairs; over fourteen inches and 
not over seventeen inches in length, two 
dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen 
pairs; over seventeen inches m length, 
two dollars and seventy-five cents per 
dozen pairs; men's "glace" finish, 
Schmaschen (sheep), three dollars per 
dozen pairs. 

Par. 455. Women's or children's 
"glace" finish, lamb or sheep, not over 
fourteen inches in length, two dollars 
and fifty cents per dozen pairs; over four- 
teen and not over seventeen inches in 
length, three dollars and fifty cents per 
dozen pairs; over seventeen inches in 
length, four dollars and fifty cents per 
dozen pairs; men's "glace" finish, lamb 
or sheep, four dollars per dozen pairs. 

Par. 456. Women's or children's 
"glace " finish, goat, kid, or other leather 
than of sheep origin, not over fourteen 
inches in length, three dollars per dozen 
pairs; over fourteen and not over seven- 
teen inches in length, three dollars and 
seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; over 
seventeen inches in length, four dollars 
and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; 
men's "glace" finish, kid, goat, or other 
leather than of sheep origin, four dollars 
per dozen pairs. 

Par. 457. Women's or children's 
of sheep origin, with exterior grain sur- 
face removed, by whatever name known, 
not over seventeen inches in length, two 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 361. Gloves, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, made wholly or 
in chief value of leather, whether wholly 
or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at 
the following rates, the lengths stated in 
each case being the extreme length when 
stretched to their full extent, namely: 

Par. 362. Men's, women's, or children's 
"glace" finish, Schmaschen (of sheep 
origin), not over fourteen inches in length, 
$1 per dozen pairs ; over fourteen inches in 
length, 25 cents additional per dozen 
pairs for each inch in excess of fourteen 
inches. 

Par. 363. All other women's or chil- 
dren's gloves wholly or in chief value of 
leather, not over fourteen inches in 
length, $2 per dozen pairs; over fourteen 
inches in length, 25 cents additional per 
dozen pairs for each inch in excess of 
fourteen inches; all men's leather gloves 
not specially provided for in this section, 
$2.50 per dozen pairs. 

Par. 364. In addition to the foregoing 
rates there shall be paid the following 
cumulative duties: On all leather gloves 
when lined with cotton or other vegetable 
fiber, 25 cents per dozen pairs; when 
lined with a knitted glove or when lined 
with silk, leather, or wool, 50 cents per 
dozen pairs; when lined with fur, $2 per 
dozen pairs; on all pique and prixseam 
gloves, 25 cents per dozen pairs. 

Par. 365. Glove tranks, with or with- 
out the usual accompanying pieces, shall 
pay 75 per centum of the duty provided 
for the gloves in the fabrication of which 
they are suitable. 

Par. 495. Gloves, made wholly or in 
chief value of leather made from horse- 
hides, pigskins, and cattle hides of cattle 
of the bovine species, excepting calf- 
skins, whether wholly or partly manufac- 
tured [Free]. 



82304—22- 



-74 



1170 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

dollars and fifty cents per dozen pairs; 
over seventeen inches in length, three dol- 
lars and fifty cents per dozen pairs; 
men's, of sheep origin, with exterior sur- 
face removed, by whatever name known, 
four dollars per dozen pairs. 

Par. 458. Women's or children's kid, 
goat, or other leather than of sheep origin, 
with exterior grain surface removed, by 
whatever name known, not over fourteen 
inches in length, three dollars per dozen 
pairs; over fourteen inches and not over 
seventeen inches in length, three dollars 
and seventy-five cents per dozen pairs; 
over seventeen inches in length, four 
dollars and seventy-five cents per dozen 
pairs; men's goat, kid, or other leather 
than of sheep origin, with exterior grain 
surface removed, by whatever name 
known, four dollars per dozen pairs. 

Par. 459. In addition to the foregoing 
rates there shall be paid the following 
cumulative duties: On all leather gloves, 
when lined, one dollar per dozen pairs; 
on all pique or prix seam gloves, forty 
cents per dozen pairs; on all gloves 
stitched or embroidered, with more than 
three single strands or cords, forty cents 
per dozen pairs. 

Par. 460. Glove tranks, with or with- 
out the usual accompanying pieces, shall 
pay seventy-five per centum of the duty 
provided for the gloves in the fabrication 
of which they are suitable. 

LEATHER GLOVES. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — Leather gloves may be dress gloves, work 
gloves, or automobile gloves (now almost an independent branch of the 
industry). Work gloves are " block-cut" with dies of approximate 
measurements; dress gloves are "table-cut," — that is, the skin is 
manipulated to the sizes that will stretch to desired widths when 
drawn on the hand. The dress gloves made here are " broad-cut;" 
the imports, principally in the lighter weight, fit more exactly. Most 
dress gloves were formerly made of imported sheep and lamb skins, 
but are now made principally from domestic raw materials. Mocha 
skins, extensively used, are practically all dressed and finished here. 
Work gloves are from domestic materials — cowhide, horsehide, and 
sheepskin, or of canvas or canton flannel reinforced with leather. 

Schmaschen gloves are cheap dress gloves made of the skins of 
stillborn (or sometimes of very young) lambs. 

Production of leather gloves and mittens in 1914 was 3,082,376 
dozen pairs, valued at $20,296,558. Of this total, men's gloves were 
2,367,263 dozen pairs, valued at $15,334,605; women's and children's 
gloves, 425,501 dozen pairs, at $3,963,170; bovs' gloves, 289,612 
dozen pairs, at $998,783. The output of dress gloves was 1,086,509 
dozen pairs, valued at $10,494,253; of work gloves, 1,995,807 dozen 
pairs, at $9,802,305. In 1919 the total number of dress gloves, street 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1171 



gloves, mittens, and gauntlets was 1,227,284 dozen pairs, valued at 
$24,563,017; of working gloves, 2,388,419 dozen pairs, at $20,268,760. 
The number of all leather gloves produced was 3,615,703 dozen pairs, 
worth $44,831,777. Fulton County, N. Y., is the center of the 
industry, producing 54.7 per cent in 1909. Wisconsin, Illinois, and 
California follow in order, their products being largely work and auto- 
mobile gloves. In 1919 New York produced gloves and mittens, 
valued at $27,003,998; Wisconsin, $6,772,808; Illinois, $5,422,794; 
and California, $2,048,503. - 

Imports are almost wholly of the " dress " variety and are principally 
women's gloves. Before the war approximately 40 per cent oi the 
dress gloves was imported. In 1913, 99.7 per cent of the imports 
came from Germany, France, England, Italy, Belgium, and Austria, in 
order. In 1914 about $8,000,000 of a total $9,000,000 value came 
from Germany and France. Of the men's gloves imported in the 
years 1919 and 1920, England sent amounts valued at $104,754 
and $485,122, respectively. During the war period imports of 
women's and children's schmaschen gloves decreased. In 1918 none 
was received from Germany and Belgium, and but small quantities 
from France and Italy. In 1920, however, Germany sent gloves to 
the value of $170,890, which was a large proportion of the total. 
Imports of women's and children's gloves, not schmaschen, less than 
14 inches in length, came largely from France. In 1920, the United 
States imported a value of $8,796,004 from that country, $1,615,900 
from Germany, $1,061,374 from Italy, over $750,000 from Belgium 
and almost the same amount from England. Imports of leather 
gloves for recent years are shown as follows : 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 



MEN'S GLOVES. 
Other than Schmaschen. Unlined. 



1918 


Dozen pairs. 
J i 1, 276 
1 2 6, 918 
/ !233 
\ 2 2, 881 
/ i 4, 461 
1 2 18, 856 
/ » 1, 456 
\ 2 7 524 


$14, 834 

112, 469 

4,857 

55, 857 

94, 666 

397, 089 
26, 669 

134, 902 


$11. 63 
16.26 
20.84 
19.04 
21.22 
21.06 
18.35 
17.94 


$3, 190 
19, 025 
583 
7,922 
11, 153 
51, 854 


Per cent. 
21.50 


1919 


16.91 
11.99 


1920 


14.18 
11.78 


1921 (9 months) 


13.06 















Other than Schmaschen, Lined. 



1918 


f i 1. 361 
1 2 1 773 
/ J 281 
1 2 1,718 
J 1650 
1 23,461 
/ 1459 
\ 2 836 


$22, 812 

51, 786 

8,335 

56,599 

19,956 

129, 147 
10,280 
26,889 


$16. 76 
29.15 
29.66 
32.94 
30.70 
37.31 
22.39 
32.16 


$4,046 
7,747 
1,089 
7,311 
2,316 

14, 162 


17.36 


1919 


14.96 
13.06 


1920 


12.91 
11.61 


1921 (9 months) 


10.97 















i Plain. 



2 Pique or prix seam. 



Schmaschen. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



771 

88 

1,272 



$13,028 

1,890 

25, 013 

13,447 



$16. 90 
21.48 
19.66 



$1,264 

95 

1,554 



9.70 
5.02 
6.21 



1172 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value 



Duty. 



Equivalent 

ad 

valorem. 



WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S GLOVES. 

SCHMASCHEN. 



1918 


Dozen pairs. 
491 
6,472 
27, 164 


$4, 795 

45, 052 

247, 520 

189, 232 


$9.77 
6.96 
9.11 


$491 


Per cent. 
in Od. 


1919 


7 121 is «i 


1920 


27, 668 


11 18 


1921 (9 months) 















Other than Schmaschen, not over 14 Inches in Length. 



1918 / '120,942 

yiS it 2 333, 852 

1Q1Q 1/ x 116, 050 

™ 2 264,067 



1Q20 / x 263, 331 

19 ^ |i 2 460,736 

1921(9months) |{ ^'" 



$1, 614, 245 
3,852,931 
1, 944, 292 
3, 748, 173 
4,111,648 
6,385,294 
3, 461, 599 
4, 122, 483 



$13.35 


11.54 


16.75 


14.19 


15.61 


13.86 


15.39 


12. 85 



$272, 119 
667, 704 
261, 113 
528, 134 
592, 494 
921, 472 



16.86 
17.33 
13.43 
14.09 
14.41 
14.43 



Lined with Cotton or Other Vegetable Fiber. 



1918 


f 138 
\ 2557 
/ 170 
\ 2 294 
/ 198 
\ 2 248 
/ 172 
\ 248 


$707 
7,691 
1,276 
3,134 
2,129 
3,978 
1,348 
138 


$18. 61 
13.81 
18.23 
10.66 
21.72 
16.04 
18.72 
28.75 


$95 
1,253 
175 
662 
245 
' 558 


13.44 


1919 


16.30 
24.11 


1920 


13.71 
11.51 




14.03 















LINED WITH KNITTED GLOVE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



155 

2 718 
1128 

123 

2 402 

18 

2 20 



$945 

10, 316 

1, 037 

455 

11,016 

102 

551 



$17. 18 
14.37 
37. 36 
19.78 
27.40 
12.95 
27.55 



$138 

1,975 

77 

58 

1,106 



14.55 
19.14 
7.43 
1?.64 
10.01 



LINED WITH SILK, LEATHER, OR WOOL. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



110 

254 

166 

214 

U28 

2 286 

1151 

2 107 



$122 
1,280 
1, 437 
373 
3,095 
6,192 
2,037 
2,136 



$12. 20 
23.70 
21.77 
26.64 
24.16 
21.50 
13.18 
19.96 



$25 
149 
165 
39 
320 
787 



20.49 
11.60 
11.48 
10.32 
10.34 
12. 70 



LINED WITH FUR. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



2 261 
18 
2 22 
1297 
2 244 
M0 
«82 



$2, 668 

6,474 

274 

1, 236 

6, 793 

10, 064 

276 

2,548 



$29. 98 
24.80 
34.25 
56.18 
22.87 
41.25 
27.60 
21.07 



$386 
1,109 
32 
94 
1,188 
1,037 



13.34 
17.13 
11.68 
7.56 
17.49 
10.30 



OVER 14 INCHES IN LENGTH— LINED. 



1921 (9 months). 



125 $1,635 



$13. 08 



1 Plain. 

2 Pique or prix seam. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1173 



Calendar vear. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 



WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S GLOVES— Continued. 

OVER 14 INCHES IN LENGTH— UNLINED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Dozen pairs. 
1 1610 


1 2 135 


/ » 7, 383 


\ 2 1, 132 


/ i 84, 990 


\ 2 i 6> 349 


/ i 73, 076 
\ J 14, 232 



1 






Per cent. 


$12,205 ! 


$20. 01 


$1, 927 


15.78 


2,135 


15.81 


436 


20.41 


197,818 


26.79 


24, 018 


12.14 


26,001 i 


22.97 


3,348 


12.87 


2,234,736 ! 


26.29 


316,682 


14.17 


35a 462 ; 


21.56 


54,651 


15.51 


1,905,044 ! 


26.06 






336,494 


23.64 







» Plain. 

1 Pique or prix seam. 

Exports of dress gloves not given separately. 

Important changes in classification. —See General Notes on Para- 
graph, page 1174. 

GLOVES OF HORSEHIDE, ETC. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — Gloves made from horsehide, pigskin, and 
cattle-hide leather are chiefly work gloves, but include a small propor- 
tion of automobile gauntlets and heavy winter gloves. Work gloves 
are not used to any extent in foreign countries, except in Canada. 
Unlined gauntlets of horsehide and cowhide are the most important 
type of work gloves manufactured; although some deerskin and elk- 
skin workmen's gloves are still made, this branch of the business is of 
comparatively little consequence. 

Production of work gloves, mittens, and gauntlets of leather in 1914 
was 1,995,807 dozen pairs, valued at $9.802,305 — horsehide, cattle- 
hide, and calfskin gloves, 852,513 dozen pairs; sheepskin gloves, 
675,190 dozen pairs; deer or elk skin, 94,002 dozen pairs; and all 
other kinds, 374,102 dozen pairs. Women's and children's work 
gloves were valued at $199,630; men's unlined gloves, at $6,312,817; 
and men's lined gloves, at $2,027,079. In 1919 the production of 
working gloves, mittens, and gauntlets was 2,388.419 dozen pairs, 
valued at $20,268,760. Horsehide, cattle-hide, and calfskin gloves 
numbered 1,510,895 dozen pairs, sheepskin 274,998 dozen pairs, deer 
and elk skin 81,408 dozen pairs, and working gloves of other kinds 
521,118 dozen pairs. Women's and children's work gloves were 
valued at $468,405 and men's and boys' at $19,800,355. Work gloves 
and automobile gloves and gauntlets are manufactured principally 
in factories located in the Middle West. 

Imports in 1914 were 145 dozen pairs, valued at $503; in 1917, 60 
dozen pairs, valued at $965. Sources are not indicated. There has 
been practically no foreign competition in w T ork gloves; they are 
used principally in this country, and foreign manufacture is negligible. 
The importation of gloves of this class in 1918 was large, but the value 
per dozen pairs indicates that they were not largely of the "work" 



1174 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



variety. Imports of gloves made from horsehides, pigskins, and 
cattle hides, except calfskins, for calendar years are as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (dozen pairs) 


86, 385 
• $1, 857, 371 


5,246 

$65, 207 


6,716 

$66,297 


27 


Value 


$356 





Exports of gloves were not separately given prior to 1918, but were 
included under "all other manufactures of leather." Since 1918 the 
quantity exported has been increasing. In that year 6.374 dozen 
pairs out of the total of 13,186 dozen pairs were sent to Canada. In 
1919 the quantity to Canada decreased almost half, but 19,142 dozen 
pairs were taken by England. In 1920 England again received the 
bulk of the exports, taking 17,537 dozen pairs, valued at $325,620. 
Working gloves are the kind principally exported. Exports since 
1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




13, 186 
$153, 781 


41, 936 

$623, 693 


33, 359 
$552, 930 


2,349 




$28, 786 







GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — Gloves, manufactured wholly 
or in chief value of leather made from horsehides, pigskins, and cattle 
hides of cattle of the bovine species, except calfskins, whether 
wholly or partly manufactured, are on the free list of the act of 1913 
(par. 495). 

Specific enumeration of different kinds of leather has been omitted. 



PARAGRAPH 1434. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1434. Catgut, whip gut, worm 
gut, oriental gut, and manufactures there- 
of, 25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 462. Manufactures of * * * 
catgut or whip gut or worm gut, * * * 
or of which these substances or any of 
them is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for in this 
section, twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem; * * *. 

Par. 467. * * * strings for musical 
instruments, not.otherwise enumerated in 
this section, * * * forty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 529. Catgut, whip gut, or worm 
gut, unmanufactured [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 366. Manufactures of catgut, or 
whip gut, or worm gut, including strings 
for musical instruments; any of the fore- 
going or of which these substances or any 
of them is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for 
in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 443. Catgut, whip gut, or worm 
gut, unmanufactured [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1175 



CATGUT, WHIP GUT, WORM GUT, AND ORIENTAL GUT. 

(See Survey N-19.) 

Description and uses. — Catgut is made from the intestines of sheep, 
sometimes from those of the horse, ass, or mule, but never from those 
of the cat. The best grades and parts of intestines are used in 
making strings for musical instruments and surgical sutures for 
closing wounds. Catgut is also used for making tennis strings, 
clockmaker's and hatter's cords, and whipcord. Catgut known as 
spinning gut forms the base of all wound strings. "Oriental" gut, 
used for tennis strings, is made from animal sinews, silk, and glue. 
Worm gut is a strong cord composed of the fiber drawn from a silk- 
worm ready to spin its cocoon; it is used in the manufacture of 
snelled hooks, leaders, casts, and other fishing tackle. 

Production. — The manufacture of gut strings is a comparatively 
new industry in the United States. Value of the domestic product 
is not given in the census reports. Based upon reports of individual 
manufacturers, the annual value of gut strings produced in the 
United States is about $2,000,000. 

Imports of catgut and worm gut in 1914 were valued at $123,551 
About one-third of the imports came from Japan, the remainder 
principally from Germany, England, Scotland, Spain, and France. 
Imports in 1914 of manufactures of gut amounted to $62,566, exclud- 
ing strings for musical instruments, which amounted to $13,755. 
Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit 
value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



CATGUT, WHIP GUT, OR WORM GUT, UNMANUFACTURED. 



1918 


Pounds. 


$229,734 
243,914 
307, 214 
204,770 






Per cent. 


1919 


21,379 
40, 215 
32, 374 


$11. 41 
7.64 
6.33 






1920 






1921 (9 months) 






I 



MANUFACTURES OF CATGUT, WHIP GUT, OR WORM GUT, w. E. s. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



609 



$15,199 . 
6,009 I 
15,634 . 
11,919 . 



$3,040 : 
1,202 
3,127 



STRINGS FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 



1918 


$21,332 


$4,266 
3,479 
9,964 


20 


1919 


17,395 ! 


20 


1920 


49.820 1 


20 


1921 (9 months) 1 59, 429 ' 






i"* 



Exports. — Not shown in official statistics. 

Important changes in classification. — Catgut has been imported 
almost wholly under paragraph 443 of the free list of the act of 1913 
as unmanufactured catgut. The strings, the form in which gut is 
imported, are the crudest form in which catgut is known to the trade. 



1176 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The strings are not raw, dried, or salted, but have passed through 
processes of manufacture. These strings, including whip gut, worm 
gut, and oriental gut, are made dutiable in H. R. 7456 at the same 
rate of duty as manufactures of gut. Specific enumeration of 
catgut strings for musical instruments (par. 366, act of 1913) has been 
omitted. 

Suggested changes. — It is represented to the Tariff Commission that 
worm gut, which is used by manufacturers of fishing tackle, is not 
produced in the United States and might be retained on the free list. 



PARAGRAPH 1435. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1435. Gas, kerosene, or alcohol 
mantles, and mantles not specially pro- 
vided for, treated with chemicals or 
metallic oxides, wholly or partly manu- 
factured, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 183. * * * gas mantles treated 
with chemicals or metallic oxides, * * * 
orty per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 154. * * * gas, kerosene, or 
alcohol mantles treated with chemicals 
or metallic oxides, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; * * *. 



GAS, KEROSENE, OR ALCOHOL MANTLES. 

(See Survey C-22.) 

Description and 'production. — Incandescent gas mantles are com- 
posed of 99 per cent of thoria and 1 per cent of ceria. In their 
manufacture a fabric of cotton or ramie is knit into the proper shape 
and saturated with a solution of thorium and cerium nitrates. The 
fabric is then dried and heated to a red heat to convert the nitrates 
into oxides, a process which preserves the shape and structure of the 
knit fabric. Much skilled labor, principally by women, is required 
in this industry. There are 30 domestic manufacturers, and the 
output is estimated at about 80,000,000 mantles per year. 

Imports of gas mantles averaged about $60,000 in value before 

1914 and yielded an annual revenue of approximately $24,000. In 

1915 the imports were 1,077,289 mantles, valued at $40,627. Before 
the war imports were principally from Germany. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year 


Quantity. | 


Value. Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Number. 
3,117 1 
]32 
208,497 | 
379,101 


$316 ! SO. 10 

54 j .41 

13,243 | .06 

16,214 ! 


$79 

13 

3,311 

4,054 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 : 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months). . .- 






' 1 





Exports of gas mantles first shown separately in 1918, have been 
valued as follows for calendar years: 1918, $252,284; 1919, 
$358,642; 1920, $478,371; 1921 (nine months), $167,850. Exports 
are principally to Canada, British India, and South America. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1177 



Important changes in classification. — The provisions for gas, kerosene, 
and alcohol mantles in paragraph 154 of the metal schedule of the 
act of 1913 have been transferred by H. R. 7456 to Schedule 14, 
Sundries, where they properly belong. 



PARAGRAPH 1436. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1436. Manufactures of amber, 
bladders, or wax, or of which these sub- 
stances cr any of them is the component 
material of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for, 15 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 462. Manufactures of amber, 
* * * bladders, * * * or wax, or 
of which these substances or any of them 
is the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 



367. Manufactures of amber, 
* bladders, or wax, or of which 
these substances or any of them is the 
component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this section, 10 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



MANUFACTURES OF AMBER. 

(See Survey N-19.) 

Uses. — Amber is used principally in ornaments, beads, pipes, cigar 
holders, and sometimes in scientific instruments as an insulating 
material. (For amber unmanufactured see par. 1577, p. 1319.) 

Imports were valued at $9,333 in 1914; and $5,436 in 1916. Later 
statistics follow: . 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$425 

2,466 

/ i 25, 000 

\ 21, 846 

8,564 


S43 
247 

0) 

2,185 
856 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


C 1 ) 


1921 (9 months) 


10 
10 







From Philippine Islands, free. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



MANUFACTURES OF BLADDERS. 

(See Survey N-19.) 



For unmanufactured bladders, see paragraph 706. 
Imports have been negligible except in 1917 and 1918, when they 
were valued at $1,259 and $8,288, respectively. 
Exports. — None recorded. 



1178 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
MANUFACTURES OF WAX. 



(See Survey N-19.) 

Uses. — Waxes are used chiefly for the manufacture of candles, 
floor waxes and other polishes, insulating compounds, plastic masses, 
phonograph records, modeling wax, and pharmaceutical preparations. 
(See par. 1676.) 

Imports prior to 1914 averaged about $20,000 in value; in 1914 they 
were $36,327. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Value. 



$9,613 
3,630 
i 2, 955 
12,039 
12,895 
14,117 
19,489 



Duty. 



$769 
363 
236 
1,204 
1,232 
1,412 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



Per cent. 

8 
10 

8 
10 

8 
10 



From Cuba. 



Exports increased from $47,303 in 1911 to $112,193 in 1914. Later 
statistics follow for calendar years: 1918, $592,132; 1919, $1,382,355; 
1920, $1,001,345; 1920 (nine months), $487,943. England, Australia, 
Canada, and Japan are the principal countries of destination. 



PARAGRAPH 1437. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1437. Manufactures of bone, chip, 
grass, horn, quills, india rubber, gutta- 
percha, palm leaf, straw, weeds, or whale- 
bone, or of which these substances or any 
of them is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for, 
20 per centum ad valorem; automobile 
and bicycle tires composed wholly or in 
chief value of rubber, 10 per centum ad 
valorem; molded insulators and insulat- 
ing materials, wholly or partly manufac- 
tured, composed wholly or in chief value 
of india rubber or guttapercha, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; combs composed 
wholly of horn or of horn and metal, 35 
per centum ad valorem. The terms 
" grass" and "straw"' shall be understood 
to mean these substances in their natural 
state and not the separated fibers thereof. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 463. Manufactures of bone, chip, 
grass, horn, quills, india rubber, palm 
leaf, straw, weeds, or whalebone, or of 
which these substances or any of them is 
the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this section, 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 368. Manufactures of bone, chip, 
grass, horn, india rubber or gutta-percha, 
palm leaf, quills, straw, weeds, or whale- 
bone, or of which any of them is the com- 
ponent material of chief value not other- 
wise specially provided for in this section, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1179 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



thirty-five per centum ad valorem; but 
the terms "grass" and "straw" shall be 
understood to mean these substances in 
their natural form and structure, and not 
the separated fiber thereof; sponges made 
of rubber, forty per centum ad valorem; 
combs, composed wholly of horn, or com- 
posed of horn and metal, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 464. Manufactures of gutta-per- 
cha, * * * or of which these sub- 
stances or any of them is the component 
material of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, * * * thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 



shall be subject to the following rates: 
Manufactures of india rubber or gutta- 
percha, commonly known as druggists' 
sundries, 15 per centum ad valorem; man- 
ufactures of india rubber or gutta-percha, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
10 per centum ad valorem; palm leaf, 15 
per centum ad valorem; bone, chip, horn, 
quills, and whalebone, 20 per centum ad 
valorem; grass, straw, and weeds, 25 per 
centum ad valorem; combs composed 
wholly of horn or of horn and metal, 25 
per centum ad valorem. The terms 
"grass" and "straw" shall be understood 
to mean these substances in their natural 
state, and not the separated fibers thereof. 



MANUFACTURES OF BONE, CHIP, GRASS, HORN. QUILLS, PALM LEAF, 
STRAW. WEEDS, OR WHALEBONE. 

(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph covers a considerable 
variety of the manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, etc., the quali- 
fication "n. s. p. f." not restricting narrowly the number of items. 
Among articles held dutiable are mats made of braids of straw sewn 
together with cotton; millinery ornaments consisting of natural straw 
twisted together loosely and looped or tied, used in the crowns of 
straw hats; palm-leaf baskets; baling twine consisting of strands of 
braided grass; bottle covers and caps of palm leaf; and so-called 
paintings on straw mattings. 

Production data under these various classifications are not shown 
in official sources. Unclassified manufactures of bone and horn are 
included under paragraph 1438, in the Census classification of " Ivory, 
shell, and bone work." 

Imports in 1914 of manufactures of the various substances and 
the chief countries of origin were: Palm leaf, $13,073 (Germany); 
bone and horn, $109,909 (France ; United Kingdom, and Germany); 
chip. $4,086; quills, $21,682 (France and Austria-Hungary); whale- 
bone, $713; grass and straw, $426,438 (Japan, Canada, and Nether- 
lands) ; combs composed wholly of horn, or of horn and metal, 
$127,137. Later import statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



MANUFACTURES OF HORN. N. s. P. F. 



1918 


i$8,420 
/ 2 1,111 

\ 16,509 
38,153 

/ I5 
\ 121,860 


$1,684 


Per cent. 
20 






1919 


3,302 
7,631 


20 

20 


1920 






1921 (9 months) 


24,372 


20 





1 July 1 to Dec. 31 only; combined with manufactures of horn prior to July 
1 From Philippines — Free. 



1918. 



1180 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



MANUFACTURES OF BONE. N. S. P. F. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 




3 $6, 454 

1,202 

6,956 

17, 436 

10,297 



Per cent. 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 



MANUFACTURES OF CHIP. N. s. P. F. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 




MANUFACTURES OF PALM LEAF (EXCEPT FANS) 



1918 


$1,912 
5,138 

18,393 
7,615 


$298 

716 

2,728 

1,142 


15 


1919 . 


15 


1920 ... . . 


15 


1921 (9 months) . 


15 







MANUFACTURES OF QUILLS, N. S. P. F. 



1918 ... 


$14, 903 
19,511 
33, 189 
15,961 


$2,981 
3,902 
6,638 
3,192 


20 


1919 


20 


1920 . . 


20 


1921 (9 months) . 


20 







MANUFACTURES OF STRAW AND GRASS, N. s. P. F. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



2 $845 
207,315 
2 741 
353,211 
2 6, 328 
644,067 
275 
281,565 



$51, 829 



88, 303 



161,017 



70, 393 



25 



25 



25 



25 



MANUFACTURES OF WEEDS, N. S. P. F. 



1920 


$398 
246 


$100 
61 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 







MANUFACTURES OF WHALEBONE, N. s. P. F. 



1918 . . 


$2 

72 

330 

292 






1919 : 


$14 
66 

58 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 







COMBS COMPOSED WHOLLY OF HORN, OR OF HORN AND METAL. 



1918 .. 


$12, 136 

8,874 

73,262 

77,372 


$3,034 
2,219 
18,316 
19,343 


25 


1919 • 


25- 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 







2 From Philippines — Free. 

3 Jan. 1 to June 30. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1181 



Manufactures of bone, horn, and combs of horn, chiefly from Japan, 
France, and United Kingdom. Manufactures of straw and grass, 
chiefly from Canada, France, and Japan. 

Export statistics are lacking in most cases. Exports of manufac- 
tures of straw and palm leaf were valued at $799 507 in 1914. and 
later were as follows (calendar years) : 1918, $849,709; 1919, $926,430; 
1920, $1,602,941; 1921 (9 months), $264,875. Cuba, United King- 
dom, Canada, and Mexico were the principal countries of destination. 

MANUFACTURES OF INDIA RUBBER. 

(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and uses. — Manufactures of india rubber provided for 
in this paragraph constitute the greater portion of products of the 
rubber industry. Automobile and other tires form the largest single 
item, while manufactures not specially provided for include such 
important items as rubber boots and shoes, rubber tubing, dentists' 
rubber supplies; rubber balls, pouches, bulbs, and sponges; partly 
manufactured rubber; rubber sheets and rubber hospital sheeting; 
hot water bottles, ice bags, and similar articles. Rubber belting is 
not included, nor is rubber hose, except that made entirely of rubber 
not combined with cotton or other fiber. Gutta-percha products are 
not shown separately. 

Production. — -The census of manufactures gives statistics of the 
rubber industry under three classifications : Rubber belting and hose, 
Rubber boots and shoes, and Manufactures of rubber not elsewhere 
specified. The first classification is not covered by the provisions of 
this paragraph except to a small degree in the case of pure rubber 
hose. For the other two classifications^ 324 establishments were 
shown in 1914, employing 68,907 wage earners, with production 
valued at $276,150,510. In 1919 there were 461 establishments with 
production of $1,112,258,000. This total included rubber boots and 
shoes, $132,188,000; casings and solid tires, 34,404,000, valued at 
$550,718,000; and inner tubes, 41,093,000, valued at $202,207,000. 
Ohio leads in the production of general manufactures, New Jersey in 
belting and hose, and Massachusetts in boots and shoes. 

Imports of all classes in 1914 were valued at $1,489,680. Statistics 
for later years follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 








AUTOMOBILE TIRES. 




1918 


Number. 

1 1, 482 

f 25 

\ 13,321 

f » 1,725 


i $54, 124 
2 170 
367, 976 
2 15, 525 
178,920 
28,981 


i$5,409 

2 14 

36, 798 
2 1,242 
17, 892 
2,898 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


8 


1920 


10 

8 


1921 (9 months) 


\ 8, 702 
990 


10 
10 






i July 1 to Dec. 31. 

1 From Cuba; general rate less 20 per cent . 











1182 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem. 




MANUFACTURES OF INDIA RUBBER, 


N. S. P. F. 




1918 




i $213, 250 

• 422, 753 

» 891, 701 

492, 328 


i $22, 956 

3 46,505 

H00,041 

49,232 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 




10 


1920 




10 


1921 (9 months) 




10 










MANUFACTURES OF GUTTA-PERCHA, 


N. S. P. F. 




1918 






$48, 214 

143,438 

199,265 

18,445 


$4,821 

14,344 

19,927 

1,844 


10 


1919 . . : 




10 


1920 




10 


1921 (9 months) 




10 









1 July 1 to Dec. 31. 

3 Includes small amounts from Cuba. 



England, Canada, and Japan are the chief countries of origin; tires 
come mostly from England. 

Exports in 1914 amounted to $12,441,220, of which tires constituted 
$3,505,267. England, Canada, and Germany were the principal 
purchasers. Later statistics follow for calendar years: Automobile 
and other tires, 1918, $15,267,509; 1919, $30,481,886^ 1920, $53,074,- 
015; 1921 (nine months), $11,732,676. Other manufactures of rub- 
ber, 1918, $16,233,783; 1919, $23,383,769; 1920, $32,362,882; 1921 
(nine months), $11,623,993. These articles are exported to practically 
all parts of the world, with United Kingdom, France, Cuba, Argentina, 
and Sweden leading as purchasers. 

Important changes in classification. — The special provision for manu- 
factures of rubber known as druggists' sundries has been eliminated, 
and special provision made for automobile and bicycle tires, and 
molded insulators and insulating materials, wholly or partly manu- 
factured, composed wholly or in chief value of india rubber or 
gutta-percha. 

Suggested changes. — Automobile and bicycle but not motor-cycle 
tires are specially provided for in paragraph 1437. Automobile tires 
(in par. 369), but not bicycle or motor-cycle tires (par. 371), are 
expressly excluded. Apparently motor-cycle tires should be included 
in paragraph 1437 and bicycle and motor-cycle tires in terms excluded 
from paragraph 371 or the exclusion of automobile tires be dropped 
from paragraph 369 to avoid possible conflict of classification. 



PARAGRAPH 1438. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1438. Manufactures of ivory or 
vegetable ivory, or of which either of 
these substances is the component mate- 
rial of chief value, not specially provided 
for; manufactures of mother-of-pearl, 
shell, plaster of Paris, and india rubber 
known as "hard rubber," vulcanized 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1183 



H. R. 7456. 

or unviilcanized, or of which these sub- 
stances or any of them is the component 
material of chief value, not specially pro- 
vided for; and shells and pieces of shells 
engraved, cut, ornamented, or otherwise 
manufactured, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 464. Manufactures of * * * 
ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl 
and shell, plaster of Paris, * * * and 
vulcanized india rubber known as ; 'hard 
rubber," or of which these substances or 
any of them is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in 
this section, and shells engraved, cut. 
ornamented, or otherwise manufactured, 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 368. * * * Manufactures of 
india rubber * * * commonly known 
as druggists' sundries. 15 per centum ad 
valorem; * * *. 

Par. 369. * * * manufactures of 
ivory or vegetable ivory, or of which either 
of these substances is the component ma- 
terial of chief value, not specially provi- 
ded for in this section, 35 per centum ad 
valorem; manufactures of mother-of-pearl 
and shell, plaster of Paris, * * * and 
vulcanized india rubber known as "hard 
rubber," or of which these substances or 
any of them is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in 
this section, 25 per centum ad valorem; 
shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or oth- 
erwise manufactured, 25 per centum ad 
A'alorem . 



MANUFACTURES OF IVORY OR VEGETABLE IVORY. 

(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and uses. — Manufactures of ivory have included numer- 
ous articles, useful and ornamental, such as toilet articles, statuettes, 
and piano keys, the demand for the last being so great that imitation 
products must be drawn upon to meet requirements. Manufactures 
of vegetable ivory embrace handles for umbrellas, toilet articles, small 
trinkets, etc. (Buttons of vegetable ivory, see par. 1410, p. 1105.) 

Production figures are not fully available. In 1914 the output of 
ivory, shell, and bone work, not including combs and hairpins, was 
valued at $1,896,000, from 54 establishments, with $1,160,000 capital 
and 795 employees. In 1919 the number of establishments was re- 
ported at 44, with production valued at $2,817,000. Japan, England, 
Germany, and France are important manufacturers of animal and 
vegetable ivory products. Shell manufactures (mother-of-pearl and 
other) are important in England, France, Germany, and Asiatic Tur- 
key. 

Imports in 1914 of manufactures of animal and vegetable ivory 
amounted to $51,697. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 
rate. 


1918 


$17,959 
32,214 

140,314 
52,992 


$6,286 
11,275 
49, 110 
18,547 


Per cent. 
35 


1919 


35 


1920 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


35 







1184 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Export figures are meager. In 1918 the exports of ivory and manu- 
factures thereof and scrap amounted to $175,458, of which exports 
valued at $136,131 went to Canada. Later export statistics are not 
shown. 

MANUFACTURES OF MOTHER-OF-PEARL AND SHELL. 

(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and uses. — Manufactures of mother-of-pearl and shell 
embrace handles of various articles, such as knives, opera glasses, 
toilet articles, etc., art and inlay work, and buttons (pearl buttons — 
par. 1410). 

Production data are combined under the Census classification 
" Ivory, shell, and bone work," shown above. 

Imports in 1914 of manufactures of shell and mother-of-pearl 
amounted to $91,218; of shells engraved, cut, ornamented, or other- 
wise manufactured, to $38,987. France, Japan, and England are the 
leading sources. Later statistics follow : 



Calendar year. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



SHELLS ENGRAVED, CUT, ORNAMENTED, OR OTHERWISE MANUFACTURED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



i$83 

2,991 

1514 

3,990 

i 1,932 

7,489 

i 1,018 

20,767 



$748 



1,872 
"5,"i92 



Per cent . 



MANUFACTURES OF MOTHER-OF-PEARL AND SHELL. 



1918. 
1919. 
1920. 



i$129 

2,563 

168 

15,697 
1705 

47,570 



1921 (9 months) '/ ^'^ 



$641 
"3," 924 
ii,'S90 J 
"7*569"i 



1 From Philippines, free. 



Exports. — -None recorded. 



MANUFACTURES OF INDIA RUBBER KNOWN AS HARD RUBBER. 



(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and uses. — Hard rubber differs from soft or pliable 
rubber in its sulphur content and in being cured or vulcanized at a 
higher temperature; it is used in bowling balls, razor handles, foun- 
tain-pen barrels, combs, etc. 

Production data are not shown separately, being included with 
other manufactures of rubber. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1185 

Imports amounted to $376,906 in 1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 




82, 513 
4,624 

80,058 
84, 853 


S628 

1,156 

22,015 

21,213 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Suggested changes. — See General Notes on Paragraph below. 

MANUFACTURES OF PLASTER OF PARIS. 

(See Survey B-2.) 

Description and uses. — Plaster of Paris is a cement obtained by the 
pulverization and partial calcination of gypsum. It is used as a 
hard-finish plaster for walls and ceilings ; in surgery for making casts 
to inclose fractures, and for making impressions for dental plates in 
which teeth are set; for casts of sculpture in round, high, and low 
reliefs; replicas of archaeological objects; and life and death masks. 

Production data for miscellaneous manufactures of plaster of Paris 
are not shown. 

Imports amounted to $36,172 in 1914. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 

1 From Philippines, free. 

Exports. — Not separately recorded 



31,315 

185 

7,495 

10,056 

27,092 



S329 

0) 

1,874 

2,514 

6, 523 



Per cent. 
25 

25 
25 
25 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Important changes in classification. — Manufactures of papier-mache 
have been placed in paragraph 1303. 

Suggested changes. — The words ''vulcanized or unvulcanized'' after 
'"hard rubber" might be omitted, as probably all hard rubber is 
vulcanized. 



82304—22- 



-75 



1186 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1439. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1439. Electrical insulators and 
other articles, wholly or partly manufac- 
tured, composed wholly or in chief value 
of shellac, copal, or synthetic phenolic 
resin, not specially provided for, 30 per 
centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[Classable according to component [Classable according to component 
material of chief value.] material of chief value.] 

ELECTRICAL INSULATORS AND OTHER ARTICLES. 

Description and uses. — Synthetic phenolic resin is of comparatively 
recent development. In addition to serving for electrical insulators 
it is used in the production of a variety of articles, some of which are 
brush backs and handles, beads, advertising novelties, penholders, 
mouthpieces for pipes, etc. 

Production. — No data are available. 

Imports and exports. — Not shown. Imports before the war were 
principally from Germany. 

Important changes in classification. — New specific provision. 



PARAGRAPH 1440. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1440. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, 
and sea weeds, if manufactured or dyed, 
10 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 78. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, Par. 372. Moss and sea grass, eelgrass, 
and seaweeds, if manufactured or dyed, and seaweeds, if manufactured or dyed, 
ten per centum ad valorem. 10 per centum ad valorem. 

MOSS, SEA GRASS, EELGRASS, AND SEAWEEDS MANUFACTURED OR 

DYED. 

(See Survey N-22.) 

Uses. — Dyed sea moss is prepared for florists' use or for ornamental 
purposes. Eelgrass has been used in filling mattresses, cushions, etc., 
and sheathing houses. Seaweed ashes formerly supplied much of 
the alkali that was used in soap and glass making and for the prepara- 
tion of iodine. In its raw state it was and still is used as a fertilizer. 
As a rule, however, cheaper sources of most of the materials furnished 
by seaweed have been discovered. 

Imports in 1914 of moss and sea grass, eelgrass, and seaweeds, 
manufactured or dyed, were valued at $55,624, mainly from Germany. 
Later statistics follow: 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1187 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$2, 329 
6,044 

15, 282 
8,510 




$233 

604 

1,528 

851 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


51, 377 
56,400 
36, 853 


$0.12 
.27 
.23 


10 
10 


1920 


1921 (9 months).. 


10 





Imports in 1920 were $35,718 from the Netherlands and $13,561 
from Germany. 

Exports in 1914 of moss amounted to $51,006 of which $32,663 
went to Canada; and of seaweed to $40,592, practically all of which 
went to Hongkong. Exports of moss for the calendar years 1918, 
1919, and 1920 amounted, respectively, to $91,667, $91,475 and 
$115,346, Canada being the principal importing country. 



PARAGRAPH 1441, 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1441. Musical instruments and 
parts thereof, not specially provided for, 
pianoforte or player actions and parts 
thereof, cases for musical instruments, 
pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning ham- 
mers, and metronomes, music wire, 
"Strings for musical instruments, composed 
wholly or in part of steel or other metal, 
all the foregoing, 35 per centum ad 
valorem; tuning pins, $1 per thousand 
and 25 per centum ad valorem; violins, 
violas, violoncellos, and double basses, 
of all sizes, wholly or partly manufac- 
tured or assembled, $1.50 each and 35»per 
centum ad valorem; unassembled parts 
of the foregoing, 35 per centum ad 
valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909 

Par. 467. Musical instruments or parts 
thereof, pianoforte actions and parts 
thereof, strings for musical instruments, 
not otherwise enumerated in this section, 
cases for musical instruments, pitch pipes, 
tuning forks, tuning hammers, and metro- 
nomes; strings for musical instruments, 
composed wholly or in part of steel or 
other metal, all the foregoing, forty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 135. * * * all other wire not 
specially provided for in this section, 
shall pay a duty of not less than thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem; * * * 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 373. Musical instruments or parts 
thereof, pianoforte actions and parts 
thereof, ^ cases for musical instruments, 
pitch pipes, tuning forks, tuning ham- 
mers, and metronomes; strings for musi- 
cal instruments, composed wholly or in 
part of steel or other metal, all the fore- 
going, 35 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 114. * * * all other wire not 
specially provided for in this section, 
* * * 15 per centum ad valorem; 

Par. 366. Manufactures of catgut, or 
whip gut, or worm gut, including strings 
for musical instruments; * * * not 
specially provided for in this section, 20 
per centum ad valorem. 



1188 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

(See Surveys N-23 and FL-17.) 

Description. — These articles include all musical instruments except 
phonographs, graphophones, etc., covered in paragraph 1442. 

Production in 1914 was valued at $92,573,000; manufacturers 
numbered 719, with capital of $134,848,000 and 39,387 wage earners. 
Of the total value of products that of organs amounted to $6,297,000, 
pianos to $62,775,000, materials for organs and pianos to $19,876,000, 
and other musical instruments (excepting phonographs, etc.) to 
$3,625,000. Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, and Italy are 
important producers. In 1919 the production was valued as follows: 
Pianos, $107,245,000; organs, $6,118,000; piano and organ material, 
$36,052,000; and musical instruments, n. e. s. $14,266,000. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports of musical instruments and parts of, 
including steel or metal strings, were valued at $1,967,733. Imports, 
before the war, were supplied chiefly by Germany, but about one-half 
of the total in 1918 came from Japan. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 




Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



PIANOFORTE ACTIONS, AND PARTS OF. 



1919 


Number. 

781 


S3, 922 
40.619 
15, 244 


1 Per cent. 
si ,373 '' 35 


1920 


14,217 | 35 


1921 (9 months) -. 




5,335 ! 35 









CASES FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 



1919 


54 


$20 
747 

2.789 


87 
261 
976 


35 


1920 . J 


35 


1921 (9 months) .4. 


35 


1 





PITCH PIPES. TUNING FORKS, TUNING HAMMERS. AND METRONOMES. 



1919 


877.596 


$ 14, 785 
23, 034 
26,384 


$5, 175 
8,062 
9,234 


35 


] 920 1 


35 


1921 (9 months) 


35 







ALL OTHER MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND PARTS OF. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 



8, 432, 733 



$506,859 i $177,351 
1,259,771 ; 440,887 
2,495,932 , S73, 542 

I > 68V 

\ 1,934,289/ 



From the Philippines, free of duly 



STRINGS, STEEL OR METAL, FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 




nil* 


$520 


$182 

914 

1,674 

1,786 


15 


L919 1 


2,613 

4,782 
5,096 


35 


1920 




35 


1921 (9 months) .. 




35 









1189 

Exports in 1914 were valued as follows: Organs, $555/743; player 
pianos, $335,299; all other pianos, $1,416,888; piano players, 
$177,683; perforated music rolls, $127,626; all other musical instru- 
ments, and parts of, $745,392. Organs were exported chiefly to 
England; player pianos to Canada, Australia, England, and Italy; 
all other pianos to Canada and England; piano players to England; 
music rolls to England and Canada; all other to Canada, Germany, 
and England. Later exports for calendar years have been as follows : 



Organ? 

Player pianos 

All "other pianos 

Piano players 

Perforated music rolls 
All other and parts of 

Total 



1918 



J113.062 

1,272,210 

1,949,708 

45, 567 

160,511 

1,134,636 



4,675,694 



1919 



$174,647 i 

1,656,519 ! 

3,001,994 ! 

57,664 i 

294,742 I 

1,698,317 I 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



$296,942 

3.472,632 

5.261,071 

46,399 

409,913 

2,361,610 



$122,414 

1,096,758 

1,062,858 

19,628 

210, 673 

951, 155 



11,848,567 ! 3,463,486 



In 1920 the principal destinations of exports were as follows: 
Organs, England and British South Africa; player pianos, Australia, 
Spain, Cuba, Argentina, and Peru; all other pianos, Australia, 
Argentina, Cuba, and British South Africa; music rolls, Canada and 
Australia; all other musical instruments, Canada, England, and 
Australia. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions for player 
actions and parts of, music wire, tuning pins, and violins, violas, 
violoncellos, and double basses are new. 

Suggested changes. — Page 166, line 20, of H. R. 7456: Strike out 
comma after 'instruments." 



PARAGRAPH 1442. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1442. Phonographs, gramophones, 
graph ophones, and similar articles and 
parts thereof, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 468. Phonographs, gramophones, 
graphophones, and similar articles, or 
parts thereof, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 374. Phonographs, gramophone?, 
graphophones, and similar articles, or 
parts thereof. 25 per centum ad valorem. 



PHONOGRAPHS, GRAMOPHONES, ETC. 

(See Survey X-23.) 

Description and uses. — The essential parts of a phonograph are a 
funnel for receiving the sounds, a diaphragm which vibrates with 
these sounds and to which is attached a point, and a covered cylinder 
with which the point makes contact. Tne Edison diaphragm is iron, 
the point metallic, and the cylinder covered tin foil. By revolving the 
cylinder the recorded sound is reproduced. The graphophone applies 



1190 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



the phonograph principle of sound record and reproduction, but 
substitutes a wax cylinder. The term "graphophone," however, is 
being supplanted by " phonograph." The gramophone is a machine 
having a disk instead of a cylinder. 

Production in 1914 was valued at $27,115,916. The number of 
machines was 515,154, valued at $15,290,491; and records and 
blanks, 27,221,290, valued at $11,111,418. Parts of machines, 
materials, and supplies, not included in finished instruments, 
amounted to $356,935, and all other products to $357,072. In addi- 
tion, phonographs, etc., valued at $66,531, were made in establish- 
ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than 
those covered oy this industry. Eighteen establishments made 
phonographs, graphophones, etc., with capital of $33,771,000, and 
9,381 employees. In 1919 there were 167 establishments with value 
of products amounting to $158,668,000. 

Imports of phonographs, graphophones, etc., in 1914 amounted to 
$147,384, over one-half of which came from Germany. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$322, 188 
578, 518 
817, 965 
427, 552 


$80,547 
144, 629 


Per cent. 
25 


1919 


25 


1920 


204,491 25 


1921 (9 months) 


106, 888 









In 1920 imports from Germany amounted to $115,826, from 
Switzerland to $583,070, and from Japan to $73,074. 

Exports of machines and records and materials in 1914 amounted 
to $2,512,320, principally to Canada, England, Australia, Cuba, and 
Argentina. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months) . 


Phonographs, etc.: 

Number 


64, 459 
$1, 906, 052 
$2, 276, 357 


66, 157 
$2, 490, 719 
$3, 702, 668 


87, 571 
$4, 130, 312 
$3, 746, 387 


26, 974 


Value 


$1, 287, 683 


Records and accessories, value 


$1, 646, 683 



Suggested changes. — The phrase ''and parts thereof" is apparently 
intended to apply to phonographs, etc., as well as to similar articles. 
A comma inserted after " articles" would bring this out more clearly. 

Phonograph disks but not master records have been held to be 
parts of phonographs. (American Express Co. v. United States, 
4 Ct, Cust. Appls., 279, of 1913; G. A. 7182, T. D. 31351, of 1911.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1191 



PARAGRAPH 1443. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1443. Rolls: Calendar rolls or 
bowls made wholly or in chief value of 
cotton, paper, husk, wool, or mixtures 
thereof, or stone of any nature, com- 
pressed between and held together by 
iron or steel heads or washers fastened 
to iron or steel mandrels or cores, suitable 
for use in calendering, embossing, mang- 
ling, or pressing operations, 25 per centum 
a d„ valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



[Classable according to component [Classable according to component 
material of chief value.] material of chief value.] 

CALENDER ROLLS OR BOWLS. 

Description and uses. — Calender rolls or bowls vary in size, some 
being as large as 20 inches in diameter and 100 inches long. In 
manufacturing the rolls great accuracy of work is required to make 
the surface truly cylindrical. They are used in the textile and paper 
industries, in the manufacturing of linoleum, artificial leather, etc. 
as integral parts of calenders, embossing, and mangling machines. 
Stone rolls are generally used on the presses of a fourdrinier type of 
paper-making machine. The rolls are set in the machines in series 
through which the fabric or other material is passed for the purpose 
of imparting a glaze or polish, or other finish. 

Production data are not separately available from official sources. 
The industry is an important one, as these rolls are essential parts of 
the machinery used in the above-mentioned industries. In the 
hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of 
Representatives a list of eight manufacturers is given as large pro- 
ducers of these articles. 

Import and export data are not shown. 

Important changes in classification. — This provision is new. 

Suggested changes .—The correct spelling is " calender. " 



PARAGRAPH 1444. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1444. Rosaries, chaplets, and simi- 
lar articles of religious devotion, of what- 
ever material composed, valued at not 
more than $1.25 per dozen, 15 per centum 
ad valorem; valued at more than $1.25 per 
dozen, 30 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



[Classable according to component ma- [Classable according to component ma- 
terial of chief value or as articles "de- terial of chief value or as articles "de- 
signed to be worn on apparel or carried signed to be worn on apparel or carried on 
on or about or attached to the person."] or about or attached to the person."] 



1192 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ROSARIES, CHAPLETS, ETC. 

Description and uses. — A rosary as used in religious worship is a 
series of beads strung on a metal chain in combination with a flat 
metal piece of diversity in design together with a cross. The smaller 
rosaries are sometimes known as chaplets. The beads are made of 
a variety of materials — wood, glass, metal, bone, etc. — and the cross 
is usually composed of metal. 

Production. — The value of rosaries produced in the United States 
is not shown in official statistics. Practically all of the rosaries made 
in this country are composed of precious metal, or of precious metal 
in combination with beads of semiprecious or imitation precious 
stones. 

Imports.— The value of imports is not shown in official statistics. 
It is estimated by an importer that they amount to $300,000 annually. 
France, Holland, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, Germany, and Italy are 
the sources of imports. 

Exports. — Not shown in official statistics. 

Important changes in classification. — Rosaries and chaplets are sepa- 
rately provided for. They are now dutiable according to component 
materials, except where they come within paragraph 356 of the act 
of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — Beads in imitation of pearls or precious or semi- 
precious stones of any kind, the duty on which is 40 or 45 per centum 
ad valorem under paragraph 1403, could be imported strung as rosaries 
at 15 or 30 per centum, according to value, and after importation 
separated from the cross or crucifix and used for other purposes. 
This result might be avoided by providing that the rate of duty on 
rosaries shall not be less than that on the beads. 



PARAGRAPH 1445. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1445. Sponges, 15 per centum ad 
valorem; manufactures of sponges, or of 
which sponge is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for, 
25 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 79. Sponges, twenty per centum Par. 68. Sponges: Trimmed or un- 

ad valorem; manufactures of sponges, or trimmed but not advanced in value by 

of which sponge is the component mate- chemical processes, 10 per centum ad va- 

rial of chief value, not specially provided lorem; bleached sponges and sponges ad- 

for in this section, thirty per centum ad vanced in value by processes involving 

valorem. chemical operations, manufactures of 



cnemicai operations, manuiactures o 
sponges, or of which sponge is the compo 
nent material of chief value, not specialh 
provided for in this section. 15 per centun 
ad valorem 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1193 



SPONGES. 



(See Survey A-19.) 

Description and uses. — Sponges are collected principally in the 
Mediterranean and Red Seas and waters of the West Indies, Florida, 
and Central America. The finest are obtained from the Mediterra- 
nean, the next in quality from the Red Sea. 

Crude sponges are prepared by maceration in cold water for several 
days followed by beating to break up and remove concretions. The 
better grades are treated with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid 
to remove remaining calcareous matter and then, if desired, are 
bleached by chemical means. 

Production. — Most of the crude sponges marketed in this country 
are from the Florida fisheries. The product of these fisheries in 1913 
was valued at about $735,000, a little over $615,000 in 1914, and over 
$920,000 in 1917. In 1918 there was a decrease to about $623,000. 
This decrease was due partly to the high price of fish, which induced 
those engaged in sponge gathering to take up fishing. Tarpon 
Springs, Fla., is. the center of American sponge production. New 
York is the principal distributing center. In 1920 there were sold 
at the exchange at Tarpon Springs, Fla., 409,746 pounds of sponges, 
valued at $678,209. This is estimated to be about 90 per cent of the 
output of the Florida fisheries. 

Imports of crude sponges have averaged a little more than half 
the domestic production since 1913, and in that year were valued at 
$289,642. Imports of chemically treated sponges have been much 
less, amounting to $38,300 in 1914 and $58,797 in 1916. Imports of 
manufactures of sponges amounted to $73 in 1914. Crude sponges 
come mostly from the British West Indies, Cuba, and Greece. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


SPONGES, CRUDE. 


1918 


$523,480 
462, 898 
658,360 
171,652 


848, 940 
42, 869 
61,029 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 








SPONGES, 


BLEACHED AND ADVANCED BY CHEMICAL PROCESS. 




1918 • 


819,313 
11,798 
40, 842 
19, 161 


$2, 895 


1919 


1,754 


1920 


5,987 


1921 (9 months) 








■ 


MANUFACTURES OF SPONGES. 




1920 


$6, 831 
882 


$1,025. 


1921 (9 months) 









1194 



I 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports, 1910-1914, inclusive, averaged about 200,000 pounds, 
with a value of a little less than $200,000, and dropped in 1917 to 
116,131 pounds, valued at $129,063. Exports are principally to 
Canada and England. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


85,957 
$147, 519 


371,602 
$328, 131 


146, 575 
$217, 812 


78,899 
$104,914 


Value 





Important changes in classification. — The distinction between 
sponges trimmed and untrimmed in paragraph 68 of the act of 
1913 and between sponges bleached and otherwise advanced in 
value by chemical process is not made in H. R. 7456. 

Conflicting provisions. — Rubber bath sponges have been held not 
to come within the provision for sponges but within the provision 
for manufactures of india rubber. (Smith Co. v. United States, 149 
Fed., 1022, of 1906.) 



PARAGRAPH 1446. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1446. Violin rosin, 10 per centum 
ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 469. Violin rosin, in boxes or 
cases or otherwise, twenty per centum ad cases or otherwise, 10 per centum ad 
valorem. valorem. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 375. Violin rosin, in boxes or 



VIOLIN ROSIN. 

(See Survey FL-17.) 

Description and uses. — Violin rosin is a good grade of rosin cast 
in the form of cubes or embedded in pieces of wood to facilitate its 
application to the bow of stringed musical instruments, such as the 
violin. 

Production. — It is of comparatively simple manufacture, and the 
United States is the largest producer, but figures are not available. 

Imports of violin rosin in 1914 were valued at $11,688, about 52 
per cent from Germany and 32 per cent from France. Later statistics 
follow: 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


$2,803 
4,765 
6,255 [ 
5,657 

1 


$280 
476 
625 
566 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 


10 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The phrase 
-or otherwise" has been omitted as unnecessary. 



in boxes or cases 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1195 



PARAGRAPH 1447. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1447. Works of art, including 
paintings in oil or water colors, pastels, 
pen and ink drawings, and copies, repli- 
cas, or reproductions of any of the same; 
statuary, sculptures, or copies, replicas, 
or reproductions thereof; and etchings and 
engravings; all the foregoing, not specially 
provided for, 15 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 470. Paintings in oil or water 
colors, pastels, pen and ink drawings, 
and sculptures, not specially provided 
for in this section, fifteen per centum 
ad valorem; but the term "sculptures" 
as used in this Act shall be understood 
to include only such as are cut, carved, 
or otherwise wrought by hand from a 
solid block or mass of marble, stone, or 
alabaster, or from metal, and as are the 
professional production of a sculptor 
only, and the term "painting" as used 
in this Act shall be understood not to 
include such as are made wholly or in 
part by stenciling or other mechanical 
processes. 

Par. 416. * * * engravings, 
* * * etchings, * * * all the fore- 
going wholly or in chief value of paper, 
and not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion, twenty-five per centum ad valorem 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 376. Works of art, including 
paintings in oil or water-colors, pastels, 
pen and ink drawings, or copies, replicas 
or reproductions of any of the same, 
statuary, sculptures, or copies, replicas 
or reproductions thereof, and etchings 
and engravings, not specially provided 
for in this section, 15 per centum ad 
valorem. 



WORKS OF ART, N. S. P. F. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

Description and uses. — For most practical purposes works of art 
may be classified as follows: (1) Products of the fine arts, properly 
so called, intended solely for ornamental purposes, and including 
paintings in oil and water colors on canvas, plaster, or other material, 
and original statuary of marble, stone, or bronze. (2) Minor objects 
of art, intended also for ornamental purposes, such as statuettes, 
vases, drawings, etchings, etc., which are susceptible of an indefinite 
reproduction from the original. (3) Objects of art which serve pri- 
marily an ornamental and incidentally a useful purpose, such as 
painted or stained-glass windows, tapestry, paper hangings, etc. (4) 
Objects primarily designed for a useful purpose, such as ornamental 
clocks, higher grades of carpets, curtains, etc. 

The list of articles included under this paragraph is restricted by 
paragraphs 1685 to 1689 inclusive. The greater number of works of 
arts are entered free under those paragraphs. 

Production data on works of art are necessarily incomplete. Under 
the classification r Statuary and art goods" the Census gives data 
covering the manufacture of such articles as statues, vases, urns, 
flower boxes, fountains, pedestals, church statuary, bronze statuary, 
and papier mache articles. In 1914 these were valued at $3,910,000, 
and in 1919 at $4,982,000. 



1196 

Imports of works of art in 1914 were valued at $766,464, mainly 
from France, Italy, England, and Germany. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar yeav. 


Value. 


1 

Ad 
Duty:. valorem 


1918 


$76, 058 
i 182, 546 
1 525, 953 
i 270, 940 


$11,409 
1 27, 381 
1 78, 890 
140,641 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 




15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 







1 Includes small amounts from Philippines and Cuba. 

The principal countries of origin in 1919 and 1920 were Italy, 
France, Sweden, and England. 

Exports in 1914 of paintings and statuary of all kinds were valued 
at $1,415,302, going mainly to France, England, Canada, and 
Germanv. Later exports, by calendar years, have been as follows: 
1918, $341,035; 1919, $1,150,015; 1920, $1,640,701; 1921 (nine 
months), $756,552. In 1918 Canada, Cuba, Spain, and France were 
the principal purchasers, and France, Canada, and Cuba in 1919 and 
1920. 



PARAGRAPH 1448. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1448. Peat moss, 50 cents per ton. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Pah. 471. Peat moss, one dollar per Par. 377. Peat moss, 50 cents per ton. 
ton. 



PEAT MOSS. 



(See Survey N-22.) 



Description and uses. — Peat moss consists largely of various species 
of sphagnum (bog moss). It is used for stable litter, potting plants, 
packing materials, and for insulation. Peat moss is an excellent 
absorbent, hence its value for stable litter. Gardeners employ it for 
covering and moistening the roots of plants because it readily absorbs 
moisture from the air. It may also be used as stuffing for 
mattresses. 

Production of small quantities of peat moss of unknown value was 
reported after the outbreak of the war, practically all having been im- 
ported previously. Peat and peat moss are produced chiefly in 
the northern sections of the world. In warm regions the decay of 
vegetable matter is, as a rule, too rapid to permit of extensive bog 
moss deposition. Russia, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, 
France, Austria, Denmark, Holland, Canada, and the United States 
have very large deposits. Peat moss has been more systematically 
utilized in Holland than in any other country. The American 
deposits remain almost untouched. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1197 



Imports. — In 1914 imports were about 9,580 tons, valued at 
157,670 — 8,900 tons from the Netherlands and about 500 tons from 
Germany. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar your. 


1 
Quantity. | 


Value. ' Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 


1919 


Tons. 
414 ! 
2,466 
2,284 


$16,34.-) $39.48 
36,201 14.68 
16,577 


$207 
1,233 


Per cent. 
1.27 


1920 


3.41 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — Xone recorded 



PARAGRAPH 1449. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



Par. 1449. Pencils of paper, wood, or 
other material not metal, filled with lead 
or other material, pencils of lead, crayons, 
including charcoal crayons or fusains. and 
mechanical pencils, not specially provided 
for, 50 cents per gross and 25 per centum 
ad valorem; and in addition thereto, the 
following cumulative duties: Caps or pro- 
tectors, whether separate or attached to 
pencils, and pencils prepared for caps or 
protectors. 25 cents per gross; pencils 
stamped with names other than the manu- 
facturers', 50 cents per gross; slate pencils, 
not in wood. 25 per centum ad valorem. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 56. * * * crayons, including 
charcoal crayons or fusains * * * not 
otherwise specially provided for in this 
section, thirty per centum ad valorem; 

* * * 

Par. 199. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section, composed 
wholly or in part of * * * metal, and 
whether partly or wholly manufactured, 
forty-five per centum adValorem. 

Par. 448. * * * articles of every de- 
scription, finished or partly finished, 
composed wholly or in chief 
value of silver, German silver, white 
metal, brass, or gunmetal. whether or not 
enameled, washed, covered, plated, or 
alloyed with gold, silver or nickel, and 
designed to he * * * carried on or 
about or attached to the person, valued at 
twenty cents per dozen pieces, one cent 
each and in addition thereto, three-filths 
of one cent per dozen for each one cent the 

value exceeds t went v. cents per dozen; 

* * * 

Par. 472. Pencils of paper or wood, or 
other material not metal, filled with lead 



Par. 63. * * * crayons, including 
charcoal crayons or fusains * * * not 
specially provided fornn this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 167. Articles or wares not specially 
provided for in this section; if composed 
wholly or in part of platinum, gold, or 
silver, and articles or wares plated with 
gold or silver, and whether partly or 
wholly manufactured, 50 per centum ad 
valorem; if composed wholly or in chief 
value of * * * other metal, but not 
plated with gold or silver, and whether 
partly or wholly manufactured, 20 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 356. * * * articles valued 
above 20 cents per dozen pieces designed 
to be worn on apparel or carried on or 
about or attached to the person, such as 
and including * * * like articles; 
all the foregoing and parts thereof, 
finished or partly finished, composed of 
metal, whether or not enameled, washed, 
covered, or plated, including rolled gold 
plate, and whether or not set with pre- 
cious or semiprecious stones. * * * 



1198 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



or other material, and pencils of 
forty-five cents per gross and twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, 
covered with wood, thirty-five per cen- 
tum ad valorem; all other slate pencils, 
three cents per one hundred. 



* * 
* 



or with imitation precious stones, 
60 per centum ad valorem. * 

Par. 378._ Pencils of paper or wood, or 
other material not metal, filled with lead 
or other material, pencils of lead, 36 
cents per gross, but in no case shall any 
of the foregoing pay less than 25 per 
centum ad valorem; slate pencils, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 



LEAD PENCILS AND SLATE PENCILS. 

(See Survey N-22.) 

Description and uses. — Pencil leads are made of a mixture of fine 
graphite and clay. The wood used is usually cedar, although pine 
or other wood is sometimes used for the cheaper grades. Pencils of 
paper are made by wrapping the lead in narrow strips of paper, por- 
tions of which can be unwrapped as required to expose the lead. 

Production. — In 1914 there were 14 manufacturers of lead pencils, 
with a capital of $10,670,000, 4,330 employees, and wages of $1,944,- 
000. Materials cost $4,564,000, and the product was valued at 
$8,328,000, a moderate increase over 1909. In 1919 there were 12 
establishments with an output valued at $24,134,000. The industry 
is based on abundant domestic supplies of the two essential iaw 
materials — pure graphite and an excellent cedar readily adaptable to 
machine processes. The industry is an extensive one in England 
and Germany. 

Imports in 1914 of pencils of paper or wood or other material, not 
metal, filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead were 
188,644 gross, valued at $512,579. Imports in 1914 of slate pencils 
covered with wood were 850 gross, valued at $83, and of other slate 
pencils, 2,158,700 gross, valued at $1,416. On the basis of value 
about one-half of the pencils came from Germany in 1914; the rest 
largely from England. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Unit value. 



Duty. 



Equivalent 

ad 
valorem. 



PENCILS OF LEAD AND PENCILS OF PAPER, ETC., FILLED WITH LEAD. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Gross. 
12, 023 
18, 258 
75, 032 
63, 875 



$4, 815 

7,679 

168, 635 

140, 543 



$0.40 

.42 

2.25 

2.20 



$4, 537 

6,821 

43, 297 



Per cent. 
94. 22 

88.83 
25.67 



SLATE PENCILS. 



1918 




$3 

1,009 

682 






25 


1919 


844 
641 


$1.20 
1.06 


$252 
170 


25 


1921 (9 months) 


25 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1199 

The small imports in 1918 were chiefly from Japan. In 1919 and 
1920 Germany was the chief source. In the latter year large amounts 
chiefly of high grade pencils formerly imported from Austria were 
received from Czechoslovakia. In the same year lead pencils amount- 
ing to 59,476 gross and valued at $150,789 were dutiable at 25 per 
centum ad valorem as the specific rate of 36 cents per gross amounted 
to less than the 25 per centum required as a minimum. 

Export statistics of pencils and pencil leads are combined. In 
1914 their value was $533,944, of which $246,872 worth went to 
North America, mainly to Canada and Mexico; $188,834 to Europe, 
chiefly to England; $49,553 to Oceania; and $46,762 to South America. 
Exports in later calendar years have been valued as follows: 1918, 
$2,497,208; 1919, $3,565,347; 1920, $3,849,221; 1921 (nine months), 
$1,669,572. The chief countries of destination were England, 
Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Spain. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph below. 

CRAYONS. 

(See Survey A-15.) 

Description and uses. — Crayons are composed of charcoal, clay, or 
chalk, and mineral waxes colored with various pigments. They are 
used for drawing and writing on various materials and also for 
artists' purposes. Ordinary white crayons used for the blackboard 
are composed chiefly of chalk (calcium carbonate). Black crayons 
other than charcoal are made of clay and lampblack. "Fusains" is 
an old and practically obsolete term for charcoal crayons. Crayons 
used for drawing on lithographic stones are commonly made of wax. 
lampblack, soap and resins. The ordinary wax crayons are composed 
chiefly of paraffin wax colored with various colors and dyes. 

Production. — The materials necessary for the manufacture of 
crayons are available from domestic sources. In 1914, under artists' 
materials, the Census Bureau reports a production of crayons valued 
at $181,000 by 11 establishments with a capital of $325,000. It is 
doubtful whether this includes ordinary crayons used for schoolroom 
work. Production figures for later years are not separately reported. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $18,000; in 1915, at $15,000; in 
later calendar years as follows: 1918, $11,093; 1919, $12,218; 1920, 
$10,145; 1921 (nine months) , $16^431. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — See General Notes on Para- 
graph, below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — There are new provisions for 
mechanical pencils and for cumulative duties The qualification "not 
in wood" for slate pencils is also new. 

Crayons, including charcoal crayons or fusains, are new for this 
paragraph, having formerly been provided for in the chemical 
schedule. 



1200 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Conflicting provisions. — There is a possible conflict between the 
provision in paragraph 18 for chalk in sticks and the provision in this 
paragraph for crayons, with especial reference to white crayons for 
blackboard use, which might be regarded as chalk in sticks. 

Paragraph 1449 might be held to embrace mechanical pencils 
made of or plated with precious metals. 

Suggested changes. — The provision in paragraph 18 for " Chalk or 
whiting or Paris white: * * * put up in the form of cubes, 
blocks, sticks, or disks, or otherwise, including tailors', billiard, red, 
and manufactures of chalk not specially provided for, " belongs more 
properly in the sundries schedule (14), since these articles, unlike 
chalk or whiting or Paris white, ground, bolted, or precipitated, or 
in the form of putty, are not chemicals, oils, or paints, to which 
schedule 1 is restricted. This fact, together with the possible con- 
flict above set forth,, appears to render advisable a change in para- 
graph 1449 and elimination therefrom of the provision for " cray- 
ons, including charcoal crayons or fusains. " 

If these changes should be made, a paragraph might be inserted 
after paragraph 1450 to provide for chalk or whiting or Paris white 
other than the chemical kind, and for crayons. Such a provision 
might be worded as follows : 

Chalk, crayons, not colored, [rate]; all other crayons, including charcoal crayons 
or fusains, not specially provided for, [rate]; billiard chalk, [rate]; tailors' chalk, 
[rate]; and manufactures of chalk not specially provided for [rate]. 

If this proposed paragraph is adopted, the words "crayons, 
including charcoal crayons or fusains" in line 6, page 168 of H. R. 
7456 should be stricken out, and the words "or put up in the form 
of cubes, blocks, sticks, or disks, or otherwise, including tailors', 
billiard, red, and manufactures of chalk not specially provided for," 
in lines 1 to 3, page 6, should also be stricken out. 

If the change suggested under paragraph 1450, namely, insertion 
of the words "or crayon leads" after the word "colored" and before 
the comma in line 17, page 168, should be adopted, the words " crayon 
lead," followed by a comma, should be inserted after the word 
"lead" in line 5, page 168. 

This paragraph imposes duties of 50 cents per gross and 25 per 
centum ad valorem on mechanical pencils not specially provided for; 
paragraph 352 imposes duties of 45 cents per gross and 20 per centum 
ad valorem on mechanical pencils made of base metal and not plated 
with gold, silver, or platinum; paragraph 1428 imposes a duty of 55 
per centum ad valorem on articles like various articles therein 
named, valued above 20 cents per dozen pieces, designed to be worn 
on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, composed 
of metal. 

If it is desired to classify mechanical pencils made of or plated with 
precious metals under paragraph 1428 rather than under paragraph 
1449 the words "and mechanical pencils, not specially'provided for, 
in lines 6 and 7, page 168, should be stricken out. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1201 



PARAGRAPH 1450. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1450. Pencil leads not in wood or 
other material, 6 cents per gross; leads 
not exceeding six one-thousandths of one 
inch in diameter and commonly known 
as refills, 10 cents per gross; colored, copy 
or indelible leads, 60 cents per gross; and, 
in addition thereto, on all the foregoing, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 473. Pencil leads not in wood, or 
other material, black, three-fourths of one 
cent per ounce; colored, one and one- 
fourth cents per ounce; copying, two cents 
per oimce. 

PENCIL LEADS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 379. Pencil leads not in wood or 
other material, 10 per centum ad valorem. 



(See Survey N-22.) 

Description and uses. — Ordinary black pencil leads are of pure 
graphite, or graphite mixed with clay. Colored leads are composed 
of suitable pigments combined with clay, chalk, or wax. Indelible or 
copying leads consist of a coal-tar dye mixed with graphite. Refills 
are sticks of lead used in mechanical pencils. They are generally 
of smaller diameter than the lead used in the pencils of wood or other 
material where the lead is permanently fixed. 

Production. — Graphite is first ground very fine and mixed with a 
little water and the required amount of clay, then squeezed through 
dies by hydraulic pressure to form continuous leads; these are 
cut into the desired lengths, dried, and finally burned to expel 
moisture. The amount of clay in the lead determines the hard- 
ness. Figures of production are not available. Most of the 
pencil manufacturers make their own leads, but some of the smaller 
ones are dependent for their supply of leads upon the imported 
article. 

Imports in 1914 of pencil leads not in wood were valued at $109,146, 
which was less than in preceding years. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Adva- 
Duty. lorem 
rate. 


1918 


Or oss. 


%2, 190 
25, 741 
39, 892 
84,286 




Per cent. 

$219 i 10 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


55, 436 
113,600 
447, 150 


SO. 46 
.35 
.19 


2,574 i 10 
3,989 ! 10 
8,429 j 


Export figures are combined 


with th 


ose of p< 


mcils. 


(See par. 1449, 



p. 1199.) 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions for leads not 
exceeding six one-thousandths of 1 inch in diameter, and commonly 
known as refills, and for colored, copy, or indelible leads are new. 

82304—22 76 



1202 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Suggested changes. — The limitation on the size of lead known as 
refills (six one-thousandths of 1 inch) would appear to render this 
provision of doubtful value, as most refills are in excess of this size, 
possibly six one-hundredths or sixty-one thousandths was meant. 

As colored pencil leads are usually sold as crayon leads, it is sug- 
gested that the words "or crayon leads" be inserted after the word 
" colored" and before the comma in line 17, page 168. 



PARAGRAPH 1451. 

H, It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1451. Photographic cameras and 
parts therof, not specially provided for, 
30 per centum ad valorem; photographic 
dry plates, not specially provided for, and 
photographic and moving-picture films, 
sensitized but not exposed or developed, 
20 per centum ad valorem; photographic- 
film negatives, imported in any form, for 
use in any way in connection with mov- 
ing-picture exhibits, or for making or re- 
producing pictures for such exhibits, 
exposed, whether developed or not, and 
photographic-film positives, imported in 
any form, for use in any way in connec- 
tion with moving-picture exhibits, in- 
cluding herein all moving, motion, moto- 
photography, or cinematography ^ film 
pictures, prints, positives, or duplicates 
of every kind and nature, and of whatever 
substance made, 30 per centum ad va- 
lorem: Provided, That upon the importa- 
tion of photographic and motion-picture 
films or film negatives taken from the 
United States and exposed in a foreign 
country by an American producer of 
motion pictures operating temporarily in 
said foreign country in the course of pro- 
duction of a picture 60 per centum or 
more of which is made in the United 
States the duty shall be 25 per centum ad- 
valorem, and the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall prescribe such rules and regula- 
tions as may be necessary for the entry of 
such films or film negatives under this 
proviso: Provided, further, That all photo- 
graphic films imported under this Act 
shall be subject to such censorship as may 
be imposed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 108. * * * optical instruments 
* * * all the foregoing not specially 
provided for in this section, forty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 474. Photographic dry plates or 
films, not otherwise specially provided for 
in this section, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. Photographic film negatives, 
imported in any form, for use in any way 
in connection with moving-picture ex- 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 380. Photographic cameras, and 
parts thereof, not specially provided for 
in this section, photographic dry plates, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
15 per centum ad valorem; photographic- 
film negatives, imported in any form, for 
use in any way in connection with moving- 
picture exhibits, or for making or repro- 
ducing pictures for such exhibits, ex- 
posed but not developed, 2 cents per 



SUMMABY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1203 

• ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

hiMte, or for making or reproducing linear or running foot; if exposed and 
pictures for such exhibits, and moving- developed, 3 cents per linear or running 
picture films not developed or exposed, foot; photographic -film positives, im- 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem, ported in any form, for use in any way in 
Photographic film positives, imported in connection v/ith moving-picture exhibits, 
any form, for use in anv way in connec- including herein all moving, motion, 
tion with moving-picture exhibits, in- motophotography or cinematography film 
eluding herein all moving, motion, moto- pictures, prints, positives or duplicates of 
photography or cinematography film every kind and nature, and of whatever 
pictures, prints, positives or duplicates substance made, 1 cent per linear or 
of every kind and nature, and of whatever running foot: Provided, however, That all 
substance made, one and one-half cents photographic -films imported under this 
per linear or running foot. section shall be subject to such censor- 

ship as may be imposed by the Secretary 
of the Treasury. 4 

Par. 576. Photographic and moving- 
picture films, sensitized but not exposed 
or developed [Free]. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. 

(See Survey N-25.) 

Description and uses. — Dry plates are sensitized plates of which the 
sensitive" films are hard and dry, so they may be packed away, and, 
if protected from light, used afterwards to make negative or positive 
pictures. Moving picture and other photographic films are made 
chiefly of pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate) , coated with an emulsion of sen- 
sitizing materials. Cellulose acetate, being noninflammable, is also 
used, especially for moving-picture films, but has disadvantages and is 
usually more expensive. Photographic films are generally furnished 
in rolls or packs of six or twelve films each and are used in the familiar 
hand camera. Moving-picture sensitized films unexposed are fur- 
nished in long strips, and are used both for exposure in the camera 
and for printing additional positives. Photographic film negatives 
show the lights and shades in nature exactly reversed. An exposed 
film is one that has been used in the camera; a developed film or* 
negative is one on which the chemical changes necessary to cause a 
latent image or picture to be visible have been induced or, in the case 
of a negative, the proper density has been assumed to admit of re- 
production by a process of printing. Photographic film positives 
show the lights and shades as in nature and are usually printed from 
negatives. Moving-picture films are made about 1,000 feet in length 
and each picture is J by 1 inch in size or 16 pictures to the foot. 

Production of photographic apparatus in 1914 was valued at 
$4,273,000. Of this amount cameras were valued at SI, 254, 000; 
motion-picture machines, at $1,820,000; and all other apparatus and 
parts, at $1,199,000. Manufacturers numbered 87, with capital of 
$4,397,000, 2,016 employees, and wages of $1,289,000. Materials 
cost $1,535,000, and value added by manufacture was $2,738,000. 
The manufacture of flexible photographic films for motion pictures 
is now a very large industry. Pyroxylin is made by nitrating cotton 
waste. A solution is made of pyroxylin and camphor in a mixture 
of wood alcohol, amyl acetate, and other solvents. This is spread 
out on a smooth surface, such as a revolving metallic drum. When 
dry, the film is stripped off, slit into the desired width, and cut into 

< The act of July 31, 1912, chapter 263, forbids importation of any film or other pictorial representation 
of a prize fight. 



1204 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



lengths. For moving pictures, strips about If inches wide ancf 
1,000 feet long constitute one reel. The output in 1914 of photo- 
graphic materials (plates, films, etc.) was $34,768,000, by 59 establish- 
ments, with capital of $31,991,000, 6,658 employees, and wages of 
$4,256,000. Materials cost $10,004,000, and value added by manu- 
facture was $24,764,000. In 1919 the value of apparatus produced 
was $9,420,000 and of materials $110,332,000. Seventy establish- 
ments were engaged in the manufacture of apparatus and 168 in the 
manufacture of materials. 

Imports of photographic goods in 1914 were valued at $2,913,292, 
distributed as follows: Cameras and parts of, $261,547; dry plates, 
$150,442; films sensitized but not exposed, for moving pictures, 
46,174,377 linear feet, valued at $934,788; other films sensitized but 
not exposed, $168,827; negatives for motion pictures, developed and 
not developed, $418,481; positives, prints, etc., 19,501,264 linear feet, 
valued at $979,306. Germany was the chief source of cameras. 
Films sensitized but not exposed and film negatives were chiefly from 
France, Belgium, and Germany; and positives, prints, etc., from 
England, France and Italy. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar vear. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit 
value. 



Duty. 



A'd 

valorem 
rate. 



FILMS SENSITIZED BUT NOT EXPOSED, FOR MOVING PICTURES. 




1918 


Linear feet. 
25, 713, 817 
13, 746, 502 
99, 828, 532 
122, 974, 704 


$419,984 

283, 271 

1,697,976 

2, 337, 073 






Per cent. 


1919 








1920 








1921 (9 months) 

















FILMS OTHER THAN MOVING-PICTURE, SENSITIZED BUT NOT EXPOSED. 



1918 


Numfter. 


$456, 412 

864, 708 

2,248,666 

2, 220, 247 








1919 


4, 681, 826 
13, 102, 092 
10, 147, 245 








«1920 








1921 (9 months) 



















CAMERAS AND PARTS OF. 



1918 


$2, 839 

19, 915 

358, 000 

302, 020 




$423 

2,987 

53, 709 

45, 303 


15 


1919 ; 




15 


1920 ■ 




15 


1921 (9 months) 




15 












DRY 


PLATES, is 


. S. P. F. 








1918 


Dozens. 


$24, 472 
18, 181 
50, 266 
55, 268 




$3,671 ' 
2,727 
7,540 
8,290 1 


15 


1919 


16, 557 

64, 452 
86, 879 


$1.10 

.78 
.63 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 


15 







FILM NEGATIVES, FOR USE WITH MOVING PICTURE EXHIBITS. 



i Linear feet. 

1918 j 503, 982 

1919 1 836, 089 

1920 ; 2, 033, 707 

1921 (9 months) 2,208,819 



$169, 124 
384, 611 
730, 765 
755, 947 



$0.33 



.34 



$14, 322 
22,051 
53,311 



FILM POSITIVES, PRINTS, DUPLICATES, ETC. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



1, 965, 448 

2, 004, 045 
4, 1S9, 647 
5, 031, 104 


$123, 556 

i 111, 434 

i 203, 879 

278, 019 


$0.03 
.56 
.49 
.55 


$19, 628 
19, 937 
41, 896 
50,311 



From Philippines, free. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1205 



The chief sources of imports in later years were : Cameras and parts 
of, England and France in 1918 and 1919, Germany in 1920; for 1918- 
1920, dry plates, France and England ; films sensitized but not exposed, 
for motion pictures, France, England, and Belgium; other films sensi- 
tized but not exposed, Canada; film negatives, England, France, and 
Canada. Positives, prints, etc., came largely from England, France, 
and Japan in 1918 and 1919, and from England and Germany in 1920. 
For 1921 complete data of imports by countries are not available, but 
the entries at the port of New York, the principal port of entry of 
these articles, show that Germany leads in exports of cameras and 
parts of, England in dry plates, France and Germany in negatives, 
and Germany and France in positives, prints, etc. 

Exports in 1914 were : Cameras, $664,006 (going chiefly to England) ; 
motion-picture films not exposed, 153,359,550 linear feet, valued at 
$4,264,722; exposed, 32,690,104 linear feet, valued at $2,282,924 
(going chiefly to England, Canada, and Australia) ; other sensitized 
goods, $1,348,216 (going chiefly to England); other photographic 
apparatus, $183,660; all other picture goods, $688,272. 

Exports since 1917, by calendar years, have been as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Cameras, value SI, 108, 388 

Motion-picture films not exposed: 

Quantity (linear feet) i 71, 548, 779 

Value $1,745,384 

Motion-picture films exposed: 

Quantity (linear feet) I 79, 388, 387 

Value ! 84,731,382 

Other sensitized goods, value j $2, 616, 434 

Other apparatus, value $782, 177 

Other picture goods, value $1, 345, 174 



$1,648,410 | $3,548,433 

120,041,912 I 62,956,626 
$2,680,263 $1,706,248 



153, 237, 260 
$8, 066, 723 
$4, 208, 181 
$2, 105, 061 
$1, 939, 924 



175, 191, 635 
$7, 892, 198 
$5,981,340 
$3, 218, 805 
$3, 084, 628 



$2, 138, 302 

31, 015, 483 

$848, 607 

111, 585, 493 
$5, 105, 974 
$4, 934, 482 
$1, 454, 733 
$1, 075, 909 



The chief countries of destination in 1919 and 1920 were: Of cam- 
eras, England and France; of films unexposed, England, Italy, and 
France; of films exposed, England, Canada, Australia, and France; 
of other sensitized goods, photographic goods and apparatus, Eng- 
land and Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — The first proviso is new. 
Photographic and moving-picture films, sensitized but not exposed 
or developed are transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 (oar. 
576). 

Conflicting provisions. — Paragraph 29, with reference to manufac- 
tures of pyroxylin, provides "That all such articles, whether or not 
more specifically provided for elsewhere, shall be dutiable under this 
paragraph." This would appear to be in conflict with the provision 
for motion-picture films, as these films are made generally with a 
pyroxylin base. 

This paragraph provides for photographic cameras and parts 
thereof not specially provided for, while paragraph 228 provides for 
photographic and projection lenses not specially provided for. 

Suggested chanaes. — Page 169, line 18 of H. R. 7456: Strike out 
comma between provided " and "further." 



1206 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1452. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1452. Pipes and smokers' articles: 
Common tobacco pipes and pipe bowls 
made wholly of clay, valued at not more 
than 40 cents per gross, 15 cents per gross; 
valued at more than 40 cents per gross, 
45 per centum ad valorem; pipe bowls 
commercially known as stummels; pipes, 
cigar and cigarette holders, and mouth- 
pieces for pipes, cigar and cigarette hold- 
ers, all the foregoing of whatever material 
composed, and in whatever condition of 
manufacture, whether wholly or partly 
finished, or whether bored or unbored; 
pouches for chewing or smoking tobacco, 
cases suitable for pipes, cigar and cigarette 
holders, finished or partly finished; ciga- 
rette books, cigarette-book covers, ciga- 
rette paper in all forms, except cork 
paper; and all smokers' articles what- 
soever, and parts thereof, finished or un- 
finished, not specially provided for, of 
whatever material composed, except 
china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen 
or stone ware, 45 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 475. Pipes and smokers' articles: 
Common tobacco pipes and pipe bowls 
made wholly of clay, valued at not more 
than forty cents per gross, fifteen cents 
per gross; other tobacco pipes and pipe 
bowls of clay, fifty cents per gross and 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem; other 
pipes and pipe bowls of whatever material 
composed, and all smokers' articles what- 
soever, not specially provided for in this 
section, including cigarette books, ciga- 
rette book covers, pouches for smoking or 
chewing tobacco, and cigarette paper in 
all forms, sixty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 381. Pipes and smokers' articles: 
Common tobacco pipes and pipe bowls 
made wholly of clay, 25 per centum ad 
valorem; other pipes and pipe bowls of 
whatever material composed, and all 
smokers' articles whatsoever, not specially 
provided for in this section, including 
cigarette books, cigarette-book covers, 
pouches for smoking or chewing tobacco, 
and cigarette paper in all forms, except 
cork paper, 50 per centum ad valorem; 
* * * 

Par. 356. * * * articles valued above 
20 cents per dozen pieces designed to be 
worn on apparel or carried on or about or 
attached to the person, such as and in- 
cluding * * * cigar holders, * * * 
cigarette holders, * * * and parts 
thereof finished or partly finished, com- 
posed of metal, * * * 60 per centum ad 
valorem. * * *. 



PIPES AND SMOKERS ARTICLES. 

(See Survey N-26.) 

Description and uses. — The chief material used in the manufacture 
of pipe bowls is brier wood or brier root imported mainly from 
France and Italy. Other woods, as well as clay and meerschaum, are 
also employed. Pipe stems are made of reeds, wood, hard rubber, and 
for composition. The materials needed in mouthpieces for pipes and 
cigar and cigarette holders include hard rubber, bakelike, celluloid, 
ivory, and amber. The pipe bowl and the stem together form the 
stummel. 

Cigarette paper is a light white paper for making cigarettes, used 
by both the cigarette factory and the smoker. By far the greater 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



120' 



part goes into factory-made cigarettes. It is made usually from flax 
and hemp products. American consumers say that the imported 
product is much superior to the domestic. The cigarette paper con- 
sumed in the United States comes mainly from France. 

Production. — Data cover a great variety of pipes, cigar and cigarette 
holders, but not cigarette paper, books, and book covers. There 
were 47 manufacturers of tobacco pipes in 1914, with capital of 
$3,232,000, 2,354 employees, wages of $1,188,000, cost of materials 
$2,308,000, and product valued at $4,220,000. This is a decline in 
the industry compared with 1909. New York leads in the industry 
with more than half the domestic output. In 1919 there were 56 
establishments engaged in the manufacture of tobacco pipes with a 
product valued at $11,554,000. 

The estimated annual production of cigarette paper in the United 
States from 1918 to 1920 was as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



Amount (pounds) 2,033,000 

Value $2,000,000 



1,629,000 
$1,600,000 



2,219,000 
$2,200,000 



This production represents roughly from one-fifth to one-third of 
the total cigarette paper used in the United States, the remainder 
being imported. 

Imports of cigarette books, cigarette book covers, and cigarette 

Eaper in 1914 were $795,429, excluding $35,729 for manufacture in 
onded warehouse and for export. They were mainly from France 
and Austria-Hungary. In 1914 imports of pipes and pipe bowls of 
clay were valued at $35,676; and all other articles, including pipes 
and pipe bowls of other material, all smokers' articles, n. s. p. f., and 
pouches for smoking or chewing tobacco at $524,386, excluding 
$10,621 for manufacture in bonded warehouse and for export, mainly 
from Austria-Hungary, England, and Germany. Later statistics 
follow: 



i 

Calendar year. Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


CIGARETTE BOOKS, CIGARETTE-BOOK COVERS, AND CIGARETT 
FORMS EXCEPT CORK PAPER. 


E PAPER 


IN ALL 


1918 > $6,722,534 


$3,361,208 
3,861,010 
2,346,022 


Per cent. 
50 


1919 ! 7, 722, 102 


50 


1920 4,692,064 


50 


1921 (9 months) 3,339,909 










COMMON TOBACCO PIPES AND PIPE BOWLS OF CLAY. 


1918 $4,716 


SI, 179 
3,963 
3,023 


25 


1919 15,852 


25 


1920 12,091 


25 


1921 (9 months) 10, 455 






|" 


PIPES, PIPE BOWLS OF OTHER MATERIALS. AND ALL SMOKERS' A 
AND POUCHES FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING TOBACC 


ARTICLES, 
3. 


N. S. P. F., 


1918 $132,733 


$66,364 

83,044 

346,537 


50 


1919 170, 097 


50 


1920 693, 353 


5"} 


1921 (9 months) 557,677 









1208 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The phrase "in whatever con- 
dition of manufacture, whether wholly or partly finished, or whether 
bored or unbored" brings unfinished parts within the provisions for 
pipes and smokers' articles. 

The provision covering tobacco pouches has been enlarged to 
include partly finished as well as wholly finished articles. The same 
is true of all smokers' finished articles whatsoever, and parts of, 
n. s. p. f., except such of these latter articles as are composed of 
china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, or stone ware, which are 
exempted from the provision for smokers' articles, n. s. p. f. 

Cases suitable for pipes, cigar and cigarette holders, finished or 
partly finished, are for the first time specifically provided for. 

Conflicting provisions. — This paragraph conflicts with paragraph 
1428. Both paragraphs provide specifically for cigar and cigarette 
holders. The former provides for these articles of whatever material 
composed and in whatever condition of manufacture, wholly or 
partly finished, or whether bored or unbored. The latter provides 
for articles such as cigar and cigarette holders of metal, whether 
finished or unfinished articles, valued above 20 cents per dozen 
pieces and designed to be worn on apparel or carried on or about 
or attached to the person. 

There is also a conflict between this paragraph and paragraph 29 
in respect to smokers' articles such as cigar and cigarette holders 
and mouthpieces for pipes, cigar and cigarette holders composed of 
compounds of pyroxylin. 

Suggested changes. — The provisions in this paragraph for " ciga- 
rette books, cigarette-book covers, cigarette paper in all forms, except 
cork paper," might be transferred to the paper schedule. 



PARAGRAPH 1453. 
H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1453. Plush, black, known com- 
mercially as hatters' plush, composed cf 
silk, or of silk and cotton, of the qualities 
and widths used generally in the making 
of men's hats, 10 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 477. Plush, black, known com- Par. 382. Plush, black, known com- 
mercially as hatters' plush, composed of mercially as hatters' plush, composed of 
silk, or of silk and cotton, such as is used silk, or of silk and cotton, such as is used 
exclusively for making men's hats, ten for making men's hats, 10 per centum 
per centum ad valorem. ad valorem. 

HATTERS* PLUSH. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description, and uses. — Hatters' plush, under this paragraph, refers 
to black plush 22 inches or more in width, with a soft silk "pile" that 
will iron down to a glossy surface and hold its color under the heated 
iron. It was primarily used for men's silk hats, but is now a favored 
material for women's high-grade hats and for other purposes. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1209 

Production. — American manufacturers have attempted to make 
hatters' plush, but, * according to hat makers, with unsatisfactory 
results as to color. It is stated that domestic millinery plushes, 
closely resembling hatter's plush, are extensively made with a black 
that stands the heat of ironing. Plush manufacturers and hat 
makers, however, disagree as to the possibility of producing in this 
country, with the same rate of duty as for other plushes, the quality 
demanded for men's silk hats. 

\ Imports of hatters' plush come almost exclusively from France, 
from 1895 through 1909 averaging only $46,000 in value. The 
increase, beginning in 1910 and lising to $170,777 in 1914 ; and to 
$445,070 in 1917, was largely due to the vogue of this material for 
women's hats and for other purposes. No phraseology so far adopted 
seems able to prevent imports of hatters' plush nominally designed 
for men's hats from being used for other purposes. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. > 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 

i 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


i Pounds, j 


- 

$57,097 
463,224 
641,548 1 
539,939 




$5,710 

46,322 
64.155 
53,993 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


121, 604 

84,004 t 

j 147,337 


$3. 81 
7.64 


10 
10 
10 











Exports. — Not recorded. 

Suggested changes. — As the variety of uses to which hatters' plush 
can be put is steadily increasing and as it seems impossible to confine 
the import to plush actually used in making men's hats, it is sug- 
gested that this paragraph be omitted with the intent that it be 
dutiable with other silk plushes under paragraph 1206. 



PARAGRAPH 1454. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1454. All thermostatic bottles, ca- 
rafes, jugs, and other thermostatic con- 
tainers, of whatever material composed, 
constructed with a vacuous or partially 
vacuous insulating space to maintain the 
temperature of the contents, whether im- 
ported with or without a jacket or casing 
of metal or other material, shall pay the 
following rates of duty, namely: Having 
a capacity of one pint or less, 10 cents 
each; having a capacity of more than one 
pint, 20 cents each; and in addition 
thereto, on all of the foregoing, 30 per 
centum ad valorem; parts of any of the 
foregoing not including those above men- 
tioned, 35 per centum ad valorem: Pro- 
vided, That all articles specified in this 
paragraph when imported shall have the 
name of the maker and beneath the same 



1210 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



H. R. 7456. 

the name of the country of origin legibly, 
indelibly, and conspicuously etched with 
acid on the glass part, and die stamped on 
the jacket or casing of metal or other 
material, in a place that shall not be 
covered thereafter: Provided further, That 
each label, wrapper, box, or carton in 
which any of the foregoing are wrapped 
or packed, when imported, shall have the 
name of the maker and beneath the same 
the name of the country of origin legibly, 
indelibly, and conspicuously stamped or 
printed thereon. 

ACT OF 1909. 

[Classable according to component ma- 
terial of chief value. Those of blown 
glass dutiable under paragraph 98 at 60 
per centum ad valorem.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

[Classable according to component ma- 
terial of chief value. Those of blown 
glass dutiable under paragraph 84 at 45 
per centum ad valorem.] 



THERMOS BOTTLES. 

Description and uses. — -Thermos bottles consist of double glass 
bottles, the smaller one enclosed within the larger, the two being 
fused together at the neck, but separated otherwise by a vacuum. 
Owing to their construction they preserve for a considerable period 
the temperature of the contents as at the time when placed in the 
container. 

Production. — Official statistics are not available, the value of the 
product being included with blown and pressed glassware. It was 
stated at the hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means 
that the average production in this country would amount to about 
6,000,000 bottles, the thermos bottle complete, or 12,000,000 if con- 
sideration is given to the fact that they are double bottles. 

Imports are not shown in official statistics. Germany, Japan, and 
England export thermos bottles to the United States. 

Exports. — Not shown in official statistics. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new provision. 



PARAGRAPH 1455. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1455. Umbrellas, parasols, and 
sunshades covered with material other 
than paper or lace, not embroidered or 
appiiqued, and walking canes, 35 per 
centum ad valorem; handles and sticks 
for umbrellas, parasols, or sunshades, fin- 
ished or unfinished, 30 per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That no article pro- 
vided for in this paragraph shall pay a less 
rate of duty than the rate provided for the 
component material of chief value. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 478'. Umbrellas, parasols, and sun- 
shades covered with material other than 
paper or lace, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
Sticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sun- 
shades, and walking canes, finished or un- 
finished, forty per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 383. Umbrellas, parasols, and sun- 
shades covered with material other than 
paper or lace, not embroidered or appii- 
qued. 35 per centum ad valorem. Sticks 
for umbrellas, parasols, or sunshades, and 
walking canes, finished or unfinished, 30 
per centum ad valorem. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1211 



UMBRELLAS AND CANES. 



(See Survey N-27.) 



Production. — Most umbrella sticks are now made of steel, but those 
for parasols are usually of wood. For walking canes woods of many 
varieties are used, mainly reed, rattan, bamboo, and malacca. 

In 1914 there were 265 establishments, with a capital of $9,469,496, 
about 5,300 employees, wages of $2,895,783, cost of materials 
$8,592,000, and products (umbrellas, parasols, canes, and parts there- 
of, including toy parasols) valued at $13,813,353. In 1919 the pro- 
duction of umbrellas and canes in the United States was valued at 
$22,199,000. 

Imports. — In 1914 imports of umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades 
covered with material other than paper or lace not embroidered or 
appliqued were valued at $108,493, a part of which, valued at $69,563, 
were covered with material composed wholly or in part of silk. 
•'Sticks for umbrellas, parasols, or sunshades" amounted to $5,844. 
" Sticks for walking canes " amounted to $100,576. Umbrellas, para- 
sols, and sunshades are imported principally from Germany, England, 
Japan, Spain, and France. Later imports have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. ! Value, j Unit value.' Duty 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



UMBRELLAS. PARASOLS, AND SUNSHADES, COVERED WITH MATERIAL OTHER 
THAN PAPER OR LACE, NOT EMBROIDERED OR APPLIQUED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



$19,830 I. 
21,145 
88,249 i 
49,122 



$1.73 

1.94 
1.07 



$6,940 

7,268 

30, 887 

17, 192 



Per cent. 
35 
35 
35 
35 



STICKS FOR UMBRELLAS, PARASOLS, OR SUNSHADES. 


1918 


$1,410 
10,044 
22,378 
13, 587 




$423 30 

3,013 : 30 

1 6,713 30 

4, 076 30 


T919 1 


1 


1920 1 




1921 (9 months) 1 






1 


STICKS FOR WALKING CANES. 


1918 


$7, 726 
25,446 
75,005 
33,456 




$2,317 30 
7, 633 30 
22,500 


1919 1, 599, 307 

1920 







1921 (9 months) 







30 






TAMBOURED, EMBROIDERED, OR APPLIQUED PARASOLS.* 


1918 




$1,616 
1,799 
5,326 




$970 
1,079 
3,135 


60 


1919 


791 
1,565 


$2.27 
3.40 


60 


1920 


60 









Dutiable under paragraph 358, act of 1913. 



In 1920 imports of umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades not em- 
broidered or appliqued, covered with material composed wholly or 
in part of silk amounted in value to $62,207, and covered with other 
material except paper or lace to $25,042. 



1212 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports of umbrellas and parasols were valued at $29,903 in 1914. 
since which time they have greatly increased, and considerable quan- 
tities have been shipped to Cuba, Spain, Mexico, Brazil, England, 
Canada, and Australia. Later statistics of values of exports in calen- 
dar years are as follows : 1918, $529,013; 1919, $681,137; 1920, $746.- 
401; and 1921, nine months, $220,466. 

Important changes in classification. — Walking canes have been clas- 
sified with umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, whereas in the 1913 
act (par. 383) they are included with " sticks for umbrellas, parasols, 
or sunshades, and walking canes, finished or unfinished." 

Handles, finished or unfinished, for umbrellas, parasols, or sun- 
shades are specifically provided for in the provision relating to sticks. 

A proviso has been added to the effect that no article provided for 
in the paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than the rate provided 
for the component material of chief value. 

Suggested changes. — Paragraph 1455, H. It. 7456, apparently pro- 
vides for finished canes only, as the provision relating to " sticks" 
and " handles" is limited to those for umbrellas, parasols, and sun- 
shades. 

The proviso to this paragraph would not only involve difficulties of 
administration in determining the rate of duty on the component 
material of chief value in the case of such materials as cotton and 
silk and mixtures of cotton and silk, but also destructive analysis 
of coverings. 

The separation of walking canes from the provision for handles and 
sticks for umbrellas, etc., involves administrative difficulties, as they 
are often imported in small lots and large varietiy. These difficulties 
would be avoided by having the same rate of duty on this class of 
merchandise. 



PARAGRAPH 1456. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1456. Waste, not specially pro- 
vided for, 10 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 479. Waste, not specially pro- Par. 384. Waste, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, ten per centum vided for in this section, 10 per centum 
ad valorem. ad valorem. 

Par. 660. Rags, not otherwise specially Par. 586. Rags, not otherwise specially 

provided for in this section [Free]. provided for in this section [Free]. 

WASTE. 

(See Survey N-27.) 

Description and uses. — Waste refers to remnants and by-products of 
small value that have not the quality or utility either of the finished 
product or of the raw material. (223 U. S. 501, of 1912.) 

Imports. — Imports classified under waste, n. s. p. f., do not cover 
all oi the waste imported. Fur waste, although dutiable under this 
paragraph is separately shown as such under imports of furs. Imports 
of waste not elsewhere specified amounted to $990,014 in 1914, prin- 
cipally from England, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada. Later 
statistics follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1213 



Calendar year. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1618 




$487,942 

1,403,399 

1,081,457 

314, 844 


$48,790 
140, 321 
108, 146 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 


10 


1920 


10 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1457. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1457. White bleached beeswax, 
15 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 506. Beeswax [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 412. Beeswax [Free]. 



WHITE BLEACHED BEESWAX. 



(See Survey FL-7.) 



Description and uses. — Beeswax is secreted by the common bee, 
Apis mellifica, as a product of digestion. It serves the bee with 
material for building up the honeycombs. (For crude wax, see par. 
1676, p. 1461 .) White bleached beeswax is produced from the natural 
crude material by processes of refining and bleaching, the operation 
requiring special machinery and skilled labor. Manufacturers state 
that the labor expense is at least one-third of the production cost. The 
bleached wax is employed in the manufacture of cosmetics and 
ointments, in the modeling of heads and forms for window and store 
display, and for similar uses. It is also used, both pure and as a 
component wax, in the better grades of candles. Beeswax for phar- 
maceutical products must conform with the specifications of the 
United States Pharmacopeia. 

Production data are not available from official sources. 

Imports are combined with those of crude wax (par. 1676, p. 1462). 
In a brief filed before the Committee on Ways and Means of the 
House, with reference to white bleached beeswax, it is stated that 
imports of this article constitutes 50 per cent of the domestic 
consumption. 

Exports are not separately recorded. Those shown under beeswax 
and probably all of crude wax amounted in 1914 to 96,215 pounds, 
valued at $27,292. Later exports by calendar years have been as 
follows: 1918, 165,382 pounds, valued at $63,244; 1919, 210,046 
pounds, valued at $63,244; 1920, 632,811 pounds, valued at $294,592; 
1921 (nine months), 80,650 pounds, valued at $24,608. 

Important changes in classification. — This provision is new, the pro- 
vision on the free list of the act of 1913 (par. 412) being for 
*' beeswax." 



1214 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1458. 



H. It. 7456. 



Par. 1458. That there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid on the importation of 
all raw or unmanufactured articles not 
enumerated or provided for, a duty of ]0 
per centum ad valorem, and on all 
articles manufactured, in whole or in 
part, not specially provided for, a duty 
of 20 per centum ad valorem. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 480. That there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid on the importation of 
all raw or unmanufactured articles, not 
enumerated or provided for in this sec- 
tion, a duty of ten per centum ad valorem, 
and on all articles manufactured, in 
whole or in part, not provided for in this 
section, a duty of twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 



Par. 82. Sumac, ground, three-tenths 
of one cent per pound. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 385. That there shall be levied. 
collected, and paid on the importation of 
all raw or unmanufactured articles not 
enumerated or provided for in this sec- 
tion, a duty of 10 per centum ad valorem, 
and on all articles manufactured, in 
whole or in part, not provided for in this 
section, a duty of 15 per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Par. 7. * * * ammoniacal gas 
liquor, 10 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 81. * * * unmanufactured car- 
bon, not specially provided for in thi? 
section, 15 per centum ad valorem; 
* * * 

Par. 285. Istle or tampico, when 
dressed, dyed, or combed, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 618. Sumac, ground, * * * 
[Free]. 



ARTICLES NOT ENUMERATED OR PROVIDED FOR. 

(See Survey N-27.) 

General. — In any case where an unenumerated article bears no 
statutory similitude to one that is enumerated the article falls within 
this paragraph. 

Imports in 1914 of unmanufactured articles under this paragraph 
were valued at $3,763, of manufactured articles, at $52,249. Later 
statistics follow: 



Calendar year. Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


RAW OR UNMANUFACTURED ARTICLES. 


1918 : 


$36,652 
70, 529 

134,989 
77,331 


$3,665 
7,053 
13. 499 

7,733 


Per cent. 

10 


1919 


10 


1920 




1921 (9 months) 


10 






MANUFACTURED ARTICLES. 


1918 


$88, 705 

722, 865 

1,274,473 

7S6.267 


$13,306 
108,430 
191,171 




1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 











Suggested changes. — As this is the ultimate catch-all clause, it 
would naturally follow rather than precede the similitude provision 
(par. 1459). 



1215 



PARAGRAPH 1459. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1459. That each and every im- 
ported article, not enumerated in this 
Act, which is similar, either in material, 
quality, texture, or the use to which it 
may be applied, to any article enumer- 
ated in this Act as chargeable with duty, 
shall pay the same rate of duty which is 
leviea on the enumerated article which it 
most resembles in any of the particulars 
before mentioned ; and if any nonenumer- 
ated article equally resembles two or more 
enumerated articles on which different 
rates of duty are chargeable, there shall 
be levied on such nonenumerated article 
the same rate of duty as is chargeable on 
the article which it resembles paying the 
highest rate of duty; and on articles not 
enumerated, manufactured of two or more 
materials, the duty shall be assessed at 
the highest rate at which the same would be 
chargeable if composed wholly of the com- 
ponent material thereof of chief value; and 
the words ' ' component material of chief 
value, " wherever used in this Act, shall 
be held to mean that component material 
which shall exceed in value any other 
single component material of the article; 
and the value of each component ma- 
terial shall be determined by the ascer- 
tained value of such material in its condi- 
tion as found in the article. If two or 
more rates of duty shall be applicable to 
any imported article, it shall pay duty at 
the highest of such rates, but this pro- 
■\-ision shall not apply to articles on the 
free list. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 481. That each and every im- 
ported article, not enumerated in this 
section, which is similar, either in ma- 
terial, quality, texture, or the use to 
which it may be applied, to any article 
enumerated in this section as chargeable 
with duty, shall pay the same rate of 
duty which is levied on the enumerated 
article which it most resembles in any of 
the particulars before mentioned; and if 
any nonenumerated article equally resem- 
bles two or more enumerated articles on 
which different rates of duty are charge- 
able, there shall be levied on such non- 
enumerated article the same rate of dutv 
as is chargeable on the article which it 
resembles paying the highest rate of duty; 
and on articles not enumerated, manu- 
factured of two or more materials, the 
duty shall be assessed at the highest rate 
at which the same would be chargeable 
if composed wholly of the component ma- 
terial thereof of chief value; and the 
words "component material of chief 
value," wherever used in this section, 
shall be held to mean that component 
material which shall exceed in value any 
other single component material of the 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 386. That each and every im- 
ported article, not enumerated in this 
section, which is similar, either in ma- 
terial, quality, texture, or the use to 
which it may be applied, to any article 
enumerated in this section as chargeable 
with duty, shall pay the same rate of 
duty which is levied on the enumerated 
article which it most resembles in any of 
the particulars before mentioned; and if 
any nonenumerated article equally re- 
sembles two or more enumerated articles 
on which different rates of duty are 
chargeable, there shall be levied on such 
nonenumerated article the same rate of 
duty as is chargeable on the article which 
it resembles paying the highest rate of 
duty; and on articles not enumerated, 
manufactured of two or more materials, 
the duty shall be assessed at the highest 
rate at which the same would be charge- 
able if composed wholly of the component 
material thereof of chief value; and the 
words "component material of chief 
value," wherever used in this section, 
shall be held to mean that component 
material which shall exceed in value any 
other single component material of the 



1216 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

article; and the value of each component article; and the value of each component 

material shall be determined by the material shall be determined by the 

ascertained value of such material in its ascertained value of such material in its 

condition as found in the article. If two condition as found in the article. If two 

or more rates of duty shall be applicable or more rates of duty shall be applicable 

to any imported article, it shall pay duty to any imported article, it shall pay duty 

at the highest of such rates. at the highest of such rates. 

ARTICLES NOT ENUMERATED WHICH BEAR A SIMILITUDE TO ENUMER- 
ATED ARTICLES. 

(See Survey N-27.) 

General. — In determining the classification of any article not 
enumerated in any part of the tariff, the first inquiry is whether it 
bears a similitude to any enumerated article. The requirement of 
the clause is whether there be similitude in any one of the four 
particulars — material, quality, texture, or the use to which the 
article may be applied. The similitude must be substantial, not 
referring merely to adaptability to sale as a substitute for an article 
which it resembles, but referring rather to its employment or to 
its effect in producing results. Reference to an article in gen- 
eral terms is enumeration within the clause. Where a provision 
expressly excludes merchandise of a specific description, such mer- 
chandise is not subject through the similitude rule to the duty 
imposed by such enumerating clause upon articles which the excluded 
merchandise shall resemble. The similitude clause contemplates 
similarity and not identity between the related articles. 

In determining the component of chief value, the value of the 
severalmaterials shall be determined as of the time when they have 
reached such a condition that nothing remains to be done upon 
them by the manufacturer except putting them together to make 
the complete product. The component material of chief value is 
the component material exceeding in value any other single compo- 
nent material of the article. 

While it is the rule that the component material of chief value is 
that single component material which exceeds in value any other 
single component material, Congress makes exceptions to the rule 
by providing that two or more component materials may be con- 
sidered together. Such an exception is made in paragraph 256, 
tariff act of 1913, by the language " cotton or other vegetable fiber 
and india rubber," which means that, for this purpose, the value 
of the cotton or the value of the other vegetable fiber is to be added 
to that of the india rubber. The exception, however, does not 
extend to the rest of the paragraph so as to make it include articles 
the component material of chief value of which is cotton and other 
vegetable fiber, but not cotton or other vegetable fiber. (Chin v. 
United States, 11 Ct. Cust. Appls., — -; T. D. 38932 of 1921.) 

The value of component materials is to be taken as of the date of 
exportation and not the value or cost of the materials at the time 
they were purchased by the manufacturer. (G. A. 8307, T. D. 
38191, of 1919.) 

The highest-rate rule will be resorted to only in a clear case. 
( Woolworth v. United States, 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 120, of 1910.) 

Important changes in classification. — The clause "but this provision 
shall not apply to articles on the free list" has been added. 



FREE LIST. 



H. R. 7456. 

Title II. 

Section 201. That on and after the 
day following the passage of this Act. 
except as otherwise specially provided 
for in this Act, the articles mentioned 
in the following paragraphs, when im- 
ported into the United States or into any 
of its possessions (except the Philippine 
Islands, the Virgin Islands, and the 
islands of Guam and Tutuila), shall be 
exempt from duty: 

ACT OF 1909. 

Free List. 

That on and after the day following the 
passage of this Act, except as otherwise 
specially provided for in this Act, the ar- 
ticles mentioned in the following para- 
graphs shall, when imported into the 
United States or into any of its possessions 
(except the Philippine Islands and the 
islands of Guam and Tutuila), be exempt 
from duty: 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Free List. 1 

That on and after the day following the 
passage of this Act, except as otherwise 
specially provided for in this Act, the ar- 
ticles mentioned in the following para- 
graphs shall, when imported into the 
United States or into any of its possessions 
(except the Philippine Islands and the 
islands of Guam and Tutuila), be exempt 
from duty: 



SCHEDULE -15. 



PARAGRAPH 1501. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1501. Acids and acid anhydrides: 
Chromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydro- 
chloric or muriatic acid, nitric acid, sul- 
phuric acid or oil of vitriol, and mixtures 
of nitric and sulphuric acids, valerianic 
acid, and all anhvdrides of the foregoing 
not specially provided for. 



ACT OF 1909. 



* chromic acid, 
* * sulphuric 



Par. 1. Acids: * 
two cents per pound 
acid or oil of vitriol not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, one-fourth of one 
cent per pound; * * *. 

Par. 482. Acids: * * * . fluoric, hy- 
drochloric or muriatic, nitric,* * * 
and valerianic [Free]. 

Par. 687. Sulphuric acid which at the 
temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit 
does not exceed the specific gravity of one 
and three hundred and eighty one- 
thousandths, for use in manufacturing su- 
perphosphate of lime or artificial manures 
of any kind, or for any agricultural pur- 
poses: Provided, That upon all sulphuric 
acid imported from any country, whether 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 387. Acids: * * * chromic, hy- 
drofluoric, hydrochloric or muriatic, ni- 
tric, * * * sulphuric or oil of vitriol, 
and valerianic. 

[Mixtures of nitric and sulphuric acids 
covered by the provision for nitric acid in 
par. 387 of the free list. Aetna Explosives 
Co. v. United States, 9 Ct. Cust. Appls., 
298, of 1919.] 



1 Supplies for {American Red Cross donated abroad exempted from duty by act of Aug. 31, 
chap. 165, until one year after end of war. 



1918, 



82304—22- 



1217 



1218 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

independent or a dependency, which im- 
poses a duty upon sulphuric acid im- 
ported into such country from the United 
States, there shall he levied and collected 
a duty of one-fourth of one cent per pound. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
mixtures, and salts, * * *, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section, twenty- 
five per centum ad valorem; * * *. 
[Covering mixtures of nitric and sul- 
phuric acids.] 

[No corresponding provision for anhy- 
drides.] 



ACT OF 1913. 



CHROMIC ACID. 



(See Survey A-18.) 



Description and uses. — The so-called chromic acid of commerce is 
chromic anhydride or chromium trioxide. It is a strongly acid sub- 
stance crystallizing in scarlet needles, used in electric batteries, pho- 
tography, as an oxidizer in analytical and manufacturing chemical 
operations, in tanning leather, etching copper, bleaching, and for 
hardening microscopical preparations. 

Production. — Chromic acid is produced by treating sodium or potas- 
sium dichr ornate with concentrated sulphuric acid. 

Imports in 1914 were 7,211 pounds, valued at $1,195, all from Ger- 
many. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
9,512 
1,100 
1,040 


$1,857 

90 

411 


$0.19 


1920 


.08 


1921 (9 months) 


.39 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

HYDROFLUORIC ACID. 



(See Survey FL-1.) 

Description and uses. — Commercial hydrofluoric acid is a solution 
of the pure acid in water. Its principal use is for etching and mark- 
ing glass. The raw materials used in its manufacture are fluorspar 
and sulphuric acid, both produced in this country. It must be shipped 
in bottles of wax or lead. " Fluoric acid" is an obsolete term for 
hydrofluoric acid. 

Production in 1914 by nine establishments was 7,209,248 pounds, 
of which 5,373,657 pounds were sold for $325,540. In 1919 (pre- 
liminary figures), 5,675,400 pounds, valued at $440,200 were pro- 
duced. 

Imports have been less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the domestic 
production. Before the war they were mostly from Germany. 
Imports are not recorded since 1918. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1219 



Important changes in classification. — ''Fluoric" in paragraph 387, 
act of 1913, has been omitted as an obsolete term for hydrofluoric 
acid. 

HYDROCHLORIC OR MURIATIC ACID. 

(See Survey FL-1.) 

Description and uses. — Commercial hydrochloric acid is a solution 
of varying percentages of hydrogen chloride and water. When pure 
it is colorless, but the commercial grades usually contain traces of 
such impurities as ferric chloride, free chlorine, or organic matter, 
which colors the acid yellow. Impure hydrochloric or commercial 
acid is often called muriatic acid. The acid is very corrosive, dis- 
solving metallic oxides and many metals forming chlorides. It is on 
the market in strengths ranging in density from 18° to 22° Baume. 
In Europe it is used for the production of chlorine. In the United 
States it is employed for the production of chlorides of many metals T 
purifying bonechar, in dyeing and printing cloth, for preparing: 
carbonic acid, in the manufacture of many coal-tar dyes, in pickling 
iron and steel, in the production of glue, and for many other purposes. 

Production. — Hydrochloric acid is manufactured commercially by 
four processes : (1) In America, by the action of niter cake on common 
salt (sometimes modified by the addition of sulphuric acid) ; (2) in 
Europe, as a by-product from the manufacture of salt cake (Leblanc 
soda process); (3) as a by-product in the chlorination of organic 
materials, chiefly of coal-tar origin; and (4) synthetically, by the 
combination of hydrogen and chlorine from electrolytic cells. The 
domestic production in 1918 was about 140,000,000 pounds of 100 per 
cent acid. In 1919 (preliminary figures) production was 294,260,000 
pounds (strength not stated), valued at $4,312,300. 

Imports in 1914 were less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the 
domestic production. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
3,450,425 
4,029,820 
5,254,348 
842,700 


$31,330 
44,834 

69,74* 
8,646 


$0.01 


1919 


.01 


1920 


.01 


1921 (9 months) 


.01 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

NITRIC ACID. 

(See Survey FL-1.) 

Description and uses. — Nitric acid is a highly corrosive, inorganic 
acid. In a concentrated form it rapidly destroys organic matter, 
while in a dilute state it attacks most metals forming metallic salts. 
It is sold in several standardized strengths expressed in degrees 
Baume (specific gravity), which depend entirely upon the relative 
proportion of acid and water. The color of the commercial acid varies 
from water white to deep red. Nitric acid is used in the manu- 
facture of nearly all explosives and coal-tar dyes, sulphuric acid 
(lead chamber process), pickling liquors, pyroxylin plastics, pyro- 
technics, imitation leather, rubber substitutes, insecticides, and the 
salts of many metals. 



1220 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — It is made commercially by three distinct processes 
(1) from nitrate of soda and sulphuric acid, (2) by passing electric 
sparks through air, and (3) by passing ammonia and air over red-hot 
platinum. The nitrate-sulphuric acid process is the oldest, and is 
still the chief domestic source of nitric acid. The second and third 
processes have resulted from the large war demand for the acid and 
because of insufficient raw materials (chiefly nitrate of soda, which 
is imported from Chile). The United States produced 78,589 short 
tons of nitric acid in 1914 and 634,817 short tons of 100 per cent 
acid in 1918. In 1919 (preliminary figures) production was 19,440 
short tons, valued at $2,976,100. 

Imports for the calendar years 1918 and 1920 are as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. | Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


i 
Pounds. 
17 444 895 $1 254 572 


£rt ft7 


1920.... 





47*754 ' 4J180 .09 






Exports since 1917 (for calendar years) ; 
and Cuba have been as follows : 


chiefly to Canada, Mexico, 




1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




39, 584, 858 
$23,231,892 


501,568 
$73,006 


716,914 
$96,109 


119,030 




$18,131 











Important changes in classification. — Nitric acid is largely used in 
the form o'f " mixed acid," consisting of nitric and sulphuric acids. 
A mixture of 20.16 of sulphuric acid and 72.28 of nitric acid, the 
remainder water, was held by the Board of General Appraisers to be 
a mixture within paragraph 5 (G. A. 8235, T. D. 37927. of 1919), but 
the Court of Customs Appeals held the proper classification to be 
under paragraph 387 as nitric acid, the sulphuric acid to be treated 
as a part of the packing of the goods for shipment. (Aetna Explosives 
Co. v. United States, 9 Ct. Oust. Appls., 298, of 1919.) Affirmed in 
Supreme Court on writ of certiorari. 

In view of this judicial construction, a provision for " mixtures of 
nitric and sulphuric acids" was added. (Reclassification Report, 
p. 97.) 

SULPHURIC ACID. 

(See Survey FL-1.) 

Description and uses. — Sulphuric acid is the most important single 
commodity in the chemical industry. The strong acid is a compara- 
tively heavy (about twice the weight of water), oily liquid, practically 
colorless and odorless. The strong acid exhibits powerful dehydrating 
properties and is intensely corrosive. Sulphuric acid may be either 
"chamber-process acid" or " contact-process acid," according to the 
method of manufacture. The strengths commonly recognized and 
dealt in commercially are 50, 60, and 66 per cent, monohydrate, and 
oleum. The chamber process yields impure acid not over 60 per cent 
in strength, whereas the contact-process acid is pure and concentrated. 
Sulphuric acid has diversified uses, but by far the greatest is in the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1221. 



production of commercial fertilizers. During the war large quan- 
tities were consumed in the production of explosives. 

Production. — Sulphuric acid is made by oxidizing sulphur dioxide 
to sulphur trioxide and absorbing the fumes or gases in water or 
weak sulphuric acid. The sulphur dioxide is obtained as a by- 
product from zinc and copper smelting, or by burning iron pyrites 
(sulphur ore) or brimstone. The domestic production was about 
4,705,000 short tons of 100 per cent acid in 1918 and 2,400,000 short 
tons in 1914. The large increase in 1918 was caused by the great 
demand in the manufacture of explosives. The production in 1919 
(preliminarv figures), on a basis of 62 per cent acid, was 3,296,270 
short tons, valued at ^35,638,200. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
11,374,400 
14,746,049 
10,817,784 

3,784,320 


$176,223 
116,725 
87,979 
38,874 


$0.01 


1919 


.01 


1920 


.01 


1921 (9 months) 


.01 







Exports before the war were less than 0.2 per cent of the domestic 
production. For the calendar years 1918-1921 they have been as 
follows : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



80,294,643 
$1,278,027 



1919 



1920 



21,295,522 i 28,987,342 
$489,966 ! $738,188 



1921 (9 
months). 



10,071,432 
$229,853 



The countries of destination are chiefly Mexico, Argentina, and 
Cuba. 

VALERIANIC ACID. 
(See Survey FL-l.j 

Description and uses. — Valerianic or valeric acid is an oily liquid 
with a disagreeable odor. It is obtained by the oxidation of amyl 
alcohol or by distillation of oil of valerian. It is used medicinally 
for hysteria and nervousness. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,164 pounds, valued at $755, all from 
Germany. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
487 
240 
460 
435 


$1,469 

899 

1,379 

1,342 


$3.02 


1919 


3.74 


1920 


3.00 


1921 (9 months) 


3»08 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



1222 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACID ANHYDRIDES. 



Important changes in classification. — As the chromic acid of com- 
merce is in the anhydrous form, the proviso " and all anhydrides of 
the foregoing/ ; has been added. This change will include all the 
anhydrides of the acids on the free list as well as the acids and will 
avoid possible conflict with paragraph 1. 



PARAGRAPH 1502. 



H. K. 7456. 



Par. 1502. Aconite, aloes, asafetida, 
cocculus indicus, ipecac, jalap, manna, 
marshmallow or althea root, leaves and 
flowers, mate\ and pyrethrum or insect 
flowers, all the foregoing which are nat- 
ural and uncompounded and are in a 
crude state, not advanced in value or 
condition by shredding, grinding, chip- 
ping, crushing, or any other process or 
treatment whatever beyond that essential 
to proper packing and the prevention of 
decay or deterioration pending manu- 
facture: Provided, That no article con- 
taining alcohol shall be admitted free of 
duty under this paragraph. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 483. Aconite [Free]. 

Par. 503. Asafetida [Free]. 

Par. 538. Cocculus indicus [Free]. 

Par. 559. Drugs, * * * not advanced 
* * * [Free]. [Covered aloes and 
pyrethrum or insect flowers.] 

Par. 594. Ipecac [Free]. 

Par. 597. Jalap [Free]. 

Par. 620. Manna [Free]. 

Par. 623. Marshmallow or althea root, 
leaves or flowers, natural or unmanufac- 
tured [Free]. 

Par. 480. * * * unmanufactured 
articles, not enumerated * * * ten 
per centum ad valorem, * * *. [Cov- 
ered mate.] 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 388. Aconite [Free]. 

Par. 405. Asafetida [Free]. 

Par. 454. Cocculus indicus [Free]. 

Par. 477. Drugs, * * * not advanced 
* * * [Free]. [Covers aloes and py- 
rethrum or insect flowers.] 

Par. 516. Ipecac [Free]. 

Par. 519. Jalap [Free]. 

Par. 541. Manna [Free]. 

Par. 544. Marshmallow or althea root, 
leaves or flowers, natural or unmanufac- 
tured [Free]. 

Par. 552. * * * vegetable sub- 
stances, crude or unmanufactured, not 
otherwise specially provided for in thia 
section [Free]. [Covers mate.] 



[For discussion, see paragraph 32, p. 92.] 



PARAGRAPH 1503. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1503. Agates, unmanufactured. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 485. Agates, unmanufactured Par. 390. Agates, unmanufactured 
[Free]. [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1223 

AGATES. 

(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses. — Agate is a variety of quartz which is peculiar 
in that it consists of bands or layers of blended colors. Certain 
varieties are distinguished, as ribbon agate, fortification agate, moss 
agate, star agate, zone agate, clouded agate, etc. Most commercial 
agate is artificially stained, so that stones naturally unattractive 
come to be valuable for ornamental purposes. Agates are used in 
rings, cups, beads, boxes, handles of small utensils, burnishers, pestles, 
mortars, and trivial ornaments, and in delicate mechanisms, such as 
bearing-surface pivots and knife edges of weighing apparatus. 

Production. — Numerous localities yield agates. They are abun- 
dant in trap rocks of the Lake Superior region. Wood agate, or 
agatized wood, is found in Colorado, California, and elsewhere in the 
West, the famous "silicified forest," known as Chalcedony Park, in 
Arizona, being most noted. Foreign agates are found mainly in 
Uruguay and Brazil; these were formerly sent to Germany, where 
their polishing was an important industry. 

Import values of agate from 1907 to 1914 ranged between $247 in 
1912 and $934 in 1907. Imports wholly disappeared shortly after 
the outbreak of the World War, because of the blockade of Germany, 
whence came the principal supply. 

Imports for 1920 (calendar year) were 42,235 pounds, valued at 
$1,764: for 9 months of 1921, 192,487 pounds, valued at $12,962. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1504. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1504. Agricultural implements: 
Plows, tooth or disk harrows, headers, 
harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills and 
planters, mowers, horserakes, cultivators, 
thrashing machines, cotton gins, ma- 
chinery for use in the manufacture of 
sugar, wagons and carts, and all other ag- 
ricultural implements of any kind or de- 
scription, whether specifically mentioned 
herein or not, whether in whole or in 
parts, including repair parts. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 476. Plows, tooth and disk har- Par. 391. Agricultural implements: 

rows, harvesters, reapers, agricultural Plows, tooth and disk harrows, headers, 

drills and planters, mowers, horserakes, harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills and 

cultivators, threshing machines, and cot- planters, mowers, horserakes, cultivators, 

ton gins, fifteen per centum ad valorem: thrashing machines, cotton gins, ma- 

Provided, That any of the foregoing, when chinery for use in the manufacture of 

imported from any country, dependency, sugar, wagons and carts, and all other 

province, or colony which imposes no agricultural implements of any kind and 

tax or duty on like articles imported from description, whether specifically men- 

the United States, shall be imported free tioned herein or not, whether in whole or 

of duty. in parts, including repair parts [Free]. 



1224 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES. 



(See Survey FL-3.) 

Description and uses. — The articles of this paragraph may be classi- 
fied as (1) agricultural implements, including cotton gins, (2) machin- 
ery for use in the manufacture of sugar, and (3) wagons and carts. 
The first includes implements used in plowing, planting, reaping, and 
preparing crops for use in their raw form or for manufacture. The 
cotton gin, as its function is merely to separate the seeds from the 
cotton fiber and not to convert either into a more highly developed 
product, is an agricultural appliance similar te a threshing machine. 
Sugar machinery belongs to a different category, as its purpose is to 
refine a raw product into one more highly developed. Wagons and 
carts, even when used in agricultural operations, obviously form a 
distinct group. 

Production. — The United States leads in the manufacture of agri- 
cultural implements. In 1914 the total value (exclusive of cotton 
gins) was $164,086,835, divided as follows: Plows and cultivators, 
$38,662,037; planters and seeders, $12,188,757; harvesting imple- 
ments, $39,581,286; seed separators, $13,096,289; all other products, 
including parts for all classes of implements, $59,121,201; amount 
receivecl for repair work, $1,437,265. The output of cotton gins was 
valued at $4,901,680, and of sugar-mill machinery at $1,971,546. 
Wagons and carts amounted to 533,601, valued at $34,506,942, of 
which farm wagons, including carts and trucks numbering 384,663, 
were valued at $19,708,423. In 1919 the country's output was as 
follows : 



Number. 



Value. 



Plows, harrows, and cultivators 

Planters and seeders 

Hayrakes and tedders 

Mowers and reapers 

Other harvesting implements 

Threshers 

Other seed separators 

All other agricultural implements and parts. 

All other products 

Cotton gins 

Sugar-mill machinery 



2,634,000 $65,329,000 
495,000 17,490,000 



104,000 
379,000 



20,000 
87,000 



4,772,000 
40,170,000 

9,283,000 
16,593,000 

5,772,000 
64,106,000 
68,500,000 

8,632,000 
13,249,000 



Imports. — Imports are small compared with exports. They con- 
sist, however, of a large number of classes and may be grouped as 
follows : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1225 



Cotton gins: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Drills and planters: 

Quantity (number) 

Value ..'. 

Harrows, tooth and disk: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Headers, harvesters, and reapers: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Horse rakes: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Mowers: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Plows and cultivators: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Sugar machinery: 

" Value 

Threshing machines: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Wagons and carts: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

All other agricultural implements: 

Value 



1918 

(last 6 

months). 



50 
$6,798 

9 

$827 

12 
$417 

23 
$3,750 

20 
$615 

47 
$2,617 

867 
$15, 595 

$10, 240 

40 

$14,483 

76 
$4, 301 

$412,355 



Total agricultural implements: 
Value 



$472,007 



1919 



54 
$5, 671 

672 
$13, 062 

2,067 
$444,229 

11 

$298 

37 
SI, 531 

3,414 
$174, 744 

$12,224 

1,314 
SI, 274, 053 

94 
$5,966 

SI, 423, 890 



$3,355,668 



1920 



81 
$15, 589 

134 
$19,873 

1,551 
$60,970 

875 
$167,610 

33 

$2, 829 

1,744 
$141, 594 

12,094 
$1, 166, 461 

$100,979 

1,026 
$850, 375 

94 
$8,614 

$3,181,679 



$5,716,573 



1921 
(9 months). 



2 

$7,652 

30 
$3,653 

150 
$6,970 

7 
$8, 285 

7 
$155 

22 
$790 

1,762 

$172, 982 

$87, 885 

143 
$121, 898 

65 
$3, 795 

$1,183,309 



81,597,374 



During the first six months of 1918 there were imported into the 
United States agricultural implements and parts of the same to the 
value of $255,229. After July 1, 1918, the imports of agricultural 
implements were divided into 11 classes as tabulated. Canada is 
almost the only source of supply for all classes of agricultural im- 
plements except sugar machinery, which comes principally from 
France, although also from the United Kingdom, Germany, and 
Sw r eden. 

Exports. — Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 may be 
divided into the following classes : 



Cotton gins and parts of: 

Quantity (number) 

Value.." 

Planters and seeders , 

Tractors, except steam: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Parts of tractors except engines.... 

Hay rakes and tedders 

Mowers and reapers 

Plows and cultivators 

Sugar-mill machinery 

Threshers 

Wagons: 

Quantity (number) 

Value , 

All other agricultural implements. 
Parts of agricultural implements . . 



1918 



511 

$113, 317 
$849, 070 



$562, 664 
$5, 228, 407 
$8,705,989 
$9,468,511 
$2,034,713 

5,624 

$519, 787 

$8, 508, 818 

$6,959,503 



1919 



$295, 746 



$605, 427 

§10,494,723 

§10,511,348 

§13,805,940 

$1,660,168 

7,743 

$750,326 

$9, 527, 727 

$7,702,403 



$433, 589 
SM 0,679 



$755,310 
§10,165,670 
$13,003,023 
$22,786,977 
$3,260,990 

10,784 

SI, 222, 567 

$10, 514, 829 

$7, 767, 137 



1921 
(9 months). 



$105, 139 
$421, 177 

2,134 

$1,971,848 

8870,987 

$436,980 

$5, 056, 616 

S5, 575, 786 

$14, 135, 808 

$5, 420, 514 

8,712 

$841, 131 

$7,038,455 

$7, 877, 326 



The principal countries of destination are Canada, Argentina, 
France, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, British India, and the United 
Kingdom. 



1226 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PARAGRAPH 1505. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1505. Albumen, not specially 
provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 257. * * * albumen, * * * 
blood, three cents per pound; * * *. 

Par. 486. Albumen, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 392. Albumen, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section [Free]. 



ALBUMEN. 



(See Survey G-ll.) 



Description and uses. — Albumen belongs to the nitrogenous organic 
substances known as proteins, constituents of both animals and plants. 
Egg albumen (par. 713) and blood albumen are the common commer- 
cial forms. Blood albumen is a by-product of slaughterhouses (large- 
scale production). Albumen may also be obtained from milk, and 
there is a so-called " vegetable'' albumen. It is used as a mordant in 
dyeing and calico printing, in the leather industry, in gums and ad- 
hesives, as a clarifying agent for the preparation of photographic 
papers, and in medical foods. 

Imports of albumen in 1914 were 382,589 pounds, valued at $58,175, 
about 75 per cent coming from Germany. They declined during the 
war and amounted to only 671 pounds in the fiscal year 1918. Im- 
ports since 1917 follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,378 

885 


$858 
288 


$0.62 


1919 


.33 


1920 


44,331 
8,503 


24, 984 . 56 


1921 (9 months) ; 


3,395 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1506. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1506. Ambergris, castoreum, civet, 
and musk, grained or in pods. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 489. Ambergris [Free]. 

Par. 528. Castor or castoreum [Free]. 

Par. 533. Civet, crude [Free]. 

Par. 631. Musk, crude, in natural pods 
[Free]. 

Par. 639. Oils: * * * crude and 
rectified ambergris, * * * [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 49. Ambergris, * * * musk, 
grained or in pods, civet, * * * all 
the foregoing not containing alcohol and 
not specially provided for in this section, 
20 per centum ad valorem. 

Par. 442. Castor or castoreum [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1227 



AMBERGRIS. 

(See Survey A-14.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Ambergris is supposed to be 
undigested matter present in the intestines of unhealthy whales. 
This substance is found floating on the sea, especially in the Southern 
Hemisphere. It is usually found in small fragments, but some- 
times in large pieces, weighing 200 pounds. It was used chiefly 
in perfume manufacture, but its use has largely decreased in recent 
years, as synthetic substances have become available at a fraction 
of the cost of the natural article. The supply of ambergris is irregular 
and uncertain. 

Imports since 1918 have been small, the maximum being 19 pounds 
during the first nine months of 1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Ambergris is dutiable under 
paragraph 49, act of 1913. 

CASTOREUM. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — Castoreum is a product derived from the 
beaver. It was formerly used as a drug, and is now chiefly employed 
in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics. 

Production. — Castoreum is collected in Canada by fur trappers. 
Supplies are also furnished by Russia, but have greatly declined in 
recent years. 

Imports of castor or castoreum for 1911-1918 averaged 14,085 
ounces, valued at $5,616. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


191* 




Ounces. 
24,704 
39,306 
7,720 
6,700 


$7,985 
11,779 
2,491 
1,533 


$0.32 


1919 


.30 


1920 


.32 


1921 (9 months) 


.23 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 



CIVET. 

(See Survey A-14.) 

Description and uses. — Civet is a secretion contained in a pouch of 
the civet cat of Abyssinia. It is a semiliquid yellow substance, 
becoming brown on exposure to the air. It has a strong odor and is 
used exclusively for perfumery. Substances which resemble civet 
are now produced synthetically and are available in liquid and crys- 
talline form. 

Imports of civet in 1913 were 11,269 ounces, valued at $15,557, 
and were admitted free of duty. In the fiscal year 1918 the imports 



1228 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



were 9,766 ounces, valued at $11,877, yielding a revenue of $2,375. 
Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Ounces. 

9,322 
17,688 
11,312 

4,150 


$11,560 
19, 552 
18,678 
5,984 


SI. 24 
1.11 
1.65 
1.44 


$2, 312 
3, 910 
3,736 


Per cent. 

20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) •. 


20 









Important changes in classification. — Civet is dutiable under para- 
graph 49 of the act of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — Change comma to a semicolon after "civet" 
and strike out "and" before "musk" because musk alone of the 
articles named in paragraph 1506 comes in as grained or in pods. 



MUSK. 



(See Survey A-14.) 

Description and uses. — Musk is a dried secretion from the preputial 
follicles of the male musk deer. The chief source of supply is Tibet, 
China. Musk enters commerce in two forms, either in the dried sacs 
or pods as taken from the deer, or the pods are opened and the musk 
removed, when it is known as grain musk. An "American musk," 
the sacs of the common muskrat, have been used as a substitute. 
Owing to its high price, musk is one of the most frequently adulterated 
perfume materials. An imitation musk is prepared from coal tar. 
Musk is of chief value as an ingredient of perfume and is said to add 
strength and persistency to vegetable essences. 

Production. — The musk deer is a small animal found in the moun- 
tains and table-lands of Central Asia. The animal is taken for its 
hide and musk, chiefly the latter. China, which imports musk from 
Tibet, consumes about half of the world's total output. Shanghai is 
the principal export market. The value of the 1915 musk crop was 
$266,000, and in 1916 there were shipp'ed 25,160 ounces, valued at 
$407,000. 

Imports. — France has usually been the largest importer of Chinese 
musk, but in 1915 the United States stood first, taking about one- 
fourth of the year's product. 

The import of crude musk in natural pods in 1913 was 12,994 
ounces, valued at $124,855; in 1918 (fiscal year) it was 5,516 ounces, 
valued at $33,970, and yielded a revenue of $6,794. The import of 
grain musk in 1913 was valued at $7,699 and yielded a revenue of 
$769; in 1917 it increased to $63,304 and yielded a revenue of $12,660; 
and in 1918 (fiscal year) declined to $29,246. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1229 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 



Value. 



Unit value 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



MUSK, GRAINED. 



1918 


Ounces. 


$3,154 
5,596 
7,382 

45,066 




$631 
1,119 
1,476 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


891 
1,465 
3, 666 


$6.28 

5.04 

12.29 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 




• 







MUSK, IN PODS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



7,969 
10, 780 
13, 502 

2,542 



$136, 610 

156, 110 

242, 041 

29,790 



$17.14 $27,322 j 
14. 48 31, 222 
17. 93 48, 408 

H !• 



Important changes in classification. — Musk is dutiable under para- 
graph 49, act of 1913. 



PARAGRAPH 1507. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Pae. 1507. Any animal imported by a 
citizen of the United States, specially 'for 
breeding purposes, shall be admitted free, 
whether intended to be used by the im- 
porter himself or for sale for such pur- 
poses, except black or silver foxes: Pro- 
vided. That no such animal shall be ad- 
mitted free unless pure bred of a recog- 
nized breed and duly registered in a book 
of record recognized by the Secretary of 
Agriculture for that breed: Provided fur- 
ther, That the certificate of such record 
and pedigree of such auimal shall be pro- 
duced and submitted to the Department 
of Agriculture, duly authenticated by the 
proper custodian of such book of record, 
together with an affidavit of the owner, 
agent, or importer that the animal im- 
ported is the identical animal described 
in said certificate of record and pedigree. 
The Secretary of Agriculture may pre- 
scribe such regulations as may be required 
for determining the purity of breeding 
and the identity of such animal: And pro- 
vided further, That the collectors of cus- 
toms shall require a certificate from the 
Department of Agriculture stating that 
such animal is pure bred of a recognized 
breed and duly registered in a book of 
record recognized by the Secretary of 
Agriculture for that breed. 

The Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe such additional regulations as may 
be required for the strict enforcement of 
this provision. 

Horses, mules, asses, cattle, sheep, and 
other domestic animals straying across the 
boundary line into any foreign country, 
or driven across such boundary line by 
the owner for temporary pasturage pur- 
poses only, together with their offspring, 



1230 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

shall be dutiable unless brought back to 
the United States within eight months, 
in which case they shall be free of duty, 
under regulations to be prescribed by the 
Secretary of the Treasury: And provided 
further, That the provisions of this Act 
shall apply to all such animals as have 
been imported and are in quarantine or 
otherwise in the custody of customs or 
other officers of the United States at the 
date of the taking effect of this Act. 

ACT OF 1909. 

. Par. 492. Any animal imported by a 
citizen of the United States, specially for 
breeding purposes shall be admitted free, 
whether intended to be so used by the 
importer himself, or for sale for such pur- 
pose : Provided, That no such animal shall 
be admitted free unless pure bred of a 
recognized breed, and duly registered in 
the book of record established for that 
breed: And provided further, That certifi- 
cate of such record and of the pedigree of 
such animal shall be produced and sub- 
mitted to the customs officer, duly authen- 
ticated by the proper custodian of such 
book of record, together with the affidavit 
of the owner, agent, or importer that such 
animal is the identical animal described 
in said certificate of record and pedigree : 
And provided further, That the Secretary 
of Agriculture shall determine and certify 
to the Secretary of the Treasury what are 
recognized breeds and pure bred animals 
under the provisions of this paragraph. 
The Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe such additional regulations as may 
be required for the strict enforcement of 
this provision. Cattle, horses, sheep, or 
other domestic animals straying across the 
boundary line into any foreign country, or 
driven across such boundary line by the 
owner for temporary pasturage purposes 
only, together with their offspring, may be 
brought back to the United States within 
six months free of duty, under regulations 
to be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury: And provided further, That the 
provisions of this Act shall apply to all 
such animals as have been imported and 
are in quarantine, or otherwise in the 
custody of customs or other officers of the 
United States, at the date of the passage 
of this Act. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 397. Any animal imported by a 
citizen of the United States, specially for 
breeding purposes, shall be admitted free, 
whether intended to be used by the im- 
porter himself or for sale for such purposes : 
Provided, That no such animal shall be 
admitted free unless pure bred of a recog- 
nized breed, and duly registered in a book 
of record recognized by the Secretary of 
Agriculture for that breed : And provided 
further, That the certificate of such record 
and pedigree of such animal shall be pro- 
duced and submitted to the Department 
of Agriculture, duly authenticated by the 
proper custodian of such book of record, 
together with an affidavit of the owner, 
agent, or importer that the animal im- 
ported is the identical animal described 
in said certificate of record and pedigree. 
The Secretary of Agriculture may pre- 
scribe such regulations as may be required 
for determining the purity of breeding 
and the identity of such animal : And pro- 
vided further, That the collectors of cus- 
toms shall require a certificate from the 
Department of Agriculture stating that 
such animal is pure bred of a recognized 
breed and duly registered in a book of 
record recognized by the Secretary of 
Agriculture for that breed. 2 

The Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe such additional regulations as may 
be required for the strict enforcement of 
this provision. 

Horses, mules, and asses straying across 
the boundary line into any foreign 
country, or driven across such boundary 
line by the owner for temporary pasturage 
purposes only, together with their off- 
spring, shall be dutiable unless brought 
back to the United States within six 
months, in which case they shall be free 
of duty, under regulations to be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: 
And provided farther, That the provisions 
of this Act shall apply to all such animals 
as have been imported and are in quar- 
antine or otherwise in the custody of cus- 
toms or other officers of the United States 
at the date of the taking effect of this Act. 



1 Par. 15 of the emergency tariff act of 1921 reads: 
breeding purposes shall be admitted free of duty." 



Cattle and sheep and other stock imported for 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



1231 



ANIMALS IMPORTED SPECIALLY FOR BREEDING PURPOSES. 

Production. — Swine: In 1919, there were 2,050,000 pure-bred swine 
in the United States, 3.5 per cent of the total number. Over half 
were in the Middle Western States. The leading breeds were the 
Duroc Jersey, Poland China, Chester White, and Hampshire. Cattle: 
Three per cent of the cattle in 1919, or 1,982,000 were pure bred. 
Somewhat over half were beef breeds, of which the principal ones 
were the Hereford, Shorthorn, and Aberdeen Angus. The Hoist ein 
Friesian and Jersey breeds made up over 80 per cent of the pure- 
bred dairy cattle. Sheep: Of the total number of sheep, 1.3 per 
cent were pure bred, the principal breeds being the Shropshire, 
Rambouillet, Merino, and Hampshire Down. Horses: Less than 1 
per cent of the horses on farms are pure bred, the Percheron and the 
Belgian being the favorite breeds. 

Imports. — Statistics previous to 1914 are available as to the num- 
ber ol pure-bred cattle, sheep, and hogs imported, but as paragraph 
619 of the act of 1913 provides for the free entry of all domestic live 
animals suitable for human food, certificates of pure breeding were 
not required for these animals until May 28, 1921, when the emergency 
tariff act became effective. In 1913, 2,024 pure-bred cattle — the 
Guernsey, Jersey, Shorthorn, and Ayrshire being the principal 
breeds — 806 pure-bred sheep, and 29 pure-bred hogs were imported. 
The year 1913 was an average one for the importation of pure-bred 
horses before the war, a total of 2,990 entering. Of these, 1,482 
were Percherons, 977 Belgian draft horses, and 185 of the Shire 
breed. In 1913, 576 pure-bred dogs and 24 pure-bred cats were 
imported. 

Imports declined during the war, only 180 pure-bred horses enter- 
ing in the fiscal year 1918, as compared with 1,210 during 1914. 
Certificates of pure breeding were issued for 260 animals in 1918 
and 1,860 in 1914. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Horses for breeding purposes: 


387 
8359,060 

21 
$1,765 

62 
$7, 167 


123 
§219,469 

3 
$420 

189 
$36,347 

29 
S752 


144 
$464, 554 

7 
$140 

387 

$57, 497 

167 
$30, 176 


135 


Value 


$285,821 


Asses and burros for breeding purposes: 

Number 


Value 




Dogs for breeding purposes: 

Number 


353 


Value 


$48, 134 
88 


All other animals for breeding purposes: i 


Value 


326,557 


$956 







1 Does not include cattle, sheep, and swine for breeding purposes, imports of which after 1913 were not 
separately reported. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Black or silver foxes were 
specifically exempted in order that the proposed specific duty of 
$350 per animal should apply to all foxes, including breeding animals, 
to insure that none but high-grade breeding stock should come in 
and that American breeds should be thereby improved. 



1232 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The free-entry period for domestic animals straying or driven 
across the boundary into a foreign country for temporary pasturage 
only has been extended from six to eight months. 

Suggested changes. — The exception of black or silver foxes in lines 
22 and 23, page 174, of H. R. 7456, would come better after " breed- 
ing purposes" in line 20. The final provision, carried down from 
previous acts, may be eliminated as unnecessary. 



PARAGRAPH 1508. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1508. Animals brought into the 
United States temporarily for a period 
not exceeding six months, for the pur- 
pose of breeding, exhibition, or compe- 
tition for prizes offered by any agri- 
cultural, polo, or racing association; but 
a bond shall be given in accordance 
with regulations prescribed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; also teams of 
animals, including their harness and 
tackle, and the wagons or other vehicles 
actually owned by persons emigrating 
from foreign countries to the United 
States with their families, and in actual 
use for the purpose of such emigration, 
under such regulations as the Secretary 
of the Treasury may prescribe; and wild 
animals and birds intended for exhibi- 
tion in zoological collections for scientific 
or educational purposes, and not for sale 
or profit. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 493. Animals brought into the 
United States temporarily for a period 
not exceeding six months, for the pur- 
pose of breeding, exhibition or compe- 
tition for prizes offered by any agri- 
cultural, polo, or racing association; but 
a bond shall be given in accordance 
with regulations prescribed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; also teams of 
animals, including their harness and 
tackle and the wagons or other vehicles 
actually owned by persons emigrating 
from foreign countries to the United 
States with their families, and in actual 
use for the purpose of such emigration 
under such regulations as the Secretary 
of the Treasury may prescribe; and wild 
animals intended for exhibition in zoo- 
logical collections for scientific and edu- 
cational purposes, and not for sale or 
profit [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 398. Animals brought into the 
United States temporarily for a period 
not exceeding six months, for the pur- 
pose of breeding, exhibition or compe- 
tition for prizes offered by any agri- 
cultural, polo, or racing association; but 
a bond shall be given in accordance 
with regulations prescribed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; also teams of 
animals, including their harness and 
tackle, and the wagons or other vehicles 
actually owned by persons emigrating 
from foreign countries to the United 
States with their families, and in actual 
use for the purpose of such emigration 
under such regulations as the Secretary 
of the Treasury may prescribe; and wild 
animals intended for exhibition in zoo- 
logical collections for scientific and edu- 
cational purposes, and not for sale or 
profit [Free]. 



ANIMALS FOR EXHIBITION, TEAMS OF IMMIGRANTS, ETC. 

Imports. — Separate figures are not available for animals imported 
temporarily for the purpose of breeding, etc. ; they are included in the 
figures for. pure-bred animals given m paragraph 1507. Statistics 
for animals of immigrants show no steady movement of increase 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1233 



or decrease. The average number of horses during 1914-1918 was 
1,157, valued at $114,238, and the average of animals of all other 
kinds was 50, valued at $3,504. 

Wild animals intended for exhibition, etc., imported in the fiscal 
year 1918 were valued at $7,052, and the average value for 1914-1918 
was $12,783. 

Imports for the calendar years, 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Teams of immigrants, etc. 
Number 


—Horses: 


329 
$67,045 

13 
SI, 215 

24 
S3, 040 


819 
$86, 995 

55 
85,580 

10 
$1,680 

191 
$1,466 


583 | 
$66,049 

60 j 

$7, 945 

15 i 
$1,720 1 

256 
$8,466 


294 


Value 


$28,240 
35 


Teams of immigrants, etc- 


-Asses and burros: 


Value 


$3,590 
4 


Teams of immigrants, etc. 


—All other: 


Value 


S400 


Wild animals, etc.: 


25 


Value 


S542 


S3, 666 





Important changes in classification. — Birds are added to the pro- 
vision for zoological collections because of an interpretation restrict- 
ing " animals' ' for tariff purposes to quadrupeds. 



PARAGRAPH 1509. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1509. Antimony ore and needle or 
liquated antimony, but only as to the 
antimony content. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 173. * * * antimony ore, stib- 
nite and matte containing antimony, but 
not containing more than ten per centum 
of lead. 1 cent per pound on the antimony 
contents therein contained: Provided, 
That on all importations of antimony- 
bearing ores and matte containing anti- 
mony the duties shall be estimated at the 
port of entry, and a bond given in double 
the amount of such estimated duties for 
the transportation of the ores by common 
carriers bonded for the transportation of 
appraised or unappraised merchandise to 
properly equipped sampling or smelting 
establishments, whether designated as 
bonded warehouses or otherwise. On 
the arrival of the ores at such establish- 
ment, they shall be sampled according to 
commercial methods under the super- 
vision of government officers, who shall 
be stationed at such establishment, and 
who shall submit the samples thus ob- 
tained to a government assayer, desig- 
nated by the Secretary of the Treasury, 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 144. * * * matte containing 
antimony but not containing more than 
10 per centum of lead, 10 per centum 
ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 396. Antimony ore and stibnite 
containing antimony, but only as to the 
antimony content [Free]. 



82304—22- 



■s 



1234 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

who shall make a proper assay of the 
sample, and report the result to the proper 
customs officers, and the import entry 
shall be liquidated thereon, except in 
case of ores that shall be removed to a 
bonded warehouse to be refined for ex- 
portation as provided by law, and the 
Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to 
make all necessary regulations to enforce 
the provisions of this paragraph; * * *. 

ANTIMONY ORE AND NEEDLE ANTIMONY. 

(See Survey C-17.) 

Description and uses. — The most important antimony ore is stibnite 
or antimony sulphide. Other important commercial antimony metals 
are (1) valentinite or antimony oxide and a related f orm, senarmontite ; 
(2) antimony ocher; (3) jamesonite or lead antimony sulphide. 

Besides the use of antimony ores as raw materials for the metal 
antimony, commercial antimony products, such as antimony pig- 
ments and liquated antimony sulphide, are obtained in the smelting 
process, the latter used directly in the manufacture of safety matches. 

Crude, or needle antimony, is a product obtained by subjecting 
natural sulphide ore to a red heat, thereby melting (liquating) the 
valuable mineral, which is drawn away from the valueless constit- 
uents. Antimony is used chiefly in alloys, especially type metal, 
Britannia metal, and babbitt metal. Needle antimony has military 
uses, is a common source of the oxide and salts of antimony, and is 
used in safety matches. 

The provision in paragraph 396 of the act of 1913 for stibnite 
containing antimony was declared to describe a natural product 
called an ore and was held not to include a product derived from an 
ore by liquation. Liquation was defined as the extraction of a metal 
from its ore by heating it enough to fuse the metal but not enough to 
fuse the other contents; this was adjudged a smelting operation. 
The merchandise there in issue was found to be commercially known 
as " antimony crude, " and was held to be a matte within the meaning 
of that expression in paragraph 144 of the act of 1913 and dutiable 
accordingly under paragraph 144 of the act of 1913 rather than 
exempt from duty under paragraph 396 as antimony ore or stibnite 
containing antimony. (HarsJiavj, Fuller and Goodwin Co. v. United 
States, 11 Ct. Cust. Appls., — ; T. D. 38634, of 1921.) 

Production. — The production of antimony ore was negligible until 
the industry was stimulated by extraordinarily high prices during the 
war. Domestic deposits are widely scattered and of doubtful impor- 
tance. In 1916 the output was estimated at 4,500 tons, and in 1917 
at 1,060 tons. On account of the low price of antimony, the domestic 
production of the ore has, in recent years, practically ceased. China 
is the leading producer of antimony ore, furnishing fully 60 per cent 
of the world's supply. The ore, however, is obtained in many other 
countries. 

Needle antimony, like antimony ore, is also imported in varying 
amounts. During the war a small antimony smelting industry devel- 
oped, operated almost wholly on imported ore. The annual require- 
ments of antimony prior to the war were roughly 7,000 tons, of 
which about one-third was supplied by silver lead smelters and the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1235 



remainder from imports consisting chiefly of metal. During the war 
the consumption of antimony increased to about 20,000 tons, of 
which slightly more than one-third was derived from antimonial lead 
and antimony metal smelted here. The production of antimonial 
lead in 1920 amounted to 12,535 short tons, valued at $1,963,255. 
The antimony content was 2,033 short tons. 

China dominates the antimony situation by its large and cheaply 
mined deposits. The Chinese companies, together with a few Japanese 
smelters who also treat a portion oi the Chinese ore, contribute approx- 
imately 60 per cent of the world's output. 

Imports. — Imports of antimony ore in 1914 amounted to 26 gross 
tons, valued at $1,245, practically all of which came from China. 
Imports for more recent years may be divided into two classes, 
shown as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


Tons. Pounds. 


ORE AND STIBNITE CONTAINING ANTIMONY. 


1918 


3.003 

'887 

1,526 

190 


2, 849, 728 
818,401 

1, 363, 441 
196,107 


$177,731 
54, 477 
70, 285 
11,682 




Per cent. 


1919 






1920 






1921 (9 months) 












ANTIMONY MATTE CONTAINING NOT MORE THAN 10 PER CENT LEAD. 


1918 




1, 666, HI 
556,418 

2, 750, 147 
325, 005 


$113,258 

19, 202 

123,902 

9,588 


$11. 26 

1,920 

12, 390 


10 


1919 




10 


1920 




10 


1921 (9 months) 












Exports. — Statistics not available. 


L510. 

JENATE AMENDMENTS. 


PARAGR 

H. R. 7456. 


APH J 

g 



Par. 1510. Annatto and all extracts of, 
archil or archil liquid, cochineal, cud- 
bear, gambier. litmus prepared or un- 
prepared, saffron and safflower; all of the 
foregoing not containing alcohol 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 494. Annatto, roucou, rocoa, or 
Orleans, and all extracts of [Free]. 

Par. 539. Cochineal [Free]. 

Par. 550. Cudbear [Free]. 

Par. 575. Gambier [Free]. 

Par. 615. Litmus, prepared or not 
prepared [Free]. 

Par. 642. Orchil, or orchil liquid 
[Free]. 

Par. 663. Saffron and safflower. and 
extract of. 3 and saffron cake [Free]. 

Par. 694. Terra japonica [Free]. 



Par. 399. Annatto. roucou, rocoa, or 
Orleans, and all extracts of [Free]. 

Par. 455. Cochineal [Free]. 

Par. 469. Cudbear [Free]. 

Par. 492. Gambier [Free]. 

Par. 536. Litmus, prepared or not 
prepared [Free]. 

Par. 564. Orchil, or orchil liquid 
[Free]. 

Par. 31. * * * saffron and safflow- 
er. and extract of, 3 and saffron cake, 10 
per centum ad valorem : Provided, That no 
article containing alcohol shall be classi- 
fied for duty under this paragraph. 

Par. 630. Terra japonica [Free]. 



» Extracts of safflWer and saffron are not articles of commerce. 



1236 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



AXXATTO. 



(See Survey A-8.) 



Description and uses. — Annatto (arnotto, rocoa, Orleans, roucou) 
is a natural dye derived from the seed shells of the Bixa arellana, a 
shrub native to Central America, Guiana, East and West Indies, and 
India; it is also extensively cultivated. Bixin, the important color- 
ing constituent, is soluble in alkaline solutions, partly soluble in 
water and more soluble in alcohol. Annatto is used as a yellow 
coloring matter for oils, butter, cheese, and margarine. 

Annatto is imported in a partly dried condition in rolls wrapped in 
Banana leaves weighing 2 to 3 pounds and in cakes weighing 8 to 
10 pounds. 

Imports during 1910-1918 averaged 629,217 pounds, valued at 
$47,163. The following table shows the imports since 1917: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 .... 


Pounds. 
655. 250 
3.56, 432 

1, 004, 129 
470. 580 


$68, 961 
19, 972 
40, 108 
16, 49S 


$0.10 


1919 . 




.06 


1920 




.04 


1921 (9 months)... 


[ 


.04 









ARCHIL AND CUDBEAR. 



(See Survey A-8.) 



Description and uses. — Archil and cudbear are purple dyes derived 
by chemical processing from certain lichens (genus, Rocella) growing 
in the Cape of Good Hope, Norway, Sweden, South America, Azores, 
Cape Verde Islands, and other islands. The red or blue dye is sold 
in several forms (1) as an archil paste; (2) cudbear, which is archil 
paste dried and ground fine ; (3) archil extract; (4) as "archil liquor" 
of several degrees of strength. 

The lichens contain colorless phenols (orcein being the most 
important) , which by oxidation in alkaline solution give the coloring 
matter. Archil and cudbear are used for bluish reds on wool, silk, 
and feathers. 

Production. — The shredded lichen is digested with ammonia solu- 
tion and air at about 60° F. for several days, yielding first blue archil 
paste, or, if the action is continued, red archil paste. After removal 
of the lichens from the paste it is known as " archil liquor." By 
drying and grinding the archil paste prepared from Lecanora tartarea, 
a purple powder results known as " cudbear." 

Imports of archil for 1910-1918 averaged $52,439. Imports of 
cudbear, 1910-1918 averaged 35,082 pounds, valued at $3,602. 
Imports since 1917 are given in the table on the following page. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1237 



Calendar year. 


[ Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


ARCHIL. 


191<: 






Pounds. 


S56, 284 
42,085 
58.682 
77,664 




1919 


372, 606 
547,384 
516, 194 


$0.11 


1920 


. 11 


1921 (9 months) 


.15 






CUDBEAR. 


191S 


54. 4-17 
33, 391 
50,170 
19,470 


$9,411 
4,150 
s.463 
2, 890 


$0. 17 


1919 


. 12 


1920 


. 17 


1921 (9 months) 


.15 







COCHINEAL. 



(See Survey A-4 



Description and uses. — Cochineal is the only important dye of 
animal origin. It consists of the dried body of the female insect 
Coccus cacti, which is native to Mexico, Guatemala, the Canary 
Islands, and Java. The difference in the color of the dye (gray or 
black) is caused by variation in the method of killing the insect. 
The ground insects are used directly as a dye which has a small 
application for scarlets and reds on textiles and for scarlet color 
lakes. As it is nonpoisonous, it is used as a food dye. 

Production. — The insects are'collected alive and killed by exposure 
to the dry heat of an oven or by being inclosed in a bag and immersed 
in boiling water or steam. After being killed the insects are dried 
and ground to a powder. There is no domestic supply. 

Imports of cochineal for 1910-1918 averaged 205,738 pounds, 
valued at 882,222, and came chiefly from Mexico. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




| Pounds. 
237 402 


§116,660 
52,029 
81,979 • 
5,086 


$0.49 
. 45 


1919 




116,014 


1920 




202 808 


40 


1921 (9 months) 




19 393 


26 











CUDBEAR. 

(See Archil, p. 1236.) 



GAMBLER. 

(See Survey A-8.) 



Description and uses. — Gambier (yellow cutch, cubical cutch, cube 
gambier, and, formerly, terra japonica) is the solid extract prepared 
from the leaves, shoots, and twigs of the Indian shrub Uncaria gam- 
bia; it is native to the East Indies, Cochin-China, eastern Asia, and 
is grown in Malacca, Bintang, and Singapore. It contains from 30 
to 40 per cent tannin and a coloring matter, and is used both in 



1238 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



tanning and dyeing. It appears in the market as " block gambier" 
(of 200 pounds each) and "cubed gambier," about three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter. The liquid extract prepared from the imported 
block contains 25 per cent tannin. 

Production of gambier extract in 1914 was 704,763 pounds, valued 
at $26,400; in 1919 (preliminary figures) 1,006,000 pounds, valued 
at $87,200. These figures must represent imported solid extract, 
dissolved and sold as liquid extract, as gambier is not native to the 
United States. 

Imports of gambier for 1910-1918 averaged 16,187,035 pounds, 
valued at $880,129. Imports since 1917 are shown below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


1 
Value. | 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
8,755,270 
4, 744, 651 
10, 095, 325 
4, 132, 306 


$949,971 
432,499 

806,583 J 
172.187 ! 


$0.11 
.09 
.08 
.04 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 






LITMUS. 

(See Survey A-8.) 









Description and uses. — Litmus, a coloring matter closely related to 
archil, is obtained chiefly from the lichens Lecanora tinctoria, L. orinca, 
and Rocella tinctoria, which occur abundantly in Scandinavia and 
the French Pyrenees. The commercial product consists of calcium 
carbonate or sulphate mixed with the coloring matter and pressed 
into cubes. It is used in chemical laboratories as an indicator in 
determining the acidity and alkalinity of solutions. It has had ap- 
plication as wine vinegar color. 

Production. — Litmus is prepared by fermenting the lichens in the 
presence of ammonium or potassium carbonate, and mixing the color- 
ing matter obtained with lime or gypsum. There is no domestic pro- 
duction. 

Imports of litmus for 1910-1918 averaged $252,, Imports since 
1917 are shown below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

4,252 

1,587 

6,490 

593 


$3,407 

1,479 

4,169 

420 


$0.S0 


1919 


.93 


1920 ... 


.64 


1921 (9 months) 


.71 








SAFFRON. 

(See Survey A-8.) 









Description and uses. — Saffron or saffron Valencia consists of the 
dried petals of a plant (Crocus sativus) native to Asia. It con- 
tains an aromatic oil known as saffron oil and a yellow and a red 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1239 



coloring matter. It is cultivated in Spain, France, and Austria. 
For convenience in shipment it is sometimes pressed into cakes known 
commerically as " saffron cakes," or sold loose as "hay saffron." 
Saffron is used to color and flavor foods, especially pastries, and in 
medicine. An imported article known as " American saffron" is 
really safflower (see infra.) . It has been successfully grown in the 
United States, but was unprofitable on account of high labor cost. 

Production. — No domestic production. 

Imports. — The average annual import of saffron and safflower dur- 
ing 1913-1918 was valued at $83,952 and yielded a revenue of $8,395. 
Imports since 1917 are shown below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Unit 
value. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$70,032 
106, 951 
127, 579 
42,914 


$7,003 
10,695 
12,758 




Per cent. 
10 


1919 


23,663 
21, 664 
22,622 


$4.52 
5.89 
1.90 


10 

10 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. — Saffron and safflower and ex- 
tracts of saffron and safflower and saffron cake are dutiable under para- 
graph 31 of the act of 1913. The words "and extract of, and saffron 
cake," have been omitted from H. E. 7456; the extracts are not arti- 
cles of commerce and saffron cake is the form in which saffron is 
usually imported. 

Suggested changes. — It is suggested that the words "in any form" 
be inserted after the word "safflower," so as to include saffron and 
safflower in any form and remove any doubt as to the inclusion of the 
extract of either saffron or safflower if it should be imported and 
of saffron cake. 

SAFFLOWER. 



(See Survey A-8.) 

Description and uses. — Safflower, known as American saffron or 
false saffron, is the name given to the dried flowers of a thistlelike 
plant (Carthamus tinctarius) native to southern Asia, but cultivated 
in Europe, China, India, Persia, Egypt, Mexico, and South America. 
It contains, besides two unimportant yellow coloring matters, a small 
amount of a red color called carthamin, the only constituent of value. 
An extract of carthamin is sold as a thin aqueous paste or a dried 
powder and is called safflower extract, or safflower carmine. Roasted 
cobalt ores and other cobalt pigments, sometimes called safflower, 
should not be confused with the vegetable color. Safflower is a weak 
dye of no importance in textile dyeing. It is used as a red color for 
cosmetics, toilet articles, artists' colors, artificial flowers, and medi- 
cine. 

Imports are combined with saffron, supra. 

Important changes in classification. — Safflower is dutiable under 
paragraph 31, act of 1913. See also saffron, supra. 



1240 

PARAGRAPH 1511. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1511. Antitoxins, vaccines, vi- 
ruses, serums, and bacterins, used for 
therapeutic purposes. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 704. Vaccine virus [Free]. Par. 400. Antitoxins, vaccine virus, 

[No corresponding provision for the and all other serums derived from animals 

other commodities.]" and used for therapeutic purposes [Free]. 

ANTITOXINS, VACCINES, VIRUSES, SERUMS, AND BACTERINS. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — The sale and propagation of the biological 
products, antitoxins, vaccine virus, serums, etc., are controlled by the 
Public Health Service. They are defined in the act of July 1, 1902, 
as follows: (1) A virus is a product containing the minute living 
cause of an infectious disease. (2) A serum is the product obtained 
from the blood of an animal by removing the clot or clot compounds 
and the blood cells. (3) An antitoxin is a product containing the 
soluble substance in the serum or other body fluid of an immunized 
animal which specifically neutralizes the toxin against which the 
animal is immune. The use of vaccines began with Jenner's dis- 
cover}^ in 1796, that the vaccine from cowpox conferred immunity 
against smallpox. Other important products are diphtheria anti- 
toxin, antityphoid vaccine, and antianthrax, antidysenteric, anti- 
tetanus, antipneumonia, anticholera, and an tirabic serums. 

Production. — There were 98 manufacturers of biological products 
in 1914, with an output valued at $6,223,475. In 1919 (preliminary 
figures) there were 94 plants with an output valued at $15,876,400. 

Imports. — Before the war Germany, France, England, and Switzer- 
land supplied the bulk of imports, in 1914 valued at $19,019, and de- 
creasing to $6,009 in the fiscal year 1918. Imports since 1917 were 
valued at $5,732, $6,982, $10,097, and $3,027 in the calendar years 
1918, 1919, 1920, and in the first nine months of 1921, respectively. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Bacterins have been mentioned 
specifically for the first time. 



PARAGRAPH 1512. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1512. Arrowroot in its natural 
state and not manufactured . 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Tar. 496. Arrowroot in its natural Par. 402. Arrowroot in its natural 
state and not manufactured [Free]. state and not manufactured [Free!. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1241 

ARROWROOT. 

(See Survey G-33.) 

Description and uses. — Arrowroot is a tuberous plant, which belongs 
to the family maranta. It yields a fine, easily digested starch, which 
is used in the bakery trade for pie filling and biscuits, and elsewhere 
for ice-cream powders, food for infants and invalids, and in the 
preparation of pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the textile in- 
dustry for finishing. 

Production. — No true arrowroot is produced in this country. A 
product called Florida arrowroot is produced in the Everglades region 
of Florida. It is the pith of the stem of the wild sago palm plant 
generally known as Coonti. In 1919 the annual production of the 
Florida arrowroot starch was about 850,000 pounds. The true arrow- 
root tubers are sometimes imported and the starch manufactured 
from them. 

Imports of crude arrowroot in 1914 were 8,615 pounds, valued at 
$316. Considerable refined arrowroot starch is imported, amounting 
in .1914 to 179,056 pounds, valued at $20 041, of which 106,392 
pounds, valued at $6,377, were of the St. Vincent variety (British 
West Indies). Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 

Crude arrowroot. 191S 1919 1920 1 1921 (9 months). 



Quantitv (pounds) 49,392; 840.600 745,142 2,540 

Value..'. $10,1S4 $33,699 , $50,516 $-368 



PARAGRAPH 1513. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1513. Sulphide of arsenic. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 497. Arsenic and sulphide of Par, 403. Arsenic and sulphide of 
arsenic, or orpiment [Free]. arsenic, or orpiment [Free]. 

SULPHIDE OF ARSENIC. 

(See Survey FL-6.) 

Description and uses. — The chief ores of arsenic are the two sul- 
phides, orpiment (yellow sulphide) and realgar (red sulphide). 
Orpiment is used in dyeing to reduce indigo, and in leather manu- 
facture for removing the hair from skins. Realgar is used as a pig- 
ment, and for making a white (Bengal) fire used as a signal light. 

Production. — The production of sulphide of arsenic is included 
under that of white arsenic (par. 1). 

Imports of ''arsenic, and sulphide of, or orpiment" were 4 148.928 
pounds, valued at 8169,614 in 1914. Considerable yearly variation is 
shown. t Prior to 1914 England, Germany, and Canada supplied most 
of the imports; since then, Mexico and Canada. Imports consist 



1242 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



chiefly of white arsenic. Imports since 1917, chiefly from Japan, 
Germany, and Canada, have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
9,683,738 
4,302,355 
8, 160, 089 
5,447,196 


$840,600 
316,687 
684, 016 
455,019 


SO. 09 


1919 


.07 


1920 


.08 


1921 (9 months) '■. 


.08 







In the classification of imports arsenic and sulphide of, or orpi- 
ment, have been confused with arsenious acid or white arsenic (par. 1). 
Therefore the figures for the one should be considered in conjunction 
with the other. 

Exports of domestic arsenic are not stated. Imported arsenic and 
sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment, were reexported from the United 
States in 1918 to the amount of 193,600 pounds, valued at $27,840. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for " arsenic 
and sulphide of arsenic, or orpiment," in the act of 1913 (par. 403), 
has been changed to "sulphide of arsenic." 

Suggested changes. — Metallic arsenic should be specially provided 
for in a paragraph following 1509, if exempt from duty, or in a para- 
graph following 376, if dutiable. It is not the same as, but is manu- 
factured from, white arsenic or arsenious acid, which is provided for 
in paragraph 1. 

PARAGRAPH 1514. 



H. R. 7458. 

Par. 1514. Articles the growth, pro- 
duce, or manufacture of the United 
States, when returned after having been 
exported, without having been advanced 
in value or improved in condition by any 
process of manufacture or other means 
if imported by or for the account of the 
person who exported them from the 
United States; steel boxes, casks, barrels, 
carboys, bags, and other containers or 
coverings of American manufacture ex- 
ported filled with American products, or 
exported empty and returned filled with 
foreign products, including shooks and 
staves when returned as barrels or boxes; 
also quicksilver flasks or bottles, iron or 
steel drums of either domestic or foreign 
manufacture, used for the shipment of 
acids, or other chemicals, which shall 
have been actually exported from the 
United States; but proof of the identity of 
such articles shall be made, under general 
regulations to be prescribed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, but the exemption of 
bags from duty shall apply only to such 
domestic bags as may be imported by the 
exporter thereof, and if any such articles 
are subject to internal-revenue tax at the 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



H. R. 7456. 

time of exportation, such tax shall be 
proved to have been paid before exporta- 
tion and not refunded; photographic dry 
plates and films of American manufacture 
(except moving-pic ture films), exposed 
abroad, whether developed or not, and 
photographic films light struck or other- 
wise damaged, or worn out, so as to be un- 
suitable for any other purpose than the 
recovery of the constituent materials, pro- 
vided the basic films are of American 
manufacture, but proof of the identity of 
such articles shall be made under general 
regulations to be prescribed by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; articles exported 
from the United States for repairs may be 
returned upon payment of a duty upon 
the value of the repairs at the rate at 
which the article itself would be subject if 
imported, under conditions and regula- 
tions to be prescribed by the Secretary of 
the Treasury: Provided, That this para- 
graph shall not apply to any article upon 
which an allowance of drawback has been 
made, the reimportation of which is 
hereby prohibited except upon payment 
of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; 
or to any article manufactured in bonded 
warehouse and exported under any pro- 
vision of law: Provided further, That when 
manufactured tobacco which has been "ex- 
ported without payment of internal-rev- 
enue tax shall be reimported it shall be 
retained in the custody of the collector 
of customs until internal-revenue stamps 
in payment of the legal duties shall be 
placed thereon: And provided further, 
That the provisions of this paragraph shall 
not apply to animals made dutiable under 
the provisions of paragraph 1507. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 500. Articles the growth, produce : 
or manufacture of the United States, not 
including animals, when returned after 
having been exported, without having 
been advanced in value or improved in 
condition by any process of manufacture 
or other means: casks, barrels, carboys, 
bags, and other containers or coverings 
of American manufacture exported filled 
with American products, or exported 
empty and returned filled with foreign 
products, including shooks and staves 
when returned as barrels or boxes; also 
quicksilver flasks or bottles, iron or steel 
arums used for the shipment of acids, of 
either domestic or foreign manufacture, 
which shall have been actually exported 
from the United States; but proof of the 
identity of such articles shall be made, 
under general regulations to be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
but the exemption of bags from duty 



404. Articles the growth, produce, or 
manufacture of the United States, when 
returned after having been exported, 
without having been advanced in value 
or improved in con iition by any process 
of manufacture or other meau3; steel 
boxes, casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and 
other containers or covering's of American 
manufacture exported filled with Amer- 
ican products, or exported empty and 
returned filled with foreign products, 
including shooks and staves when re- 
turned as barrels or boxes; also quick- 
silver flasks or bottles, iron or steel drums 
of either domestic or foreign manufac- 
ture, used for the shipment of acids, or 
other chemicals, which shall have been 
actually exported from the United States; 
but proof of the id entity of such articles 
shall be made, under general regulations 
to be prescribea by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, but the exemption of bags from 



1244 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

shall apply only to such domestic bags 
as may be imported by the exporter 
thereof, and if any such articles are sub- 
ject to internal-revenue tax at the time 
of exportation, such tax shall be proved 
to have been paid before exportation and 
not refunded; photographic dry plates or 
films of American manufacture (except 
moving- picture films),, exposed abroad, 
whether developed or not. and films 
from moving-picture machines, light 
struck or otherwise damaged, or worn 
out, so as to be unsuitable for any other 
purpose than the recovery of the con- 
stituent materials, provided the basic 
films are of American manufacture, but 
proof of the identity of such articles shall 
be made under general regulations to be 
prescribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury: Provided, That this paragraph shall 
not apply to any article upon which an 
allowance of drawback has been made, 
the reimportation of which is hereby 
prohibited except upon payment of 
duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; 
or to any article manufactured in bonded 
warehouse and exported under any pro- 
vision of law: And provided further, That 
when manufactured tobacco which has 
been exported without payment of 
internal -revenue tax shall be reimported 
it shall be retained in the custody of 
the collector of customs until internal- 
revenue stamps in payment of the legal 
duties shall be placed" thereon. 

[Amended bv the act of Julv 27, 1911 
(T. D. 31784), by striking out "the words 
"not including animals" and adding the 
following proviso: 

And provided further, That cattle, horses, 
sheep, and other domestic animals stray- 
ing across the- boundary line into any 
foreign country or driven across such 
boundary line by the owners for tem- 
porary pasturage purposes only, together 
with their offspring, shall be dutiable, 
unless brought back to the United States 
within six months, under regulations to 
be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, in accordance with the pro- 
visions of paragraph 492.] 



ACT OF 1913. 

duty shall apply only to such domestic 
bags as may be imported by the exporter 
thereof, and if any such articles are sub- 
ject to internal-revenue tax at the time 
of exportation, such tax shall be proved 
to have been paid before exportation and 
not refunded; photographic dry plates or 
films of American manufacture (except 
moving- picture films), exposed abroad, 
whether developed or not; and films from 
moving-picture machines, light struck 
or otherwise damaged, or worn out, so 
as to be unsuitable for any other pur- 
pose than the recovery of the constitu- 
ent materials, provided the oasic films 
are of American manufacture, but proof 
of the identity of such articles shall be 
made under general regulations to be 
prescribed by the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury; articles exported from the United 
States for repairs may be returned upon 
payment of a duty upon the value of 
the repairs at the rate at which the article 
itself would be subject if imported under 
conditions and regulations to be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: 
Provided, That this paragraph shall not 
apply to any article upon which an 
allowance of drawback has been made, 
the reimportation of which is hereby pro- 
hibited except upon payment of duties 
equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to 
any article manufactured in bonded 
warehouse and exported under any pro- 
vision of law: And provided further, That 
when manufactured tobacco which has 
been exported without payment of in- 
ternal-revenue tax shall be reimported 
it shall be retained in the custody of the 
collector of customs until internal-revenue 
stamps in payment of the legal duties 
shall be placed thereon: Ana provided 
further, That the provisions of this para- 
graph shall not apply to animals made 
dutiable under the provisions of para- 
graph 397 [Free]. 



ARTICLES RETURNED AFTER EXPORT. 



Imports of returned articles in 1914 were valued at $17,612,711, 
and for later calendar years as follows: 1918, $22,771,874; 1919, 
$44,779,370; 1920, $96,797,484; 1921 (9 months), $47,626,104. 
About 50 per cent of these returned articles are from Canada, with 
large amounts also from England, France, and Belgium. To some 
extent there are imports from practically all countries. 

Important changes in classification. — The requirement in lines 10 
and 11, page 177, of H. R. 7456, that the importer must also have 
been the exporter, is new. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1245 

PARAGRAPH 1515. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1515. Asbestos, unmanufactured, 
asbestos crudes, fibers, stucco, and sand, 
or refuse containing not more than 15 
per centum of foreign matter. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 501. Asbestos, unmanufactured Par. 406. Asbestos, unmanufactured 
[Free]. [Free]. 

ASBESTOS. 

(See Survey N-20.) 

Description and uses. — The term " asbestos." as commonly used, 
includes half a dozen minerals all having a well-developed fibrous 
structure but differing in chemical composition and in some physical 
characteristics. The most important of these minerals commercially 
is ehrysotile, or serpentine asbestos. About 95 per cent of the asbes- 
tos used in manufacturing is chrysotile which commands a better price 
than the other fibrous minerals on the market. Amphibole asbestos 
is generally found in shorter fibers and its special use is in chemical 
laboratories and works where resistance to the action of acid is de- 
manded. Crocidolite, or blue asbestos, is a special variety of am- 
phibole asbestos differing from the others in appearance and in that 
it is more fusible, whereas an important property of other forms of 
asbestos is that they all resist even very high temperatures. 

The fundamental property of any asbestos mineral that distin- 
guishes it from all other minerals is that it is separable into fibers 
similar in many respects to cotton, wool, and other articles of vege- 
table or animal origin. The use depends on the length and fineness 
of the fiber, on its resistance to the action of heat and chemicals, and 
on its insulating value as a nonconductor of heat and electricity. 
Suitable asbestos of high grade is spun or woven into ropes and 
fabrics for safety curtains, mats, mattresses, upholstering, firemen's 
suits and gloves. Much high-grade asbestos is employed for friction 
facings in brakes and for packings. Low-grade asbestos is utilized 
for numerous purposes, which may be classed in three groups — build- 
ing, insulating, and miscellaneous. 

Asbestos is employed in building in many ways: In mixtures with 
cement to make fireproof shingles or slates; with Portland cement to 
make a protective surface on metal sheathing: in the form of asbestos 
paper for weather and sound proofing and also for fire-protection 
purposes. It is used widely for fireproof plaster, for floor tiling and 
in the manufacture of paints. Asbestos lumber and millboard are 
employed for many structural purposes. 

Some of the many miscellaneous uses are for boiler and steam pipe 
coverings, fire brick, acid filters, lead-fume collectors, stove mats, 
cooking-utensil linings, etc. 

"Asbestic," which consists merely of roughly ground serpentine 
residues, or very finely ground asbestos, commonly called " floats, " 
is suitable for the manufacture of plaster cement, fireproof brick, and 
similar articles. 



1246 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



" Unmanufactured " asbestos as it conies on the market has been 
separated from adhering rock and consists of fibers graded according 
to length. The longer fibers that can be picked out by hand are sold 
as " crude." Crude asbestos is divided into (1) a high-class material 
with fibers over three-quarters of an inch long, used for the best 
grades of materials, and (2) fibers shorter than three-quarters inch 
but suitable for spinning and weaving. The remaining rock is sent 
to the mill and mechanically crushed and separated into three grades 
of "mill stock," according to the length of fiber. Mill stock is rarely 
suitable for weaving but can be made into pipe coverings, insulating 
materials, shingles, lumber, paper, and other articles. 

Production. — Asbestos is mined in the United States, chiefly in 
five States — Arizona, California, Georgia, Maryland, and Oregon. 
Georgia has for many years been the largest producer of asbestos in 
the United States, although the more important product has come 
from Arizona. The latter is high grade, containing a large proportion 
of spinning fiber, and much of the fiber, because of its freedom 
from iron, is superior for electrical and some other purposes to most 
of the asbestos found in other countries. The Georgia fiber is valuable 
only for paints, cements, coverings, and similar articles, and can not 
be used in spinning. 

Canada produces over 85 per cent of the world's total supply of 
asbestos. In normal times Russia is the second largest in order of 
production. During the last few years South Africa, including 
Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa, has produced increasing 
amounts annually, exceeding, it is believed, the output of Russia 
since 1916. 

Asbestos, unmanufactured — Production in United States. 



■ Year. 


Short 
tons. 


Value. 


Year. 


Short 
tons. 


Value. 


1914 


1,247 
1,731 
1,479 
1,683 


$18,965 

76,952 

448,214 

506,056 

1 


1918 


1,002 
1,361 


$124,687 
251.265 


1915 


1919 


1916 


1920 1 


1,710 1,154,000 


1917 













1 Estimated. 
Asbestos, unmanufactured — Production in principal foreign countries, in short tons. 



Country. 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


Canada 


133,439 
19,030 L 

4,656 

6,158 

( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
90 


135,502 


141,465 
16,614 
3,674 
8,574 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
88 


153,069 


Russia 


Union of South Africa 


6,219 
9,563 

( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
( 2 ) 
94 


3,933 


Rhodesia 


9,740 
2,005 




Cyprus 


3 1,491 
435 


India 


Italy 








Total 


153,373 


151,378 


160, 415 









i Estimated. 



2 Statistics not available. 



Exports. 



Imports. — In 1914 imports of unmanufactured asbestos were 
76,524 tons, valued at $1,678,736, practically all from Canada. 
Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1247 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




122,946 
$6,337,608 


120,777 
$7,369,685 


149,605 
$9,120,253 


43,330 


Value ..... '. 


$2,201,970 









Imports are chiefly from Canada, British South Africa, Portuguese 
Africa, and England. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 





1914 


1918 


1919 1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


109 622 
$5,050 S51.053 


999 549 
$157,416 $141,071 


401 


Value 


$99,587 








1 





Exports go chiefly to Italy, Germany, Japan, and France. 

Important changes in classification. — All the paragraph after " un- 
manufactured" is new. 

Suggested changes. — There is doubt whether the limitation of 15 
per centum of foreign matter relates only to the refuse or includes 
other forms of asbestos. If the intention is to restrict it to refuse, 
the word " or" should be changed to " and" ; if it is intended to relate 
back to the beginning of the paragraph, the word "and" before and 
the comma after "sand" should be stricken out, a comma inserted 
after "refuse,"' and "or" changed to "and"; if it is intended to 
apply to sand and refuse, the comma after "sand" should be stricken 
out and the "or" changed to "and." 



PARAGRAPH 1516. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 490. Fulminates, fulminating 
powder, and other like articles not spe- 
cially provided for in this section [Free]. 



Par. 1516. Azides, fulminates, fulmi- 
nating powder, and other like articles not 
specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 434. Fulminates, fulminating 
powders, and like articles suitable for 
miners' use, twenty per centum ad valo- 
rem; all other not specially provided for 
in this section, thirty per centum ad 
valorem. 

AZIDES, FULMINATES, AND FULMINATING POWDEKS. 

(See Survey FL-18.) 

Description and uses. — Fulminates, metallic salts of fulminic acid, 
are violent explosives. The chief commercial product is fulminate 
of mercury, although fulminate of silver is of some importance. Com- 
mercial mercury fulminate is a gray or brown sandlike powder, used 
as a detonator for high explosives, and to some extent in percussion 
caps and primers to ignite gunpowder and other low explosives. 
Fulminate of silver is extremely sensitive to shock when dry, and may 
be exploded by rubbing when in a moist state. It is, therefore, too 
sensitive for use as an ignitor or detonator, but is used in small and 
safe quantities in toy fireworks. 



1248 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Lead azide is an important detonator. It is more stable than 
mercury fulminate. It is generally used with tetryl and trinitro- 
toluene. 

Production. — Mercury fulminate is manufactured from purified 
metallic mercury, nitric acid, and alcohol. The product is purified 
by washing with water. Statistics are not available. 

Imports of fulminates and fulminating powders suitable for miners' 
use from 1910 to 1917 ranged from $226,352 in 1910 to $21,961 
in 1912. Since then imports have been negligible. Imports of 
other fulminates, fulminating powders, and like articles from 1910 
to 1914 were negligible, and from 1915 to 1917 they were between 
$110,000 and $230,000. Statistics for the latter follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 ... 


Pounds. 


$247,940 

15,705 

479,416 

37,200 




1919 


7,340 
207,298 
18,600 


$2.14 


1920 


2.31 


1921 (9 months) 


2.00 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Azides are specifically pro- 
vided for. 

PARAGRAPH 1517. 

H. H. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1517. Bagging for cotton, gunny 
cloth, and similar fabrics, suitable for 
covering cotton, composed of single yarns 
made of jute, jute butts, seg, Russian 
seg, New Zealand tow, Norwegian tow, 
aloe, mill waste, cotton tares, or other 
material not bleached, dyed, colored, 
stained, painted, or printed, not exceed- 
ing sixteen threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, and weigh- 
ing not less than fifteen ounces per square 
yard; and waste of any of the foregoing 
articles suitable for the manufacture of 
paper. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 355. Bagging for cotton, gunny 
cloth, and similar fabrics, suitable for 
covering cotton, composed of single yarns 
made of jute, jute butts, or hemp, not 
bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, 
or printed, not exceeding sixteen threads 
to the square inch, counting the warp 
and filling, and weighing not less than 
fifteen ounces per square yard, six-tenths 
of one cent per square yard. 
m Par. 644. * ' * * and waste bagging, 
and all other waste not specially provided 
for in this section, including * * * 
old gunny bags, used chiefly for paper- 
making [Free], 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 408. Bagging for cotton, gunny 
cloth, and similar fabrics, suitable for 
covering cotton, composed of single yarns 
made of jute, jute butts, seg, Russian 
seg, New Zealand tow. Norwegian tow, 
aloe, mill waste, cotton tares, or other 
material not bleached, dyed, colored, 
stained, painted, or printed, not exceed- 
ing sixteen threads to the square inch, 
counting the warp and filling, and weigh- 
ing not less than fifteen ounces per square 
yard; * * * and waste of any of the 
above articles suitable for the manu- 
facture of paper [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1249 

BAGGING FOR COVERING RAW COTTON. 

(See Survey J-7.) 

Description and uses. — Cotton bagging is the coarse, loosely woven 
jute fabric used for covering raw cotton. The best domestic grades 
are made of yarn spun from jute butts — the ends of the fiber laid 
aside as being too coarse for the manufacture of burlap. Six yards 
of the bagging are customarily used in wrapping the bale as it comes 
from the gin. For export, compress labels — patches of greater weight 
than ordinary bagging — are added at the time of compression to equal 
the purchaser's allowance for tare, making an average of seven yards 
of material for wrapping the average bale. The bulk of the domestic 
production consists of grades made from jute butts mixed with 
various proportions of old bagging, cordage, and mill waste; has 
about two warp threads and two weft threads per square inch; and 
weighs two pounds to the linear yard of 45-inch width. Second-hand 
bagging, rewoven bagging, and wrapping made by cutting twilled 
sugar bags, constitute an increasing proportion of the total con- 
sumption. 

Production of new and rewoven bagging, which fluctuates yearly 
with the size of the cotton crop, amounted in 1919 to 75,205,000 
square yards valued at $3,554,000. The cotton crop, including 
linters, in 1920 was 13,879,916 bales of 500 pounds each, requiring 
97,000,000 yards of material. The proportion of the various types of 
bagging used in covering the 1920 crop was: New bagging, 48 per 
cent; imported bagging, 6 per cent; sugar bag cloth, 10 per cent; 
rewoven bagging, 8 per cent; and second-hand bagging, 28 per cent. 
Consumption of new bagging in 1920 was much lower than usual; 
this is accounted for by the increased consumption of bagging for 
wrapping which had been used before. All but two or three per cent 
of the new bagging produced in the United States is the output of 
two companies, who are the world's leading manufacturers of bagging. 

Imports are small as compared with domestic production. Dur- 
ing the fiscal years 1911-1920 they averaged 7,196,000 square 
yards, valued at $542,952. In the calendar year 1920 they 
amounted to 7,261,904 square yards valued at $730,719. Prior to 
1918 the United Kingdom supplied from 60 to 80 per cent annually of 
imports, and British India practically all the remainder. Since 1918 
British India has supplied about two-thirds of the imports. Imports 
of bagging from India have not been large in the past, because the 
demand for burlap and sacking bags has claimed the full Indian 
capacity. They are likely to increase in the near future, however, as 
the two domestic companies which dominate the American bagging 
trade are each constructing a mill in India, and each has already 
moved abroad a part of the machinery formerly operated in this 
country. Indian bagging is employed for covering the best grades of 
American cotton and is superior to the bulk of domestic bagging, 
since it is made entirely from jute butts, and is woven with more 
threads to. the square inch. Bagging imported from the United 
Kingdom consists to a large extent of second-hand bagging and of old 

82304—22 70 



1250 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 19^1. 



bagging suitable only for re-manufacture. Imports for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 are as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Quantity (square yards) . 
Value 



1,028,717 
$146, 288 



1, 799, 488 
$948, 234 



7,261,904 
$730, 719 



3, 125, 722 
$284,822 



Exports are not recorded. 

Suggested changes. — This paragraph embraces certain textile ma- 
terials and concludes with a provision for the waste of any of those 
materials suitable for the manufacture of paper. As provision is 
made in paragraph 1641 for waste bagging, and for old gunny cloth 
and old gunny bags used chiefly for paper making, the words in lines 
15 and 16, page 179 of H. R. 7456, "and.i 
going article 
omitted. 



waste of any of the fore- 
es suitable for the manufacture of paper " should be 



PARAGRAPH 1518. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1518. Barks, cinchona or other, 
rom which auinine may be extracted. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Far. 505. Barks, cinchona or other 
from which quinine may be extracted 
[Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 410. Barks, cinchona or other, 
from which quinine may be extracted 

[Free]. 



CINCHONA AND OTHER QUININE BARKS. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Cinchona bark, from a tropical 
tree, is used in making quinine and other alkaloids, and also as a 
crude drug. Its medicinal uses are those of quinine (see par. 1639); 
the crude bark has considerable vogue in proprietary preparations. 
Several commercial varieties exist. Barks, other than cinchona, from 
which quinine may be extracted were formerly of some importance 
in commerce, but are now rare. Cinchona trees are native to South 
America, notably Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, formerly the 
only commercial sources of the drug. But owing to extensive collec- 
tion of the wild plant, wasteful methods, insufficient planting, and 
cultivation on a large scale in Java, those countries now supply only 
negligible amounts of the drug. War scarcity has renewed interest 
in South American cinchona, and new supplies of considerable im- 
portance are reported to be awaiting exploitation. Cinchona of 
modern commerce comes almost wholly from Java, where its cultiva- 
tion is extensive and is fostered by governmental aid. Various com- 
mercial grades from different species of cinchona trees are known, the 
alkaloidal content having been considerably increased by plant breed- 
ing and seed selection. Java formerly exported chiefly the crude 
bark, but has recently developed quinine factories, and exportations 
of crude quinine now tend to exceed that of cinchona bark. The 
industry is controlled by an association of planters and producers 
through commercial agreements with manufacturers and importers. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1251 



Considerable plantations of cinchona also exist in India, the product 
being manufactured into alkaloids by Government factories. Indian 
supplies are almost wholly consumed within that country or handled 
by the British Government. Recent experimental cultivation of 
cinchona in the Philippines is reported as promising satisfactory 
future results. 

Imports of cinchona bark averaged 3,441,991 pounds, valued at 
$290,909 for 1909-1913, and 3,447,367 pounds, valued at $653,837 for 
1914-1918. The Netherlands, having control of the island of Java, 
the principal source of supply, furnish approximately 99 per cent of 
the imports. 

Imports since 1917, chiefly from the Netherlands, England, and the 
Dutch East Indies, are as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
3,366,508 
5, 981, 293 
4, 067, 746 
1,015,557 


$760, 777 

1,075,748 

1, 526, 130 

330, 502 


$0.23 


1919 


.18 


1920 


.38 


1921 (9 months) 


.32 







PARAGRAPH 1519. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1519. Bells, broken, and bell metal, 
broken and fit only to be remanufactured. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 508. Bells, broken, and bell metal 
broken and fit only to be remanufactured 
[Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 413. Bells, broken, and bell metal 
broken and fit only to be remanufactured 
[Free]. 



BELL METAL. 



(See Survey C-19.) 



Description and uses. — The constituents of bell metal are copper 
and tin, the tin averaging about 20 per cent, but varying according to 
the size, tone, volume, and impulse desired. Radical changes have 
taken place in the kinds of metals used and in the variety of bells 
manufactured. Among other materials commonly used are amalgam, 
iron, steel, smoke brass, smoke glass, silver, and silver-plated metal. 

Production. — No accurate statistics are available covering onlv the 
material mentioned in the paragraph. However, the dom astir, 
production of bells in 1914 was valued at $970,000, and in 1919 at 
$985,000. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1918 amounted to $1,689, and for the 
calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 



Bell metal. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


Quantity (pounds) 




49, 304 
84.830 


101 149 


Value 


$1,485 


$18, 984 





Exports. — None recorded. 



1252 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1520. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1520. Bibles, comprising the 
books of the Old or New Testament, or 
both, bound or unbound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

[No corresponding provision.] Par. 414. Bibles, comprising the books 

of the Old or New Testament, or both, 
bound or unbound [Free]. 

BIBLES. 

Description and uses. — The term Bible is sufficiently familiar to 
make unnecessary any lengthy statement relating to description and 
uses. As usually understood, it comprises 39 books of the Old 
Testament, and 13 books of the New Testament, constituting the 
canon, to which are sometimes added certain Apocryphal books both 
of the Old and New Testaments. 

Production. — The American Bible Society gives the production of 
Bibles and Testaments in 1912-13 as 2,203,265 volumes. 

Imports of Bibles in 1914 were valued at $135,218. The value of 
imports in the calendar vears 1918-1921 has been as follows: 1918, 
$259,305; 1919, $263,073; 1920, $345,968; 1921 (nine months), $226,776 . 

Exports. — Not segregated. 



PARAGRAPH 1521. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1521. All binding twine manufac- 
tured from New Zealand hemp, manila, 
istle or Tampico fiber, sisal grass, or sunn, 
or a mixture of any two or more of them, 
of single ply and measuring not exceeding 
seven hundred and fifty feet to the pound. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 507. Binding twine: All binding Par. 415. All binding twine manufac- 
twine manufactured from New Zealand tured from New Zealand hemp, manila, 
hemp, manila, istle or Tampico fiber, istle or Tampico fiber, sisal grass, or sunn, 
sisal grass, or sunn, or a mixture of any or a mixture of any two or more of them, 
two or more of them, of single ply and of single ply and measuring not exceeding 
measuring not exceeding six hundred feet seven hundred and fifty feet to the pound 
to the pound [Free]: Provided, That arti- [Free], 
cles mentioned in this paragraph, if im- 
ported from a country which lays an 
import duty on like articles imported from 
the United States, shall be subject to a 
duty of one-half of one cent per pound. 

BINDING TWINE. 

Description and uses. — Binding twine is used in the harvesting of 
wheat and various other cereals. Although manila, New Zealand 
hemp, istle, sunn, and sisal can be used, an overwhelming portion of 
binding twine is normally made from Mexican sisal or henequen, the 






i 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



125$ 



bulk of which is produced in Yucatan and has been marketed, in the 
past, under the control of an association of henequen producers 
known as the Comision del Reguladora del Mercado de Henequen. 
In the fall of 1919, however, this company was liquidated by order of 
the Mexican Government. Virtually all the manufacturing of 
binder twine is by machinery. The long, slender sisal leaf is cleaned 
by automatic scrapers, and the fiber is extracted mechanically and 
gill-spun directly from the sliver by a special machine. 

Production. — The world's annual consumption of binder twine is 
over 150,000 tons, about 90 per cent of which is manufactured here 
and in Canada. Of the domestic output, about 55 per cent is pro- 
duced by one company, 25 per cent by another, and the remainder by 
smaller companies and State penitentiaries. Domestic production, 
not including that of penitentiaries, amounted to 319,236,000 pounds 
in 1914 and 238,795,000 pounds in 1919. The value of the production 
in the same years was $24,195,000 and $46,256,000, respectively. 
About 5 per cent of the total in 1914 and 1919 consisted of twine 
made from manila. Domestic consumption averages 250,000,000 
pounds a year. 

Imports, as compared with domestic production, consumption, and 
exportation, are small, ranging normally from 4,000,000 to 10,000,000 
pounds annually, that is, from 2 to 3 per cent of the annual production 
and about 10 per cent of exports. In 1920 imports were twice as 
large as usual and exports about half their customary size. Canada 
supplies practically all the imports. The imports of binder twine 
for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months) 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



10,476,259 
$2,308,231 



12, 709, 592 
$2,696,416 



17,045,728 
$3, 143, 825 



4, 431, 096 
$768, 254 



Exports of binder twine in 1914 were 109,418,420 pounds, valued at 
$9,426,625; these went chiefly to Canada ,(34,585,860 pounds), Argen- 
tina (13,632,648 pounds — a low year), Russia (29,740,158 pounds), 
the United Kingdom (7,553,877 pounds), and France (6,979,224 
pounds). Canada, with two-thirds of the total, and Argentina, with 
one-eighth, were the leading consumers of American binder twine in 
1920. Exports in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


98,311,229 
$22, 136, 268 


68,764,147 
$13,383,847 


55, 182, 843 
$8,366,699 


55, 232, 802 
$8, 049, 763 


Value . . ". . .t 





Suggested changes. — Binding twine is usually made from sisal or 
henequen; manila is the next most important material. The pro- 
vision with additions and omission of unnecessary words might 
accordingly be changed to read : 

Binding twine manufactured from sisal, henequen, manila, New Zealand hemp, 
istle, sunn, or other vegetable fiber, or a mixture of any two or more of them, of single 
ply and measuring not exceeding seven hundred and fifty feet to the pound. 



1254 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



PARAGRAPH 1522. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1522. Bread: Provided, That no 
article shall be exempted from duty as 
bread unless yeast was the leavening 
substance used in its preparation. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 244. * * * bread, * * * PaR. 417. * * * bread, * * * 
twenty per centum ad valorem; *,,*.;* [Free]. 

BREAD. 

Description and uses. — This paragraph provides for ordinary com- 
mercial bread. 

Production. — In the census year 1919 the production of bread and 
bakery products was valued at $1,406, 145,000. 

Imports are not separately stated. They are largely from Canada. 

Exports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — The limitation in the proviso 
is new and is designed to allow free entry of ordinary commercial 
bread, but not of other baked articles (see par. 734) which enter into 
an extensive foreign commerce. 



PARAGRAPH 1523. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1523, Bismuth. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 511. Bismuth [Free]. Par. 418. Bismuth [Free]. 

BISMUTH. 

(See Survey FL-6.) 

Description and uses. — Bismuth, one of the minor metals, is soft, 
reddish- white, and highly crystalline. It is a component of many 
easily fusible alloys which are used in manufacturing automatic fire 
sprinklers, electric fuses, and solders. Since it expands on solidifying 
from the molten state, it is used in some form of type and in metal 
bearings. The principal uses of bismuth, however, are in certain 
medicines and to some extent in the manufacture of cosmetics. 

Production is about 300,000 pounds annually, practically all as a 
by-product from the smelting of lead, copper, gold, and silver ores in 
Utah. Bolivia produces most of the bismuth of the world; some ore 
is also produced in Australia and Tasmania, which is mostly refined 
in Great Britain. Considerable bismuth ore has been produced in 
conjunction with tungsten in China which promises to be of increas- 
ing importance. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1255 



Imports of bismuth were 133,190 pounds, valued at $241,448 in 
1914. Imports come chiefly from Great Britain, but since 1915 
some bismuth metal has come from South America, and still more 
recently China has become a principal source of supply. Statistics 
for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 

Value ". 


116,999 
.$344,292 


57,607 
$55, 179 


72,771 

$161, 877 


77,915 
$90,949 







Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1524. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 1524. Fish sounds, crude, dried 
or salted for preservation only, not spe- 
cially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 512. * * * fish sounds, crude, 
dried or salted for preservation only, and 
unmanufactured, not specially provided 
or in this section [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 419. * * * fish sounds, crude, 
dried or salted for preservation only, and 
unmanufactured, not specially provided 
for in this section [Free]. 



FISH SOUNDS, CRUDE. 



(See Survey A-9. 



Description and uses.— Fish sounds, or the swimming bladders of 
fish, are used to manufacture isinglass. These are usually obtained 
from the sturgeon (par. 39). 

Imports of crude fish sounds for 1908-1918 averaged 384,990 
pounds, valued at $97,519. Imports since 1917, chiefly from Canada, 
England, and Hongkong, have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. •• 
i 232,804 


856, 890 

16, 160 

28, 365 

5,983 


$0.24 


1919 




112,385 


.14 


1920 




; 126,219 


.22 


1921 (9 months) 




| 18,694 


.32 











Exports. — -Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The words n and unmanufac- 
tured" are omitted as unnecessary. 



1256 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1525. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1525. Blood, dried, not specially 
provided for. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 257. * * * dried blood, when Par. 420. Blood, dried, not specially 

soluble, one and one-half cents per pound, provided for in this section [Free], 

Par. 513. Blood, dried, not specially 

provided for in this section [Free]. • 

DRIED BLOOD. 

(See Survey FL-5.) 

Description and uses. — Dried blood is used chiefly for its nitrogen 
content in the manufacture of fertilizers. This slaughterhouse prod- 
uct enters commerce on the basis of its ammonia content. 

Production of dried blood, chiefly in the meat-packing industry, 
was about 40,000 tons in 1914. Figures for 1919 are not available. 

Import values of dried blood decreased from $446,698 in 1911 to 
$80,145 in 1913. The value was $391,816 in 1914 and $196,600 in 
1916. Argentina has provided the principal foreign supply. 

Imports since 1917, chiefly from Argentina, Uruguay, and Aus- 
tralia, have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$638,670 
379,754 
575,455 
141,968 




1919 


11,004,248 
14,525,791 
4,690,427 


$0.03 


1920 


.04 


1921 (9 months) 


.03 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1526. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 1526. Bolting cloths composed of 
silk, imported expressly for milling pur- 
poses, and so permanently marked as not 
to be available for any other use. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 514. Bolting cloths composed of 
silk, imported expressly for milling pur- 
poses, and so permanently marked as not 
to be available for any other use [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 422. Bolting cloths composed of 
silk, imported expressly for milling pur- 
poses, and so permanently marked as not 
to be available for anv other use. * * * 
[Freel. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1257 



BOLTING CLOTHS. 



(See Survey L-3.) 



Description and use. — Silk bolting cloth is a strong, fine, gauze- 
woven silk fabric used for sifting flour or other finely pulverized 
materials. For fine sifting it is absolutely necessary. Flour mills 
use 75 per cent of the bolting cloth, and kindred industries, or those 
extracting grit from some chemicals, the remainder. 

Production. — Silk bolting cloth is not produced in the United 
States. It is successfully made only on hand looms, and in Europe 
its manufacture is a household industry, Switzerland is the chief 
source of this article. 

Imports normally average about $250,000 in value. In 1914 they 
were $266,338. The record value of imports in 1918 was due partly 
to higher prices and partly to advance purchases looking to a long- 
continued war. Later statistics for calendar years are shown as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (yards) 




150,886 
$589,621 


228,730 
$868,832 


123,797 


Value 


$1,119,543 


$384, 563 







PARAGRAPH 1527. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1527. Bones: Crude, steamed, or 
ground; bone dust, bone meal, and bone 
ash. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 463. Manufactures of bone, * * * 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 515. Bones, crude, or not burned, 
calcined, ground, steamed, or otherwise 
manufactured, and bone dust or animal 
carbon, and bone ash, fit only for fertiliz- 
ing purposes [Free]. 



ACT OF 1013. 

Par. 423. Bones, crude, * * * ground, 
steamed, * * * and bone dust or ani- 
mal carbon, bone meal, and bone ash 
[Free]. 



BOXES, BONE DUST, BONE MEAL, AND BONE ASH. 



(See Survey FL-5.) 

Description and uses. — Bones contain from 35 to 50 per cent of 
phosphate of lime and from 4 to 4^ per cent of nitrogen and are 
valuable as a fertilizer. They yield glue, gelatin, and grease when 
treated with steam or boiled with water. When highly heated 
away from the air, bone oil and other volatile products are obtained, 
and bone char, which is used for decolorizing liquids, especially sirups, 
remains. When burned in the air, bone ash (principally phosphate 
of lime) is obtained, and used directly as a fertilizer, in assaying, in 
china manufacture, and as a source of phosphorus. Bone dust and 
bone meal as fertilizers are obtained by grinding bones which have 
had most of the fat extracted. 



1258 

Production of ground bone in 1914 was 25,139 tons, valued at 
$593,226; of raw bones (fertilizer), 64,590 tons, valued at $1,603,353; 
of steamed bone fertilizer, 55,067 tons, valued at $1,178,959. Figures 
for 1919 are not available. 

Imports of bone dust, bone ash, and bone meal in 1914 were 41,450 
long tons, valued at $1,034,636. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


BONES, CRUDE, BURNED, CALCINED, GROUND, OR STEAMED. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$486, 824 

707, 720 

2, 835, 349 

674, 891 




1919... 


47,996,545 
169,564,367 
43,667,343 


$0 01 


1920 


02 


1921 (9 months) 


02 






BONE DUST OR ANIMAL CARBON, BONE ASH, AND BONE MEAL. 




1918 


Tom. 

5,098 
6,948 
17,793 
15,607 


$153,349 
182,785 
908, 130 
623, 864 


$30. 08 


1919 


30.73 


1920 


51.04 


1921 (9 months) 


39.97 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — -The words " burned, calcined," 
modifying bones (par. 423, act of 1913), were dropped in Committee 
of the Whole House because of possible conflict with bone black or 
bone char, paragraph 66. 



PARAGRAPH 1528, 



H. it. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1528. Books, engravings, photo- 
graphs, etchings, bound or unbound, 
maps and charts imported by authority 
or for the use of the United States or for 
the use of the Library of Congress. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 516. Books, engravings, photo- 
graphs, etchings, bound or unbound, 
maps and charts imported by authority 
or for the use of the United States or for 
the use of the Library of Congress [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 424. Books, engravings, photo- 
graphs, etchings, bound or unbound, 
maps and charts imported by authority or 
for the use of the United States or for the 
use of the Library of Congress [Free], 



BOOKS, ETC., IMPORTED BY AUTHORITY, ETC. 

Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1528 are 
all of a character to be dutiable under paragraph 1310 and become 
free of duty only because they are to be put to the specific uses men- 
tioned in paragraph 1528. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $20,698. The values of imports in 
the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 1918, $34,122; 
1919, $63,171; 1920, $79,472; 1921 (nine months), $12,699. 



SUMMAEY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1259 



PARAGRAPH 1529. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1529. Hydrographic charts and 
publications issued for their subscribers 
or exchanges by scientific or literary asso- 
ciations and academies, and publications 
of individuals for gratuitous private cir- 
culation, not advertising matter, and pub- 
lic documents issued by foreign Govern- 
ments. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 517. * * * hydrographic charts, 
and publications issued for their sub- 
scribers or exchanges by scientific and 
literary associations or academies, or pub- 
lications of individuals for gratuitous pri- 
vate circulation, and public documents 
issued by foreign governments [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 425. * * * hydrographic charts, 
and publications issued for their, sub- 
scribers or exchanges by scientific and 
literary associations or academies, or pub- 
lications of individuals for gratuitous pri- 
vate circulation, not advertising matter, 
and public documents issued by foreign 
governments [Free]. 



HYDROGRAPHIC CHARTS, ETC., ISSUED BY SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONS, ETC. 

Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1529 are 
of a character in themselves to be dutiable under paragraph 1310. 
They are to be admitted free only when they fulfil certain specific 
conditions stated in this paragraph (1529). 

Imports. — Paragraph 425 of the act of 1913, in addition to the items 
enumerated in paragraph 1529 (H. R. 7456), provides for the free 
admission of " books, maps, music, engravings, photographs, etchings, 
lithographic prints, bound or unbound, and charts, which shall have 
been printed more than twenty years at the date of importation." The 
several items are not segregated, but the total importations under 
paragraph 425, act of 1913, in the calendar years 1918-1921 have 
been valued as follows: 1918, $519,425; 1919, $1,393,440; 1920, 
$1,937,210; 1921 (nine months), $1,008,866. 

Important changes in classification. — The items mentioned above 
under " Imports" have been dropped from the free list and become 
dutiable under paragraph 1306 or 1310. (See par. 1685, p. 1480.) 

Suggested changes. — Restoration of the provision for engravings, 
etchings, and lithographic prints is sought by counsel for the American 
Federation of Arts. 



PARAGRAPH 1530. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1530. Books, pamphlets, and 
music, in raised print, used exclusively 
by or for the blind; Braille tablets, 
cubarithms, special apparatus and ob- 
jects serving to teach the blind, includ- 
ing printing apparatus, machines, presses, 
and types for the use and benefit of the 
blind exclusively. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 518. * * * books and music, 
n raised print, used exclusively by the 
blind [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 426. * * * books and music, 
in raised print, used exclusivelv by 
the blind, * * * Braille tablets, 
< -ul arithms, special apparatus and ob- 
jects serving to teach the blind, includ- 
ing printing apparatus, machines, presses, 
and types for the use and benefit of the 
blind exclusively [Free]. 



1260 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



BOOKS, ETC., USED FOR THE BLIND. 

Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1530 are 
of a character in themselves to be dutiable under paragraph 1310 and 
other paragraphs. They are to be admitted free only when used 
exclusively by the blind or to teach the blind. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports of books in raised print for the blind in 1914 were valued 
at $1,452. Imports in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been 
valued as follows: 1918, $309; 1919, $1,689; 1920, $1,043; 1921 (nine 
months), $1,944. 

Exports. — Not listed. 

PARAGRAPH 1531. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1531. Any society or institution 
incorporated or established solely for re- 
ligious, philosophical, educational, scien- 
tific, or literary purposes, or for the en- 
couragement of the fine arts, or any col- 
ege, academy, school, or seminary of 
learning in the United States, or any 
State or public library, may import free 
of duty, not to exceed two copies of any 
book, map, music, engraving, photograph, 
etching, lithographic print, or chart, for 
its own use or for the encouragement of 
the fine arts, and not for sale, under such 
rules and regulations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury may prescribe. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 519. Books, maps, music, photo- 
graphs, etchings, lithographic prints, and 
charts, specially imported, not more 
than two copies in any one invoice, in 
good faith, for the use and by order of any 
society or institution incorporated or es- 
tablished solely for religious, philosophi- 
cal, educational, scientific, or literary 
purposes, or for the encouragement of the 
fine arts, or for the use and by order of any 
college, academy, school, or seminary of 
learning in the United States, or any 
state or public library, and not for sale, 
subject to such regulations as the Sec- 
retarv of the Treasury shall prescribe 
[Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 427. Books, maps, music, en- 
gravings, photographs, etchings, litho- 
graphic prints, and charts, specially im- 
ported, not more than two copies in any 
one invoice, in good faith, for the use and 
by order of any society or institution in- 
corporated or established solely for re- 
ligious, philosophical, educational, scien- 
tific, or literary purposes, or for the en- 
couragement of the fine arts, or for the use 
and by order of any college, academy, 
school, or seminary of learning in the 
United States, or any State or public li- 
brary, and not for sale, subject to such 
regulations as the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury shall prescribe [Free]. 



FREE DEPORTATIONS OF BOOKS BY SOCIETIES, ETC. 

Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1531 are 
of a character in themselves to be dutiable under paragraph 1310. 
The free admission provided for in the paragraph depends: (l) Upon 
the character of the importing institution. (It must be for religious, 
philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes or for the 
encouragement of the fine arts. Among such institutions are specifi- 
cally mentioned colleges, academies, schools, seminaries of learning, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1261 

State and public libraries.) (2) The number imported. (The con- 
cession is limited to two copies.) (3) The use to which the importa- 
tion is to be put. (It must be for the use of the importer and not for 
sale.) 

Imports under the provisions of the corresponding paragraph in the 
act of 1913 (par. 427) were valued at $3,994,869 in 1914. Imports 
in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been valued as follows: 1918, 
$181,027; 1919, $330,817; 1920, $338,690; 1921 (9 months), $378,420. 



PARAGRAPH 1532. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1532. Books and libraries of per- 
sons or families from foreign countries if 
actually used abroad by them not less 
than one year, and not intended for any 
other person or persons, nor for sale, and 
not exceeding §250 in value. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 520. Books, libraries, * * * 4 Par. 428. Books, libraries, * * * 4 
of persons or families from foreign coun- of persons or families from foreign coun- 
tries, all the foregoing if actually used tries, all the foregoing if actually used 
abroad by them not less than one year, abroad by them not less than one year, 
and not intended for any other person or and not intended for any other person or 
persons, nor for sale [Free]. persons, nor for sale [Free]. 

BOOKS AND LIBRARIES NOT FOR SALE. 

Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1532 are 
of a character in themselves to be dutiable under paragraph 1310, 
and their free admission is conceded only on the condition that they 
are (1) imported by persons or families from foreign countries, (2) 
that they nave actually been used abroad by them, for a period 
not less than a year, (3) that they are not intended for any other per- 
son or persons, (4) that they are not for sale, and (5) that they do 
not exceed $250 in value. 

Import statistics are combined with those of personal effects of 
citizens of the United States dying in foreign countries, and household 
and personal effects, etc., of persons emigrating to the United States. 
They are shown under paragraph 1631, p. 1409. 

Important changes in classification. — The provision for "usual and 
reasonable furniture, and similar household effects," has been omitted. 
A further limitation is in the value of the books and libraries, which is 
set at $250. 



PARAGRAPH 1533. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1533. Borax, crude and unmanu- 
factured, and borate of lime, borate of 
soda, and other borate material, crude and 
unmanufactured, not specially provided 
for. 

«"Usual and reasonable furniture, and similar household effects" dutiable according to materials, or 
possibly free under pars. 1678, 1685, or 1689 in H. R. 7456. 



1262 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 11. Borax, two cents per pound; 
borates of lime, soda, or other borate ma- 
terial not otherwise provided for in this 
section, two cents per pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 429. Borax, crude and unmanu- 
factured, and borate of lime, soda, and 
other borate material, crude and unman- 
ufactured, not otherwise provided for in 
this section [Free]. 



CRUDE BORAX AND BORATE MATERIALS. 

(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — Borax, crude, "tinkal" or biborate of soda, 
was formerly the main source of borax in California. Borate of lime , 
or the mineral colemanite, which is now the chief source of borax and 
boric acid, occurs extensively in California. Other borate materials 
are boracite, a borate of magnesium from the Stassfurt deposits of 
Germany; sassolite, a native boracic acid from volcanic springs of 
Italy and California; ulexite, a borate of lime and soda occurring in 
California and Nevada; and pricelite, a borate of lime occurring in 
Death Valley, Calif. 

Production of crude borax materials has about doubled in recent 
years. In 1913 it was 58,051 tons, valued at $1,491,530; in 1917, 
108,875 tons, valued at $3,609,632. Subsequent figures are not 
available. Chile, Italy, Turkey, and Germany also are other sources. 
The United States supplies about one-half and Chile one-third of the 
world's demand. 

Imports of borate materials have been less than 0.01 per cent of 
domestic production. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


1918 


Pounds, i 
10,000 

550 | 
5,050 | 
4,180,000 


S50 

25 

100 

100, 000 




$0. 005 


1919 


.04 


1920 




.02 


1921 (9 months) 





.02 










Exports of crude and unrefined borax, chiefly to Japan, Canada, 
and England, in 1920 (first year shown) were 14,325,037 pounds, val- 
ued at $1,206,936, and for the first nine months of 1921, 2,705,392 
pounds, valued at $191,616. 

Suggested changes. — Change "and" to "or" between "crude" and 
" unmanufactured." 



PARAGRAPH 1534. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1534. Brass, old brass, clippings 
from brass or Dutch metal, all the fore- 
going, fit only for remanufacture. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 521. Brass, old brass, clippings Par. 430. Brass, old brass, clippings 
from brass or Dutch metal, all the fore- from brass or Dutch metal, all the fore- 
going, fit only for remanufacture [Free], going, lit only for remanufacture [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



1263 



OLD BRASS AND DUTCH METAL. 



(See Survey C-19.) 



Description and uses. — Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, the 
proportions of which vary, ordinary brass containing 30 to 40 per 
cent zinc. Dutch metal is a variety of brass with a zinc content of 
about 20 per cent. 

Production. — The brass within the terms of this paragraph is scrap 
recovered from the many industries employing new brass material. 
The battle fields of Europe furnish large amounts. Definite figures 
concerning the country's output are unavailable. 

Imports. — Imports of brass in 1914 amounted to 7,220,296 pounds, 
valued at $765,319. For later calendar years they were as follows: 



Brass, old brass, and clippings. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds') ' 


12,228,988 
$1,773,789 


15,865,946 
$2,157,043 


45,363,942 
$5,244,715 


13,572,172 


Value 


$1,017,459 







In the fiscal year 1918. 32,731,025 pounds, valued at $5,643,382, 
were imported. This large increase. was due to war necessities. 
Until 1912 Germany and the United Kingdom were the chief sources 
of supply. After 1912 Canada became the principal contributing 
country. 

Exports. — In 1914 exports amounted to 25,738,845 pounds, valued 
at $2,714,202. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 



1918 



Quantity (pounds) . 
Value 



4,909,820 
$799,318 



1919 



1,321,767 
$176,028 



1920 



2,060,468 
$254, 189 



1921 

(9 months). 



4,212,866 
$261,111 



Prior to 1918 exports went chiefly to the United Kingdom, Ger- 
many, and France. In 1918 they went chiefly to France, Canada, 
and Cuba. In 1919 and 1920 the countries of destination were the 
United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and Mexico. 



PARAGRAPH 1535. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1535. Brazilian pebble, un- 
wrought or unmanufactured. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 522. Brazilian pebble, unwrought Par. 431. Brazilian pebble, unwrought 
or unmanufactured [Free]. or unmanufactured [Free]. 



1264 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



BRAZILIAN PEBBLE. 



Description and uses. — Brazilian pebble is a colorless and trans- 
parent variety of quartz. Its most valuable application is in spec- 
tacle lenses, as it is harder and less easily scratched than glass. In 
recent years lenses of high-grade optical glass have supplanted those 
"of pebble to a great extent. 

& Imports of Brazilian pebble in 1907 were valued at $7,967; in 1917, 
at $138; and in 1918, at $8,642. Later imports have been negligible. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1536. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1536. Bristles, crude, not sorted, 
bunched, or prepared. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



f Par. 523. Bristles, crude, not sorted, Par. 432. Bristles, crude, not sorted, 

bunched, or prepared [Free]. bunched, or prepared [Free]. 

BRISTLES, CRUDE. 

(See Survey N-4.) 

Description, uses, and production. — See paragraph 1408, p. 1103. 

Imports of bristles, crude, not sorted, bunched, or prepared, in 1914 
were 27,036 pounds, valued at $25,280, nearly all from Germany and 
Russia. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



Bristles, crude. 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



31, 987 

$65, 061 



75, 848 
$102, 191 



124, 136 
$286, 467 



14, 817 
$59, 634 



Imports were chiefly from China in 1918, from Japan and China 
in 1919, while in 1920 England led in exports to this country, with 
China and Japan following. Exports from England are transship- 
ments, London being the chief point of distribution of Chinese 
bristles. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1537. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1537. Bullion, gold or silver. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 524. Bullion, gold or silver [Free]. Par. 436. Bullion, gold or silver [Free]. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1265 



GOLD AND SILVER BULLION. 



(See Survey FL-20.) 



Description and uses. — Bullion is uncoined gold and silver bars 
and plate; it varies in degree of fineness. The name is also applied 
to uncurrent coin (coin received only at its metallic value). In the 
United States, however, the term bullion is rarely applied to coin. 
Gold in bars answers some of the monetary purposes of coined gold. 

Production. — The country's output of gold in 1913 amounted to 
4,271,562 troy ounces, coining value, $88,301,023, and in 1920 (pre- 
liminary figures) 2,395,017 ounces, coining value, $49,509,400. 
The silver production in 1913 was 67,601,111 troy ounces, commercial 
value, $40,864,871, and in 1920 (preliminary figures) 56,564,504 troy 
ounces, commercial value, $57,420,325. 

Imports in 1914 of gold were 1,237,812 ounces, valued at 
$24,206,047; and of silver 28,387,924 ounces, valued at $16,548,213. 
Imports in later calendar years were as follows : 





191S 


1919 


1920 


1921(9monthi). 


Gold: 

Quantity (troy ounces) 


1, 906, 494 
$38, 911, 037 

22, 835, 317 
$20, 619, 195 


1,614,651 
$33, 183, 373 

7, 990, 171 
$8, 382, 030 


16, 193, 577 
$326, 260, 835 

7, 945, 711 
$7, 874, 136 


21, 002, 904 


Value 


$430, 764, 187 


Silver: 


9, 400, 091 


Value 


$5, 648, 726 







The imports of bullion gold in 1918 came mainly from Canada, 
Colombia, and Mexico; in 1919 from Canada, the United Kingdom, 
and Belgium; and in 1920 from the United Kingdom, France, and 
Canada. The principal contributing countries for silver bullion 
were Mexico, Canada, and Honduras. 

Exports. — Exports of gold in 1914 amounted to 2,101,244 ounces, 
valued at $43,058,031, and of silver to 89,813,522 ounces, valued at 
$52,180,453. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Gold: 

Quantity (troy ounces) 


390, 468 
$8, 052, 578 

240, 124, 122 
$236, 411, 329 


5, 912, 786 
$122, 055, 164 

176, 780, 153 
$186, 533, 723 


1, 852, 974 
$38, 281, 357 

62, 519, 339 
$70, 228, 057 


35, 779 


Value 


$736, 248 


Silver: 

Quantity (troy ounces) 


26, 726, 076 




$16, 846, 458 





The principal countries of destination for our exports of gold were 
Japan, China, British India, Chile, Mexico, and Peru; and of silver, 
China, Hongkong, British India, Canada, and the United Kingdom. 

82304—22 80 



1266 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 19^1. 

PARAGRAPH 1538. 
H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1538. Burgundy pitch. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 525. Burgundy pitch [Free]. Par. 437. Burgundy pitch [Free]. 

BURGUNDY PITCH. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — Burgundy pitch is a resinous substance 
chemically allied to crude gum turpentine. It is used in medicine, 
chiefly in plasters, for varnish making, coating or lining beer barrels 
(in Germany), and for other technical purposes. 

Production. — It is obtained principally in Finland, the Schwarz- 
wald (Black Forest) , Austria, and the Bernese Alps. 

Imports. — Before the war the imports of Burgundy pitch averaged 
about 1,000,000 pounds, valued at about $40,000. In 1915 imports 
were 131,967 pounds, valued at $4,051; in 1917, 25 pounds, valued 
at $3; and in 1918, 100 pounds, valued at $12. In 1919 the value 
was $470, and in the first nine months of 1921, $157. 



PARAGRAPH 1539. 
H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1539. Cadmium. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 526. Cadmium [Free]. Par. 439. Cadmium [Free]. 

CADMIUM. 

(See Survey FL-6.) 

Description and uses. — Cadmium is a heavy white metal, resem- 
bling tin in many of its properties. Unlike most other metals, it has 
an extremely low melting point, and forms brittle, but readily fusible, 
alloys with other metals. Besides its use in fusible alloys, it is 
employed in dentistry, in glass coloring, and in making cadmium 
sulphide (cadmium yellow) ; also as a solder, and, to some extent, 
as a substitute for tin. 

Production. — Cadmium, a by-product of the zinc-smelting indus- 
try, is recovered largely from the treatment of various residues and 
fine dust at zinc and lead smelters. Prior to 1907 Germany was the 
sole producer, the output in 1913 being 81,993 pounds of metallic 
cadmium. The domestic output in 1918, with six plants, was 127,164 
pounds, valued at $188,203, and could be largely increased if there 
were sufficient demand. In 1920 the output was 129,283 pounds, 
valued at $151,261. Germany and the United States, with England 
a small contributor, practically supply the world's cadmium output. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1267 

Imports. — Cadmium is imported as metallic stick and as the pig- 
ment, cadmium yellow. Cadmium metal is free of duty; the pigment 
is dutiable under paragraph 63 of the act of 1913. In 1914, imports 
of metallic cadmium from Germany amounted to 1,543 pounds, 
valued at $1,239. There were no imports in 1918, 1919, and 1920. 
During the first nine months of 1921 imports amounted to 101 
pounds, valued at $216. 

Exports. — Statistics are not available, but it is known that do- 
mestic cadmium, including the reined metal and crude residues con- 
taining cadmium, was exported m large quantities during the war. 
During the last quarter of 1916, 39,188 pounds, valued at $61,889 
were exported. More than one-half of the metal was shipped to 
France, and about one-third went to Italy. 



PARAGRAPH 1540. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1540. Calcium: Acetate, chloride, 
crude; nitrate, and cyanamid or lime 
nitrogen: Provided, That when any 
country, dependency, or other subdi- 
vision of government imposes a duty on 
calcium acetate imported from the 
United States, an equal duty shall be 
imposed upon such article coming into 
the United States from such country. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 3. * * * all chemical com- Par. 440. Calcium, acetate of,- brown 

pounds, * * * not specially provided and gray, and chloride of, crude; * * * 

for in this section, twenty-five per centum and calcium nitrate [Free], 
ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 581. * * * calcium cyanamid Par. 499. * * * calcium cyanamid 

or lime nitrogen [Free]. or lime nitrogen [Free]. 

CALCIUM ACETATE. 

(See Survey A-2.) 

Description and uses. — Formerly there were two grades, the " brown 
calcium acetate," made by adding lime to the crude pyroligneous 
liquor obtained from the distillation of wood, and the "gray calcium 
acetate," now the only commercial grade, made by adding lime to the 
acetic-acid solution obtained by purification of the crude liquor 
formerly used in making brown acetate, The chief use of calcium 
acetate is in the manufacture of acetic acid and acetone. (See pars. 
1 and 3.) 

Production of calcium acetate for sale in 1914 was 163,521,577 
pounds, valued at $2,138,909; an additional 2,562,946 pounds was 
consumed in the plants where produced. In 1919, according to pre- 
liminary figures, 152,064,000 pounds were produced, valued at 
%% 682,200. 

Imports are not shown separately. 

Exports were over 40 per cent of the domestic production in 1909 
and 1914. Exports in 1914 were 68,160,224 pounds, valued at 



1268 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



$1,560,933; and because of demands for war purposes decreased to 
12,959,222 pounds in 1917. Prewar exports were chiefly to Belgium, 
Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy. Exports for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 have been as follows:" 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



15, 682, 813 
#^,622. 



1919 



16, 362, 929 
$410, 646 



1920 



23, 309, 469 

$647, 284 



1921 (9 months), 



12, 971, 575 
$283, 711 



Important changes in classification. — "Brown and gray" are 
omitted as unnecessary after " calcium acetate." The proviso is new. 



CALCIUM CHLORIDE. 



(See Survey FL-8.) 



Description and uses. — Calcium chloride is a white, solid substance 
which dissolves readily in water. The crystalline product when dis- 
solved produces a strong cooling effect. When dry it rapidly absorbs 
moisture from the air. It is produced principally as a by-product in 
the manufacture of salt from brine, or from the Solvay soda process, 
and is one of the cheapest chemicals. It is used in refrigerating and 
antifreezing solutions, as a drying agent, and for the prevention of 
dust on roads and drill grounds. 

Production of calcium chloride from natural brines increased from 
19,403 short tons in 1914 to .30,503 short tons in 1917. Enormous 
quantities are produced in solution as a by-product in the Solvay 
process, and the output is greater than the consumption. In 1919, 
according to preliminary figures, 74,699 short tons, valued at 
$1,043,300, were produced. 

Imports are not listed separately. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

CALCIUM NITRATE. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Calcium nitrate or nitrate of lime is a nitrate 
fertilizer material, and is used only for this purpose. It contains 13 
per cent of nitrogen as against 15.5 per cent of nitrogen in nitrate of 
soda, with which it competes. It absorbs moisture readily and 
deteriorates in quality on exposure to the air, necessitating shipments 
in casks instead of bags. For these reasons it is not generally favored 
as a fertilizer material. 

Production. — Calcium nitrate is produced by combining nitric acid, 
produced synthetically from atmospheric nitrogen, with lime. It 
comes chiefly from one Norwegian company, whose output is about 
90,000 tons. Considerable quantities are made in Germany. A 
calcium nitrate plant in North Carolina, opened in 1912, operated a 
year or two, but found a more profitable market for its electrical 
power. 

Imports in 1914 were 275 long tons, valued at $10,773, from Nor- 
way. Subsequent import statistics are not available. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1269 



CALCIUM CYANAMID OR LIME NITROGEN. 

(See Survey FL-5.) 

Description and uses. — Calcium cyanamid or lime nitrogen is a 
nitrogenous fertilizer material. Its preparation from calcium car- 
bide is one of the successful methods of nitrogen fixation. Prior to 
the war it was used chiefly as a fertilizer material. It can be con- 
verted into ammonia, winch in turn is oxidized to nitric acid, a 
property made use of in our munitions program. It can also be con- 
verted into sodium cyanide. (See par. 1654.) 

Production. — Cyanamid is produced by passing a current of nitro- 
gen over heated calcium carbide. The crude product is usually 
known as lime nitrogen. It is then ground, treated with water and a 
small amount of mineral oil, and packed in bags. Prior to the war 
we produced no calcium cyanamid. The Government constructed a 
plant of 220,000 tons capacity at Muscle Shoals, Ala., nearly com- 
plete and in operation when the armistice was proclaimed. Canada 
(plant of American Cyanamid Company, Niagara Falls) produces 
64,000 short tons a year, largely exported to this country. The in- 
dustry has had its greatest development in Europe. 

Imports were 29,536 tons, valued at $1,590,004, in 1914 and 44,146 
tons, valued at $1,951,104, in 1917. Imports since 1917 are as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Tons. 

45, 209 
62, 121 
71,311 
6,798 


$2, 208, 326 

4, 294, 058 

4, 542, 198 

542, 102 


$48. 85 


1919 


69.12 


1920 


63.70 


1921 (9 months) 








Exports. — Statistics not available. 


lTE amendments. 


PARAGRAPH 1541 

H. R. 7456. SEN7 



Par. 1541. Cash registers, linotype and 
all typesetting _ machines, sewing ma- 
chines, typewriters, shoe machinery, 
sand-blast machines, sludge machines, 
and tar and oil spreading machines used 
in the construction and maintenance of 
roads and in improving them by the use 
of road preservatives; all the foregoing 
whether in whole or in parts, including 
repair parts. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 197. Cash registers, * * * 
linotype and all typesetting machines, 

* * * sewing machines, typewriters, 

* * * thirty per centum ad valorem; 

* * * Provided, however, That all 

* * * tar and oil spreading machines 
used in the construction and maintenance 
of roads and in improving them by the 
use of road preservatives, shall, if im- 

Eorted prior to January first, nineteen 
undred and eleven, be admitted free of 
duty. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 441. Cash registers, linotype and 
all typesetting machines, sewing ma- 
chines, typewriters, shoe machinery, 
*.,*■* sand-blast machines, sludge ma- 
chines, and tar and oil spreading machines 
used in the construction and mainte- 
nance of roads and in improving them by 
the use of road preservatives, all the 
foregoing whether imported in whole or 
in parts, including repair parts [Free]. 



1270 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



CASH REGISTERS; TYPESETTING, SEWING AND OTHER MACHINES. 

(See Survey FL-3.) 

Description and uses. — The uses of these machines are well known, 
except perhaps that of the sludge machine — a device for drying sludge 
emanating from sewage and for separating the particles — and the 
sand-blast machine — an apparatus for forcibly projecting sand (by 
air or steam) for engraving or cutting glass, stone, etc. The United 
States is the world's greatest producer of these machines. 

Production is^hown for 1914 and 1919 as follows: 





1914 


1919 


Cash registers and parts 


$15, 935, 069 

7, 634, 631 

21,710,643 

20, 516, 532 

5, 949, 300 


$31,038,000 
15, 197, 000 
48,946,000 
43, 313, 000 
-7, 459, 000 


Linotype and other typesetting machines 


Sewing machines 


Typewriters 


Shoe machinery 





Production in 1919 of sand-blast machinery was valued at $686,000 
and of road-making machines at $13,915,000. 

Imports, including cream separators, in 1914 amounted to $863,627. 
Imports for later calendar years may be divided into five classes, as 
follows : 



1918 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Cash registers 

Linotype and all typesetting machines 

Sewing machines 

Typewriters 

Shoe machinery 



$800 

14, 351 

98, 245 

17, 287 

4,114 



$597 

7,007 

225, 541 

7,577 

5.262 



$324 

19, 371 

346, 519 

14,068 

18, 497 



$3, 037 

4,379 

356, 500 

9,060 

11,652 



In addition to these importations there came into the country in 
1918 (calendar year) sand-blast machines valued at $3,630, and in 
1920 sludge machines to the value of $1,590. 

Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are vastly greater than 
imports and may be tabulated as follows : 



Cash registers: 

Number 

Value 

Cash registers, parts of, value... 
Typesetting machines, value . . . 

Sewing machines, value 

Typewriting machines, value... 

Shoe machinery, value 

Road-making machinery, value 



1918 



4,399 

$763, 317 

$101,254 

$1, 284, 672 

$8, 13S, 590 

$7, 049, 339 

$1,359,955 

$696, 522 



1919 



18,400 

$4, 0S0, 588 

$294, 93S 

$3, 932, 544 

$12, 774, 124 

$17, 391, 118 

$2, 839, 828 

$987,912 



1920 


1921 (9 months). 


20, 946 


8,0S1 


$5,472,620 


$1,965,907 


$469, 450 


$237,606 


$4,958,757 


$2,817,958 


$15, 581, 843 


$5, 764, 197 


$25, 041, 809 


$9, 760, 192 


$2,653,039 


$1,536,644 


$1, 327, 752 


$765, 365 



The principal countries of destination for these exports are the 
United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Argentina, and France. 

Important changes in classification. — Cream separators, which were 
on the free list in the corresponding paragraph of the act of 1913 (441) , 
are omitted and are thus made dutiable (probably under par. 372 for 
machines) unless they should be held to come within paragraph 1504 
as agricultural implements. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1271 

PARAGRAPH 1542. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1542. Cerium, oerite or cerium 
ore. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 530. Cerium, cerite, or cerium Par. 445. Cerium, cerite, or cerium 
ore [Free]. ore [Free]. 

CERIUM AND CERIUM ORE. 

(See Surveys C-l and C-22.) 

Description and uses. — Cerium is a soft, steel-gray metal occurring 
in more than sixty minerals, Of the entire list of cerium-bearing min- 
erals, two may be regarded as commercial sources. These are the 
phosphate (monazite sand, par. 1616) and the silicate (orthite) . Cerite, 
a hydrous silicate occurring in Sweden, was for some time the only 
commercial source of cerium compounds. Monazite sand, the most 
important cerium ore, is mined for its content of thoria, which is used 
in incandescent gas mantles. Cerium is a by-product and is obtained 
in excessively large amounts. No commercial use has been found for 
the pure cerium metal, but certain of its alloys and compounds have 
a fairly extended range of application. The quantity consumed, how- 
ever, is only a small fraction of the production. Incandescent gas 
mantles, besides thoria, contain 1 per cent of ceria. Certain cerium 
alloys, e. g., pyrophoric alloys, throw off glowing particles when 
scratched by a hard metal, a property utilized in automatic cigarette 
and gas lighters. Other alloys are used as reducing agents and as 
deoxidizers in the manufacture of high-grade iron and steel castings. 
Cerium fluoride is used extensively in carbon electrodes for " naming" 
electric arc lamps. Cerium salts are also used in medicine. 

Production statistics of cerium are not available, but consumption 
of monazite sand indicates an output of at least 250 tons of ceria (cerium 
oxide). At least 10,000 tons of ceria are estimated to have accumu- 
lated at the gas-mantle factories. 

Imports of cerium, cerite, and cerium ore are small and of no 
significance. They were valued at $10,712 in 1914 and at $5,260 in 
1918 (fiscal year). They came entirely from Austria in 1914. There 
were no importations in 1919 and only $30 worth in 1920. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

PARAGRAPH 1543. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1543. Chalk, crude, not ground, 
qolted, precipitated, or otherwise manu- 
factured. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 531. Chalk, crude, not ground, Par. 446. Chalk, crude, not ground, 

bolted, precipitated, or otherwise manu- bolted, precipitated, or otherwise manu- 
factured [Free]. factured [Free]. 

CHALK, CRUDE. 

[For discussion, see par. 18, p. 61.] 



1272 

PARAGRAPH 1544. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1544. Chromite or chrome ore. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 532. Chromate of iron or chromic Par. 448. Chromate of iron or chromic 
ore [Free]. ore [Free]. 

CHROMITE OR CHROME ORE. 

(See Survey FL-28.) 

Description and uses. — Chromate of iron, or chromic ore, is more 
properly called chromite, chrome iron, or chromic iron ore. It is 
used chiefly in making ferrochrome and is also used in bichromate of 
potash and sodium. It is of prime military importance. 

Production. — In 1918 production was estimated at 79,000 tons 
from about 350 mines operating mostly in the Western States. About 
90 per cent of domestic chromite was produced in California; most of 
the remainder came from Oregon, with some from Wyoming, Mary- 
land, and other States. Domestic resources are insignificant com- 
pared with the large high-grade deposits in New Caledonia, Asia Minor, 
Rhodesia and Russia. Prior to 1914 only a small fraction of the 
domestic requirement was produced in the United States; the large 
war demand, however, and high prices induced an increased output. 
Owing to the poverty of the domestic deposits, their widely scattered 
locations, and the long distance of most of them from market, the 
greater number of the mines can not operate at a profit under 
normal conditions. Hence the country's output since 1918 has 
been very small. 

Imports of chromite in 1914 were 85,892 tons, valued at $777,166; 
in 1918 (fiscal year), 77,863 tons, valued at $1,555,861. Prior to 
1914 imports came chiefly from Portuguese Africa, New Caledonia, 
and Turkey in Asia; in 1918, mostly from Portuguese Africa, French 
Oceania, and Canada. For later calendar years they have been as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




100,224 
$2,892,825 


61,404 
$1,381,497 


150,275 
$1,921,824 


79, 335 




$599, 589 





Exports. — The lack of manufacturing facilities in the United 
States caused the export of the entire chrome output to England in 
the early years. In 1845 domestic works were established for making 
chromium salts; by 1850 these fully supplied the home market, and 
exportation of the ore ceased. In recent years no exports have been 
recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The terminology is changed 
from " chromate of iron or chromate ore" to " chromite or chrome 
ore." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1273 



PARAGRAPH 1545. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1545. Coal, anthracite, bitumi- 
nous, culm, slack, and shale; coke; 
compositions used for fuel in which coal 
or coal dust is the component material of 
chief value, whether in briquets or other 
form : Provided, That when any country, 
dependency, or other subdivision of 
government imposes a duty on such 
articles imported from the United States, 
an equal duty shall be imposed upon such 
articles coming into the United States 
from such country. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 428. Coal, bituminous, and shale, 
forty-five cents per ton of twenty-eight 
bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel; coal 
slack or culm, such as will pass through 
a half-inch screen, fifteen cents per ton of 
twenty-eight bushels, eighty pounds to 
the bushel: Provided, That the rate of 
fifteen cents per ton herein designated 
for "coal slack or culm-' shall be held to 
apply to importations of coal slack or 
culm produced and screened in the 
ordinary way, as such, and so shipped 
from the mine; coke, twenty per centum 
ad valorem; compositions used for fuel 
in which coal or coal dust is the com- 
ponent material of chief value, whether in 
briquettes or other form, twenty per 
centum ad valorem: Provided further, 
That on all coal imported into the United 
States, which is afterwards used for fuel 
on board vessels propelled by steam and 
engaged in trade with foreign countries, 
or in trade between the Atlantic and 
Pacific ports of the United States, and 
which are registered under the laws of 
the United States, a drawback shall be 
allowed equal to the duty imposed by 
law upon such coal, and shall be paid 
under such regulations as the Secretary 
of the Treasury shall prescribe. 

Par. 535. Coal, anthracite, and coal 
stores of American vessels, but none shall 
be unloaded [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 451. Coal, anthracite, bituminous, 
culm, slack, and shale; coke; composi- 
tions used for fuel in which coal or coal 
dust is the component material of chief 
vajue, whether in briquets or other form 
[Free]. 



COAL AND COKE. 



(See Survey FL-10.) 

Description. — Peat is the first stage of coal formation, followed by 
lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, semibituminous, semianthracite, 
and anthracite. With this series the percentage of volatile matter 
declines and that of fixed carbon increases. In 1913 the coal reserves 
of the world were estimated by the International Geological Congress 
at 7,397,553,000,000 tons, divided as follows: America, 5,105,528,- 
000,000 tons; Asia, 1,279,586,000,000 tons; Europe, 784,190,000,000 



1274 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



tons; Oceania, 170,410,000,000 tons; and Africa, 57,839,000,000 tons. 
The bulk of the American reserves was within the United States. 

Fine or refuse coal, often constituting one-third of the product, is 
called culm in the case of anthracite coal, and slack in the case of 
bituminous. Certain kinds of bituminous coals are termed coking 
coals, because upon distillation of their volatile matter they yield a 
hard, strong, coherent, carbonaceous residue called coke. Four tons 
of good coking coal yield about three tons of coke. Briquets are 
brick-shaped masses of fine coal with some cementing material. 

Uses. — Anthracite is now used for the most part in household heat- 
ing. Bituminous coal, in addition to this use, is employed largely in 
manufacturing operations, on railroads, and as bunker coal. Coke is 
the fuel principally used in the manufacture of pig iron. Lignite is 
commonly used only when better grades of coal are either not obtain- 
able or are too expensive. In many parts of Europe peat is a domestic 
fuel. Briquets are manufactured out of fine coal for consumption in 
the home. 

Distribution of bituminous coal, by industry, in 1915 was as follows : 



Per cent. 

Steamship bunker tidewater 2.0 

Used at mines 2. 

Steamship bunker, Great Lakes. . . .3 

Manufacture of coal gas 1.0 

Special uses . 1 



Per cent. 

Industrial steam trade 33.0 

Kailroad fuel 28. 

Domestic and small steam trade. . 16. 

Manufacture of beehive coke 9. 3 

Manufacture of by-product coke ... 4. 3 

Exported 4. 

Production of coal in the United States in 1913 amounted to 
569,960,219 short tons out of an approximate total for the world of 
1,478,000,000 tons. Great Britain in the same year produced 
321,922,130 tons; Germany, 305,714,664 tons; Austria-Hungary, 
59,647,957 tons; France, 45,108,544 tons; and Russia, 37,188,480 
tons. During the World War, European production declined, but the 
domestic output reached 684,710,000 tons in 1918, estimated to be 
valued at $1,801,500,000, more than one-half the world's output. 
In 1920 the country's estimated output of coal was as follows : Anthra- 
cite, 89,100,000 short tons; bituminous, 556,563,000 short tons; 
coke, 51,888,000 short tons; and fuel briquets, 567,192 short tons. 
Practically all the anthracite coal is mined in Pennsylvania, the 
bituminous, mostly in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, Ohio, 
Kentucky, Indiana, and Alabama. Nearly half of the coke is pro- 
duced in Pennsylvania. Other important coke manufacturing States 
are Ohio, Alabama, Indiana, and Illinois. The workman in American 
mines increased his annual aggregate output of bituminous coal from 
431.53 tons per employee in 1882 to 896 tons in 1916 and nearly 
1,000 tons in 1918. His production of anthracite coal rose from 
363.55 tons in 1882 to 547 tons in 1916. The output per man of 
workmen in European mines substantially declined during the war. 
The relative effectiveness of mine workers in different countries may 
be stated as follows : 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1275 



Short tons produced per employee per annum. 



896.0 


547.0 


594.8 


566.5 


518.9 


497.5 


333.3 


280.4 


263.3 


262.4 


203.0 



Germany (1909) 257.0 

Austria (1918) 259. 

France (1909) 5 191. 

Belgium (1912) 5 173. 8 

Russia (1908) 5 141. 

British India (1912) 124. 2 

Japan (1909) 99. 

Cape of Good Hope (1913) 78. 8 



United States (bituminous) (1916). 
United States (anthracite) (1916) . . 

Australia (1913) 

Dominion of Canada (1913) 

Transvaal (1913) 

New Zealand (1913) 

Orange Free State (1913) 

Natal (1913) 

South Rhodesia (1913) 

United Kingdom: 

1914 

1920 

Coal and coke are produced more abundantly and cheaper than 
elsewhere in the world in the Eastern States. Cost of transporta- 
tion is a large factor in the price, and hence in regions remote from the 
coal-producing areas (California, for instance) it is often cheaper to 
import than to use the domestic product, the cost of water transporta- 
tion being less than that of rail. 

Pulverized fuel (coal) is gaining importance and its consumption in 
the cement industry is estimated at 12,000,000 tons annually. When 
pulverized the coal is fed to 'the furnace by blowers adjusted to supply 
the coal dust and air in the ratios for best combustion; this makes 
available low grades of coal otherwise unusable. The method is 
applied in metallurgical and power-plant use, and has been tried 
experimentally in locomotives. 

Coal is bought by large consumers on standard tests, e. g., its 
heating power (British thermal units) , ash, volatility, etc. The best 
coal will yield about 14,500 British thermal units per pound, but is 
salable at 10,000 units or lower. Fuel Oil averages 18,000 to 19,800 
units per pound and is a rapidly increasing alternative for coal. 
Four barrels may be roughly taken as equaling a ton of coal, and coal 
producers have shown some concern regarding the competition of 
this fuel, especially that of the oil imported from Mexico. 

Import values in the fiscal year 1918 aggregated $6,414,218 
divided as follows: Anthracite $18,390; bituminous and shale (1,366,- 
876 tons), $6,076,048; slack or culm (34,325 tons), $100,503; coke 
(29,097 tons), $218,997; composition coal or coal dust, $280. Im- 
ports for the calendar years 1918-1921 may be divided into the 
following five classes : 



1918 


1919 1 

1 
! 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 


Anthracite coal: 

Quantity (tons) 


33, 158" 
$203,798 

1,280,264 
§6,634,240 

20,815 
$60,428 

26,936 
$221, 880 


73,945 i 
$522,419 

891,816 
$4,892,696 | 

11,354 
$57,990 

14,720 

$140,653 

1 

272, 200 
$1,050 


28,346 
$257, 835 

1,096,649 
$6,714,149 

14, 950 
$19, 527 

36,735 
$403, 175 

112 
$9 


7,161 




$82, 395 


Bituminous coal: 

Quantity (tons) 


767, 275 


Value 

Slack or culm coal: 


$5,156,451 
22, 379 


Value 

Coke: 

Quantity (tons) 


$123,975 

17,963 
$231,429 


Value 


Compositions, component material of chief 
value coal or coal dust: 


Value 


$3,077 









* Metric tons. 



1276 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Nearly all the imported material comes from Canada and enters 
through the customs districts of Montana and Idaho, Massachusetts, 
Washington, San Francisco, Maine, and New Hampshire, most of 
which are within easy reach by water of the Canadian coal fields and 
remote from our own leading coal areas. m$ 

Exports greatly exceed imports. In the fiscal year 1918 exports of 
anthracite were 4,840,187 tons, valued at $29,844,947; bituminous, 
21,051,979 tons, valued at $81,980,218; and coke, l,337,32i4tons, 
valued at $10,155,047. Exports for the calendar years 1918 to 1921 
are divided into three classes as follows : 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Anthracite: 

Quantity (tons) 4,435,543 

Value..... -•■ S29.215.689 

Bituminous coal: 

Quantity (tons) 19,956,009 

Value..... I $78,664,856 

Coke: 

Quantity (tons) .,}'i£?'5S 

Value $11, 861 > 4° 8 



4,443,391 
$36,668,131 

17,958,514 
$83,708,842 

640,139 
$5,128,119 



4,824,776 
$45, 538, 100 

34,390.254 
$304, 273; 241 

821,252 
$9,993,665 



!7, 
$106, 



S2 



236, 282 
067,069 

473,625 
755,909 

198,251 
115.157 



The principal country of destination is Canada. Shipments, how- 
ever, are made to Cuba and Argentina, and in late years have gone to 
Italy and France. 

Important changes in classification. — Proviso is new. 



PARAGRAPH 1546. 



H. It. 7456. 

Par. 1546. Coal-tar products: Acenaph- 
thene, anthracene having a purity of less 
than 30 per centum, benzene, carbazole 
having a puiity of less than 65 per cen- 
tum, cumene, cymene, fluorene, methyl- 
anthracene, methylnaphthalene, naph- 
thalene, which after removing all the 
water present has a solidifying point less 
than seventy-nine degrees centigrade, 
pyridine, toluene, xylene, dead or creo- 
sote oil, anthracene oil, pitch of coal tar, 
pitch of blast-furnace tar, pitch of oil-gas 
tar, pitch of water-gas tar, crude coal tar, 
crude blast-furnace tar, crude oil-gas tar, 
crude water-gas tar, all other distillates 
of any of these tare which on being sub- 
jected to distillation yield in the portion 
distilling below one hundred and ninety 
degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids 
less than 5 per centum of the original dis- 
tillate, all mixtures of any of these distil- 
lates and any of the foregoing pitches, 
and all other materials or products that 
are found naturally in coal tar, whether 
produced or obtained from coal tar or 
other source, and not specially provided 
for in paragraph 25 or 26 of Title I of this 
Act, 



ACT OF SEPT. 8, 1916, TITLE V. 

Sec. 500. That on and after the day 
following the passage of this Act, except 
as otherwise specially provided for in this 
title, there shall be levied, collected, and 
paid upon the articles named in this sec- 
tion when imported from any foreign 
country into the United States or into any 
of its possessions, except the Philippine 
Islands and the islands of Guam and 
Tutuila, the rates of duties which are pre- 
scribed in this title, namely: 

FREE LIST. 

Group I. Acenaphthene, anthracene 
having a purity of less than twenty-five 
per centum, benzol, carbazol having a 
purity of less than twenty-five per 
centum, cresol, cumol, fluorene, meta- 
cresol having a purity of less than ninety 
per centum, methylanthracene, methyl- 
naphthalene, naphthalene having a solid- 
ifying point less than seventy-nine degrees 
centigrade, orthocresol having a purity of 
less than ninety per centum, paracresol 
having a purity of less than ninety per cen- 
tum, pyridin, * * * toluol, xylol, crude 
coal tar, pitch of coal tar, dead or creosote 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1277 



H. R. 7456. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 536. Coal tar, crude, pitch of coal 
tar, and products of coal tar known as dead 
or creosote oil, benzol, toluol, naphthalin, 
xylol, * * * cresol, * * * all the 
foregoing not medicinal and not colors or 
dyes [Free]. 

Par. 15. * * * all other products 
or preparations of coal tar, not colors or 
dyes and not medicinal, not specially 
provided for in this section, twenty per 
centum ad valorem. [Covered acenaph- 
thene, carbazole, cumene, cymene, fluor- 
ene, methylanthracene, methylnaphtha- 
lene, pyridine, anthracene oil, and all 
other materials or products.] 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 



ACT OF SEPT. 8, 1916, TITLE V. 

oil, anthracene oil, all other distillates 
which on being subjected to distillation 
yield in the portion distilling below two 
hundred degrees centigrade a quantity of 
tar acids less than five per centum of the 
original distillate, and all other products 
that are found naturally in coal tar, 
whether produced or obtained from coal 
tar or other source, and not otherwise spe- 
cially provided for in this title, shall be 
exempt from duty. 

Group II. * * * carbazol having a 
purity of 25 per centum or more, * * * 
15 per centum ad*valorem, * * * [and 
2$ cents per pound]. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 452. Coal tar, crude, pitch of coal 
tar, * * * or other tar, dead or creosote 
oil, and products of coal tar known as an- 
thracene and anthracene oil, naphthalin, 
* * * and cresol [Free]. 

Par. 22. Coal-tar distillates, not spe- 
cially provided for in this section; ben- 
zol, * * * toluol, xylol; all the fore- 
going not medicinal and not colors or dyes, 
5 per centum ad valorem. [Covered ace- 
naphthene, carbazole, cumene, cymene, 
fluorene, methylanthracene, methylnaph- 
thalene, pyridine.] 

Par. 21. All other products or prepara- 
tions of coal tar, not colors or dyes, not 
specially provided for in this section, 15 
per centum ad valorem. 

[No corresponding provision for the 
other commodities.] 



COAL-TAR CRUDES. 



(See T. I. S.-6, 11, 22, and 23.) 

Description and uses. — In the manufacture of coke in by-product 
ovens and in the production of coal gas for city lighting and heating, 
one of the by-products is coal tar. which yields by distillation or other 
simple methods of treatment (sublimation and washing with acids and 
alkalies) a class of substances known as coal-tar " crudes." These 
substances are included in this paragraph. 

The most important crudes are benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and 
anthracene. Other crudes' include xylene, cumene, carbazol, the 
cresols, and pyridine. These crudes after purification are used in 
the preparation of coal-tar intermediates (par. 25) ; the latter, in turn, 
are used in the manufacture of dyes (par. 26). In addition to the 
crudes, certain pitches, related to coal tar, are mentioned in this par- 
agraph. Pitch is used chiefly for road making, roofing, shingles, 
tarred felt, building paper, and for many minor uses, such as com- 
pounding with rubber, sealing dry batteries, and as a fuel. 



1278 

Complex mixtures made from coal tar by fractional distillation 
appear in commerce under the names solvent naphtha, light oil, dead 
oil, creosote oil, anthracene oil, and pitch. Solvent naphtha is used 
mainly as a solvent for paint, rubber cements, and other materials. 
Creosote oil serves on a large scale for the preservation of wood 
(telegraph poles, fence posts, railroad ties, and paving blocks). 

Production of the coal-tar crudes is given in the Tariff Commission's 
report, " Census of Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemicals/' 1917-20. 

Imports of crudes have increased from $1,241,407 in 1918 to 
$5,512,258 in 1920, and for 9 months of 1921 were $4,371,765. 

Exports since 1917 by calendar years are shown in the table below. 
Exports of benzol have been chiefly to Italy, Belgium, and France, 
while u all other coal-tar distillates" have gone principally to England, 
Switzerland, and Japan. 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Benzol: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

All other coal-tar distillates (value) 



33, 294, 577 
$1,904,360 

$5, 867, 830 



14, 238, 419 

$535, 132 

$1,103,750 



13, 174, 268 | 

$927,940 I 

$6,962,249 j 



64, 161, 598 

$2, 744, 346 

$426,255 



Important changes in classification. — Some of these crudes were 
dutiable in 1913, but all are exempted from duty in 1916, carbazol 
and anthracene, however, being limited in 1916 to such as have a 
purity of less than 25 per cent. (See also par. 25.) 

Suggested changes. — Page 183, line 10, of H. R. 7456: Change 
" removing" to "the removal of" to agree with paragraph 25, page 8, 
line 20. 



PARAGRAPH 1547. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1547. Cobalt and cobalt ore. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 537. Cobalt and cobalt ore [Free]. Par. 453. Cobalt and cobalt ore [Free]. 



COBALT AND COBALT ORE. 



(See Survey FL-6.) 



Description and uses. — Cobalt is a white, malleable, tough metal 
similar to iron and resembling nickel in many of its properties. In 
the form of its oxide it imparts a beautiful blue color to pottery and 
other glazes: Research for developing its uses has opened up a most 
promising field for the metallic form, especially in the alloy, stellite, 
and as a valuable component of special high-grade steels. 

Production. — Practically the entire world supply comes from the 
silver ores of Cobalt, Ontario. It is converted in Canada into metal 
or oxide. There are deposits of low grade associated with the dis- 
seminated lead ores of Missouri. These complex ores were worked 
for nickel and cobalt from 1907 to 1909, and produced 83,394 pounds 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1279 



of cobalt oxide in the latter year. The plant remained idle until 
1917, when it was remodeled for the production of lead, copper, and 
nickel, cobalt being a by-product. In 1918 cobalt ores were mined 
in Idaho, the production being 55 tons of concentrates carrying 
17.74 per cent of cobalt (19,514 pounds) from 4,000 tons of ore. 
The annual Canadian production in 1916 and 1917 was slightly in 
excess of 1,000,000 pounds. 

Imports of cobalt and cobalt ore prior to 1919 were grouped with 
zaffer (roasted speiss or crude oxide). The percentage of metal im- 
ports has tended to increase relatively to that of the crude material. 
In 1914 imports of cobalt and cobalt ore and zaffer amounted to 
197,009 pounds. For later calendar years imports are shown as 
follows : 





1918 1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Cobalt ore: 

Quantity (pounds) 


i 504, 391 
$628, 099 


17, 045 

$2, 832 

60, 511 

$141, 450 


13, 039 

$4, 794 

143, 603 
$326, 864 


6,625 


Value 


$191 


Cobalt metal: 

Quantity (pounds) 


35, 102 


Value 




$96, 859 









1 Includes zaffer. 



Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1548. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1548. Cocoa or cacao beans. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 540. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and Par. 456. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and 
fiber, leaves, 6 and shells of [Free]. fiber, leaves, 6 and shells of [Free]. 



COCOA OR CACAO BEANS. 



(See Survey G-32.) 



Description and uses. — The seeds of the tropical cacao tree are the 
cacao beans or crude cocoa of commerce, from which are obtained 
cocoa, chocolate, cocoa butter, and cocoa shells. In the producing 
countries the seeds or beans are separated from the surrounding 
pulp of the large pods, cured by several simple processes, and packed 
in bags of 130 to 160 pounds. The manufacture of cacao products 
is a technical industry conducted chiefly in America and Europe. 
Of the content of the bean, the stimulant theobromin constitutes 
about 2 per cent; fat, over 50 per cent; and albuminoids, starch, and 
ash, the remainder. (For manufactured products, see par. 776, p. 806.) 
Cocoa shells, the husks of the seeds, removed in the process of manu- 
facture, are virtually a waste in this cpuntry. In Europe they are 
used as an ingredient in cattle feeds, in the extraction of theobromin 
and cocoa butter, and in adulterating chocolate-cocoa products. 

« Not an article of commerce; possibly confused with coca leaves (par. 33, H. R. 7456). 



1280 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — No cacao is produced in the continental United States 
and the insular output is not important. Until 1890 virtually the 
entire supply was from the American Tropics, but the West- African 
colonies of Great Britain and Portugal (Gold Coast and San Thome- 
Principe) produced about 40 per cent of the world crop (650,000,000 
pounds) in 1915; of this world supply the United States imported 
about 30 per cent. 

Imports. — During 1914-1920 the value of cacao imports ranged 
from $20,000,000 to $54,000,000. European countries have a large 
re-export trade. Detailed statistics for the calendar years 1918- 
1921 are as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


359, 853, 178 
$37,916,035 


391,249,274 
$57,976,644 


343,679,841 
$54,309,612 


251, 127, 961 


Value ..". .T. '. 


$18, 434, 065 







Important changes in classification. — The specific provision for cocoa 
shells has been omitted. They would probably be classified as a crude 
vegetable substance (par. 1617). The provision for cocoa leaves has 
also been dropped, since there is no commerce in such leaves. Ap- 
parently these were confused with coca leaves, the source of cocaine, 
for which provision is elsewhere made (par. 33). The provision for 
cocoa fiber, likewise has been dropped; here, apparently there was 
some confusion with the fiber derived from the coconut, commercially 
termed coir, which is provided for in paragraph 1551. The term 
il cocoa or cacao, crude, has been changed to the more general com- 
mercial term " cocoa or cacao beans." 



PARAGRAPH 1549. 



H. R. 7456. 
Par. 1549. Coffee. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 541. Coffee [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 457. Coffee [Free]. 



COFFEE. 



(See Survey G-31.) 

Description and use.— Coffees are characterized as " strong" and 
"mild," with subclasses. The product of Brazil is strong, and that 
of all other countries mild. Strong coffees are chiefly consumed in 
the United States; Europe prefers the mild types. 

Production.— In 1919 Porto Rico yielded approximately 53,000,000 
pounds and Hawaii about 20,000,000 pounds. Under the most 
favorable conditions these islands could hardly produce one-fourth 
of the 1,000,000,000 pounds required for domestic consumption. 
Most of the Porto Rican product is shipped to Cuba and Europe. 
American consumers prefer *other varieties. Of the world produc- 
tion, about 2,500,000,000 pounds, Brazil supplies over two-thirds. 
Through valorization the Government of Brazil exercises a controlling 
influence over the markets of the world. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1281 



Imports of coffee, about three-fourths of which come from Brazil, 
exceed 1,000,000,000 pounds, valued at about $100,000,000. The 
bulk of the Colombian and Venezuelan product is exported to this 
country and used for blending purposes. Imports for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 are shown below: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


1,053,876,247 
$99,476,716 


1,333,455,443 
$261,248,507 


1,297,439,303 
$252,450,649 


985, 075, 219 


Value . . ". . . 7. 


$100,968,461 





Exports of green coffee are almost entirely from Porto Rico. Some 
Hawaiian coffee moves to Canada and to Asia. Exports of roasted 
coffees are chiefly to Canada and Mexico, and to markets wherein the 
United States has preferential treatment — Cuba, the Philippines, and 
Panama. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Coffee, green or raw: 


43,031,687 
$6,365,160 

1,694,928 
$296, 642 


28, 289, 105 
$7, 295, 511 

6,062,449 
$1,521,070 


34, 785, 574 
$9, 223, 966 

1, 971, 869 
$579, 608 


27, 174, 162 
$4,464,674 

858, 568 
$228, 872 


Value 


Coffee, roasted or prepared: 


Value 




PARAGRAPH 1550. 




H. R. 7456. SENATE 


AMENDMENTS. 


Par. 1550. Coins of gold, silver, cop- 




per, or other metal. 




ACT OF 1909. 




AC1 


' OF 1913. 



Par. 542. Coins of gold, silver, copper, 
or other metal [Free]. 



Par. 458. Coins of gold, silver, copper, 
or other metal [Free]. 



COINS. 

(See Survey FL-20.) 

Description and uses. — Coins are stamped pieces of metal used as 
media of exchange. The metals most commonly used are gold, 
silver, and copper. As the coins of different peoples usually vary 
in size, inscriptions, etc., they circulate in international trade to only 
a limited extent, trade balances between nations being adjusted 
mainly by gold and silver bullion. 

Production. — No statistics. 

Imports of coins in 1914 were valued at $89,064. Prior to 1914 
coins came mainly from Germany and England. The imports in 
the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 



1919 



Copper coins , 

Other coins, except as money. 



$2,112 
1,354 



$1,130 
5,650 



1920 



$3,791 
17, 590 



1921 
(9 months). 



$5, 313 
21,783 



Exports of United States coins in 1914 were valued at $7,208. 
Nearly all the exports went to Cuba. No exports are recorded for 
later years. 



82304—22- 



-81 



1282 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1551. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1551. Coir, and coir yarn. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 543. Coir, and coir yarn [Free]. Par. 459. Coir, and coir yarn [Free]. 

COTR AND COIR YARN. 

(See Survey FL-16.) 

Description and mes.—Coir or coconut fiber is a coarse and stiff 
but elastic fiber obtained from the fibrous shell of the coconut pro- 
duced in Ceylon, British India, and other tropical or semitropical 
countries. For the preparation of the fiber, the unripe nuts are 
steeped in sea water for several months, after which the fruit is 
beaten and washed away with water. The residual reddish brown 
fibrous mass is decorticated by tearing and hackling into fibers 
about 10 inches in length.. The coarsest fibers go into brushes; 
those that are very short and curly are used for packing and uphol- 
stery stuffing; the longest are spun (usually by hand) into coir yarn, 
for use in making mats and cordage. 

Production. — Coir is not produced in the United States, as it is a 
tropical product. Coir yarn is almost wholly imported. British 
India is the main producer of coir and coir yarn. That country's 
statistics show, for the year ended March 31, 1920, total exports of 
unmanufactured coir to have been 789,152 pounds, valued at about 
$34,000, of which over half went to the United Kingdom and about 
3 per cent to the United States. In the same year British India 
exported manufactured coir (excluding rope) to the extent of about 
38,000 tons, valued at about $4,156,000, three-fourths of which 
went to the United Kingdom and about 8 per cent to the United 
States. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1914 of coir or cocoa fiber were 1,095,360 
pounds, valued at $13,114; and of coir yarn 8,554,032 pounds, 
valued at $391,496. Imports are largely from British India. Since 
1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Coir fiber. 


Coir yarn. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
295, 680 
327, 000 
846, 720 
763, 840 


$10,290 

4,247 

41,173 

26, 235 


Pounds. 
5,685,758 
2, 475, 635 
5,634,257 
1, 768, 790 


$346, 579 


1919 


160, 782 


1920... 


355, 889 


1921 (9 months) 


103, 336 







Important changes in classification. — See paragraph 1548, p. 1280. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1283 



PARAGRAPH 1552. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1552. Composition metal of which 
copper is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 545. Composition metal of which 
copper is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 460. Composition metal of which 
copper is the component material of chief 
value, not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



COMPOSITION METAL (COPPER CHIEF VALUE) . 
(See Survey C-19.) 

Description and uses. — Composition metal is commonly limited to 
Muntz's metal. This is a kind of brass made of three parts copper 
and two parts zinc. It differs from common brass in being malleable 
when hot. Being cheaper and more easily rolled, it has displaced 
copper as sheathing for vessels — its chief use. It is also used to an in- 
creasing extent in the manufacture of extruded rods and other shapes. 
Other special alloys of copper have been included under this 
paragraph. 

Production. — No statistics. 

Imports of composition metal, n. s. p. f., in 1914 were 1,035,357 
pounds, valued at $169,154. Prior to 1914 imports were mostly 
from Germany, France, and Cuba; since 1914 they have been chiefly 
from England and Cuba, although in 1921 Germany again began to 
be an important source of supply. The importations for recent cal- 
endar years have been as follows: 



Quantity (pounds) . 
Value 



1918 



208, 170 
844, 253 



1919 



355, 982 

$64, 028 



1920 



4,235,647 
$518, 171 



1921 (9 months). 



902,352 
$98,837 



Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 




1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


186,260 
$60, 128 


864,089 454,306 
$110,032 


20, 188 
$4,427 


Value 









The principal countries of destination were the United Kingdom, 
Brazil, Italy, Philippine Islands, China, Canada, and Japan. 



1284 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1553. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1553. Copper ore; regulus of, and 
black or coarse copper, and copper ce- 
ment; old copper, fit only for remanufac- 
fure, copper scale, clippings from new 
copper, and copper in plates, bars, ingots, 
or pigs, not manufactured or specially 
provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 544. Copper ore; regulus of, and Par. 461. Copper ore; regulus of, and 
black or coarse copper, and copper ce- black or coarse copper, and copper ce- 
ment; old copper, fit only for remanufac- ment; old copper, fit only for remanufac- 
ture, clippings fr-om new copper, and cop- ture, copper scale, clippings from new 
per in plates, bars, ingots, or pigs, not copper, and copper in plates, bars, ingots, 
manufactured or specially provided for or pigs, not manufactured or specially 
in this section [Free]. provided for in this section [Free]. 

COPPER AND COPPER ORE. 

(See Survey C-19.) 

Description. — The principal copper-bearing minerals are native 
copper; cuprite or copper oxide; malachite or green carbonate of 
copper; azurite or blue carbonate of copper; chalcopyrite or copper 
pyrite; bornite or peacock copper; chalcocite or copper glance; 
chrysocolla or silicate of copper; tetrahedrite, a copper-antimony 
sulphide; enargite, a copper- arsenic sulphide; and coveliite or cupric 
sulphide. 

Important terms referred to in production and trade: Black copper, 
an impure metal made in the blast furnace from oxidized ores. It 
always contains one or more metals other than copper and generally 
from" 1 to 3 per cent sulphur. Blister copper, the final product of 
direct copper-ore smelting, copper ranging from 96 per cent upward. 
Casting copper, made from blister and scrap, analyzing 99 to 99.75 
per cent. Cement copper, obtained by precipitating from solutions 
usually by scrap iron. Copper scale, the oxide or scale formed on 
the surface of the copper when in the annealing furnace. Concen- 
trate, the valuable mineral product resultant from mechanical treat- 
ment of ore. Converting, a special treatment for the oxidation and 
reduction of matte to blister copper. Electrolytic copper, produced 
by electrolytic refining methods. Lake copper, from the native 
copper mines of the Lake Superior district. Matte, the intermediate 
product resultant from smelting sulphur-bearing ores, consisting of 
copper, iron, and sulphur, usually running 25 to 55 per cent copper. 
Kefining, the further treatment of blister copper to produce a com- 
mercially pure (99.8 per cent) copper. Smelting, the reduction of 
ores or concentrates in furnaces by heat and fusion. Regulus is 
practically synonymous with matte, although its meaning is also 
•extended to cover any metallic mass that separates by gravity from 
supernatant molten slag. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, or pigs is 
copper cast in various forms in the smeltery or refinery. The com- 
mon shapes are ingots (for casting), caked (for making sheets), and 
wire bars (for rolling or drawing into rods and wire) . 

Uses. — Copper, because of its low cost, high electrical and thermal 
conductivity, its great tensile strength, ana the ease with which it 
may be worked, is consumed in large quantities in the manufacture 
of electrical and mechanical apparatus, alloy metals, munitions of 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1285 

war, coins, shipbuilding, and in architecture and other arts. Its more 
important alloys are bronze (copper with tin), brass (copper with 
zinc), and copper nickel alloys (including natural copper nickel or 
monel and nickel silver, the latter also containing zinc). 

Production. — The production of copper ma} r be discussed in its 
three stages — mining, smelting, and refining. The United States, 
which produces more than half of the world's copper, mined in 1914, 
35,175,541; in 1917, 58,482,694; and in 1918, 62,304,767 short 
tons. The ore yielded each year an average of about 1.6 per 
cent copper. Ore deposits in the United States consist mainly of: 

(1) the so-called porphyries, with horizontal deposits lying near the 
surface, as in Utah and Nevada, yielding about 1 per cent copper; 

(2) deep mines, as in Michigan and at Butte, Mont., yielding 2 to 5 per 
cent; (3) massive but irregular ore bodies located mainly in Arizona; 
and (4) pyritic ore bodies, as in Tennessee and California, often 
profitable even when low grade because both the sulphur and the 
copper are recovered. About 35 per cent of our copper is produced 
by the first group; 30 per cent by the second; 25 per cent by the third ; 
5 per cent by the fourth; and 5 per cent by all others. The smelter 
production from domestic ores in 1914 amounted to 1,150,137,192 
pounds; in 1918 to 1,908,533,595 pounds (fine); and in 1920 to 
1,209,061,040 pounds, valued at $222,467,000. In 1918 the principal 
producing States in order of their importance were Arizona, Montana, 
Michigan, and Utah. Other States or regions whose smelter pro- 
duction was large were Nevada, New Mexico, Alaska, and California. 

Refinery production of new copper in 1920 amounted to 1,182,- 
423,240 pounds, divided as follows: Electrolytic, 1,010,240,867 
pounds; lake, 153,483,952 pounds; castings and pig, 18,698,421 
pounds.. In 1914 the production totaled 1,533,781,394 pounds, of 
which 1,210,423,189 pounds represented the output from domestic 
raw materials. The production from domestic raw materials was 
classified as follows: Electrolytic, 991,573,073 pounds; lake, 158,- 
009,748 pounds; castings and pig, 60.840,368 pounds. The value 
of the total output of the country in 1914 was $152,968,000. In 
addition to the figures given, 256,000,000 pounds of secondary 
copper were produced. 

Organization. — There is a marked tendency toward large scale 
production in the manufacture of copper. This tendency is most 
conspicuous in the refining stage and is more pronounced in the 
smelting than in the mining stage. In 1917, of the 1,000 mines then 
operating 31 produced over 85 per cent of the total output of the 
United States. Smelters operated on a larger scale than did the 
mines, and 10 electrolytic refineries, mainly in the hands of five 
groups of producers, have a capacity of 2,780,000,000 pounds a year. 
The advantages of large scale operations are such that no small 
producer can enter the field. 

United States in relation to world production and consumption. — 
Because of our great refineries and large interests in Canadian, 
Mexican, and South American mines about one-third as much copper 
is now imported for refineries as is produced at home. The developed 
reserves of copper ore in this country stand in about the same 
relation to the developed reserves in other countries as does American 
production to foreign production. These reserves insure for the next 
10 years at least a copper production in the United States that will 
maintain its present relative dominance over all foreign countries. 



1286 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The principal foreign producers and their output in 1918 were 
as follows: Japan, 94,286 long tons; Chile, 84,493 tons; Mexico, 
74,336 tons; Canada, 51,860 tons; Peru, 44,094 tons. The corrt- 
sponding production of the United States for the same year was 
852,678 tons. 

The United States is also the largest consumer of copper. In 1913 
the American consumption amounted to 1,085,000,000 pounds, and 
European consumption to 1,514,240,000 pounds, in which Germany 
led and England and France followed. In 1918 the consumption 
of new copper in the United States was 1,661,000,000 pounds, and 
of new and old copper in 1917, 2,083,000,000 pounds. 

Imports. — Imports of ore and concentrates in 1914 were valued at 
$9,715,426 with copper contents of 84,439,395 pounds. This ore 
came from Canada, Mexico, Chile, and Cuba. Matte and regulus, 
coarse metal, and cement were imported in 1914 to the value of 
$3,346,452 with copper contents of 23,051,051 pounds, of which 
more than one-half came from Chile and the remainder mainly from 
Peru and Canada. The imports of copper in the form of pigs, 
ingots, bars, and plates in 1914 amounted to 273,124,725 pounds, 



valued at $39, 551 "093. These imports came mainly from Mexico, 
Peru, Canada, and Spain. For the same year the imports of old 
or scrapped copper, copper scale, and copper clippings amounted to 
6,590,923 pounds, valued at $815,465 coming mainly from Canada 
and Cuba. Imports for later calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Copper ore: 
Quantity— 

Tons 1 


279.455 

78, 149, 304 

$14,366,912 

171,070 

46, 399, 047 

$11, 532, 810 

31,153 
33, 487, 530 
$7,517,893 


247, 029 
50,888,436 

$9,804,282 

125,010 
37,173,757 
$6,993,722 


233, 557 
48,130,489 
$9, 122, 660 

134,869 
46, 475, 388 
$8,779,970 


174,756 


Pounds 2 


35, 568. 795 


Value 


$5, 393, 793 


Copper concentrates: 
Quantity— 

Tons 1 


62.1S« 




24,617,469 


Value : 


$3,528,423 


Copper, matte, and regulus, coarse metal and 
cement: 
Quantity- 
Tons l 


















• 


Copper, black or coarse metal and cement: * 
Quantity — 

Tons x 


3,303 
1,067,705 
$225, 133 

33, 277 
41,582,509 
$7,713,800 


134 

40. 406 
$8, 334 

20, 481 
17, 026, 200 
$3,115,417 


350 


Pounds 2 




809. 102 






J98.873 


Copper, matte, and regulus: 
Quantity- 
Tons ' 




15.017 






11.018,637 






$1,539,720 


Copper, unrefined, blister and converter, 
copper and black, copper bullion, etc., 
n. s. p. C, pigs, converter bars and anodes: 


171, 89 '». 272 


267. 128. 474 


244. 696, 324 23, 083, 194 


Value 


$88,192,916 $55,310,001 

37,825,386 ' 55,156,186 

$9,062,380 | $7,996,380 

1,918,758 , 4,217,310 
$347,475 ! 


$45, .550, 221 $16,590,645 


Copper, refined, unmanufactured, ready for 
manufacture, ingots, wire bars, cakes, and 
cathodes: 


10S.743.29S 59,284,184 


Value 


$20,394,924 $7. SSI. 177 


Copper, old or scrdpped, tit only for rcmanu- 
facture, copper scales and clippings: 


10,950,233 2, 627, 5S3 


Value 


$1,292,912 $187,191 













Gross weight. 



J Copper contents. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021, 



1287 



Exports of copper are chiefly in the refined form ready for manu- 
facture and consist of ingots, plates, wire bars, etc. They greatly 
exceed imports. For the calendar years 1918-1921 they have been 
as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Copper ore: 
Quantity- 
Tons 1 


29,378 
2, 387, 275 
$578, 165 

4,220 

872, 564 

$211,392 

14, 687, 823 
$3, 825, 606 

690, 027, 891 
$178,831,041 

257, 403 
$60, 733 


2,601 
507,846 
$95,930 

402 
160, 821 
$32,611 

1,674,411 
$360, 089 

438, 160, 818 
$95, 636, 546 

449,804 
$74, 104 


1,237 
248, 712 
$48, 601 

157 
192, 194 
$30, 802 

1,843,293 
$362, 101 

551, 226, 793 
$108, 175, 735 

577, 319 
$99, 564 


1,355 


Pounds 2 


299, 150 


Value 


$38, 705 
389 


Concentrates, matte and regulus: 
Quantity — 

Tons 1 




60, 970 
$8,000 

109, 630 


Value 


Copper, unrefined, blister and converter cop- 
per, etc.: 
Quantity (pounds) 


Value 


$17,321 


Copper, refined, unmanufactured, ready for 
manufacture, ingots, plates, etc.: 
Quantity (pounds) 


417, 553, 939 
$55, 790, 475 

382, 632 


Value 


Copper, old or scrapped, copper scales and clip- 
pings: 


Value 


$42, 593 





1 Gross weight. 

2 Copper contents. 

Prior to the war our exports of copper in the form of pigs, ingots, 
and bars went mainly to Germany, France, the Netherlands, and 
England. In 1914 exports in these forms amounted to 864,602,721 
pounds, valued at $128,137,408, of which 274,065,914 pounds went 
to Germany, 163,586,230 pounds to France, 162,983,424 pounds 
to the Netherlands, and 130,012,812 pounds to England. During 
the war period our copper plates went largely to France, the United 
Kingdom, and Italy. During the years 1920 and 1921 Germany has 
been taking an increasing proportion of our exported copper. 

Important changes in classification. — Copper in rolled plates has 
been transferred from the dutiable schedule by omission of the 
specific provision therefor in paragraph 147 of the act of 1913 from 
paragraph 378 of the bill H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1554. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1554. Copper sulphate or blue 
vitriol; copper acetate and subacetate 
or verdigris. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 9. Blue vitriol or sulphate of 
copper, one fourth of one cent per pound. 

Par. 3. * * * salts * * * twenty 
five per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 706. Verdigris, or subacetate of 
copper [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 421. Blue vitriol, or sulphate of 
copper; acetate and subacetate of copper, 
or verdigris [Free]. 



1288 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



COPPER SULPHATE AND COPPER ACETATE. 

(See Survey FL-8.) 

Description and uses. — Blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, is used 
chiefly as an insecticide, especially in grape culture. It is also used 
in calico printing and dyeing; to prevent rotting of timbers; for the 
preparation of copper pigments; in copper plating solutions, in electric 
batteries; and for destroying algae growths in public water supplies. 

Verdigris is a basic acetate of copper, of a green or bluish green 
color. It is used principally as a pigment for oil and water colors. 

Production of blue vitriol is largely as a by-product from copper 
refining, the output in 1914 being 37,152,351 pounds, of which 34,411,- 
443 pounds were produced by refineries. Refinery production was 
42,086,107 pounds in 1915, 55,622,345 pounds in 1916, and 50,007,856 
pounds in 1917. Production in 1919 according to preliminary figures 
was 35,288,000 pounds, valued at $2,285,550. 

Production statistics for copper acetate or verdigris are not avail- 
able. 

Imports of blue vitriol have been less than 1 per cent of domestic 
production. Imports of verdigris in 1914 were 19,009 pounds, nearly 
95 per cent from France; 81,005 pounds in 1916; 50,216 pounds in 
1917. 

Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


COPPER SULPHATE. 


1918 


Pounds. 

28 

16,545 

558, 450 

316,458 


$5 

2,825 

32,329 

16,560 


$0.18 


1919 


.17 


1920 * 


.06 


1921 (9 months) 


.05 






VERDIGRIS. 


1918 


22, 732 

35, 780 

22,091 

5,506 


$8, 219 

13,039 

4,806 

954 


$0.36 


1919 


.36 


1920 


.22 


1921 (9 months) 


.17 







Exports of blue vitriol, principally to European and South American 
countries, steadily increased from 1910 to 1917, when they amounted 
to 28,128,190 pounds. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921, 
chiefly to Argentina, Canada, and Mexico, have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


14,477,339 
$1,395,946 


9,140,673 
$928,291 


3,783,409 
$306,899 


3,110,487 


Value 


$195,030 







Export statistics for verdigris are not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PARAGRAPH 1555. 



1289 



H. B. 7456. 

Par. 1555. Coral, marine, uncut, and 
unmanufactured . 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 546. Coral, marine, uncut, and 
unmanufactured [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 463. Coral, marine, uncut, and 
unmanufactured [Free]. 



(See Survey N-l.) 

Description' and uses. — Coral is derived from the skeleton of the 
coral polyps. It is fairly hard, has the brilliancy of agate, and 
polishes like gems. The principal varieties are red, black, clear white, 
dull white, and, the most prized, delicate rose, or flesh color. 

Production. — The greater portion of the precious coral entering 
commerce is produced on the shores and islands of the Mediterranean, 
though considerable quantities are found on the Persian Gulf, in the 
Philippines, and elsewhere. 

Imports of coral in 1914, mainly from Italy, were valued'at $192; 
for later calendar years they were as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 






265 
$1,306 


188 
$1,389 


1,220- 


Value 


$86 


$1,988- 





PARAGRAPH 1556. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1556. Cork wood, or cork bark, 
unmanufactured, and cork waste, shav- 
ings, and cork refuse of all kinds. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 547. Cork wood, or cork bark, 
unmanufactured [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 464. Cork wood, or cork bark, 
unmanufactured, and cork waste, shav- 
ings, and cork refuse of all kinds [Free]. 



CORK BARK AND CORK WASTE. 

(See Survey N-4.) 

Description and uses. — Corkwood or bark is derived from an ever- 
green oak: common to southern Europe and northern Africa. The 
trees are stripped at intervals of nine years, each yielding about 45 
pounds of commercial bark varying in thickness from one-half inch 
to 2 inches. Cork waste is the residue from the cutting of natural 
cork articles, and also the forest waste or refuse remaining after the 
selection of the commercial bark. (See paragraph 1412 for uses.) 

Production. — Portugal leads in cork production, with Spain a close 
second. The estimated output of the former in 1913 was 100, 000 



1290 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



tons, and Spain produced 78,000 tons in 1912. About 85 per cent of 
the total product of the world is absorbed by the manufactures of 
France, Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. No cork 
bark is grown in the United States. 

Import values of cork wood, waste, shavings, etc., since 1910 ranged 
between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000, except in 1915 and 1911, when 
they were $2,762,895 and $4,274,810, respectively. Imports during 
the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 



Cork wood or bark, unmanufactured: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Cork waste, shavings and refuse of all kinds: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Valu e 



1918 



22, 560, 059 
$1, 297, 033 

72,421,740 
$1, 233, 009 



1919 



28, 286, 942 
$1, 802, 506 

131, 641, 699 
$2, 558, 556 



1920 



53, 927, 976 
$2, 596, 600 

169, 549^ 364 
$3, 741, 730 



1921 (9 months) 



14, 711, 163 
$725, 443 

59, 165, 662 
$1, 066, 015 



Almost all of these imports are from Portugal and Spain. 



PARAGRAPH 1557. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1557. Cotton and cotton waste. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 548. Cotton, and cotton waste or Par. 467. Cotton, and cotton waste or 
flocks [Free]. flocks [Free]. 7 

COTTON AND COTTON WASTE. 

(See report on American Raw Cotton Industry.) 
raw cotton. 

Description and uses. — The domestic cottons are short-staple up- 
land, long-staple upland, American-Egyptian, and sea-island. The 
short-staple upland is under 1J inches m length and can be spun 
only into coarse and medium counts, but it is the most widely used 
cotton grown. Long-staple upland runs from 1J to If inches, 
together with a small amount in longer lengths, and is mainly em- 
ployed in counts from 40s to 100s. Sea-island cotton is the longest, 
finest, and silkiest, and the best quality can be spun to 400s or finer. 
It varies in length from 1J to 2\ inches, with an average of about 1J. 
American-Egyptian cotton is a recent development of acclimated 
Egyptian long staple. Production is now confined to the Pima 
variety, with a staple length of about If inches; this is used mainly 
in the manufacture of tire fabrics. 

Production. — Cotton ranks second to corn as the most valuable 
crop grown in this country. The total value of lint cotton produced 
in the United States was $591,130,000 in 1914; $2,030,960,000 in 



7 Seven cents per pound imposed by par. 16 of the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921, on cotton havin 
a staple of J J inches or more in length. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1291 



1919; and $1,067,240,000 in 1920. The following table gives in bales 
of 500 pounds net weight the American output and estimated world 
production of commercial cotton as reported by the Federal Census: 



Year. 


World. 


United States. 


1914 




Bales. 
23,768,000 
17,343,000 
17,940,000 
19,330,000 
18, 810, 000 


Bales. Per cent. 
15,437,955 | 64.9 


1917 


10,812,701 1 62.3 


1918 


11,520,367 64.2 


1919 


10,924,435 i 56.5 


1920 


12,859,030 ' 68.4 







The domestic acreage for all varieties was 36,832,000 in 1914; 
36,008,000 in 1918; 33,566,000 in 1919; and 35,504,000 in 1920. 
The acreage and estimated yield for 1921 is the smallest in 20 years; 
This is due to the fall in the price of cotton, to insect pests, and to 
unfavorable weather conditions. 

Production of short-staple uplands, under If inches in length, 
constituted 91.2 per cent of the total in 1919 and 90.2 per cent in 
1920; as compared with 7.5 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively, in 
the same years for cotton 1J to 1J- inches in length; and 1.3 per cent 
and 1.5 per cent, respectively, for cotton over 1} inches in length. 

The United States is not only the largest producer of short-staple 
cotton under 1J inches in length, but also of long-staple cotton of 1J 
inches or more. In 1920 the United States produced 1,317,000 bales 
of the latter as compared with about 1,000,000 bales in Egypt, the 
next largest source. Cotton of extra-long staple, such as If inches 
and above, is produced most largely in Egypt. The American pro- 
duction of extra-long staple is relatively small; it consists mainly of 
American-Egyptian and a small amount of long-staple upland. The 
production of sea-island, which was 117,559 running bales in 1916, 
was reduced by reason of the boll weevil to 1,868 running bales in 
1920. 

The production of American-Egyptian cotton, which was in- 
augurated about 1912, had increased by 1920 to 91,965 bales of 500 
pounds each. This cotton was produced on about 240,000 acres of 
irrigated land in the Southwest. Maricopa County, Arizona, with 
about 185,000 acres in cotton, was the main center. The Depart- 
ment of Agriculture states: 

The market for the 1920 crop of this type of cotton was badly demoralized by the 
suspension of production of tire fabrics and in part by unprecedentedly large imports 
of Egyptian cotton early in the year. As a result of adverse marketing conditions 
the acreage planted to Pima cotton was much reduced. It is now estimated that the 
acreage in Maricopa County, Arizona, for 1921 will be about 70,000, with possibly 
10,000 acres in other irrigated valleys in Arizona and California. 

India ranks second in the production of cotton, followed by China, 
Egypt, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, Persia, and Peru. 

imports in 1914 were 246,699 bales (500 pounds gross), valued at 
$19,456,565. Imports in later calendar years were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Qn&ntit; (500-pound bales) 


223, 167 
$41,624,080 


3.50, 717 
171,886,290 


599,989 
$138,743,695 


i 128,090 


Value 


1 $14,538,664 







' Includes 6,008 bales, valued at $754,451. of cotton dutiable under the emergency tariff act because of 
extra-long staple (If inches and above). 



1292 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

General imports in 1921, by months, were as follows: 



Month. 



January. 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 



Quantity 
(equivalent 
500-pound 



24,024 
28,095 
27, 282 
18,730 
10, 105 
10, 542 



Value. 



§3,397,802 
2,917,069 
2.743,354 
2,204,697 
1,152,511 
1,312,689 



Month. 



July 

August 

September 
October. .. 
November. 
December . 



Quantity 

(equivalent 

500-pound 

bales). 



3,452 
5,630 
6,361 
31, 269 
51, 440 
61, 006 



Value. 



$320, 685 

733,024 

526,040 

3,476,655 

5,039,454 

8,078,213 



There are many types of cotton, and in spite of its enormous surplus 
production the United States finds it necessary to import certain 
varieties from abroad. These cottons, of special characteristics, are 
supplementary rather than competitive, and in general are higher in 
price than the domestic product. They may be classed as (1) Egyp- 
tian, (2) Mexican, (3) Chinese and Indian, and (4) Peruvian. Im- 
ports, by countries of production, during crop years ended July 31 
are recorded by the Bureau of the Census as follows : 

[Bales (equivalent 500 pounds).] 





Total. 


Produced in— 


Crop year. 


Egypt. 


Mexico. 


China. 


Peru. 


India. 


All other 
countries. 


1921 


226,341 
700,214 
201, 585 
221, 218 
291,957 
437, 574 
382, 286 
260,988 


87,168 
485.004 
100,006 
114, 580 
199,892 
350, 796 
252,373 
138, 579 


88, 155 
65, 343 
54,434 
35,726 
32, 858 
30,098 
85, 180 
80,285 


14,722 
57, 185 
10, 871 
38,964 
36,063 
35,792 
25,631 
20, 772 


22,597 
63,426 
25, 230 
19, 692 
11,069 
10,909 
10, 353 
12,627 


8,489 
14,358 
2,893 
7,096 
3,860 
4,214 
7,845 
7,849 


5,210 

14, 898 


1920 


1919 


8,151 


1918.. 


5,158 


1917 


8,215 


1916 


5,765- 


1915 


904 


1914 


876. 







It is seen that Egyptian cotton is normally the main import. 
This cotton enters chiefly for use in making tire fabrics, probably less 
than 20 per cent of the total being employed for other purposes, such 
as the manufacture of thread, lace, knit goods, and fine cloths. The 
record imports in 1920 were due mainly to the apparently insatiable 
demand for tire fabrics in the fall of 1919 and early part of 1920. 

The Mexican cotton is nearest to the American in its characteristics 
and is partly good-staple cotton from the Laguna section and partly 
longer-stapled cotton from the Imperial Valley of California Baja. 
At a number of border points Mexican cotton is brought into the 
United States for ginning. This cotton is exported as American 
cotton or used to supplement our shortage of long-staple cottons. 

The Chinese and Indian cottons are harsh and of short staple. They 
are used as filling in cotton blankets, to which they impart a special 
feel. 

The Peruvian cotton imported is mainly " Rough Peruvian" tree 
cotton, sometimes called " vegetable wool." This is not used in cot- 
ton manufacture, but is imported for mixing with wool, and the price 
depends on the price of wool and the supply of Rough Peruvian 
rather than on the price of cotton. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1293 

Exports. — Prior to the war, raw cotton was normally the leading 
export of the United States. Exports in 1914, excluding linters, 
were 9,521,881 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $610,475,301. 
Later exports for calendar years have been as follows: 





1018 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (500-pound bales) 


4, 096, 307 
$665, 242, 273 


6, 709, 972 
$1,135,360,540 


6, 310, 541 
$1,134,790,044 


4, 393, 288 
$316, 220, 673 







The United Kingdom is the largest purchaser. Japan now ranks 
second, followed by France, Germany, and Italy, and then by 
smaller users such as Spain, Belgium, and Canada. Prior to the 
war exports considerably exceeded domestic consumption; in the 
years 1915-1919 consumption exceeded exports. 



LINTERS. 



Description and uses. — Cotton linters are the short fuzz left on 
cotton seed after the lint is removed by ginning; they are removed by a 
special machine in the cottonseed oil mills before the seed are crushed. 
In some cases every vestige of fiber is removed by a third process, the 
product being called "delinters" or "hull fiber." Linters are used 
for batting; wadding; stuffing material (in mattresses, comforts, 
horse collars, and upholstery) ; absorbent cotton; mixing with shoddy; 
mixing with wool in hatmaking and in fleece-lined underwear; low- 
grade yarns (for wicking, twine, rope, and carpets) ; and cellulose for 
making artificial silk, paper, and explosives. The demand for the 
last-named purpose, i. e., making guncotton and niter powder, pre- 
dominated during the World War. 

Production, in equivalent 500-pound bales, amounted to 856,900 in 
1914, 929,516 in 1918, 607,969 in 1919, and 440,313 in 1920. High 
war prices made it profitable to scrape this fuzz from the seed most 
completely, as much as 150 to 200 pounds being obtained from a ton 
of seed. Ordinary commercial usages require a better grade, hence 
a lower yield results. 

Imports. — None are recorded. The production of linters in other 
countries is very small. Egyptian seed is clean and flossless after 
ginning, as are also sea island and some other types. Indian cotton 
seed has a thinner hull than American upland cotton seed and is fed 
to cattle or crushed for oil without removal of the linters. 

Exports were 225,690 bales, valued at $3,665,017, in 1915; and in 
1917, the maximum year, 473,948 bales, valued at $24,110,815. Ex- 
ports were 140,043 bales, valued at $8,880,517, in 1918; 25,384 bales, 
valued at $1,010,712, in 1919; 48,086 bales, valued at $1,618,872, in 
1920; and 59,025 bales, valued at $943,907, in the first nine months of 
1921. 

COTTON WASTE. 

Description and uses. — Waste is made at every machine process as 
cotton passes through the mill. A larger percentage of waste is made 
in the manufacture of fine yarns than of coarse, but the average is 
estimated at 15 per cent, of which 12 per cent is reworked into inferior 
products or otherwise utilized and 3 per cent lost in the form of sand 
and moisture. There are two kinds (1) soft waste, which has no 



1294 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

twist and is made at machines up to the spinning frame, including 
such types as motes, card fly, flat and cylinder strips, and roving 
waste; and (2) hard waste, having some twist, which is made at the 
spinning frame and subsequent machines, including such types as 
spinning waste, cop bottoms, reel waste, and twister waste. Hard 
waste must be torn up into its original fibers by a special machine 
before it can be reworked; soft waste needs only to be cleaned before 
reworking. Cotton waste is used as filling in making cotton blankets, 
flannelettes, cheap trousering, towels, etc., and as both warp and 
filling in making sacks, scrubbing cloths, dishcloths, etc., also for 
candle and lamp wicks, wadding for surgical purposes, guncotton, etc. 
Flocks, short fibers removed from cloth during the brushing and 
napping, are much less important than many other types of waste. 

Production of cotton-mill waste in 1914 amounted to 634,396 bales 
(equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $14,417,000, and in 1919 to 609,640 
bales, valued at $35,741,000. This is the amount sold and does not 
include that reworked in mills where produced. 

Imports in 1914 were 53,411 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued 
at $1,288,105. Later imports by calendar years were: In 1918, 
2,535 bales, valued at $94,123; in 1919, 4,249 bales, valued at $216,878; 
in 1920, 18,185 bales, valued at $947,542; and in the first nine months 
of 1921, 7,364 bales, valued at $253,239. Imports, mainly of hard 
thread waste for machine wiping, come principally from England, 
Canada, Italy, and Japan. 

Exports in 1914 were 134,501 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), 
valued at $4,566,769. Later exports by calendar years were: In 
1918, 93,737 bales, valued at $9,488,664; in 1919, 114,636 bales, 
valued at $12,411,704; in 1920, 115,754 bales, valued at $12,368,596; 
and in the first nine months of 1921, 49,830 bales, valued at $2,155,238. 
Exports, mainly of soft waste for remanufacture, are sent in largest 
quantities to England, Germany, Canada, and Italy. 

Important changes in classification. — The word " flocks" has been 
omitted because this is a cotton waste of little importance and is 
included in the term " cotton waste." 

Suggested changes. — Page 184, line 17: Insert a comma between 
"cotton" and "and." 



PARAGRAPH 1558. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1558. Cryolite, orkryolith. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 549. Cryolite, or kryolith [Free]. Par. 468. Cryolite, or kryolith [Free]. 

CRYOLITE OR KRYOLITH. 

(See Survey FL-24.) 

Description and uses. — Cryolite is a natural double fluoride of 
sodium and aluminum. It is used chiefly in the aluminum industry 
where it is now being partially displaced by fluorspar. Cryolite is 
also used to some extent in opalescent glasses and enamels. It was 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1295 



formerly employed for the manufacture of soda, but this is now made 
much more cheaply from common salt. 

Production. — The entire world's supply of cryolite comes from 
one deposit in Greenland. It is found in other localities, notably 
around Pike's Peak, Colo., but not in commercial quantities. 

Imports of cryolite in 1914 were 2,157 long tons, valued at $47,435. 
There is but one importer in North America. At least one-fourth of 
the imports are reexported to Canada. Imports since 1917 are as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Unit value. 


1918 


Tons. 
1,950 


i 
$97,500 150.00- 


1919 


2,131 | 106,956 50. 19 


1920 J 


3,864 | 193,638 
3,287 208,686 


50.11 


1921 (9 months) 


03.49 






PARAGRAPH 1559. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1559. Metallic mineral substances 
in a crude state, and metals unwrought, 
whether capable of being wrought or not, 
not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 172. * * * barium, calcium, 
* * * sodium, and potassium, and 
alloys of which said metals are the com- 
ponent material of chief value, three cents 
per pound and twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

Par. 183. Metallic mineral substances 
in a crude state, and metals unwrought, 
whether capable of being wrought or not, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
twenty per centum ad valorem; * * *. 



Par. 143. * * * barium, calcium , 
* * * sodium, and potassium y and al- 
loys of which said metals are the com- 
ponent material of chief value, 25 per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 154. Metallic mineral substances 
in a crude state, and metals unwrought, 
whether capable of being wrought or not, 
not specially provided for in this section, 
10 per centum ad valorem; *.*'"*] 



METALLIC MINERAL SUBSTANCES AND METALS UNWROUGHT. 



(See Surveys C-16 and C--22.) 

Description and uses. — The terms "metallic mineral substances' 7 
and "metals unwrought" apply to metals in their native state or in 
a crude or raw condition and not elsewhere provided for. The for- 
mer term has been interpreted to embrace such merchandise as 
aluminum foundry ashes, zinc dross or galvanizers' skimmings, tin 
dross, and meteoric iron. At one time considerable doubt existed as 
to the precise meaning of "metals unwrought" and judicial de- 
cisions limited the applicability of the term to metals capable of 
being wrought or imported for the purpose of being worked up into 
useful articles commercially profitable. In the acts of 1909 and 1913 
the phrase "metals unwrought" was given a wider application by the 
additional words "whether capable of being wrought or not." In 
H. R. 7456 this term covers barium, calcium, sodium, and potassium, 
which are specifically mentioned in paragraph 143, and arsenic metal, 



1296 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



which is specifically mentioned in paragraph 403, of the act of 1913. 
It also includes alloys not specially provided for, except ferro- 
alloys (par. 302), nickel silver (par. 377), and those of chief value 
of aluminum (par. 374), copper (par. 1552), gold (par. 1537), lead 
(par. 389), magnesium (par. 375), and nickel (par. 385). Natural 
platinum alloys are provided for, but artificial alloys would come 
under this designation, as would also pyrophoric alloys when not cut 
into sizes or classed as ferrocerium. In addition to the above, there 
are about 27 different rare or noncommercial metals that would come 
under this paragraph, if imported. 

Production. — Except for certain white metal alloys, statistics for 
which are not available, the output of these products is not very 
large, either in this or foreign countries. 

Imports of the alkali metals have been derived mostly from Ger- 
many, except sodium, which is also imported from Scandinavian 
countries. Imports of arsenic metal, mainly from Germany, are 
included with those of sulphide of arsenic (par. 1513) . Of the imports 
of unspecified metals, white metal in various forms from Canada is 
the main item. Statistics since 1917 by calendar years are as follows : 





Calendar 


year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


j, t Equivalent 
Duty - ad valorem. 

| 




METALS, 


UNWROUGHT OR IN CRUDE S 


TATE, N. £ 


. P. F. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$73, 514 
93,670 

178,411 
71,358 


. $7,339 
9,365 
17,841 


Per cent. 
10 


1919 - 


2; 920, 530 


10 


1920. 

1921 (9 months) - 






4, 886, 318 
3,560,064 


10 












BARIUM. 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) . 




100 

51 


$163 
62 
668 


$41 ! 25 
15 25 






CALCIUM. 


1919 


21,622 
71 

2,226 


$3,918 

60 

2,651 


$979 
15 


25 


1920 


25 


1921 (9 months) 










POTASSIUM. 


1921 (9 months) 


15,232 


$594 




25 












SODIUM. 






1919 


5,600 
67, 288 


$684 
2,832 


$171 


25 


1921 (9 months) 















Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The provisions of this para- 
graph were in dutiable schedules of the acts of 1913 (par. 154), 1909 
(par. 183), 1897 (par. 183), 1890 (par. 202), and 1883 # (par. 215). Barium, 
calcium, sodium, and potassium and alloys of which these metals are 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1297 



the component materials of chief value, are transferred to this para- 
graph from paragraph 143 of the metal schedule of the act of 1913. 
Suggested changes. — This paragraph includes arsenic metal, which 
is not specifically mentioned, although white arsenic, the raw material 
from which it is made, is dutiable under paragraph 1 of H. R. 7456. 
This paragraph, furthermore, exempts from duty metals made 
dutiable by H. R. 7456, notably tin and antimony, when such metals 
are alloyed with other metals. 



PARAGRAPH 1560. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1560. Cuttlefish bone. 
ACT OF 1909. 
Par. 553. Cuttlefish bone [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 472. Cuttlefish bone [Free]. 



CUTTLEFISH BONE. 

Description and uses. — Cuttlefish bone, or cuttle bone, is the 
internal plate of the cuttlefish, a friable, calcareous substance for- 
merly much used in medicine as an absorbent, but now chiefly for 
polishing wood, paints, varnish, etc., and in tooth powder. It is fed 
to canaries for the lime it contains. 

Imports of cuttlefish bone in 1914 were 309,540 pounds, valued at 
$56,051, and during the calendar years 1918-1921 they were as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 










212,298 
$55,753 


338, 875 
$136, 932 


444,565 


90. 512 


Value 


$106, 191 









Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1561. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1561. Glaziers' and engravers' 
diamonds, unset; miners' diamonds. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 555. * * * glaziers' and en- Par. 474. Glaziers ' and engravers ' dia- 
gravers' diamonds not set [Free]. 8 monds, unset, miners' diamonds [Free]. 

Par. 556. Miners' diamonds, whether 
in their natural form or broken, * * *; 
any of the foregoing not set, * * * 
[Free]. 

« See note, par. 1429, p. 1148. 
82304—22 82 



1298 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, etc. 

(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses. — Glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, unset, 
and miners' diamonds are usually of an amorphous variety, brown, 
gray, or black in color. Small uncut diamonds, preferably from 
crystals with a natural curved edge, are employed by glaziers for 
cutting glass. While bort may be used for engraver's purposes, it 
usually requires manipulation or advancement. Minute fragments 
or splinters of bort are also used for making fine drills, employed for 
drilling small holes in rubies and other hard stones and for piercing 
china, porcelain, glass, artificial teeth, etc. Eock drilling, in which 
a rotary drill armed with impure diamonds is used, is the most im- 
portant industrial application. 

Production. — See paragraph 1429, page 1149. 

Imports in 1918 of glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, unset, and 
miners' diamonds, amounted to $1,049,975. Increases have oc- 
curred since 1914 when the imports amounted to $101,839. Re- 
cently the largest imports have come from Brazil; substantial 
amounts, however, are also received from England, France, and the 
Netherlands. During the calendar years 1919-1921 imports were as 
follows: 





1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




25,27$ 
$984,381 


61, 214 
$1, 527; 753 


10,838 


Value. 


$3S4, 442 







Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1562. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS 

Par. 1562. Drugs such as barks, beans, 
berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- 
crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, 
dried insects, grains, herbs, leaves, 
lichens, mosses, logs, roots, stems, vege- 
tables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), 
seeds of morbid growth, weeds, and all 
other drugs of vegetable or animal origin; 
all of the foregoing which are natural and 
uncompounded drugs and not edible, and 
not specially provided for, and are in a 
crude state, not advanced in value or con- 
dition by shredding, grinding, chipping, 
crushing, or any other process of treat- 
ment whatever beyond that essential to 
the proper packing of the drugs and the 
prevention of decay or deterioration pend- 
ing manufacture: Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol shall be admitted free 
of duty under this paragraph. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1299 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 559. Drugs, such as barks, beans, 
berries, * * * buds, bulbs, bulbous 
roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, dried 
fibers, dried insects, grains, * * * 
herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, 
* * * roots, stems, spices, vegetables, 
seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds 
of morbid growth, weeds, * * * any of 
the foregoing which are natural and un- 
eompounded drugs and not edible and not 
specially provided for in this section, 
and are in a crude state, not advanced in 
value or condition by any process or 
treatment whatever beyond that essential 
to the proper packing of the drugs and 
the prevention of decay or deterioration 
pending manufacture [Free]: Provided, 
That no article containing alcohol, or in 
the preparation of which alcohol is used, 
shall be admitted free of duty under this 
paragraph . 

Par. 504. Balm of Gilead [Free]. 

Par. G66. Salep, or salop [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 477. Drugs, such as barks, beans, 
berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, ex- 
crescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, 
dried insects, grains, * * * herbs, 
leaves, lichens, mosses, logs, roots, stems, 
vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden 
seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds; 
any of the foregoing which are natural and 
uncompounded drugs and not edible and 
not specially provided for in this section, 
and are in a crude state, not advanced in 
value or condition by shredding, grind- 
ing, chipping, crushing, or any other 
process or treatment whatever beyond 
that essential to the proper packing of the 
drugs and the prevention of decay or 
deterioration pending manufacture [Free]: 
Provided, That no article containing 
alcohol shall be admitted free of duty 
under this paragraph. 

Par. 409. Balm of Gilead [Free]. 

Par. 592. Salep, or salop [Free]. 



DRUGS, NOT ADVANCED. 

[Eor discussion, see pars. 31 and 32 on pp. 89-96.] 



PARAGRAPH 1563. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1563. Dyeing or tanning mate- 
rials: Fustic wood, hemlock bark, log- 
wood, mangrove bark, oak bark, quebra- 
cho wood, wattle bark, divi-divi, myrob- 
alans fruit, sumac, valonia, nutgalls or 
gall nuts, and all articles of vegetable 
origin used for dyeing, coloring, staining, 
or tanning, whether crude or treated 
solely for proper packing or prevention of 
decay or deterioration pending manu- 
facture; all the foregoing not containing 
alcohol and not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 559. * * * woods used ex- 
pressly for dyeing or tannine; [Free] 
* Profiled, That no article con- 
taining alcohol, or in the preparation oi 
which alcohol is used, shall be admitted 
free of duty under this paragraph. 

Par. 557. Divi-divi [Free]. 

Par. 632. Myrobolans [Free]. 

Par. 705. Valonia [Free]. 

Par. 499. Articles in a crude state 
used in dyeing or tanning not specially 
provided for in this section [Free]. 
[Covered hemlock bark and logwood.] 

[No corresponding provision for sumac] 



Par. 624. Tanning material: * * * 
nuts and nutgalls and woods used ex- 
pressly for dyeing or tanning, whether 
or not advanced in value or condition by 
shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, 
or any other process; and articles in a 
crude state used in dyeing or tanning; all 
the foregoing not containing alcohol and 
not specially provided for in this section 
[Free]. 

Par. 475. Divi-divi [Free]. 

Par. 553. Myrobolans fruit [Free]. 

Par. 618. Sumac, * * * unground 
[Free]. 

Par. 639. Valonia [Free]. 



1300 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

DYEING OR TANNING MATERIALS. 
(See Survey A-8.) 

[The crude dyeing and tanning materials of this paragraph are dis- 
cussed under Extracts, par. 36, p. 105.] 

Important changes in classification. — Dyeing has been added to the 
heading. The following important tanning materials are mentioned 
for the first time in this paragraph: Fustic wood, hemlock bark, oak 
bark, logwood, mangrove bark, quebracho wood, and wattle bark. 

Suggested changes. — Many of the dyeing or tanning materials pro- 
vided for in this paragraph may be imported in different forms. 
For example, sumac is imported as "ground" and "unground," and 
the Woods, such as quebracho wood and logwood, may be imported 
in logs or in chips made from the logs. The phrase "whether crude 
or treated solely for proper packing or prevention of decay or dete- 
rioration pending manufacture" might exclude advanced forms from 
this paragraph. If so excluded, they might come within paragraph 
1458 as unenumerated articles. The products in paragraph 1563, 
whether crude or advanced hj chipping and similar processes, are 
used as raw materials for the manufacture of tanning and dyeing 
extracts, which are dutiable under paragraph 36. If it is desired to 
include these articles, when shredded, ground, etc., in this paragraph, 
the phrase "whether crude or advanced in value or condition by 
shredding, grinding, chipping, crushing, or any similar process;" 
might bs substituted for the words "whether crude or treated solely 
for proper packing or prevention of decay or deterioration pending 
manufacture;" in paragraph 1563. 

NUTGALLS OR GALL NUTS. 

(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — The term "galls" includes a variety of 
plant excrescences caused by the puncture of insects for laying their 
eggs, or less frequently induced by fungi. Oak galls or oak apples 
or Aleppo galls are induced on certain species of oak by the gall wasp. 
The bud swells to the size of a hazel nut. The green galls are of a 
higher quality, while the white galls, from which the insect has 
escaped, are inferior. The best oak galls contain 50 to 60 per cent 
tannin. They are gathered in southern Europe and Asia Minor, par- 
ticularly in Greece and the Levant. 

The Chinese and Japanese galls are produced on the Rhus semialata. 
They are light, distorted, covered by a velvety down, and contain 
about 70 per cent tannin or tannic acid, which is extracted from them. 
(See Tannic acid, par. 1, p. 15.) 

Production. — No domestic production. 

Imports of nuts and nutgalls for 1908-1918 averaged about 
$230,000. The imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 r 


Pounds. 


$832, 983 

135, 985 

975, 610 

81, 897 




1919 


579, 891 

4, 034, 872 

465, 976 


$0.23 


1920 


.24 


1921 (9 months) 


.IS 







■ 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1301 

Suggested changes. — Nutgalls or gall nuts are not primarily used for 
dyeing or tanning as are the other articles in this paragraph and 
might therefore be provided for in a separate paragraph immediately 
before paragraph 1620. 



PARAGRAPH 1564. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1564. Eggs of birds, fish, and in- 
sects (except fish roe for food purposes): 
Provided, That the importation of eggs of 
wild birds is prohibited, except eggs of 
game birds imported for propagating pur- 
poses under regulations prescribed by the 
Secretary of Agriculture, and specimens 
mported for scientific collections. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 560. Eggs of birds, fish, and in- Par. 478. Eggs of * * * birds, fish, 
sects (except fish roe preserved for food and insects (except fish roe preserved for 
purposes): Provided, however, That the food purposes) : Provided, however, That the 
importation of eggs of game birds or eggs importation of eggs of game birds or eggs 
of birds not used for food, except speci- of birds not used for food, except speci- 
mens for scientific collections, is pro- mens for scientific collections, is pro- 
hibited: Provided further, That the im- hibited: Provided further, That the im- 
portation of eggs of game birds for pur- portation of eggs of game birds for pur- 
poses of propagation is hereby authorized, poses of propagation is hereby authorized, 
under rules and regulations to be pre- under rules and regulations to be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury scribed by the Secretary of the Treasury 
[Free]. [Free]. 

Par. 674. Silkworm eggs [Free]. Par. 601. Silkworm eggs [Free]. 

EGGS OF BIRDS, FISH, AND INSECTS. 

GENERAL. 

This clause prohibits the importation of eggs of wild birds, except 
for propagation. The purpose of this legislation is to prevent deci- 
mation of flocks of migratory birds or fowls ; also to check imports of 
eggs of undesirable or narmful species. 

SILKWORM EGGS. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and uses. — Included in this provision through the 
elimination of paragraph 601 of the act of 1913, are the eggs of the 
mulberry butterfly, from which silkworms are artificially hatched 
after a lapse of about 10 months, during which the eggs are kept in 
some form of cold storage. These worms feed for about four weeks 
and then spin the cocoon, the spinning process taking about three 
days. After 12 to 18 days in the chrysalis stage within the cocoon 
the adult insect emerges. With most of the races there is but one 
generation each year. 

Imports of silkworm eggs during the period 1911-1917 occurred in 
only two years and were insignificant; 1911, $6; 1917, $353. These 
imports were made in the course of unsuccessful attempts to establish 



1302 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

the raw-silk industry in the United States. Imports during the 
calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




$120,131 
26, 795 


$5, 268 
8,952 


$9, 729 
• 1,848 


3418 

854 


Silkworm eggs 



Important changes in classification. — Specific provision for silkworm 
eggs in the act of 1913 (par. 601) has been dropped because of their 
unimportance. The proviso combines two provisos in paragraph 
478 of the act of 1913; the word " preserved" has been dropped in 
connection with fish roe, since it has given rise to litigation; the 
limiting provision regarding eggs has been changed to those of wild 
birds, and the regulatory work transferred from the Treasury to 
the Agricultural Department. 



PARAGRAPH 1565. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1565. Emery ore and corundum 
ore. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 561. Emerv ore and corundum Par. 479. Emery ore and corundum, 
[Free]. * * * [Free]. 

EMEEY ORE AND CORUNDUM ORE. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and use.— Emery and corundum prior to the invention 
of artificial abrasives were the most important abrasive materials. 
Corundum is a natural crystalline mineral composed of aluminum 
oxide. Emery is an impure form of corundum. They are used in 
making emery cloth and paper and are manufactured into grinding 
wheels by mixing with suitable binding materials. 

Production. — The chief commercial sources of emery ore are the 
Greek Island of Naxos and the Province of Smyrna in Asia Minor. 
Emery is produced in the United States, chiefly in the Peekskill 
district of New York and in Pittsylvania County, Va. The domestic 
production in 1914 was 485 tons, valued at $2,425; in 1917, 16,315 
tons, valued at $173,589; and in 1920, 2,327 tons, valued at $21,685. 

Canada, which was formerly the chief source of corundum, has 
produced little since 1913. There are important deposits in India 
and South Africa from which considerable quantities were imported 
into this country during the war. The crude ore is usually shipped 
to Glasgow for refining and then reexported to this country. The 
domestic production in 1917 (all from North Carolina) was 820 tons, 
valued at $67,461. In 1918 production increased, but during 1919 
and 1920 the domestic output has been practically nil. 

Imports. — Imports since 1917, by calendar years, are tabulated as 
follows : 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1303 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Emery: 

Quantity (tons). 

Value 

Corundum: 

Quantity (tons). 

Value 



4,956 
$148, 228 

1,721 
$174, 382 



8,302 
$235, 596 

3,099 
$286, 440 



5,398 
$222, 321 



2,828 
$297, 518 



4,781 
$168, 588 



$101, 974 



Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — "Ore" was added to confine 
corundum to the ore. 



PARAGRAPH 1566. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1566. Enfleurage greases, floral 
essences and floral concretes: Provided, 
That no article mixed or compounded or 
containing alcohol shall be , exempted 
from duty under this paragraph. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 639. Oils: 



* w jasmine or 
jasimme, * * enfleurage grease, 

liquid and solid primal flower essences 
not compounded * * * [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 46. Oils, distilled and essential: 

* 



jasmine or jasimme 
per centum ad valorem: * 

Par. 49. * * * enfleurage greases 
and floral essences by whatever method 
obtained; * * * all the foregoing not 
containing alcohol and not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, 20 per centum 
ad valorem. 



ENFLEURAGE GREASE AND FLORAL ESSENCES AND CONCRETES. 



(See Survey A-14.) 

Description and uses. — Enfleurage greases and pomades are greases 
or fats saturated with the odoriferous essential oils of certain flowers 
resulting from the enfleurage process in perfume manufacture. This 
process is described under paragraphs 54 and 56. The pomades con- 
tain only a small portion of odorous substances and the greases and 
fats employed (usually lard or tallow) will turn rancid in time. Such 
objections have led to improved methods of recovering these delicate 
•essential oils by means of volatile solvents, described under para- 
graph 54. The so-called flower concretes or floral essences are made 
by this method in southern France. 

Imports of enfleurage grease, not containing alcohol, in 1913 were 
92,446 pounds, valued at $124,195, and were free of duty. 

Imports of flower essences, liquid and solid primal, in 1913 were 
9,440 pounds, valued at $470,684, and were free of duty. Floral 
essences imported in 1917 were valued at $406,136 and yielded a 
revenue of $81,227. 



1304 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports of the above materials since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit 
value. 



Duty. 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. r ^ 



ENFLEURAGE GREASES. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 

22,737 

11,935 

24,330 

6.073 



$223,965 

100,296 

236, 030 

55.319 



$9.85 
8.40 
9.70 
9.11 



$44,793 
20,059 
47,206 



Per cent. 



FLORAL ESSENCES. 


1918 







$89,210 
50,657 
220,099 
131, 298 




$17,842 
10,131 
44,020 


20 


1919 




20 


1920 






20 


1921 (9 months) 



















Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — These products are dutiable 
under paragraphs 46 and 49, act of 1913. Floral concretes are men- 
tioned specifically for the first time. 



PARAGRAPH 1567. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1567. Fans, common palm-leaf, 
plain and not ornamented or decorated 
m any manner, and palm leaf in its 
natural state not colored, dyed, or other- 
wise advanced or manufactured. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 563. Fans, common palm-leaf, 
plain and not ornamented or decorated 
in any manner, and palm leaf in its 
natural state, not colored, dyed, or other- 
wise advanced or manufactured [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 480. Fans, common palm-leaf, 
plain and not ornamented or decorated 
in any manner, and palm leaf in its 
natural state, not colored, dyed, or other- 
wise advanced or manufactured [Free]. 



PALM-LEAF FANS AND PALM LEAF. 

(See Surveys N-ll and N-21.) 

Description. — Palm-leaf fans are made from sections of the spread- 
ing leaf of several varieties of tropical palms. 

Production data are not separately shown in official sources. 

Imports in 1914 of plain and not ornamented or decorated palm- 
leaf fans were 617,135 dozens, valued at $57,992, practically all from 
China, with a few from Hongkong and Japan. 

Imports of natural palm leaf were valued at $14,801 in 1914, mainly 
from China, Hongkong, Germany, and Cuba. Statistics of imports 
for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1305 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Fans, common palm leaf: 


112,087 

$21, 849 

$4,621 


230, 171 
$38, 128 
$27, 125 


373,693 
$99,835 
$22,202 


269, 066 




$49, 334 
$3, 45& 







Imports of palm-leaf fans for 1918-1921 are almost wholly from 
China and Hongkong. 
Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1568. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1568. Ferrous sulphate or cop- 
peras. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 19. Copperas, or sulphate of iron, Par. 462. Copperas, or sulphate of 
fifteen-hundredths of one cent per pound, iron [Free]. 

FERROUS SULPHATE (COPPERAS) . 
(See Survey FL-8.) 

Description and uses. — Ferrous sulphate or copperas is a by- 
product obtained by evaporation from the "pickling solutions" 
used for cleaning iron plates and wires before galvanizing, tinning, 
or enameling. Copperas is used principally as a mordant in dyeing, 
for the purification of water, and in the manufacture of black inks 
and pigments containing iron; also for the production of rouge, for 
the purification of coal gas, for the precipitation of gold in metal- 
lurgical processes, and for refining glycerine. 

Production is almost entirely by iron-working companies, and 
nearly equals consumption. The output in 1914 was 92,478,823 
pounds — 60,113,880 pounds from wire mills, 13,158,859 from rolling 
mills, and the remainder from chemical plants. The production in 
1919 (preliminary figures) was 119,611,000 pounds, valued at 
$1,046,900. 

Imports in 1914 were 45,737 pounds from England. No imports 
are reported for 1916-1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — "Sulphate of iron" has been 
changed to "ferrous sulphate," as this is the chemical designation of 
copperas, which is the only important sulphate of iron. 



1306 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1569. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 15G9. Fibrin, in all forms. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 566. Fibrin, in all forms [Free]. Par. 482. Fibrin, in all forms [Free]. 

FIBRIN. 

(See Survey FL-15.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Fibrin is a protein substance 
which is formed when blood coagulates. It is obtained by beating 
blood with sticks to which the fibrin clings. It is also obtained by 
washing all of the coloring matter out of lean meat. It is not an 
important article of commerce. 

Imports of fibrin have been very small, the maximum being valued 
at $54, in 1910. None are shown since 1916. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1570. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1570. Fishskins, raw or salted. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

• Par. 568. Fishskins [Free]. Par. 484. Fishskins [Free]. 

FISHSKINS. 

Description and uses. — Many fishskins have industrial uses. Those 
of flatfish make excellent gloves and upper leather; sole skins make 
purses; thornback skins are excellent substitutes for sandpaper in 
cabinet-making; eelskins make serviceable suspenders; siluroid skins 
are made into gloves in Canada ; salmon skins make a leather as tough 
as wash leather; while the skins of sharks and skates are used for 
polishing. 

Production statistics are not available. 

Imports of fishskins in 1914 numbered 226, weighed 171 pounds, 
and were valued at $174. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 
were as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


65, 163 

$2, 507 


204, 337 
$4,697 


328, 495 
88,020 


154,624 


Value 


$5, 140 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — " Raw or salted" is added. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1307 



PARAGRAPH 1571. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

flints, and flint 



Tar. 1571. Flint 
stones, unground. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 569. Flint, flints, and flint stones, 
unground [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 486. Flint, flints, and flint stones, 
unground [Free]. 



FLINT. 



(See Survey B-3.) 



Description and uses. — Flint, flints, and flint stones are used in 
pebble and tube mills for grinding minerals, ores, eement, and other 
materials. Foreign pebbles are crushed and used as " flint" in the 
ceramic industry. 

Production of pebbles for grinding has been stimulated by the 
war: the supply has been collected along the beach in San Diego 
County, Calif. Minnesota, Nevada, and Pennsylvania have also been 
producers. Artificial stones have been produced by mechanically 
rounding pieces of hard stone. Statistics showing grinding pebbles 
and tube-mill linings sold by producers in the United States, 1918- 
1920, are as follows: 



Quantity (short tons) . 
Value 



1918 



12, 469 
$129, 485 



1919 



9,448 
$85,302 



1920 



10, 924 

$77, 823 



Imports of flints and pebbles for grinding have been chiefly from 
Denmark, France, and Belgium, and values decreased from $479,146 
in 1914 to less than $200,000 in 1917. Of the 1917 import, 47 per 
cent was used in grinding gold, copper, and other ores, 25 per cent for 
grinding cement, and 17 per cent for ceramic materials. Imports 
for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 



Flint, flints, and flint stones, unground. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 






17,677 
$2.50, 096 


23, 782 
$338, 630 


6,026 




$135,636 


$87,800 









Exports.— None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1572. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1572. Fossils. 

ACT OF 1909. 
Par. 570. Fossils [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 487. Fossils [Free]. 



1308 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

FOSSILS. 

Description and uses. — Fossils refer to traces, remains, or relics of 
the forms of plants or animals found buried in deposits or impressed 
on stratified rocks. They are valuable aids in the study and investi- 
gations of the sciences of biology, geology, physiography, and paleon- 
tology. 

Imports of fossils in 1914 were valued at $1,278, and for the calen- 
dar years 1918-1921 as follows: 1918, $135; 1919, $85; 1920, $265; 
1921 (nine months), $155. 

Exports . — None . 



PARAGRAPH 1573. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1573. Furs and fur skins, un- 
dressed. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 573. Furs, undressed [Free], Par. 491. Furs and fur skins, undressed 

Par. 574. Fur skin of all kinds not [Free]. . 
dressed in any manner and not specially 
provided for in this section [Free]. 

FURS AND FUR SKINS, UNDRESSED. 

(See Survey N-10.) 

Description and uses. — The domestic pelts most commonly used in 
wearing apparel and other manufactures of fur are muskrat, skunk, 
opossum, and raccoon. Others used in large quantities are fox, wild 
cat, lynx, otter, beaver, badger, mink, and civet cat (a skunk species) . 
Many furs are so finished and dyed as to retain little of their original 
appearance. Wholesale prices vary widely; ordinary muskrat or 
skunk skins often sell for 50 cents each, while silver-fox skins have 
sold for $1,000, and Russian sable as high as $1,200 each. 

Production. — The value of furs sold at the New York and St. Louis 
sales (including many imported furs) during 1919 was about $35,- 
000,000; this sum is a conservative estimate of domestic production 
values. Furs of the smaller fur-bearing animals marketed annually 
are very large in number. The settlement of the country has not 
tended to decrease these animals, although the larger animals are 
quickly exterminated. The total number of seals killed in the Prib- 
ilof Islands in the whole period from 1867 to 1909 numbered nearly 
4,000,000; in the period from 1910 to 1918, 88,770 was the total 
number killed; in 1918, 34,890; in 1919, about 26,000. The Govern- 
ment has encouraged projects of fur farming, which are, however r 
not yet yielding extensively. 

Imports. — Some of the most important furs imported are musk- 
rat, marten, fisher (similar to the marten), otter, beaver, and wolf, 
from Canada; sable, ermine (from the stoat), kolinsky (similar to 
our mink), wolf, and squirrel (sought because of its large pelt and 
thick fur), from Russia; rabbits in large quantities from Australia 
and New Zealand, the fur used for fur-felt hats, and the "nutria" 
(from the covpu), for the same purpose, from South America; the 
marmot fur from northern Europe; chinchilla from South America 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1309 



(now temporarily prohibited from Chile) ; and skins of lynxes, leop- 
ards, bears, wolves, etc., from many parts of the world. Imports by 
countries show the fur markets rather than the sources, most furs 
coming here indirectly. The largest prewar import of furs and fur 
skins, undressed, was in 1912, valued at $17,339,198, and was only 
slightly less in 1913. During 1914 and 1915 imports declined 50 per 
cent. The sources, in order of importance in 1913, were Germany, 
England, Canada, Belgium, France, and Russia. During later 
calendar years imports were as follows : 



Furs and fur skins, undressed. 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (number) 


144, 255, 022 
$69, 289, 879 


130, 370, 538 
$84, 390, 218 


53,902,693 
$28, 708, 416 


Value. . *. 


S32, 077, 182 



England, Canada, and Australia were the leading countries of 
origin for later years. In 1920 the values of imports from the leading 
sources were, England, $16,221,385; Canada, $13,096,720; Aus- 
tralia, $12,196,461; France, $3,397,765; China, $10,566,781; Japan, 
$5,307,387. 

Export values of raw furs, mostly common varieties of small pelts, 
were $7,866,242 to the United Kingdom and $2,099,925 to Canada, in 
1918, the total for that year being $10,799,532. Exports in 1917 
about equaled those of 1911. The largest were in 1913 — sealskins, 
$188,700; all others, $17,276,203. Later statistics for calendar 
years are: 1918, $9,214,067; 1919, $16,313,726; 1920, $26,273,307; 
1921 (nine months), $8,831,549. England, Canada, France, and 
Germany are the leading countries of destination, England in 1920 
taking $13,795,433 and Canada $6,188,406. 

Suggested changes. — Inasmuch as silver or black fox skins, un- 
dressed, are specifically provided for in paragraph 1420, the words 
"and not specially provided for" might be added to this paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 1574. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1574. Goldbeaters' molds and gold- 
beaters' skins. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 579. Goldbeaters' molds and gold- Par. 496. Goldbeaters' molds and gold- 
beaters' skins [Free]. beaters' skins [Free]. 



GOLDBEATERS MOLDS AND SKINS. 

(See Survey N-19.) 

Description and uses. — Goldbeater's skin is the outer coat of the 
caecum of the ox when such membrane has been prepared for the 
goldbeater. A goldbeater's mold is a collection of about 850 leaves 
of parchment, vellum, and goldbeater's skins, each of a double 
thickness, fixed on a metal mold, and between which flattened pieces 
of t gold are placed to be hammered out to the full size of the leaf. 



1310 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — None. 

Imports of goldbeater's molds and skins in 1914 were valued at 
$26,634, nearly all from England and Germany. Later statistics 
follow: (Calendar years) 1918, $16,024; 1919, $11,050; 1920, $41,086; 
1921 (nine months), $47,351. 



PARAGRAPH 1575. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1575. Grasses and fibers: Istle or 
Tarnpico fiber, jute, jute butts, manila, 
sisal grass, sunn, and all other textile 
grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, 
not dressed or manufactured in any man- 
ner, and not specially provided for. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 578. Grasses and fibers: Istle or 
Tarnpico fiber, jute, jute butts, manila, 
sisal grass, sunn, and' all other textile 
grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, 
not dressed or manufactured in any man- 
ner, and not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 

Par. 540. Cocoa, or cacao * 
fiber * * * [Free]. 



Par.. 497] Grasses and fibers: Tstle or 
Tarnpico fiber, jute, jute butts, manila, 
sisal grass, sunn, and all other textile 
grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, 
not dressed or manufactured in any man- 
ner, and not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 

Par. 456. Cocoa, or cacao * 
fiber * * * [Free]. 



ISTLE. 

(See Survey FL-16.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Istle, otherwise known as 
Tarnpico fiber, a hard fiber, is obtained from the leaves of several 
plants found chiefly in the tablelands of northern Mexico, but also 
in the West Indies/ Central America, and British Guiana. The 
fiber is extracted from the leaf stems by a crude method of stripping 
and scraping. The filaments are hard and stiff, and smooth and 
yellowish white in appearance. They are an admirable substitute 
for animal bristles in brushes, and are also used in basketwork, in the 
cheaper grades of twine (e. g.. lath twine) , and in baling rope. Mexi- 
can cotton is usually baled with hand-woven istle bagging of wide 
mesh. During the war. on account of the difficulty in obtaining jute 
butts from British India, an American company developed yucca — 
one of the group of istle plants growing in New Mexico and Arizona — 
and used it extensively in the production of bagging for covering the 
domestic cotton crop. With the close of the war, this company 
discontinued the manufacture of yucca, as jute butts could be im- 
ported at lower cost. 

Imports, exclusively from Mexico, in 1914, were 10,658 tons, valued 
at $1,032,417. Imports for 1918-1921 by calendar years have been 
as follows: 



Quantity (tons) 
Value 



1918 



32, 015 
$3,714,401 



1919 



20, 840 
$2, 523, 330 



1920 



23, 555 
$3, 334, 526 



1921 

(9 months). 



6,741 
$.562, S94 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1311 



JUTE AND JUTE BUTTS. 



(See Survey FL-16.) 



Description and uses. — Jute produced exclusively in British India, 
is the cheapest and, next to cotton, the most extensively used 
commercial fiber. Unsuitable climatic conditions and lack of cheap 
labor have rendered ineffective the attempts made to grow jute in 
other countries. A pound of woven jute burlap prior to 1914 com- 
manded about two-thirds the price of a pound of raw cotton. The 
causes for its low price are: (1) Heav} T production per acre; (2) 
exclusive cultivation in a part of the world where labor is cheap; 
and (3) the ease with which the fiber can be prepared for spinning. 
The fiber is relatively weak and is difficult to bleach, but because of 
its abundance and cheapness it has become the world's leading 
wrapping and sacking material. Jute cloths are used in sacking 
grain, coffee, raw sugar, nitrates, etc.; and in covering raw cotton; 
as a foundation for linoleum, floor oilcloths, and asphalt roofing; for 
tarpaulins, coat paddings,, wall decorations, and carpeting. Inferior 

trades of rope and twine also are made from jute. After the crop 
as been either pulled or cut the fiber is produced by retting, 
beating, stripping washing, and drying. It is then sorted accord- 
ing to quality into bundles of rejections (the lowest grade); cuttings 
or jute butts employed for the manufacture of cotton bagging; and 
into several grades of long jute, used in producing burlap. 

Production in British India of jute (including jute butts) averages 
per annum about 8,000.000 bales of 400 pounds each. The produc- 
tion in 1920 was 8,292,184 bales from 2,508.673 acres. A constantly 
greater portion of the raw material is consumed yearly by Indian 
mills and exported as burlap and twilled bags. Calcutta, the great- 
est manufacturing center, exports about half the world's con- 
sumption of jute fabrics. Dundee, Scotland, which ranks second, 
produces materials of a higher grade. 

Imports in 1914 were 49,036 tons of jute valued at $3,923,225, and 
41.112 tons of jute butts, valued at $1,933,796. Imports for 1918- 
1921 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Jute. 


Jute butts. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Tons. 
53, 579 
44,426 
49, 443 
32, 833 


So, 700, 791 
7, 446, 335 

7, 880, 290 
4, 146, 507 


Tons. 
17, 835 
17,906 
46, 598 
13, 936 


$761, 868 


1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 


938, 144 

1, 812, 515 

437, 429 





MANILA. 

(See Survey F L-l f>.) 



Description, uses, and production. — Manila or abaca, the world's 
leading raw material for rope making, is obtained from the leaf 
stalks of a plantain tree native to the Philippines. The plants are 
cut near the ground, the overlapping leaf sheaves are stripped off, 
and the strips are drawn by hand under a knife held by a spring 



1312 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



against a piece of wood. The knife scrapes away the pulp, leaving 
the fiber clean and white. After drying, it is bunched and is then 
ready for export. Because of its great lightness, strength, and 
durability (especially in water) manila has become the chief material 
for making hawsers, ships' cables, and other marine cordage; and for 
well-drilling cables, hoisting and transmission ropes. In 1919, the 
domestic output of manila rope and cable amounted to 130,419,000 
pounds, or 60 per cent of all the rope and cable manufactured in that 
year. About 5 per cent of the domestic output of binder twine is 
made from manila. In the Philippines, manila is used to some 
extent for weaving fabrics for clothing. Manila paper is made from 
disintegrated manila rope. 

Imports of manila in 1914 were 49,685 tons, valued at $9,779,539. 
The Philippines are practically the only source, shipments of manila 
constituting from 24 to 49 per cent of the total value of exports from 
the islands during 1914-1920. Imports for the calendar years 1918— 
1921 have been as follows: 



r 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


78, 470 
$29, 223, 787 


68, 536 
$19, 255, 282 


67,466 
$20, 515, 491 


27, 328 


Value 


$5, 271, 245 







SISAL. 



(See Survey FL-16.) 



Description and uses. — Sisal is a name given to a number of related 
tropical fibers. The Mexican variety, known as henequen, is pro- 
duced almost exclusively in Yucatan and, prior to the fall of 1919, 
was marketed under the control of an association of producers 
known as the Comision del Keguladora del Mercado de Henequen. 
At that time, however, the assets of this company were ordered 
liquidated by the Mexican Government. In early 1922, Yucatan 
enacted legislation imposing a production tax on henequen, and 
limiting the planting areas for 1922. Henequen fiber is extracted 
from the leaves of the henequen by special decorticating machines 
which scrape the fiber clean of its pulpy covering and wash it in run- 
ning water. It is hung in the air several days to dry and then baled 
for the market. It is used in twines, cordage, and low-grade rope. 
Approximately 80 per cent of the world's supply of binder twine is 
made from Yucatan henequen and about 90 per cent of the Yucatan 
crop is shipped to this country. In binder twine only slight competi- 
tion is offered by manila (see above), New Zealand flax, and maguey. 
The two last named are either too costly or are limited in available 



supply. 
Prodi 



Production. — The large measure of dependence of wheat and other 
grain production of the world upon a raw material coming almost ex- 
clusively from one small state has led to energetic measures to extend 
cultivation to other countries, with the result that sisal is now being 
raised commercially in British East Africa (the former German East 
Africa), the Philippines (where production of maguey, a similar 
plant, is increasing), Hawaii, Java, India, the Bahamas, and Cuba. 
The Secretary of Agriculture stated in 1916 that there is no other 
fiber in large quantities suitable for binder twine and that the increas- 



1313 

ing production in the Bahamas and Hawaii is chiefly in grades too 
good for economic use in twine. 

Imports in 1914 were 215,654 tons, valued at $25,860,729. Later 
imports for calendar years are as follows : 





1913 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


152,001 
$54,932,082 


144,542 
$39, 553, 701 


180, 759 
$33, 535, 294 


96, 598 




$12,059,645 





Suggested changes in classification. — Since the term " sisal grass" is 
seldom employed in the trade to designate the fiber from which 
binding twine is made, it is suggested that the word " grass" be 
eliminated and the word ''henequen," preceded by a comma, be 
inserted after "sisal." Both sisal and henequen are members of the 
agave family, used for similar purposes, and are difficult to distinguish 
from each other. They are, however, sometimes distinguished in sta- 
tistics. The insertion of the word " henequen " would assure inclusion 
of both in the paragraph. 

NEW ZEALAND FLAX. 
(See Survey FL-16.) 

Description and uses. — This fiber is obtained from the leaves of a 
swamp lily (Phormium tenax) native to New Zealand. It is also 
cultivated on a small scale in Australasia and in some European 
countries. The fiber is white, soft, lustrous, and tougher than either 
flax or hemp, but resists water poorly. It is used principally in 
cordage, twine, and to a small extent for floor matting, although the 
best fiber can be woven into a cloth resembling linen duck. When 
employed in binder twine, baling rope, and cordage it is usually 
mixed with sisal or manila. 

Production. — This fiber is not produced in the United States. In 
New Zealand in 1919 there were 49,867 acres devoted to its cultiva- 
tion. Exports from that country during 1910-1919 ranged per 
annum between 20,000 and 35,000 tons, about half of which went to 
the United Kingdom. Exports in 1919 were 22,347 tons of fiber and 
3,262 tons of tow. 

Imports in 1914 Vere 6,171 tons, valued at $716,953, over one-half 
direct from New Zealand, and most of the remainder via transship- 
ment from the United Kingdom. Imports for the calendar years 
1918-1921 have been as follows: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Quantity (tons) ! 13,912. 6,720 

Value $4, 867, 576 $1, 640, 755 

I 



6,032 : 
$1,034,407 i 



879 
$146, 951 



SUNN. 
(See Survey FL-16.) 

Description and uses.— Sunn, sometimes called sunn hemp, while 
not a true hemp, closely resembles soft hemp; it comes from southern 

82304—22 83 



1314 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Asia and tropical Australasia. The fiber, obtained from the stalk by 
a system of retting similar to that employed for flax, is lighter in 
color, stronger and more durable under exposure than jute, but not 
so strong as hemp. It is used mainly in cordage and to some extent 
for calking ships. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to only 16 tons, valued at $1,388; the 
average for three previous years, however, was 131 tons, valued at 
$9,896. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




3,903 
. $650, 280 


1,758 
$290, 249 


1,036 

$138, 897 


226 




$20, 534 





KAPOK. 



(See Survey FL-16.) 



Description and uses. — Kapok is a vegetable down procured from 
the seed pods of a tree — the kapok — indigenous to Java. The fiber is 
soft, silky, and lustrous, but too brittle for spinning. The natives 
gather the pods, separate the fiber from the seed, dry it, and export 
it to countries where, owing to its resilience, it is used for filling mat- 
tresses, pillows, cushions, and for upholstering; and because of its low 
specific gravity, for the stuffing of life preservers. The demand for this 
use has greatly increased, especially during the war. The bark of the 
kapok tree is used for tanning purposes, and kapok seed is crushed for 
oil to be used in soap, the residue being a stock feed. 

Production. — The bulk of the world supply of kapok is from Java, 
with 68,129 producing acres in 1911. Aimual exports during 1914- 
1918 ranged between 9,107 and 10,836 tons, with the Netherlands and 
the United States receiving the bulk. 

Imports in 1914 were 1,825 tons, valued at $441,109. Imports for 
the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


9,576 

$2, 820, 474 


10,972 
$3, 673, 285 


9,881 
$3,847,610 


6,486 




$1, 930, 225 







RAMIE. 

(See Survey FL-16.) 

Description and uses. — Ramie, often called China grass, is a stem 
fiber extracted from the ramie plant of Asia, particularly China, by 
decortication (scraping away the gum which holds the fibers together) , 
a very laborious hand process. The fiber can not be separated 
from the woody tissue by a simple retting as in the case of flax or 
hemp, but only by means of elaborate mechanical treatment. It 
has, in general, the same uses as flax and hemp, often being mixed 
with them, but is more tenacious, has greater elasticity than flax, and 
a luster almost equal to silk. Ramie lacks the elasticity of wool and 
silk, and the flexibility of cotton. While the strongest and most 
durable of vegetable fibers, its use has been curtailed by the cost of 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1315 



degumming satisfactorily, and by the difficulty of spinning fine 
counts, owing to the fibers' lack of coherence. These difficulties are 
gradually being overcome. The leading use of ramie in the United 
States and in the United Kingdom is in manufacture of gas mantles. 
In the United States ramie fabrics have appeared on the market in the 
form of blouses and upholstery materials. 

Production. — Ramie is grown in large quantities in Africa, India, 
and in China, the finest qualities coming from China. American 
imports have been largely from Formosa (prior to the war, via 
Hamburg). Ramie can be produced here, but the labor cost, even 
with special decorticating and degumming apparatus, makes eco- 
nomic production impossible in competition with the Far East. 

Imports in 1914 were 55 tons, valued at $10,745. Imports for the 
calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (tons) 


3,204 
$612, 244 


759 
$225, 960 


156 
$44, 351 


161 


Value 


$50, 500 






CRI 


N VEGETJ 


lL. 









(See Survey FL-16.) 

Description and uses. — Crin vegetal, sometimes called vegetable 
fiber, or vegetable horsehair, is made from the leaves of a wild dwarf 
palm. Algeria and Madagascar are the leading sources, exporting 
about 50,000 tons annually. The leaves grow abundantly and are 
picked by natives, treated and slightly dried, and sold to export 
firms on the seacoast. After a few days' exposure to the sun they 
are packed into bales weighing 200 to 265 pounds. The leaves are 
separated by a comb into long, flexible filaments, which are twisted 
into a rope. The fiber is used chiefly for stuffing furniture and mat- 
tresses. It is also used to some extent for brushes and brooms. 

Imports were not separately stated in 1914. In 1912 they were 
334 tons, valued at $12,960; in 1915, 220 tons, valued at $4,333. Im- 
ports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




33 
$9, 180 


30 
$7, 081 


80 
$9,462 




Value 


$21 






/■ 


BR 

(See 


OOM ROO' 
Survey Flr- 


r, 
16 


) 







Description and uses. — Broom root, a fiber of great strength, is ob- 
tained from a number of plants growing wild in eastern Mexico and 
in Central and South America. The broom root used in this country 
comes chiefly from Mexico, and is often called Mexican whisk. 
Mexico has recently withdrawn its export duty on broom. The wavy 
roots of the grass — some 9 to 12 inches long, and, when cleaned, a 
pale yellow — are used in brushes and brooms, especially clothes- 



1316 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



brushes, carpet, and velvet brushes. The greatest defect of this 
fiber is a tendency to become brittle and break. 

Imports of broom root in 1914 were 144 tons, valued at $36,035. 
Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Q uar, titv (tons) 


777 
$211, 582 


1,610 
$697, 263 


1,197 
$546, 048 


161 


Value 


$94, 152 





OTHER FIBERS, N. S. P. F. 

(Not specially provided for in paragraph 497 and not usually stated separately in 

import statistics . ) 

Maguey is a term used for a number of varieties of agaves, but 
more specifically for the so-called century plants that grow wild 
and abundantly in Mexico, and are now cultivated successfully in 
the Philippines. The fiber is produced by macerating leaves in 
water, rubbing, scraping, and drying. Maguey is fine, elastic, and 
of special value for rope subject to sudden strain. It is used in 
Europe and America for ships' ropes and cables, brooms, and mats. 
Exports from the Philippines, which have increased in recent years, 
totaled in 1920 10,638 tons, valued at $1,363,750, with shipments 
to the United States amounting to 1,667 tons, worth $190,657. 

Mauritius hemp, a hard fiber of the aloe family, is produced chiefly 
on the island of Mauritius (Indian Ocean) and in Africa. It is softer 
and whiter than other hard fibers, and is used chiefly for mixing 
with manila and sisal in medium grades of cordage. The annual 
output of the island of Mauritius is about 2,500 tons. 

Piassava is a very elastic fiber, extracted from a species of palm, 
chiefly in Brazil and Liberia. The finest fibers are used for cordage, 
for which purpose they are excellent because of their resistance to 
water; the coarser fibers are used for brooms, baskets, and brushes. 
The world production has been as high as 5,000 tons. 

There are a number of other fibers imported on a small scale. 
Kittul, often confused with piassava, is of special value in machine 
brushes for polishing linen and cotton yarns, brushing velvets, etc. 

Imports in 1914 of other textile grasses or fibers, unmanufactured, 
not specifically enumerated in import statistics, were 9,125 tons, 
valued at $845,260. Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have 
been as follows: 



1918 



Quantity (tons). 
Value 



6,473 
$1,435,004 



1919 



2, 889 
$564,603 



1920 



4,595 
$561, 980 



1921 
(9 months). 



3, 56S 
$596, 455 



GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 



Suggested changes. — To secure (1) an arrangement in the approxi- 
mate order of importance of the fibers and grasses falling under this 
classification, and (2) to give specific mention to certain fibers here- 
tofore not specified, but which should be separated in statistics, it 
is suggested that this paragraph be changed to read as follows: 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1317 



Grasses and fibers: Jute, jute butts, manila, sisal, henequen. istle, Now Zealand 
hemp, sunn, kapok, ramie, crin vegetal, maguey, Mauritius, piassava, and all other 
textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, uot dressed or manufactured in any 
manner, and not specially provided for. 



PARAGRAPH 1576. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1576. Guano, basic slag, ground 
or unbound, manures, and all other sub- 
stances used chiefly for fertilizer, not 
specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 581. Guano, manures, and all 
sul stances used only for manure, includ- 
ing 1 asic slag, ground or unground, 
* * * [Freej. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 499. Guano, manures, and all 
sul stances used only for manure, includ- 
ing basic slag, ground or unground, 
* * * [Free]. 



GUANO AND MANURES. 



(See Survey FL-5.) 



Description and use. — Guano is the decomposed excrement and 
carcasses of marine birds mixed with the remains of fish. It is used 
as a fertilizer and contains both nitrogen and phosphoric acid and an 
appreciable amount of potash. 

Production. — The principal deposits were on the Chincha Islands 
off the coast of Peru. These original deposits, estimated at 10,000,000 
tons, became exhausted about 1868. In recent years shipments have 
been made from new deposits on the same islands. Other important 
commercial sources have been Patagonia and the Ichaboe Islands, off 
the coast of Africa. 

Imports in 1910 were 52,330 long tons, valued at $845,765; in 1917 
3,563 long tons, valued at $73,398. In 1917 and 1918 the imports 
were chiefly from Mexico. 

Imports of all other substances used only for manures were 197,165 
tons, valued at $4,241,285 in 1914. Import figures for 1918-1921 
are shown below: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity, 



Value, i Unit value. 



GUANO. 



1918 


tons. 

X, 208 

7,017 

53, 790 

1,320 


$280, 544 

255, 995 

4,583,313 

72, 299 


$34. 19 


1919 


36.48 


1920 


85. 21 


1921 (9 months) 


54. 77 









ALL OTHER SUBSTANCES USED ONLY FOR MANURE. 




1918 4S.ftt9 tl.XIO. 158 


$37. 68 


1919 


72, 55S 2, 716, 060 


37.43 


1920 


141, 510 6, 762, 140 


47. 78 


1921 (9 months).. 


49, 692 1 , 986, 478 


39.98 



Imports of guano are chiefly from Norway, Chile, and England. 



1318 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

BASIC SLAG. 

(See Survey FL-5.) 

Description and uses. — Basic slag is a by-product obtained in the 
manufacture of steel from phosphatic pig iron by the basic process. 
It is used as a fertilizer material for its phosphoric-acid content, 
which is from 15 to 19 per cent. Its trade names are " basic cinder," 
" basic slag meal," " Thomas slag/' or " Thomas phosphate powder." 

Production. — Large quantities are produced in Germany, France, 
Belgium, and England; the European production in 1913 exceeded 
4,000,000 long tons, Germany producing about 50 per cent of the total. 
Very little is produced here because of the comparatively low phos- 
phorus content of American iron ores. 

Imports, prior to the war, reached a maximum of 15,124 tons, 
valued at $146,477 in 1913; then decreased to 2 tons, valued at $54 
in 1918, and have been negligible since then. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. — "Used only for manure" has 
been dropped and "used chiefly for fertilizer" and "not specially 
provided for" have been added. 



PARAGRAPH 1577. 

H. It. 7456. • SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1577. Gums and resins: Amber 
and amberoid, arabic or Senegal, da mar, 
kauri, and other copals; dragon's blood, 
kadaya, sandarac, tragacanth, tragasol, 
and other gums, gum resins, and resins, 
not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 488. Amber, and amberoid un- Par. 36. Gums: Amber, and amberoid 

manufactured, or crude gum, gum Kauri, unmanufactured, or crude gum, not spe- 

and gum Copal [Free]. cially provided for in this section, $1 per 

Par. 20. Drugs, such as * * * gums pound; arabic, or Senegal, £ cent per 

and gum resin, * * * one-fourth of pound; * * *. 

one cent per pound, and in addition Par. 500. Gum: Amber in chips valued 

thereto ten per centum ad valorem: at not more than 50 cents per pound, 

Provided, That no article containing alco- copal, damar, and kauri [Free], 

hoi, or in the preparation of which alcohol Par. 27. Drugs, such as * * * gums, 

is used, shall be classified for duty under * * * advanced * * * 10 per cen- 

this paragraph. turn ad valorem. 

Par. 559. Drugs, such as * * * gums, Par. 477. Drugs, such as * * * gums, 

gum resin, * * * not advanced * * * gum resin, * * * not advanced * * * 

[Free]. [Free]. 

Par. 558. Dragon's blood [Free]. Par. 476. Dragon's blood [Free]. 

AMBER AND AMBEROID. 

(See Survey A-9.) 
Description and uses. — Amber, a fossil resin occurring in small lumps, 
is found principally in East Prussia. It is picked up along the shore 
of the Baltic, and is obtained by mining. It varies in color from pale 
yellow to red, brown, or even black, and may be transparent, trans- 
lucent, or opaque. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



1319 



Amberoid is produced from small bits of amber, with or without 
other resins, such as copal and camphor, by heating them and forcing 
into a solid cake by hydraulic pressure. 

The finest amber and amberoid are made into beads and ornaments 
and mouthpieces for pipes and cigar holders. Bits and chips make a 
high grade but expensive varnish. 

Amber is now being replaced for ornamental articles by artificial 
products resembling amber in appearance and properties, but differing 
greatly in chemical nature. These so-called "synthetic phenolic 
resins" (par. 26) are made by the chemical combination of phenol 
with formaldehyde or hex ame thy lenetetr amine. They are chemically 
more stable than amber. "Bakelite," "Condensite," and "Red- 
manol" are such substances. Their domestic manufacture has in- 
creased greatly in recent years, with the claim that they are equal to 
or better than amber for most purposes. One variety is plastic and 
used largely for electrical insulators and various molded articles; 
the other is nonplastic, is the more expensive, and alone competes 
with amber. They are dutiable at 30 per cent plus 5 cents per pound 
under the act of September 8, 1916. 

Production. — The United States produces no amber, though small, 
but not commercial, quantities of fossil gum resembling amber appear 
in Maryland, New Jersey, and Marthas Vineyard. 

Imports come from the Baltic. In 1913 they were 35,645 pounds; 
in 1914, 22,485 pounds. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


1 
Value. ! Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem . 


1918 


Pounds. 

25 

768 

15,013 

2,425 


$222 $8.88 

4,278 ! 5.57 

41,556 2.77 

16,798 ' 6.93 

1 


$25 

768 

15, 013 


Per cent. 


1919 


17.95 


1920 


36.13 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. — Amber and amberoid unmanu- 
factured, or crude gum, is dutiable under paragraph 36, act of 1913. 
H. R. 7456 exempts from duty all amber and amberoid. The words 
''or crude gum" in the act of 1913 have been omitted as amber is 
not known under this name. 



ARABIC OR SENEGAL. 



(See Survey A-9.) 



Description and uses. — Gum arabic is a natural exudation obtained 
from several species of trees of Africa and Asia. It is used for sizing 
fabrics, in calico printing, water paints and calcimines,, mucilage and 
match manufacture, water colors and confectionery. The finest 
grades are used in pharmacy and medicine. Materials serving 
similar purposes include dextrin, starch, gelatin, and glue. A some- 
what similar mucilage is derived from Irish moss. Another class of 
gum used in part for similar purposes includes tragacanth, tragasol, 
and kadaya. 



1320 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports in 1914 were 2,867,544 pounds; in 1916, 7,613,880 pounds. 
Later statistics follow: a 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Equivalent 
ad valorem. 


1918 


Pounds. 
6, 115, 190 
7,076,663 
6, 764, 199 
5, 959, 214 


$1, 237, 379 
950, 859 

787, 574 
524, 588 


$0.20 
.13 
.12 
.09 


$30, 576 
35,383 
33, 821 


Per cent. 
2 47 


1919 


3.72 


1920 


4.29 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. — Arabic or Senegal gum is duti- 
able under paragraph 36 of the act of 1913. 

GUMS, COPAL, DAMAR, KAURI. 

(See Survey FL-17.) 

Description and uses. — Copal is a class name commercially applied 
to several widely distributed gum resins capable of use in the manu- 
facture of oil varnishes. The most important copals for this use are 
damar, kauri, Congo, sandarac, and Manila. Other gums of lesser 
importance are pontinak and East Indian. There are three kinds of 
commercial copal, classified according to hardness: (1) Hard or true, 
which includes Zanzibar, Mozambique, and Madagascar copals; (2) 
medium hard, which comprises the West African copals; and (3) soft, 
which includes American anime, kauri, Manila, and Borneo copals. 

A true copal is a hard resin of high melting point exuded from 
several varieties of trees indigenous to the East Indies and the East 
Coast of Africa. The fossil gum is found in irregular lumps buried 
in the ground or it is sometimes taken directly from the tree. Hard 
copal is the hardest of all resins, except amber, and is the most valu- 
able for varnish making. Damar is the term applied to all gums and 
resins which exude from trees and solidify rapidly on exposure to 
air. The resin derived from the true damar of the botanists is the 
varnish-maker's Manila copal. Commercial damar, so-called, is de- 
rived mostly from Dipterocarpus trees, Shorea, Hopea, Vatica. Dry- 
balonops, Vateria, Doone, and other species, and is called Batavian, 
Borneo, or Singapore damar, depending upon its origin. Kauri is a 
resin obtained from the Dammara australis, a yellow pine indigenous 
to the northern island of New Zealand. Of the three varieties, fossil, 
bush, and recent, the fossil is the best grade. It is a white resin, 
softer than true copal, but harder than rosin, used in the manufacture 
of varnish. 

Imports for 1914-1918 averaged as follows: Copal, 18,369,252 
pounds, valued at $1,185,454; damar, 7,182,848 pounds, valued at 
$635,500; kauri, 7,915,759 pounds, valued at $1,196,889. Later sta- 
tistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


DAMAR. 


1918 


Pound*. 
6, 508, 707 
4, 772, 059 
10, 702, 188 
1,916,757 


$701,488 

578,915 

2, 162, 313 

297,544 


$0.11 


1919 


.12 


1920 


.20 


1921 (9 months) 


.15 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1321 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


KAURI. 


1918 




5,960,795 
4,474,441 
11,579,529 
2,241,715 


$905, 025 

674, 642 

1,720,962 

457,780 


$0.15 


1919 


.15 


1920 


.15 


1921 (9 months) 


.20 








COPAL. 








1918 


21, 260, 769 

11,079,693 

47, 052, 548 

7, 582, 612 


$1,635,894 

829,419 

5, 712, 308 

728, 998 


$0.08 


1919 


.07 


1920 + 


.12 


1921 (9 months) 


.09 







DRAGONS BLOOD. 



(See Survey FL-17.) 



Description and uses. — Dragon's blood is a red, resinous sub- 
stance exuded from the ripe fruit of several species of small palms 
growing in Siam, the Molucca Islands, and the East Indies. It is 
marketed either in the form of small oval drops or in long cylindrical 
sticks, and is used in pharmacy, but principally in coloring varnishes. 

Production. — Dragon's blood is separated from the fruit by rub- 
bing, by shaking in bags, or by exposure to the vapor of boiling water. 
It is collected by the natives. 

Imports of dragon's blood varied between 12,034 pounds, valued 
at $5,513 in 1911, and a maximum of 48,026 pounds, valued at $19,137 
in 1917. Subsequent imports are given below. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. Unit value. 


1918 


Pourd<. 
27, 260 
13,326 
18,938 
16,564 


$10,167 
10, 420 
12, 649 
6,534 


$0.37 


1919 


.78 


1920 


.67 


1921 (9 months) 


.37 







KADAYA, SANDARAC, TRAGACANTH, TRAGASOL, AND OTHER GUMS AND 

RESINS. 

Description and uses. — Sandarac is a resin obtained from a small 
evergreen tree which is indigenous to Northwestern Africa. It is 
also obtained in Australia from a similar tree and is known as "white 
pine resin." Sandarac is used chiefly as a varnish resin and to some 
extent in dental cements and as an incense. Tragacanth is a gum 
exudation obtained from various species of Astragalus. Commercial 
supplies are obtained from this tree in the mountainous regions of 
Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Persia. It is used 
chiefly for sizing textiles. Kadaya and tragasol are other important 
gums which are imported in large quantities. 

Imports of tragacanth during the period 1910-1916 ranged between 
1,000,000 and 1,500,000 pounds annually, and increased greatly in 



1322 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1917. Imports of tragasol in 1910-1917 were between 800,000 and 
1,200,000 pounds annually. Since 1917 imports have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


TRAGACANTH. 






Pounds. 

f ! 73, 540 

1 2 237,277 

1,479,133 

943, 776 

186, 557 


$80, 746 

135,311 

1,589,811 

1,342,985 

221, 293 


$1.10 

.57 

1.08 

1.42 

1.19 








1919 


$13,531 


1920 




1921 (9 months) 








. 


TRAGASOL. 






1918 




711,644 
179, 930 
627, 314 
561, 194 


$44,502 
10,458 
26, 139 
18,845 


$0.06 
.06 
.04 
.03 




1919 




1920 




1921 (9 months) 








1 July 1-Dec. 31, free. (Abstract 42058.) 

2 Jan. 1-June 30, dutiable. 















Imports of kadaya and sandarac are shown for 1914, only, when 
they were: Kadaya, 866,535 pounds valued at 142,703; and sandarac, 
55,365 pounds, valued at $9,332. 

Imports of other gums and gum resins in a crude state increased to 
4,963,000 pounds in 1916 valued at $259,000. In 1917 they amounted 
to about 1,290,000 pounds. Since then imports have been as follows : 



Calendar year. Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 




Pounds. 
f 1649,047 
\2 3,126, 678 
/i 4,208, 290 
\2 1,066,437 
P 5,867, 586 
\ 2321,286 
/i 8,836, 430 
\ 233,675 


$111,557 
452,053 
721 , 722 
169, 877 
957, 378 
16, 761 
519,188 
8,922 


$0.17 
.14 
.17 
.16 
.16 
.05 
.06 
.03 




1918 


$45,205 




1919. . . 






16,988 


1920 


1,676 




1921 (9 months) 









1 Free. 

2 Dutiable at 10 per cent. (T. D. 36548.) 

Important changes in classification. — Kadaya, sandarac, tragacanth 
and tragasol are mentioned specifically for the first time. As the 
provision for gums in paragraph 27, act of 1913, has been omitted, a 
provision for " other 'gums, gum resins, and resins, not specially 
provided for" has been added to this paragraph. (Reclassification 
Report, p. 50.) 

Suggested changes. — As the words "and other copals" embrace 
none of the gums or resins preceding "damar," it is suggested that 
a semicolon be substituted for the comma after " Senegal." 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1323 



PARAGRAPH 1578. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1578. Gunpowder, and all other 
explosive substances, used for mining, 
1) lasting, or artillery purposes, not spe- 
cially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 435. Gunpowder, and all explosive 
substances used for mining, blasting, 
artillery, or sporting purposes, when 
valued at twenty cents or less per pound, 
two cents per pound; valued above 
twenty cents per pound, four cents per 
pound. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 501. Gunpowder, and all explo- 
sive substances, not specially provided 
for in this section, used for mining, blast- 
ing, and artillery purposes [Free]. 



EXPLOSIVES. 

(See Survey FL-18.) 



GENERAL. 



Explosives are used principally for blasting, signaling, pyrotech- 
nics, and for military and sporting purposes. 

Blasting explosives include mainly black powder, nitroglycerin 
preparations, and the so-called " permissible explosives," which have 
passed certain tests of the Bureau of Mines and are regarded as safe 
for use with proper precautions in coal mines. 

Military explosives include propellants (smokeless powder), prim- 
<ers, high explosives for filling shells, torpedoes, hand grenades, etc. 

Ammonium nitrate (par. 7) is extensively used as a constituent of 
both blasting and military explosives. 



BLACK POWDER, 



Description and uses. — Black powder consists of an intimate mix- 
ture, usually 75 per cent potassium nitrate, 15 per cent charcoal, and 
10 per cent sulphur. It is used principally for mining, blasting, and 
sporting purposes; also to some extent in fireworks. 

Production of blasting powder in 1914 was 207,423,675 pounds, 
valued at $8,459,113, not far from the average since 1900. The 
black blasting powder used in 1917 was 277,118,525 pounds. m Other 
nigh explosives for blasting purposes, exclusive of permissible explo- 
sives, amounted to 262,316,080 pounds; permissible explosives were 
43,040,722 pounds. Production in 1919 (preliminary figures) was as 
follows: Blasting powder, 184,675,000 pounds, valued at $12,168,500; 
gunpowder, black, 11,730,000 pounds, valued at $2,096,600; permissi- 
ble explosives, 26,496,000 pounds, valued at $4,736,000. 

Imports were not shown separately in 1917, but since that time 
those of gunpowder and all explosive substances, n. s. p. f., for 
blasting, mining, or artillery purposes have been as follows: 





t 




Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


1918 ... 


Pounds. 

25,690,394 

12, 420, 796 

22, 564 

20,321 


$12,886,196 

6,336,518 

h, 404 

2,826 




1919 


51 


1920 


.24 


1921 (9 month?,) .... 


14 







1324 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Exports of gunpowder, including smokeless powder, prior to 1915 
averaged about 1,000,000 pounds annually, and for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




229,377,058 
$179,648,156 


6,751,799 
85,990,744 


43,907,793 
$38,368,157 


694,980 
$373,491 







Countries of destination are chiefly France, Colombia, and Canada. 



SMOKELESS POWDER. 



Description and uses. — Nitrocellulose, or guncotton, is the base 
of all smokeless powders. It is prepared by treating cotton under 
certain conditions with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. In 
making smokeless powder the nitrocellulose is mixed with alcohol , 
ether, and a stabilizer. After these are thoroughly incorporated the 
mixture is pressed into the desired shape by hydraulic pressure and 
when dried is ready for use. Cordite is a smokeless powder made 
from a mixture composed of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, acetone, 
and vaseline. Smokeless powder is used almost entirely for mili- 
tary purposes, and to some extent for sporting purposes. 

Production of smokeless powder in 1914 (including that by the 
Government) was 12,684,072 pounds, increasing enormously during 
the war. In 1919 according to preliminary figures smokeless powder 
was the item of chief value in "all other" explosives, the output 
of which was 53,476,700 pounds, valued at $24,164,200. 

Exports far exceed imports. During the war large quantities were 
supplied the Allies. Figures are combined with gunpowder, supra. 

NITROGLYCERIN AND DYNAMITE. 

Description and uses. — Nitroglycerin is a heavy, oily liquid, ob- 
tained by treating glycerin with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric 
acids. It is very sensitive to shock and is a violent poison. Dyna- 
mite is made by absorbing nitroglycerin in some porous substance,, 
such as infusorial earth, sawdust, or powdered mica. Nitroglycerin 
is used at present in the liquid state only for "shooting" gas or oil 
wells. Its greatest use is in making dynamite and other high ex- 
plosives. It is sometimes used in medicine as a heart stimulant. 

Production in 1914 of dynamite was 223,667,630 pounds, valued at 
$20,553,653. In the same year 65,302,883 pounds of nitroglycerin 
were produced, of which 3,785,474 pounds were sold as such for 
$950,611. In 1919, according to preliminary figures, 220,995,500 
pounds of dynamite, valued at $38,763,400, and 56,361,200 pounds 
of nitroglycerin were produced, of which an amount valued at 
$3,439,000 was sold as such. 

Imports. — Statistics not available. 

Exports of dynamite in 1914 were 14,464,601 pounds, valued at 
$1,587,184; in 1916, 19,561,654 pounds, valued at $3,656,653. Sta- 
tistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1325 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




18,204,644 

$4,845,8S8 


11,173,528 
$2, 370, 016 


15, 641, 981 
S3, 210, 481 


5,648,774 
SI, 141,714 









Countries of destination are chiefly Mexico, Chile, and Peru. 



NITROSTARCH. 



Description and uses. — Nitrostarch is used as a constituent of 
some high explosives. It is made in much the same way as nitro- 
cellulose, by the treatment of starch with nitric and sulphuric acids. 
Tapioca starch and cornstarch are the ones most used. During the 
war nitrostarch was used largely in hand grenades. It can also be 
used with good results for blasting purposes. 

Production, imports, and exports— Statistics are not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1579. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1579. Hair of horse, cattle, and 
•other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, 
drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, 
not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 583. Hair of horse, cattle, and 
other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, 
drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, 
not specially provided for in this section ; 
* * * [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 503. Hair of horse, cattle, and 
other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, 
drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, 
not specially provided for in this section 
[Frtee]. 



HAIR OF HORSE, CATTLE, AND OTHER ANIMALS. 

(See Survey N-l 2.) 

Description and uses. — The long hair from the manes and tails of 
horses is used as a filling, usually with a cotton warp, in making 
haircloth. (Haircloth dutiable under par. 1426.) It is also used in 
making fishlines, straining cloths, and for violin bows. The short hair 
(and that from the tails of cattle) is curled and used in upholstery 
work. (Curled hair dutiable under par. 1425.) The hair of cattle 
and other animals is a tannery by-product, used in felt for roofing 
and for covering steam pipes. Mixed with wool waste or cotton, 
it is made into coarse yarns for carpets, horse blankets, and the 
cheapest grade of tweeds. Cattle hair is also used as binding for 
mortar and plaster. 

Production statistics are not available. Most of the cattle hair 
required is of domestic production; the horsehair is largely imported. 

Imports of horsehair for bows of violins are shown separately. 
These amounted in 1914 to $8,279, and to $13,473 in 1916. Imports 
of other horsehair .were smallest in 1914 and 1915, being, respectively, 
3,776,227 pounds, valued at $1,668,484, and 3,543,358 pounds, valued 
at $1,501,085. Inprioryears the average was about 4,000,000 pounds, 



1326 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



and in 1916 and 1917 imports reached more than 6,000,000 pounds. 
Cattle and other animal hair in 1914 amounted to 15,506,745 pounds,, 
valued at $1,051,874. Imports have decreased since then. Horse- 
hair came chiefly from Argentina, with large amounts also from 
China, Canada, Italy, England, Uruguay, and Mexico. Cattle and 
other animal hair comes from practically the same countries, with 
Canada leading. Later statistics of imports for calendar years are 
tabulated below: 



Horsehair for bows of violins and other in 

struments, value 

Horsehair, ail other: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Cattle and other animal hair: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1918 



1919 



$74 

2, 900, 913 
$1,010,172 

3, 484, 447 
$304, 268 



$24, 829 

3, 993, 405 
$1,618,683 

4, 546, 791 
$543, 699 



1920 



$17,661 

4, 893, 247 
$2,184,603 

6, 770, 368 
$1, 218, 099 



1921 (9 months). 



$1, 794 



2, 417, .503 
$997, 281 



2, 667, 126 
$365,114 



Argentina continued to lead in shipments of horsehair, but Ger- 
many, in 1920, led in cattle and other animal hair, with Argentina 
second and Canada third. 

Exports of horse, cattle, and other animal hair are combined in the 
trade statistics. These were valued in 1914 at $1,085,038. The 
United Kingdom was the largest purchaser, with Germany, Belgium, 
and Canada following in the order named. Later statistics for calen- 
dar years follow: 1918, $680,766; 1919, $1,551,276; 1920, $1,327,546; 
1921 (9 months), $437,694. 



PARAGRAPH 1580. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1580. Hide cuttings, raw, with or 
without hair, ossein, and all other glue 
stock. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 584. Hide cuttings, raw, with or Par. 504. Hide cuttings, raw, with or 
without hair, and all other glue stock without hair, and all other glue stock 
[Free]. [Free]. 

GLUE STOCK. 



(See Survey A-9.) 

Description and uses. — This paragraph includes all kinds of hide 
cuttings and all other material used as glue stock. Most hide stock 
is produced by tanners as waste pieces or trimmings, fleshings from 
the flesh side of the hide, and "skivings," or scrapings from the hair 
or grain side of the hide. 

Green or packer bone and country bone, chiefly butchers' offal and 
junk bone, are used as glue stocks. Ossein is the bone residue after 
the mineral matter has been dissolved out by acid. Sinews come 
into markets from slaughterhouses as fresh or green salted. The 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1327 



bones, skins, and heads of fish are also used for preparing glue (par. 
39). 

Production. — Statistics not available. 

Import values of hide cuttings and other glue stock increased from 
$1,605,432 in 1910 to $2,158,514 in 1914, chiefly from Europe. 
Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921, chiefly from Argentina, 
Uruguay, and England, have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months; 




9,106,446 
$448, 165 

• 


13,780,637 
$978,514 


36,S68,101 
$2,238,958 


23,000,135 
$1,336,469 









Exports. — Statistics are not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Ossein is mentioned specifically 
for the first time. 



PARAGRAPH 1581. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1581. Rope made of rawhide. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 585. Hide rope [Free]. Par. 505. Hide rope [Free]. 

RAWHIDE ROPE. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — Rope made of rawhide is composed of 
strips of untanned hide, twisted into cords and ropes. It is very 
hard and tough. It is the material from which rawhide or so-called 
"cowhide" riding whips are made. 

Production data are not separately shown in official sources. 

Imports of hide rope in 1914 amounted to $10. Statistics for the 
calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 

(9 months). 






2,411 

8857 


810 

$10 


225 




$2, 505 


$43 







Exports.— None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The phraseology of this para- 
graph has been changed so as to restrict its provisions to rope actually 
made from rawhide. The provision in former acts for "hide rope" 
has been held not limited to rope made from hides, but inclusive of 
rope known as hide rope made from material other than hides, and 
used for tying hides. (G. A. 8336; T. D. 38390, 1920.) 



1328 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1582. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1582. Hides of cattle, raw or 
incured, or dried, salted, or pickled. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 450. Hides of cattle, raw or un- 
cured, whether dry, salted, or pickled, 
shall be admitted free of duty: * * *. 



Par. 506. Hides of cattle, raw or un- 
cured, or dry, salted, or pickled [Free]. 



HIDES OF CATTLE, RAW OR DRIED, ETC. 

(See Survey FL-19.) 

Description and uses. — Cattle hides are employed principally in 
shoe leathers and in belting, harness, upholstery, case, bag, and strap 
leathers. The tanning and finishing processes give a wide variety 
of leathers. Hides vary greatly in character, depending upon the 
condition under which the animal, is reared, its breeding, age, sex, 
and many other factors. Animals raised without shelter, obtaining 
their subsistence largely from roughage, produce tough, close-grained 
hides. Cattle of good breeding, given good care and concentrated 
feeds furnish fine-grained, but frequently weak, hides. Domestic 
hides are commonly "packer" or "country," the former taken off 
at the stockyards, the latter at small slaughterhouses. Packer 
hides, as a rule, command the higher price becajise of greater care 
in the removal. Kips are usually young cattle hides, weighing from 
15 to 25 pounds, but East Indian kips are small cattle hides. 

Production of cattle hides numbers about 12,000,000 annually, 
averaging about 50 pounds each. 

Imports. — In 1913 we imported 268,042,390 pounds of cattle hides 
(green and dry)— about 82,000,000 pounds from Europe, 86,500,000 
pounds from South America, 77,300,000 pounds from North America, 
15,200,000 pounds from Asia, and 7,200,000 pounds from Australasia 
and Africa. The imports are classified into (1) dry cattle hides and 
(2) green or pickled cattle hides. During the war imports of dry 
cattle hides rapidly increased, but Argentina remained the chief 
source of supply. Russia was practically eliminated by 1917, and 
shipments from China and South American countries, especially 
from Brazil and Colombia, increased. 

Imports of green or pickled cattle hides also increased rapidly, 
but not in the ratio of the dry hides. In 1913 our principal sources for 
green or pickled cattle hides were Argentina, Canada, France, Russia 
in Europe, and Mexico. One result of the war was to cause South 
American hides to find an increased market in this country. 

Imports of cattle hides for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown 
in the following tables : 



Dry ( L2 pounds and over): 

( Quantity (pounds) 35, 155, 106 

Va! ue - - '- S10, 254, 045 

Green or oi^kled (25 pounds and over): 

Quantil v (pounds) i 185, 432, 280 

Value S41, 708, 075 



1918 



1919 



1920 



96,175,601 
834,360,222 

310,965,319 
$91,223,542 



59,150,408 
S21.092.121 



216,174,099 
$64,383,203 



1921 
(9 months). 



9,326,213 
$1,741,718 

134,642,852 
$17,360,629 



■SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



1329 



In 1920 the imports of dry cattle hides from Argentina were 24 
per cent of the total; those from Colombia were 14 per cent; China, 
8 per cent; British India, 7 per cent. The bulk of cattle hides, green 
or pickled, came from Argentina (46 per cent) ; those from Uruguay 
amounted to 12 per cent; Canada, 11 per cent; and Brazil, 6 per cent. 

Exports of cattle hides in the fiscal year 1918 were valued at $1,953,- 
700, Canada, the only country to which we exported cattle hides in 
any quantity, taking an amount to the value of $1,497,454. The 
table below shows exports during the calendar years 1918-1921: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


2,338,147 
§681,951 


16, 995, 932 
86,290,356 


11,485,466 
$3,761,142 



1921 
(9 months). 



Quantity (pounds) 
Value 



12,181,705 
81,361,803 



In 1920 China received 50 per cent of the exports; Japan, 17 per 
•cent. 

\£ Suggested changes. — If all hides are to remain on the free list, this 
paragraph might be combined with par. 1653. 



PARAGRAPH 1583. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1583. Hones and whetstones. 

ACT OF 1909. • ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 586. Hones and whetstones [Free]. Par. 507. Hones and whetstones [Free]. 
HONES AND WHETSTONES. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and uses. — Hones and whetstones, formerly made only 
from natural quarried rocks, are now made from artificial abrasives 
(par. 1415), which are fast replacing the natural stones. 

Production of oilstones (including hones and whetstones) and 
scythestones from natural rock decreased from $207,352 in 1913 to 
$115,178 in 1915, and then increased to $168,704 in 1917. Arkansas 
is the chief producer of oilstones, whetstones, and hones; Ohio leads 
in scythestones; but New Hampshire, Vermont, and Michigan also 
contribute important quotas. 

Oilstones and scythestones sold by producers in the United States, 1918-1920. 



1918 



1919 



1920 



Quantity (short tons) . 
Value 



1,010 1,463 I 1,144 

$189,033 $235,943 ; $231,747 



82304—22- 



-84 



1330 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown in the following 
table: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Number 




149, 375 
$12, 199 


641, 353 
$56, 416 


208, 787 
$29, 025 


Value 


$6, 075 





Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1584. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1584. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 587. Hoofs, unmanufactured Par. 508. Hoofs, unmanufactured 
[Free]. [Free]. 



HOOFS, UNMANUFACTURED. 

(See Survey FL-5.) 

Description and uses. — The hoofs of neat cattle yield a pale yellow 
oil, called "neat's-foot oil," almost wholly olein, the liquid part of 
fat, as distinguished from stearin, thy3 solid portion. It is a fine 
lubricant and is extensively employed by manufacturers as a leather 
dressing. Hoofs are used in making buttons and novelties. 

Imports are combined in official statistics with horns and parts of, 
shown under the succeeding paragraph (1585). They come princi- 
pally from Argentina, Canada, and Uruguay. 

Exports are shown combined with horns and parts of. 



PARAGRAPH 1585. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1585. Horns and parts of, includ- 
ing horn strips and tips, unmanufactured. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 589. Horns and parts of, includ- Par. 511. Horns and parts of, includ- 
ing horn strips and tips, unmanufactured ing horn strips and tips, unmanufactured 
[Free]. [Free]. 



HORNS AND PARTS OF. 

(See Survey N-21.) 



Description and uses. — Horns and horn strips and tips are used 
principally for making combs, knife handles, buttons, and various 
novelties, such as napkin rings, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1331 



Production statistics are not available. The domestic output 
comes largely from the packing plants. They are sorted in three 
grades for sale to the button trade. 

Imports are shown under the classification, " Hoofs, horns, and 
parts of, unmanufactured." In 1914 these were valued at $254,872. 
They are chiefly from Argentina, Uruguay, England, and Norway. 
Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are shown below: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



1919 



1920 



$199, 958 



2, 451, 826 
$133, 127 



11,190,838 
$540, 597 



1921(9 months). 



1, 712, 001 
$94, 051 



Exports of hoofs and horns were valued at $102,705 in 1913 and at 
$61,180 in 1914. In later statistics (calendar years) exports, includ- 
ing bones, have been as follows : 1918, $307,671; 1919, $370,634; 1920, 
$270,146; 1921 (nine months), $80,634. Japan is the chief purchaser. 



PARAGRAPH 1586. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1586. Ice. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913, 

Par. 590. Ice [Free]. Par. 512. Ice [Free]. 

ICE. 

(See Survey FL-0/) 

Description and uses. — Ice, natural or manufactured, as a refriger- 
ating and preserving agent has extended the market for perishable 
foodstuffs, stimulating their production and stabilizing prices as 
between the seasons of plenty and of scarcity. 

Production of manufactured ice in 1914 amounted to 21,043,063 
tons, valued at $62,192,413, an increase of more than 150 per cent 
over the output of 1904. Over 50 per cent was reported by New York, 
Pennsylvania. Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Texas, and California. In 1919 
the value of production was $136,873,000. 

Imports of ice in 1914 were 32,093 tons, valued at $16,340, coming 
wholly from Canada. Imports for the calendar } T ears 1918-1921 
were as follows : 





1918 


1 
1919 


1920 


1921(9 months). 




60, 709 
$33,956 | 


66,627 : 
$94,272 


55, 092 
$40, 503 


8,063 


Value 


$6,382 



Exports in 1914 were 14,183 tons and in 1917 were 17,642 tons, 
valued at $29,795 and $37,965, respectively, going to Canada and 
Mexico. Exports for later years are not recorded. 



1332 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1587. 
H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1587. India rubber and gutta- 
percha, crude, including jelutong or 
pontianak, guayule, gutta balata, and 
gutta siak, and scrap or refuse india rub- 
ber and gutta-percha fit only for remanu- 
facture. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 591. India rubber, crude, and Par. 513. India rubber, crude, and 

milk of, and scrap or refuse India rub- milk of, and scrap or refuse india rubber, 

ber (> fit only for remanufacture, and fit only for remanufacture [Free] . 
which has been worn out by use [Free]. 

Par. 582. Gutta-percha, crude [Free]. Par. 502. Gutta-percha, crude [Free] . 
INDIA RUBBER, JELUTONG OR PONTIANAK, AND GUAYULE. 

(See Survey FL-17.) 

Description and uses. — Milk of india rubber, or latex, is a white 
or cream colored, more or less viscous, liquid obtained by "tapping" 
various tropical trees, creepers, and shrubs. Crude india rubber 
is coagulated from this milk of rubber by exposure to smoke, by 
heating, or by treatment with organic acids. Many trade names de- 
scribing crude india rubber according to botanical source or country 
of origin are employed in commerce. The physical properties giving 
rubber its value are its pale color, high tensile strength, strong 
adhesion and cohesion values, great elasticity, pliability, imperme- 
ability to water and gases, high insulating powers, ability to take up 
powdered minerals and form a homogeneous mass, and its low 
specific gravity. 

Jelutong or pontianak is a low-grade rubber coming chiefly from 
Borneo. It is obtained from the latex of Dyera costulata. When 
the prices of crude rubber were high the rubber content of pontianak 
was extracted and large quantities of it were utilized. 

Guayule is a Mexican rubber which has come into use in recent 
years. It is obtained from the cells of the bark of a shrub peculiar 
to the arid regions of northern Mexico and southern Texas. It is 
practically the only rubber found in the United States. 

Production. — The chief crude-rubber producers are Brazil, Ceylon, 
the Malay Peninsula, Africa, Mexico, Central America, and the Indies. 
Eubber is obtained both from wild forests and from cultivated trees. 
In 1913 one-half and in 1918, 90 per cent of the production came 
from plantations. The world's annual production of crude rubber 
has increased from 54,000 tons in 19b0 to 290,000 tons in 1918. 

Imports of india rubber, crude, and milk of, have increased from 
110,101,091 pounds, valued at $92,956,013, in 1912 to 390,338,533 
pounds, valued at $203,122,748, in 1918 (fiscal year).- Imports of 
india rubber, scrap or refuse, fit only for remanufacture, decreased 
from 44,479,429 pounds, valued at $3,675,824, in 1913 to 10,584,494 
pounds, valued at $827,778, in 1915; the maximum import since 1915 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1383 



was 17,665,403 pounds, valued at $1,187,113 in 1917. Imports of 
the above materials since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





191S 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) 


India rubber: 

Crude and milk of— 


326, 844, 645 
$146, 693, 308 

8, 143, 157 
$553, 462 

420, 117 
$99, 086 


535, 942, 721 
$215,821,132 

9, 916, 506 

$582, 929 

890, 719 
$142, 690 


556,546,136 
$242, 795, 773 

12,060,531 

$821,478 

603,216 

$88, 128 


257, 254, 996 
$50, 896, 241 

1, 947, 994 

$77, 097 

175, 408 
$16, 510 




Scrap or refuse- 


Value 


Reclaimed— 

Quantity (pounds) 


Value 





In recent years the imports of crude india rubber have been 
chiefly from the British Straits Settlements and the Dutch East 
Indies; and those of scrap or refuse india rubber mostly from England, 
Canada, and France. 

Annual imports of jelutong or pontianak from 1910 to 1914 ranged 
between 45,000,000 and 50,000,000 pounds, valued at more than 
$2,000,000. During the period 1914-1918 they decreased to between 
15,000,000 and 30,000,000 pounds. Later statistics for the calendar 
vears 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 - 


1921 
(9 months). 


Jelutong or pontianak: 


10, 210, 364 
$399, 510 


18,662,702 
$2, 213, 964 


12,705,923 
$2, 068, 501. 


1 616 437 


Value 


$171, 823 





Annual imports of guayule during 1909-1913 ranged from 10,000,- 
000 to 20,000,000 pounds, with a value between $3,000,000 and $10,- 
000,000. During 1914-1918 they have ranged from 1,475,804 pounds 
in 1914 to 5,116,165 pounds in 1915. Later statistics for calendar 
years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Guayule: 


314, 986 
$111,305 


3, 204, 224 
$760, 690 


1,698,859 
$345, 985 


130, 170 




$26, 945 







Exports of india rubber, scrap and old, have varied in value from 
$598,287 in 1914 to $235,811 in 1918 (fiscal years). Exports from 
1918-1921, calendar years, follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Scrap and old india rubber: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

India rubber, reclaimed: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



2,931,929 
$287,883 

2,904,234 
$502, 176 



8,292,053 
$808,993 

5,070,632 
$839,938 



10,468,538 
$788,097 

4,909,214 
$828,694 



5,191,080 
$276,588 

774,788 
$100,395 



1334 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



Exports in 1920 of scrap india rubber were chiefly to Japan. 
Canada, and France and of reclaimed india rubber chiefly to Canada, 
Scotland, and England. 

Important changes in classification, — Jelutong or pontianak and 
guayule have been mentioned specifically for the first time. 

GUTTA-PERCHA, BALATA AND SIAK. 

(See Survey FL-,17.) 

Description and uses. — Gutta-percha is the product obtained by 
coagulating the latex of certain species of trees (Palaquium and 
Fay end) native to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. It is a 
grayish white substance possessing great suppleness, but little elas- 
ticity. In many of its properties gutta-percha resembles india rubber 
and is often mixed with it. When vulcanized with sulphur it forms 
a very hard substance. It is used chiefly as an insulator for under- 
ground electrical wiring; in golf balls; temporary fillings for teeth; 
driving belts; rings, valves, and washers for pumps and hydraulic 
presses; boot soles; acid cements; tissue for mending clothing and for 
surgical work; and also for other minor purposes. Gutta balata and 
gutta siak are similar to gutta-percha in properties and use. 

Production. — The latex is removed from the trees by making 
incisions in the bark. It coagulates on exposure to the air, and is 
then removed and purified by washing. It is also extracted by 
mechanical processes from the leaves and twigs, but this product is 
a poorer quality. 

Imports of gutta-percha, crude, increased from 181,294 pounds, 
valued at $95,690 in 1908, to 2,751,839 pounds, valued at $327,039 
in 1916. Imports of gutta balata during 1910-1914 averaged about 
1,500,000 pounds annually, valued approximately at $800,000. 
Prom 1915 to 1918 they have exceeded 2,500,000 pounds annually. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Gutta-percha, crude: 
Quantity (pounds) 
Value 

Balata, crude: 

Quantity (pounds) 
Value 



983,256 
$213,589 

1,552,038 

$838,545 



6,495,818 
$1,068,698 

1,628,134 
$937,038 



7,129,127 
$1,520,309 

2,384,114 
$1,260,043 



1,592,024 
$251,313 

1,165,504 
$708,233 



Imports since 1918 of gutta-percha have been chiefly from the 
Britisn Straits Settlements, the Dutch East Indies, and England; 
and those of balata almost wholly from Mexico. 

Important changes in classification. — Gutta balata and gutta siak 
have been mentioned specifically for the first time. 



1335 

PARAGRAPH 1588. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1588. Iodine, crude. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OP 1913. 

Par. 593. Iodine, crude [Free]. Par. 515. Iodine, crude, * * * [Free]. 

[For discussion of iodine, see par. 42, p. 127.] 



PARAGRAPH 1589. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1589. Iridium, osmium, palla- 
dium, rhodium, and ruthenium and na- 
tive combinations thereof with one an- 
other or with platinum. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 595. Iridium, osmium, palladium, 
rhodium, and ruthenium and native com- 
binations thereof with one another or with 
platinum [Free]. 



Par. 517. Iridium, osmium, palladium, 
rhodium, and ruthenium and native com- 
binations thereof with one another or 
with platinum [Free]. 



THE PLATINUM METALS. 



(See Survey FL-20.) 



IRIDIUM. 



Description and uses. — Iridium is found in platinum ores; as 
3smiridium, a native alloy of iridium and osmium, in varying pro- 
portions; and in the form of native alloys with the other platinum 
metals. It is a white, steel-like metal, brittle when cold, and some- 
what malleable at white heat. The principal sources of these ores 
are the Ural Mountains, Australia, Colombia, and Borneo. Platinum 
iridium alloys, which are harder and more resistant to acids than 
platinum, are used in the manufacture of standard weights, knife 
edges of balances, and in other articles to preserve them from 
atmospheric corrosion. Osmiridium is used in the manufacture of 
the iridium tips for gold pen points. 

Production increased from 193 ounces in 1914 to 10,042 ounces in 
1917, and decreased to 3,875 ounces in 1918 and to 418 ounces in 1920. 

Imports of iridium were 3,619 troy ounces in 1 9 1 7 . For the calendar 
years 1918 to 1921 they were as follows: 



1918 



Quantity 
Value — 



(troy ounces). 



1,106 
$126, 282 



1919 



1920 



5,808 
$975, 174 



4,718 
$726, 502 



1921 
(9 months). 



1,181 
$264, 513 



Exports. — None recorded. 



1336 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



OSMIUM. 

Description and uses. — Osmium, one of the metals of the platinum 
group, is found native, alloyed with platinum and iridium. It is 
the heaviest known substance, having a specific gravity of 22.48. 
Formerly it was used in filaments of electric lamps, but has now been 
replaced by tungsten. It is used slightly in medicine and silk dyeing.. 

Production. — No statistics. 

Imports in 1917 were 400 troy ounces of osmium and 259 troy ounces 
of osmiridium. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Osmium. 


Osmiridium. 


Quantity. | Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918 


Ounces 
(tioy). 




Ounces 

1,374 
4,473 
1,789 


$46,321 


1919 


2,339 | $132,097 
593 j 39,517 
129 


112, 403; 


1920 


450, 241 


1921 (9 months) 


222, 124 











Exports. — None recorded. 



PALLADIUM 



Description and uses. — Palladium is the lightest metal of the 
platinum group. While found native alloyed with small amounts of 
platinum and iridium and 5 to 10 per cent of gold and silver, the 
chief supply comes from the nickel-copper ores of Ontario and the- 
electrolytic refining of copper. Alloyed with gold and silver, pal- 
ladium has found considerable use as a substitute for platinum in the 
manufacture of laboratory ware, in jewelry, and for dental and various 
industrial purposes. It is also added to platinum to make a lighter 
alloy capable of receiving a brilliant polish. Palladium is used for 
coating various surfaces, e. g., reflectors of searchlights and divided 
scales on various scientific instruments. 

Production was 4,024 ounces in 1918 and 4,309 ounces in 1920. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1918 were 1,317 ounces. For calendar 
years 1918 to 1921, inclusive, they were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


| 

1920 |(9 months). 

j 




240 

$36, 853 


3,739 
$250, 777 


6,944 
$612,^48 


7, 787: 




$446, 847; 







Exports. — None recorded. 



RHODIUM. 



Description and uses. — Rhodium occurs with the other metals of 
the platinum group and as an alloy with gold as rhodium gold or 
rhodite, a mineral found in Mexico. It is a white, hard, malleable 
metal. With platinum it forms an alloy used in making thermo- 
couples, crucibles, dishes, and as a catalyst. 

Production was 48.5 troy ounces in 1917. 



1337 

Imports were 32 troy ounces in the fiscal year 1914 and 49 ounces 
in 1918. For the calendar years 1918-1921 thev were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 






222 
S30, 474 


2,053 
S217, 385 


609 






$53, 359 









Exports. — None recorded. 



RUTHENIUM. 



Description and uses. — Ruthenium, a hard, brittle, infusible metal,, 
is associated with metals of the platinum group. It is very rare and 
has not been used commercially to any great extent although em- 
ployed occasionally in dyeing solutions for silks. 

Imports in 1915 were 90 troy ounces. For the calendar years 
1918-1921 they were as follows: 





I 

1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




29 
$2,640 


152 




| 




$4,268 




1 





Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1590. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1590. Iron ore, including man- 
ganiforous iron ore, and the dross or 
residuum from burnt pyrites. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 117. Iron ore, including man- 
ganiferous iron ore, and the dross or 
residuum from burnt pyrites, fifteen 
cents per ton: Provided, That in levying 
and collecting the duty on iron ore no 
deduction shall be made from the weight 
of the ore on account of moisture which 
may be chemically or physically com- 
bined therewith. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 518. Iron ore. including rnan- 
ganiferous iron ore, and the dross or 
residuum from burnt pyrites; * * * 
[Free]. 



IRON ORE. 



(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description. — Commercial iron ore contains from 25 to 70 per cent 
of iron. The American iron ore as mined averages over 50 per cent. 
Manganiferous iron ores are either those which contain iron greatly 
in excess of manganese and which are smelted directly to a manganese 
cast iron containing 1 to 4 per cent manganese, or those in which 
manganese equals or is in excess of the iron and which, with other 
iron ores, are smelted to a similar product or low-grade ferroman- 



1338 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921 



ganese. The waste cinder of pyrite burners is also a source of iron. 
After the iron pyrites have been used by sulphuric-acid manufac- 
turers the calcined residue is collected, the copper removed, and the 
material sintered for reclamation of the iron. 

Production of iron ore in 1913 amounted to 61,980,437 long tons, 
or approximately 40 per cent of the estimated world total. In 1917 
it was 75,288,851 long tons, and in 1920, 67,604,465 long tons. Min- 
nesota, Michigan, Alabama, New Fork, and Wisconsin are the prin- 
cipal producers, Minnesota yielding over half the output. 

Next to the United States the leading sources of iron ore in 1913 
were Germany (26,771,598 gross tons), France (21,572,835), and the 
United Kingdom (15,997,328), production materially declining during 
the war. With the transfer of Lorraine to France after the close of 
the World War that country now ranks next to the United States 
as the world's greatest producer of iron ore. 

The greatest iron-ore fields of the world are (1) the Lake Superior 
district; (2) the Lorraine ore field of northeastern France, Luxem- 
burg, and southern Belgium; (3) the magnetite deposits of northern 
Sweden; (4) the ore fields of Oriente, Cuba; (5) the ores of Bell 
Island, Newfoundland; and (6) the ore region of southern Brazil. 
In each of these fields the potential yield of iron is estimated to 
exceed 1,000,000,000 gross tons. The Lorraine field is advan- 
tageously situated with reference to coal and limestone and is near 
some of the most important markets of the world. The iron content 
of Lorraine ore, however, is only about 30 to 35 per cent, while that 
of Lake Superior ore averages over 50 per cent. Brazilian and 
Swedish iron ores have a high iron content, averaging from 55 to 
65 per cent, but are mined in countries with a very limited supply of 
coal. The Brazilian field contains the most extensive known deposit 
of ''low phosphorus" ore, used largely in the manufacture of ordnance 
material. 

Imports in the fiscal year 1913 amounted to 2,246,861 gross tons, 
valued at $7,035,185. In the fiscal year 1918 imports aggregated 
871,854 gross tons valued at $3,144,072. For the calendar years 1918 
to 1921 they were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




789, 375 
§3,488,921 


476,461 
$2,385,689 


1,273,456 
$4,963,654 


295,710 




$999,720 







Over half of the imported iron ore comes from Cuba and the 
remainder largely from Spain and Sweden. A large proportion of 
the imported ore enters the L T nited States through the customs dis- 
trict of Maryland. 

Exports of iron ore in the fiscal year 1913 amounted to 1,221,387 
gross tons, valued at $3,684,443. In the fiscal year 1918 these exports 
amounted to 1,185,769 gross tons valued at $4,877,380. Exports 
for the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 






1,256,383 
$5,535,090 


996,569 
$4,308,746 


1,145,037 
$6,198,927 


230,228 


Value . . 




$1, 194, 806 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1339 



The bulk of the exported ore goes to Canada. In 1920 some ex- 
ported ore moved to Mexico and Sweden. 

Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456 iron ore, includ- 
ing manganiferous iron ore and the dross or residuum from burnt 
pyrites, has been retained on the free list as in the act of 1913, but 
separated from "iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen," etc., 
which have been placed on the dutiable list. 



PARAGRAPH 1591 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1591. Ivory tusks in their natural 
state or cut vertically across the grain 
only, with the bark left intact. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Far. 59fi. Ivory tusks in their natural Par. 369. Ivory tusks in their natural 

state or cut vertically across the grain state, or cut vertically across the srain 

only, with the bark left intact. * * * only, with the bark left intact, 20 per 

[Free]. centum ad valorem ; * * *. 

IVORY TUSKS. 

(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and uses. — Ivory tusks are mainly those of the African 
elephant, these constituting the best part of commercial ivory. 
Other sources are the tusks of fossil elephants found in Russia, 
Siberia, and Alaska, and the teeth of the whale, walrus, and hippo- 
potamus. The latter are inferior to elephant tusks, which are con- 
sidered true ivory. 

Imports in 1914 amounted to $480,516, valued at $1,315,325. 
They were chiefly from Belgium and England, the chief markets for 
African ivory. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duties. 


Unit value. 


Ad valorem 
rate. 


1 
1918 


Pounds. 

376, 908 

347, 531 

615, 845 

85, 700 


$758, 196 

862, 010 

2, 184, 164 

273, 065 


$151, 639 


$2. 01 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


172, 402 2. 48 
436,833 3.55 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 






1 





In the later years large quantities were shipped direct from the 
Belgian Congo and Egypt, although England and Belgium remained 
the chief markets. 

Important changes in classification. — Transferred from the Sundries 
schedule (par. 369) of the act of 1913. 



1340 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1592. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pat?. 1592. Jet, unmanufactured. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 598. Jet, unmanufactured [Free]. Par. 520. Jet, unmanufactured [FreoJ. 

JET, UNMANUFACTURED. 

(See Survey N-l.) 

Description and uses, — Jet is a compact, soft, light coal of a lustrous 
black color, hard and solid enough to be turned in a lathe and made 
into various ornamental articles. It occurs here in many localities, 
but is not systematically worked. It is found in Austria-Hungary, 
France, Germany, Spain, and England. It has been displaced by 
black-colored chalcedony and anthracite. Owing to the high 
polish taken, it finds use as material for dress trimming, mourning 
jewelry, toys, buttons, and personal ornaments. 

Imports of jet are small and irregular, having been recorded from 
1907 to 1918 in three years only. In 1907 they were valued at $27 
and later statistics for calendar years are as follows: 1918, $316; 
1919, $1,199; 1920, $371; 1921 (nine months) , $992. 



PARAGRAPH 1593. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1593. Joss stick or jess light. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 599. Joss stick or Joss light [Free]. Par. 521. Joss stick or joss light [Free]. 
JOSS STICK AND LIGHT. 

(See Survey IS -8.) 

Description and uses, — Joss sticks are*reeds covered with paste 
made from the dust of odoriferous woods, or cylinders made wholly 
of the paste. They are used by the Chinese to burn before their 
idols, as slow matches in measuring time at night, and for lighting 
pipes, and are widely used by other peoples as deodorizers. 

Imports of joss sticks in 1914 were valued at $6,888, nearly half 
from Japan and the rest from China and India. Later statistics for 
calendar years follow: 1918, $29,510; 1919, $32,328; 1920, $41,089; 
1921 (nine months), $17,015. 

Suggested changes. — See paragraph 1656, page 1438. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 1341 

PARAGRAPH 1594. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1594. Junk, old. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 600. Junk, old [Free]. Par. 522. Junk, old [Free]. 

OLD JUNK. 

Description. — "Junk" in the ordinary meaning consists of worn- 
out and discarded material (in general) that may be turned to some 
use. It consists principally of old rope, chain, iron, copper, parts of 
machinery, and bottles gathered or bought up by tradesmen .known 
as "junk dealers." 

Production. — No statistics. 

Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 mouths). 






2, 834, 501 
$46, 175 


637, 967 
$21, 742 


606, 203 


Value 


$48,059 


$11,328 





Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1595. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1595. Kelp. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 601. Kelp [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 523. Kelp [Free]. 



KELP. 



(See Survey A-16.) 

Description and uses. — The name kelp, originally applied to the 
ash obtained by burning seaweed, has now been extended to the sea- 
weeds themselves, particularly to those yielding potash, iodine, and 
other valuable products. Kelp is used principally for the production 
of potash salts and iodine, although acetic acid and acetone may be 
thus obtained. Dried and ground kelp is sometimes used as fertilizer. 

Production. — Little kelp was used here until 1914, when the short- 
age of potash salts caused large quantities along the Pacific coast 
to be utilized. There were 10 plants manufacturing potash and 
other products from kelp during 1917 and 1918, and their output was 
about 4,300 tons per year. Most of these plants have now shut down, 
owing to the lower price of potash. 

Imports of kelp have been small and irregular and probably refer 
to the ash. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



1342 . SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1596. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1596. Kieserite. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 602. Kieserite [Free]. Par. 524. Kieserite [Free]. 

KIESERITE. 

(See Survey FL-22.) 

Description and uses.— Kieserite is a natural mineral composed of 
magnesium sulphate combined with one molecule of water of 
crystallization. It is slowly soluble in water, which property serves 
as a means of separating it from the other salts naturally occurring 
with it. Kieserite is found chiefly at Stassfurt in Germany and 
Hallstatt and Kalusz in Galicia. It is used mainly as a raw material 
in the production of Epsom salts (par. 47), from which it differs 
only in the amount of water contained. 

Production.— At Stassfurt, kieserite is found along with other 
salts. The latter are readily soluble in water and therefore on 
washing are removed. Kieserite is packed in molds and by puri- 
fication is converted into Epsom salts. 

Imports of kieserite for 1910-1914 averaged annually 6,455 tons, 
valued at $21,043, entirely from Germany. No imports are recorded 
since 1918. 



PARAGRAPH 1597. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1597. Lac, crude, seed, button, 
stick, or shell. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 605. Lac * * * crude, seed, Par. 526. Lac * * * crude, seed, 
button, stick, and shell [Free]. button, stick, and shell [Free]. 

LAC, CRUDE, SEED, BUTTON, ETC., AND SHELLAC. 

(See Survey FL-17.) 

Description and uses. — Crude lac is probably another term applied 
to stick lac, the crudest form of lac resin. The lac-encrusted twigs 
are dried and cut into sticks, in which form the lac is sometimes 
supplied to the consumer. 

Seed lac or grain lac consists of stick lac which has been ground 
and crushed, and which has had the wood twigs removed. It may 
be in two grades, (1) seed lac containing the lac dye, and (2) washed 
or bleached seed lac from which the lac dye has been taken by- 
bleaching or by extraction with water. Seed lac is used as a raw 
material in the manufacture of the best grades of shellac. 

Button lac is a form of shellac made by allowing melted 'and 
strained lac to drop onto a flat surface, forming large rounded cakes.. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1343 



Shell lac, or shellac, is seed lac which has been cooked, cooled, and 
rolled into thin sheets. Commercial grades may contain orpiment or 
rosin, which is added to impart certain properties to the shellac. 
Rosin present in quantities exceeding 3 per cent is usually considered 
an adulterant. Shellac is used as a binder in the manufacture of 
such composition goods as buttons, dominoes, poker chips, and 
phonograph records; as an insulator in electrical work; in sealing 
wax and shoe dressing; and, when dissolved in alcohol, as a quick- 
drying varnish (spirit varnish), and in paints for ship bottoms. 
We produce about one-half the shellac varnish of the world and are 
the chief consumer. 

Production is restricted to the preparation of bleached lac from 
the imported products. The domestic output of bleached lac in 
1914 was 8,654,514 pounds, valued at $1,806,802, and in 1919 
(preliminary figures), 8,799,190 pounds, valued at $5,955,700. 

Imports of crude lac, seed, button, and stick, before 1913 averaged 
less than 500,000 pounds. These greatly increased during the war — 
in 1915, 1,126,167 pounds, valued at '$88,293; in 1916, 3,485,975 
pounds, valued at $291,176; in 1917, 5,473,174 pounds, valued at 
$637,846. Imports of shellac for 1908-1918 averaged about 21,000,- 
000 pounds, valued at about $4,000,000. 

Imports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Lac, crude, seed, button and stick: 


571, 972 
$153,336 

18,657,717 
$9,029,139 


1,813,537 

$382, 713 

24,426,403 
$11,869,246 


2,636,096 
$993, 268 

28, 587, 107 
$23, 088, 576 


250, 551 




$76, 553 


Shellac: 


19,490,483 




$9, 717, 756 







Imports are chiefly from British India, England, and Japan. 
Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Lac dye has been omitted 
since it is no longer an article of commerce. 



H. R. 7456. 
Par. 1593. Lactarene or casein. 
ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 607. Lactarene, or casein [Free] 



PARAGRAPH 1598. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 527. Lactarene or casein [Free]. 



CASE[N OR LACTARENE. 

(See Survey FL-15.) 

Description and uses. — Casein is a white, ashless, nitrogenous sub 
stance found in the milk of mammals as a collodial suspension or 
emulsion in combination with calcium. It is soluble in concentrated 
acid and alkalies. About 3 per cent of the solid matter of cow's milk 



1344 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

is casein and represents about 80 per cent of the entire milk protein. 
Casein has a great many commercial applications y including the manu- 
facture of waterproof and coated paper, paints and artists' colors, 
plastics, electric insulators, foods, medicines, paint remover, shoe 
polish, photographic plates, mucilage and cement, and dressing and 
color-fixing mediums in textiles. 

Production. — It is prepared commercially from skimmed milk by 
precipitating the protein with a dilute mineral acid and filtering, 
washing, and drying to a powder. The powder is packed in air-tight 
containers, with formaldehyde added to prevent decomposition. Milk 
sugar is obtained as a by-product. Casein is also made by precipita- 
tion with ferments, such as rennet. In 1914 about 18,600,000 pounds 
were produced in the United States and were valued at approxi- 
mately $1,000,000. Since then domestic production has decreased 
somewhat, owing to a smaller available supply of skimmed milk, to- 
gether with higher wages, increased freight rates, and other causes. 
In 1919 (preliminary figures) 16,615,076 pounds were produced, 
valued at $2,188,787. 

Imports of casein for 1910-1918 averaged about 10,000,000 pounds, 
valued at about $1,000,000. Before the war it came chiefly from 
France, but during the war Argentina furnished the bulk. Imports 
since 1917 by calendar years, chiefly from Argentina, England, and 
Brazil, have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months;. 


Quantity (pounds) 


7,083,976 
$964, 766 


17,076,936 
$2, 009, 791 


21,238,822 j 
$2,431,666 


7, 978, 393 


Value 


$742, 225 




Exports. — Statistics not available. 









PARAGRAPH 1599. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1599. Lava, unmanufactured. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 608. Lava, unmanufactured Par. 529. Lava, unmanufactured 
[Free]. [Free]. 

LAVA, UNMANUFACTURED. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and uses. — Lava, rock of volcanic origin, varying 
greatly in composition and texture, has some specific uses, e. g., for 
making millstones and for filtering acids. Basaltic luva of vesicular 
texture is used for beater rolls and bedplates, which compete with 
steel or bronze rolls in the preparation of paper pulp. The largest 
use of such rocks is for crushed stone. 

Production. — A small amount, used for beater rolls, is produced in 
the extreme Northwestern States. (See par. 235, p. 350.) 

Imports of lava average about 50 tons a year, and are used for 
beater rolls. (See par. 235, p. 350.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1345 



PARAGRAPH 1600. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1600. Leather: All leather not 
specially provided for; harness, saddles, 
and saddlery, in sets or parts, except 
metal parts,' finished or unfinished; 
leather cut into shoe uppers, vamps, soles, 
or other forms suitable for conversion 
into manufactured articles; and leather 
shoe laces, finished or unfinished. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 450. * * * Provided, That on 
and after October first, nineteen hundred 
and nine, grain, buff, and split leather 
9hall pay a duty of seven and one-half per 
centum ad valorem; * * * that har- 
ness, saddles and saddlery, in sets or in 
parts, finished or unfinished, composed 
wholly or in chief value of leather, shall 
pay a duty of twenty per centum ad 
valorem. 

Par. 451. Band, bend, or belting- 
leather, rough leather, and sole leather, 
five per centum ad valorem; dressed 
upper and all other leather, calfskins 
tanned or tanned and dressed, kangaroo, 
sheep and goat skins (including lamb and 
kid skins) dressed and finished, other 
skins and bookbinders' calfskins, all the 
foregoing not specially provided for in 
this section, fifteen per centum ad 
valorem; * * * skins for morocco, 
tanned but unfinished, five per centum 
ad valorem; patent, japanned, varnished, 
or enameled leather weighing not over 
ten pounds per dozen hides or skins, 
twenty-seven cents per pound and fifteen 
per centum ad valorem; if weighing over 
ten pounds and not over twenty-five 
pounds per dozen, twenty-seven cents 
per pound and eight per centum ad 
valorem; if weighing over twenty-five 
pounds per dozen, twenty cents per 
pound and ten per centum ad valorem; 
* * * leather shoe laces, finished or 
unfinished, fifty cents per gross pairs and 
ten per centum ad valorem; * * * 
Provided, That leather cut into shoe 
uppers or vamps or other forms, suitable 
for conversion into manufactured articles, 
and gauffre leather, shall pay a duty of 
ten per centum ad valorem in addition to 
the duty imposed by this paragraph on 
leather of the same character as that from 
which they are cut. 

Par. 461. Harness, saddles, saddlery, 
in sets or in parts, finished or unfinished, 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 530. All leather not specially pro- 
vided for in this section * * * leather 
cut into shoe uppers or vamps or other 
forms suitable for conversion into boots or 
shoes; * * * leather shoe laces, fin- 
ished or unfinished; harness, saddles, and 
saddlery, in sets or in parts, finished or 
unfinished [Free]. 



82304—22- 



■85 



1346 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921: 



BELTING AND SOLE LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-15.) 

Description and uses. — Belting and sole leather are produced 
from cattle hides by processes identical up to the finishing process. 
Both are frequently made in the same tanneries. Vegetable tanning 
is the older and slower process, but the qualities which it imparts 
make the leather superior, with some minor exceptions, for the pur- 
poses under consideration, to mineral-tanned leather. Mineral 
tanning is usually done in " drums;" vegetable tanning in both vats 
and "drums. " Drum tanning is a quicker process than vat tanning. 
Chrome salts are usually employed in mineral tanning and some- 
times, as in the case of sole leather for army shoes, the leather is 
tanned by the quick mineral or "chrome" process and then given 
a comparatively brief vegetable tanning called "vegetable retan. " 

Production of sole leather in 1914 was valued at $116,188,059; 
belting leather, at $8,369,584. In 1919, the former was valued at 
$227,809,736 and the latter at $37,275,668. The sole-leather industry 
has grown rapidly from a value of approximately $55,000,000 in 
1899, the belting-leather industry from a value then approximating 
$7,000,000. Pennsylvania was the most important producer of 
sole leather, with a value of $50,485,259 in 1914, nearly one-half 
the total output. Michigan was second, with $12,641,509; West 
Virginia, $9,035,266; Wisconsin, $7,646,946; Virginia, $7,535,199; 
and New York, $7,184,838. Pennsylvania in 1919 still ranked first 
with an output of $101,041,783, followed by West Virginia with 
$20,429,088, and New York with $19,662,132. The larger part of 
the product — $117,522,076 — was of oak tannage. Proximity to the 
supplies of oak and hemlock bark formerly determined the location 
of the belting and sole leather tanning establishments. The use of 
quebracho and bark extracts and other imported and domestic vege- 
table tanning materials now renders location of less importance. 

Imports. — Out of an import value, in 1912, of more than $1,000,-000 
for belting and sole-leather, $821,640 came from England; in 1913, 
England sent us $1,239,447 worth out of $1,652,460, and Canada over 
$100,000. In 1916 out of more than $3,000,000 worth, Canada sent 
$2,782,226 worth, and England only $131,113. In 1917 imports were 
valued at $2,443,785, Canada supplying $1,600,279 worth, and 
England $74,329. In 1920 England sent to this country sole leather 
valued at $979,117, and Canada an amount valued at $604,529. 
Detailed statistics for later years are shown as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


SOLE LEATHER. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$1, 784, 579 

1, 286, 133 

2, 301, 783 
774, 724 




1919 


1, 954, 356 
3, 470, 559 
2, 106, 977 


$0.66 


1920 


.66 














BELTING LEATHER. 








1918 






$39, 873 
236, 253 
326, 023 
156, 337 




1919 


177, 135 
242, 777 
204, 999 


$1.33 


1920 


1.34 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1347 



Exports of belting leather were valued at $1,105,168 in 1913, and 
at $3,122,841 in 1917. The exports of sole leather, $8,804,955 in 
1913, increased by 1917 to $39,026,278. In 1920 the principal 
markets for sole leather were England and Japan. France, Cuba, 
England, and Canada were the largest importers of our belting 
leather in 1918. In 1920 the largest quantities were sent to Canada 
and Argentina. Detailed statistics for later calendar years are as 
follows : 



1918 



Belling leather: 

Quantit y (pounds) 

Value 

.Sole leather: 

Quantity (pounds) ! 26,748,035 

Value . .". $14, 164, 982 



$2,097,877 



1919 



$7,241,260 



122,660,993 
$54,871,039 



1921 (9 months). 



192,682 

$228, 577 



24, 429, 639 
$11,983,902 



64, 124 
$41,035 



8,651,236 
$3, 329, 029 



UPPER LEATHER. 



(See Survey N-16.) 



Description and uses. — The principal varieties of upper leather 
are " call and kip" (kipskins are the hides of small cattle), "goat and 
kid," "sheep and lamb/' "side upper" (cowhide), and miscellaneous 
kinds (including horsehide, buckskin, kangaroo, and cabretta). Cow- 
hide leather is divided into "sides" and "splits." A "side" is one- 
half of a hide, full thickness. "Splits" are made by splitting the hide 
into two thicknesses, the outside layer being the "grain" and the 
inside layer the "flesh split." Calfskin is one of the best materials 
for men's and boys' wear, as it is stronger and firmer than kid, the 
latter being used extensively for women's and children's shoes. 
Sheepskin is used for the linings of shoes and for "the uppers of cheap 
grades of shoes and slippers. Cordovan leather is horsehide. 

Production statistics of upper leather for 1914 and 1919 follow: 





1914 


1919 


♦ 


Number Value. 


Number, j Value. 


Skins: 

Calf and kip 


15, 869, 401 
29, 874, 538 
16, 794, 641 
3, 730, 260 

406,741 
8, 245, 964 


$41, 812, 734 

26,113,234 

10, 885, 175 

4, 198, 017 

1, 360, 103 

32, 939, 139 

2, 042, 390 


11,697,427 ' $92,600,678 
51,508,678 i 143,509,682 
8; 878, 352 ' 15,313,551 
6,973,855 1 14,456,577 

1,720,507 ' 10,561,999 

16,693,073 j 120,897,283 

2 073 163 




Sheep and lamb 


Cabretta, kangaroo, and wallaby 


Sides: 

Horse leather (other than patent) 


Cattle side upper (other than patent) 

All other 









Total: 

Skin s 


66, 268, 840 
8, 652, 705 




79.058.319 1 


Sides 


J-S119, 350, 792 






• 



About one-half of the cowhides and calfskins used in upper leather 
three-fourths of the sheepskins, and practically all of the goatskins 
are imported. During the war, imports of hides and skins greatly 
increased in quantity and value, and the change in trade currents 
was very marked. Chrome tannage, an American invention which 



1348 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF IXFORMATIOX, 1921. 



became commercially effective between -1895 and 1900, revolutionized 
the leather industry. ''Vegetable tannage", in vats, required from 
four to six months, and involved much hand labor. Chrome tanned 
skins are prepared in less time and quantity production is the rule. 
Chrome salts are "worked" into the hides while they are being 
tumbled about in huge drums. Chrome-tanned leather does not 
resist water (under some conditions) as well as the vegetable tanned 
article, and therefore the " vegetable re tan" is sometimes given. 
Foreign countries also employ the chrome process, but not as exten- 
sively as the United States. 

Imports of upper leather in 1911 were valued at $284,247; in 1912 
$201,741; and in 1913, $182,562, of which Germany sent us $93,189, 
France $45,080, and England $33,291. In 1914 imports amounted to 
$2,621,585, nearly 50 per cent coming from England, about 20 per 
cent from France, and somewhat less from Germany; Canada supplied 
an amount valued at $200,000. Imports from 1915 to 1917 are shown 
as follows : 



Call and kip upper leather 

Goat and kid upper leather 

Sheep and lamb upper leather . 
"All other" upper leather 



Total. 



1915 



$3, 039, 770 



1916 



$1,031,699 
908, 989 
664,394 
331, 786 



$2,936,868 



1917 



$1, 140, 729 

946, 262 

1,153,523 

257, 335 



$3,497,849 



Most of the goat and kid upper leather came from France until 
1918, when more than 50 per cent came from British West Africa. 
In 1919 France again sent the largest portion of these imports, a 
value of $136,625 out of a total of $227,514. In 1920 England sent 
nearly half of the imports of goat and kid upper leather. 

France and England have been the leading sources of sheep and 
lamb upper leather, although in 1918 the largest imports came from 
Italy. British India led in 1919, but in 1920 England sent over half 
of the $845,785 worth imported, while British India ranked second 
with $62,016, and France third with $57,901. 

About 90 per cent of the calf and kip upper came from Canada in 
1918. In 1920 the amount from that source was slightly over 40 
per cent of the total value, and England sent over 25 per cent. 
Imports of the various classes are shown as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 




CALF AND KIP. 








1918 . . 




Pounds. 


$888,776 
1, 149, 293 
1,431,566 
1,031,339 




1919 


406,372 
572,908 
469, 808 




$2.83 


1920 . . 


2.50 


1921 (9 mouths I 








GOAT AND KID. 


1 
1918 i 


$267, 027 
227,514 






1919 




53, 157 
80, 403 
37, 155 




$4.28 


1920 




250,870 


3.12 


1921 (9 months) . • 




161,667 
















1349 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. i T T nit value. 



HORSE AND COLT. 



1918 


S368 
10,939 
41,136 




1919 


15,497 


$0.71 


1920 


< 39, 857 


1.03 









SHEEP AND LAMB. 



1918 




$180,540 |... 




1919 


152, 060 

673, 786 

70, 840 


264,772 
845,785 j 

] 33. 319 !... 


$1.74 


1920 


1.25 


1921 (9 months) 






1 



UPPER LEATHER, N. s. P. F. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



307, 099 
473, 047 
301, 799 



$283, 241 
638,343 
764, 152 
447. 278 



$1.88 
1.61 



Exports of upper leather are mainly of goat and kid leather, the 
leading variety being glazed kid. Glazed kid is not strictly what the 
name would indicate, but is, rather, u glossy" kid. Chrome tanning 
was first applied to kid, then calf, and finally to side and sole leather. 
About 75 per cent of the world's output of this upper leather is made 
in the United States. Exports of goat and kid upper leather were 
small in 1895; by 1900 they had grown to $1,909,914 and by 1913 to 
$19,573,000, making up the greater part of the exports of upper 
leather. Exports of goat and kid upper were 106,000,000 square feet 
in 1913 and 88,000,000 square feet in 1917. European countries took 
large quantities of upper leather for army shoes during the war, and 
we also gained many neutral markets. England, France, and Ger- 
many had been the distributors of our upper leather, but during the 
war direct buying became the rule. In 1913 England received about 
$7,000,000 worth of our goat and kid upper leather; Germany, about 
$3,000,000; the Netherlands, $1,745,000; Argentina, $1,413,000, and 
Russia, France, Denmark, and Australia each over $500,000. Total 
exports were about $19,000,000. In 1917, of more than $30,000,000 
of exports, England took over one-third and Denmark $3,613,€00, 
other markets being Russia, France, Canada, and South America. 
In 1920 England, the chief customer, took a value of $15,570,299, 
Denmark $4,818,120, and France $2,239,028. Our chief markets for 
calf upper leather hi 1913 were England, France, Germany, Canada, 
Brazil, Argentina; hi 1917 exports increased to $8,229,038" (quantity 
in 1913, 9,765,000 square feet; in 1917, 19,390,000 square feet). A 
similar expansion took place in other varieties of upper leather. 
England, trance, Portugal, and Brazil took the largest quantities of 
calf upper in 1920. 



1350 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports of upper leather for calendar years are shown as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921(9 months). 


Calf and kip: 


15, 538, 326 
$7,919,776 

24,335,031 
$9,728,323 

7,028,084 
$1,868,435 
$8,076,984 


49,417,005 
$31,819,238 

104,377,890 
$57,920,607 

50,481,517 
$11,531,143 
$24,229,206 


16,023,910 
$12,244,734 

54,911,165 


6,958,699 
$2, 775, 708 

ifi afio cian 


Value 


Goat and kid: 


Value 


$35,240,181 $5^502,017 

121,566,654 14,993,078 
i $8,935,744 i $1,341,882 
$12, 166, 975 11 595 72 


Cattle sides: 




Upper leather, n. s. p. f ., (value) 









1 Total of "grain and finished splits" and " wax and rough splits." 



HARNESS LEATHER. 



(See Survey N-15.) 

Description and uses. — Harness leather is made of cow hides and is 

principally of the " bark- tanned " variety. Only 5,320 out of 2,777,312 

1 sides" of harness leather tanned here in 1914 were of the chrome 

variety. It is treated by the bark process because of the better 

resistance to water of leather so tanned. 

Production. — The equipment of a tannery for making harness 
leather is not highly specialized and the manufacture is frequently 
combined with tanning of other heavy leather. The industry has 
not grown as fast as many other branches in recent years, probably 
because of the automobile. The output in 1899 was valued at 
$16,712,056 and in 1909 at $24,802,734; but it decreased to $20,969,169 
in 1914. In 1919 the output of harness leather was valued at $24,- 
085,406, the number of sides tanned being 1,710,769, of which 915,714 
were of oak tannage, 423,389 of hemlock, and 371,666 of union. 
Saddlery leather to the amount of 102,594 sides, valued at $986,012, 
was also produced. Wisconsin, California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New 
York, Indiana, Maryland, and Michigan ranked in order as to value 
of output in 1909. In 1914 Wisconsin led and Ohio, Michigan, Cali- 
fornia, New York, Pennsylvania, and Indiana followed in order of 
importance. The tanning of harness leather is less localized than 
that of some other kinds, and the manufacture of harness and 
saddlery is widely distributed. 

Imports of harness and saddle leather were practically negligible for 
1913-1915. In 1916 they were valued at about $200,000; in 1917 
$1,205,493, largely from Canada. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 


$4,931,638 
849, 739 
405, 377 
279, 944 




1919 


1, 308, 919 
511,263 
632, 373 


$0.65 


1920 


.79 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — None recorded. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1351 



PATENT LEATHER. 



(See Survey N-16.) 



Description and uses. — Patent leather is a leather treated with a 
preparation of lampblack, linseed oil, and other ingredients. Several 
coats are spread on and polished down with pumice stone. The 
leather is further blackened with a fluid black mixed with turpentine. 
It is then dried, varnished, baked, and hardened by exposure to the 
sun. Patent leather was formerly all " vegetable tanned" and 
finished on the flesh side. France and Germany were the leaders 
in manufacture. Chrome tanning was introduced about 1895. All 
chrome patent leather is varnished on the " grain" or hair side, which 
formerly distinguished American patent leather from that of foreign 
countries. The latter have now adopted the American method to a 
considerable extent. 

Production has increased rapidly; the output of all patent leather 
was valued at $15,590,812 in 1914, and at $26,355,238 in 1919. Of 
the latter amount, cattle sides made up $21,379,305. 

Imports in 1913 of patent, japanned, varnished, or enameled leather 
were valued at $200,832. In 1914 they increased to. $735,468, and 
in 1915 to $1,388,242. In 1916, after trade with Germany ceased, 
imports fell to $69,485; they were $115,022 in 1917. In 1920 Canada 
exported to us $185,075 worth of patent, japanned, varnished, and 
enameled leather and Switzerland an amount valued at $123,385. 
Detailed imports since 1917 are shown in the following table: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 




SIDE, UPPER. 








1918 


Pounds. 


$173, 685 
316, 510 
186, 118 
64,611 




1919 


96,551 
39, 948 
21, 987 


$3.28 


1920 


4.66 


1921 (9 months) 








ALL OTHER. 


1918 




$23,375 
34,272 

229,946 
31, 892 




1919 


13,507 

66, 785 
13,546 


$2.54 


1920 


3.44 


1921 (9 months) 














Exports of patent and enameled leather have increased greatly, in 
1900 being valued at $101,708; in 1910, at $367,601; in 1914, at 
$1,675,667; in 1917, at $7,150,097. In 1920 the largest quantities 
were taken by France, England, Italy, and Australia, in the order 
named. 

Exports of patent leather since 1917 by calendar years have been 
as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (square feet) 




• 


21,693,810 
$17,643,464 


12, 379, 363 
$4,489,729 


Value 


$4,205,603 


$18, 480, 619 





1352 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



CASE, BAG, AND STRAP LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-16.) 

Description and uses. — Case and bag leather may be either chrome 
or vegetable tanned, but most strap leather is vegetable tanned. 
Cowhide, tanned with oak bark, is principally used for these leathers. 
" Splits" are used for all three kinds, but a much heavier split is 
used for strap leather, which usually is made out of the full thickness 
of the hide. The best quality of case and bag leather is bark-tanned 
calfskin or grain splits of cowhide. "Case, bag, and strap" is not a 
rigid classification. Leather suitable for making shoe uppers is 
also used for traveling bags and suit cases. Some sheep leather may 
be used either for bags or bookbinding, while strap leather may 
also be used for light soles, arch supporters, etc. 

Production of case, bag, and strap leather in 1914 was 1,004,581 
sides, valued at $5,383,255. In 1919 the number of sides tanned for 
this purpose was 1,225,577, and the value of the product $11,880,766. 
Of this quantity Pennsylvania produced 415,413 sides, valued at 
$4,377,532. 

Imports of case, bag, and strap leather were $29,638 in 1915, 
$56,314 in 1916, and $43,017 in 1917. Later statistics follow: 



1 


Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 


$162, 100 
159, 437 
109, 133 
66,228 




1919 


189, 285 
95,385 
83, 668 


$0.84 


1920 


1.03 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — None recorded. 



UPHOLSTERY LEATHER. 



(See Survey N-16.) 



Description and uses. — Upholstery leather is made principally out 
of whole cowhides, finished on the grain side, or out of cowhide 
splits. Cowhides are sometimes split into as many as five thicknesses. 
The "buffing'' or thin outside split is sometimes used for bookbind- 
er's leather and sometimes for upholstery; the "slab" or inside split 
is used for very cheap leather; while the second, third, and fourth 
splits, as well as the grain, may be used for upholstery leather. 

Production of upholstery leather increased in value from $5,748,387 
in 1899 to $14,328,358 in 1914, largely due to automobile require- 
ments. In 1914, 654,053 hides were made up into whole-hide grain 
upholstery leather, valued at $8,172,698, and 1,104,561 hides into 
"splits," valued at $6,155,660. In 1919 production was $32,224,644, 
of which whole-hide grains numbered 933,921, valued at $18,262,372, 
and whole-hide splits made from 1,507,741 hides were valued at 
$13,962,272. New Jersey ranked first in manufacture and Ohio 
second. 

Imports. — None recorded. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1353 

Exports of " carriage, automobile, and upholstery leather' 5 were 
valued at $107,430 in 1913, $38,937 in 1916, and $97,054 in 1917. 
Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been in value as follows: 
1918, $163,541; 1919, $415,848; 1920, $740,477; 1921 (nine months) , 
$131,555. The principal countries of destination in 1920 were Italy 
and Canada, the former taking $302,503 and the latter $126,004 in 
value. 

FANCY LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-l 7.) 

Description and uses. — Fancy leather is used for pocketbooks, 
cardcases, music rolls, belts, bag linings, hat sweatbands, and novel- 
ties. It is made principally of sheepskin, although considerable calf 
and goat skin and light splits or skivers of cowhide are used. Some 
genuine seal, walrus, and alligator skins are used, but much sheep- 
skin and cowhide split leather is finished and embossed to resemble 
the former kinds. Russia calf, one of the high grades of fancy 
leather, is calfskin tanned by a special process with quebracho, hem- 
lock, or some other vegetable tanning material; it was originally 
tanned in Russia with birch bark, which gave it a peculiar odor, 
now imitated by spraying birch oil on the grain. Other fancy 
leathers are morocco, pigskin, and alum-tanned (or " tawed") sheep- 
skin. 

Production of fancy leather in 1914 was $8,775,968, more than half 
of sheep and lamb skin. In 1919 the total decreased to $5,974,293 — 
sheep and lamb to the number of 1,104,798 skins, valued at $2,414,076, 
makmg up the largest item. 

Imports of " fancy leather including morocco, seal, and fancy calf 
for fancy leather goods" were valued at $199,217 in 1914, $263,971 
in 1915, $529,937 in 1916, and $639,602 in 1917. Later statistics 
follow : 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 


$12,076 
365.2*1 

297,982 ] 
159,541 

1 




1919 




..J 83,964 


$4.35 


1920. .. 




1 64,432 


4.62 


1921 (9 months).. 




38,718. 








Exports. - 


—Not separately stated. 
bookbinder's 


LEATHER. 







(See Survey N-I-7.-) 

Description and uses.— Calfskin, cowhide skivers and buffings, 
sheep, goat, seal, and pig skins are used for bookbinders' leather. The 
grain splits of sheepskin are also thus used, while the flesh splits are 
utilized for chamois. Morocco leather (goatskin tanned with sumac) 
is one of the popular bookbinding leathers. The sheepskin used for 
binding law books is tanned with quebracho or some other vegetable 
tannin and finished on the grain without dyeing. Pigskin makes a 
durable leather of rather coarse grain. Russia calf (described under 
fancy leather) is much used for binding expensive editions. 



1354 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production of bookbinders' leather increased from a value of 
$1,688,413 in 1899 to $2,450,155 in 1909, but decreased to $1,362,673 
in 1914. In 1919 the value ($3,463,841) was almost three times as 
great as in the latter year. This was made up of 327,390 hides, 
valued at $2,467,486, skins of sheep and lamb numbering 389,953, at 
$727,151, and 60,224 other skins, at $269,204. New Jersey produces 
more than 50 per cent of the supply. 

Imports and exports of bookbinders' leather are not separately 
stated. 

ROUGH LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-15.) 

Description and uses.— Rough leather is made from cattle hides and 
is generally vegetable tanned, as the chrome tanned becomes so hard, 
if kept in the rough, that it is difficult to work over. This leather is 
unfinished, and is sold by the manufacturers to others who dress it 
for belting, upper, bag, and fancy, etc. The leather is sold either 
whole or split, the hair sides being known as " rough grains" and the 
flesh sides as " rough splits." Some tanners, particularly those manu- 
facturing heavy oak leather, trim off the shoulders of hides and tan 
these for " rough." Rough leather is really an intermediate product, 
the leather made therefrom being known as " belting," " upper," 
"case, bag, and strap," etc. 

Production amounted to $10,180,949 in 1904, to $6,335,599 in 1909, 
to $4,494,985 in 1914, and $3,712,687 in 1919. The decrease in the 
amount of rough leather made is due partly to the commercial use 
of tanning extracts, which makes location near supplies of bark no 
longer necessary. The small country tanneries, which used such bark, 
were not equipped to finish leather, but sold it in the rough. The 
number of such establishments has decreased. The production of 1919 
was divided into: Rough grains, 95,528 sides, valued at $499,098; 
rough splits, 1,050,908 whole sides, valued at $1,370,595; and 172,385 
butts, valued at $250,849. Other rough leather, 206,379 sides, valued 
at $1,592,145. 

Imports. — Prior to 1919 the greatest amount imported in any year 
was in 1917, when the value was $337,841. Great Britain is the 
immediate source of the bulk of this leather. Competition also 
comes from imported leathers of the kinds into which rough leather 
is made by the finishers. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 . 




Pounds. 


$229,445 

1,753,727 

2,581,984 

647,437 




1919 


2,601,681 
4,557,962 
1,861,370 


$0.67 


1920 


.57 


1921 (9 months) . 









Exports. — Figures not given separately. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORM ATIOX, 1921. 



1355 



SPLIT LEATHER. 



(See Survey N-16.) 



Description and uses. — Split leather is made from cattle and horse 
hides. For certain uses the whole hide would be too thick, and there- 
fore it is often split into three to five thicknesses. It is largely used 
in the glove and shoe industries, and also in straps, belts, cases, bags, 
harnesses, upholstery, and soles. Splits are frequently sold in the 
rough and finished by concerns other than those doing the tanning. 

Production of finished splits is much greater than of the rough 
splits. In 1919 finished splits (n. e. s.) amounted to $16,459,665, of 
which over $13,600,000 was of cattle and over $2,760,000 of horse 
butts and fronts. The production of rough splits was $1,621,444. 
(See Rough Leather.) 

Imports of split leather, unfinished, in 1914 were $163,960; of fin- 
ished, $85,616. During the war these declined, the former amount- 
ing in 1916 to $5,668 and the latter to $8,664. Later statistics 
follow : 



Calendar year. Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


SPLIT LEATHER, UNFINISHED. 


1918 




Pounds. 


$43,724 
662,332 
34,300 
14,477 




1919 


i, 320, 076 
67,999 
33,869 


$0.50 


1920 


.50 


1921 (9 months) 








SPLIT LEATHER, FINISHED. 


1918 ■ ! 


$10,797 
32,912 

114,161 
21,818 




1919 




14,560 
52,951 
14, 131 


$2.26 


1920 





2.16 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports are not separately stated. A large quantity is finished into 
wax splits for upper leather and exported. 

ROLLER, APRON. PICKER, AND LACE LEATHER. 

(See Survey X-17.) 

Description and uses. — Roller leather is so-called because used on 
the rollers in textile machinery. It must be degreased and smooth, 
to avoid breaking the threads. It is usually made of oak-tanned 
lambskins. Apron leather is also used in textile machinery and is 
vegetable tanned and curried and degreased to make it soft and 
pliable. Picker leather, another kind of l \ textile" leather, is made 
of heavy cow hides, bark or alum tanned, and dressed with oil to 
render it pliable. For lace leathers, which are used in making lacing 
for belts, footballs, etc., bark tanned cow hides are also used. 

Production of lace leather in 1919 was 491,077 sides, valued at 
$2,532,074. Production of " textile' ; leather, which includes roller, 
apron, and picker leather, in 1919, was 263,060 sides, valued at 
$666,762. 



1356 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Imports are largely from Great Britain where there are about 30 
firms which make roller leather and about 50 which manufacture 
picker bands. 

Exports. — Not given separately. 

COLLAR, SKIRTING, AND LATIGO. 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description and uses. — Besides leather known as " harness and 
saddle," there are other leathers employed by the harness maker. 
Skirting leather, collar leather and latigo are made from light cow- 
hides. The first goes into the straps and lower parts of saddles; 
latigo is tanned for pliability and is generally used for hame straps 
and halters. 

Production of skirting in 1914 was 311,646 sides, valued at 
$2,082,963. In 1919, skirting and collar together were valued at 
$5,998,656, and the quantity tanned was 581,410 sides. 

The production of latigo was $219,757, and the number of sides 
was 20,631. 

Imports and exports. — None recorded. 

HAT-SWEATBAND LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description. — Skivers of skeepskin are generally used by the hat 
manufacturers for hat sweatbands. These may be tanned by several 
processes, though sumac is largely used, or, if white bands are de- 
sired, an alum tannage is emplo}^ed. The leather is then finished 
by plain glazing or embossing. 

Production in 1919 of leather for hat sweats was valued at 
$2,712,512; the number of skins tanned was 1,351,522. 

Imports of hat sweat leather come mostly from Great Britain. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

JERKIN LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description and uses. — Jerkin leather is used for coats for sports- 
men, aviators, etc. It is generally made of suede-finished veal skin 
or sheep skin tanned particularly for softness. Some buckskin is 
also used for soft shirts for hunters. Considerable leather is used 
for garment trimmings and for women's hats. 

Production, imports, and exports. — Statistics not available. 

WELTING LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description. — A large part of the welting leather used in the shoe 
industry is made of oak-tanned shoulders. It is cut into suitable 
widths and sold by the yard. 

Production of welting in the United States in 1919 amounted to 
206,699 sides, valued at $1,929,846. 



1921. 1357 

Imports. — Not separately recorded. 

Exports go to several of the shoe-manufacturing countries. 
Branches of one of the largest manufacturers of welting in the 
United States have been established in Switzerland, Norway, and 
South America. 

PACKING LEATHER. 

(See Survey X-17.) 

Description and uses. — Packing leather is used in hydraulic presses, 
fire extinguishers, water and gasoline pumps, elevators, and many 
other kinds of machinery. Oak:- tanned leather is much used for the 
purpose. 

Production, import, and export statistics not available. 

GOATSKINS, TANNED BUT NOT FINISHED (SKINS FOR MOROCCO LEATHER). 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Goatskins, tanned but not 
finished, constitute an intermediate product, and are finished after 
importation, generally into bookbinding, fancy, or shoe upper leather. 
(See Upper, Bookbinding, and Fancy Leather.) 

Imports in 1914 amounted to $1,737,329, of which $993,156 was 
from England and $595,437 from British India. The total value 
greatlv increased in 1916 and 1917 — to $4,575,500 in the former and 
$8,453,941 in the latter year. Bv 1920 it had declined to $1,520,193, 
of which England shipped us $1 ,'177,068 and British India $297,741. 
Detailed statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1&18 




Pounds. 


$314, 096 

3, 335, 051 

1, 520, 193 

171, 872 




1919 




2, 495, 365 

1,079,000 

188, 053 


$1. 34 


1920 





1.41 


1921 (9 months).... 


I::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 











Exports are in the finished leather. (See Upper leather, p. 
1349.) 

SHEEPSKIN LEATHER (NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED). 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description and uses. — Sheepskin is used not only for gloves, shoes, 
books, hat sweatbands, and fancy articles, but also for cases, bags, 
and upholstery. 

Production. — Production figures have been given for the sheep and 
lamb skins included under glove and upper leather, bookbinding and 
fancy leather, and hat sweatbands, but in addition to those Classes 
there are three other groups of sheepskins enumerated by the Census 
Bureau: these are "skivers," "fleshers," and "shearlings" (on which 
there remains a certain amount of wool). Production of skivers in 



1358 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

1919 was 6,847,119 pieces, valued at $9,374,475; of fleshers, 5,968,230 
pieces at $2,160,873; of shearlings, 544,440 skins at $1,338,838. 

Imports of fleshers and skivers come largely from Great Britain. 

Exports. — Not separately recorded. 

HOG AND PIG SKIN LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description and uses. — Leather of hog and pigskin is used not only 
for gloves, but -for cases and bags, fancy articles, seats of saddles, 
leather breeches, footballs, football pads, helmets, straps, belts, and 
puttees. It is characterized by toughness and durability. 

Production of hog and pigskin leather, aside from that enumerated 
in the census under glove leather, amounted to 333,763 skins, valued 
at $781,521. 

Imports of this leather and the articles made therefrom are from 
Great Britain. 

Exports. — Not separately recorded. 

HORSE, COLT, ASS, AND MULE LEATHER. 

(See Survey N-17.) 

Description and uses. — Horse butts and fronts are tanned and used 
for various purposes. A large proportion goes into shoe upper (see 
Upper leather, p. 1347) and a considerable portion into gloves (see 
Glove leather, p. 1163). Horse leather is the most nearly waterproof 
of any leather produced, and it also takes a high polish. It was used 
largely during the war for military equipment, gaiters, etc. Ass and 
mule skins are known as " shagreen, ,; when tanned. 

Production of horse leather, aside from that made for gloves and 
shoe uppers, was 136,937 sides, valued at $605,394, in 1919. The 
tanning of horsehides in the United States has been a development 
of the last quarter of a century, the war giving it an added impetus. 
The production of colt, ass, and mule leather was 70,157 skins, valued 
at $595,654. 

Imports and exports. — Not separately recorded. Imports are small, 
and formerly came mostly from France. 



(See Survey N-17.) 

Production. — In addition to the varieties described in this para- 
graph (1600) there are specialties and miscellaneous kinds, the 
production of which, in 1919, was valued at $8,798,321. The 
domestic output of "all other" leather, the imports for consumption 
and the exports of "all other," are not strictly comparable but the 
figures are useful when taken in connection with those which have 
been given above in this paragraph 1600. 

Imports. — In Foreign Commerce and Navigation, the following 
classes of leather are named under imports for consumption; Belting, 
case, bag and strap, chamois skins, enameled upholstery, fancy, glove, 
goatskins tanned but not finished (skins for morocco) , harness and 
saddle leather, patent, pianoforte and pianoforte-action, rough, sole, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1359 

split, upper and leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps, or other forms 
suitable for conversion into boots and shoes. 

The imports given in the table below are made up of those not thus 
enumerated. It will be noted that imports of some of the kinds of 
leather described above in paragraph 1600 are not separately men- 
tioned; these are upholstery, bookbinders', roller, apron, picker and 
lace leather, collar, skirting and latigo leather, hat sweat, jerkin, 
welting, packing, fleshers and skivers of sheepskin, hog and pigskin, 
horse, colt, ass, and mule leather. Not all of these are imported, 
however, and a few varieties not named may be included in u all 
other" imports for consumption. 

Imports of leather and tanned skins, n. s. p. f., were valued at 
$3,003,361 in 1914 and $4,066,251 in 1917. England, Germany, and 
Canada formerly supplied the greater proportion. In 1919 England 
was the chief source, followed by British India, France, Scotland, 
Italy, and Germany. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


i 
Quantity. \ 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
i 


$793,633 
8,585,230 
6,546,503 
1,600,751 




1919 


10,190,211 : 
7,604,123 
2,601,887 


$0.84 


1920 


.86 


1921 (9 months) 









Exports. — In Foreign Commerce and Navigation, the following 
classes of leather are named under exports of domestic merchandise : 
Belting, carriage, automobile and upholstery, glove, patent, sole, and 
upper. 

The exports given below are made up of the kinds not enumerated. 
The majority of those described under this paragraph (1600) are not 
enumerated in the exports, while not all of the different kinds described 
are exported. 

Exports of "all other leather and tanned skins" amounted to 
$3,614,370 in 1913, to $8,664,227 in 1916, and to $6,370,790 in 1917, 
Canada, England, and France being the principal recipients. Exports 
since 1917 have been by calendar years as follows: 1918, $3,992,116; 
1919, $13,476,716; 1920, $7,492,754; 1921 (9 months), $1,406,640. 
In 1920, Canada took $1,092,586, Cuba $818,084, France $529,244, 
and Russia in Europe $423,237. 

HARNESS, SADDLES AND SADDLERY, IN SETS OR IN PARTS. 
(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — These products are principally stirrups, 
saddles and traces, wagon and carriage harness, horse collars, bridles, 
lines, and straps. The different varieties of harness may be roughly 
classified into light and heavy — the former driving and the latter 
work harness. Saddles also may be classified as light and heavy. 

Production. — The manufacture of harness and saddlery is widely 
distributed throughout the country. The output was valued at 
$33,702,563 in 1899, $42,054,842 in 1904, $54,224,602 in 1909, $53,558-, 
612 in 1914, and $83,699,050 in 1919. In 1914 seven States— Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and Texas — each 
manufactured harness and saddlery valued at between $3,000,000 



1360 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 192l! 

and $5,000,000: nine States, from $1,000,000 to $3,000,000; and nine 
other States from $500,000 to $1,000,000 each. In 1919 Missouri 
led with an output of $9,449,706, followed by Texas with $7,817,750, 
and Illinois with $7,032,469. The increasing service of motor trucks 
and automobiles, perhaps, explains the arrest of the industry. The 
increase in 1919 was mostly in value. 

Imports 9 of harness and saddlery were valued as follows: 1913, 
$66,988; 1914, $123,516; 1915, $227,858; 1916, $156,147; 1917, 
$120,416; 1918, $459,671; 1919, $229,621; 1920, $442,562; 1921 (nine 
months), $192,786. 

Exports of harness and saddles were valued at about $786,000 in 
1913-14, but increased to $17,460, 519 in 1915. due to war needs. 
France, England, and Russia took almost all of this total. Exports 
decreased to $7,529,720 in 1916, Russia taking $3,117,269 worth. 
Later exports by calendar years have been as follows : 1918, $692,291 ; 
1919, $1,142,852; 1920, $2,273,244; 1921 (nine months), $639,520. 
In 1919 and 1920 values of $649,884 and $1,441,460, respectively, 
were exported to Cuba. 

Important changes in classification. — The words " except metal 
parts" in connection with saddlery are new. 

LEATHER CUT INTO SHOE UPPERS OR VAMPS, OR OTHER FORMS SUITABLE 
FOR CONVERSION INTO BOOTS AND SHOES. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description and uses. — The f upper" includes all of the shoe ex- 
cept the sole and heel. The u vamp "is the part of the upper which 
comes next to the sole. There are separate establishments engaged in 
the manufacture of "cut stock, " i. e., soles, heels, etc. This industry 
has grown remarkably, and specialization has resulted in a better 
product. Uppers, however, are cut in the shoe factory. 

Production of boot and shoe cut stock was valued at $7,531,635 
in 1879, $23,242,892 in 1899, $44,661,497 in 1909, $59,964,523 in 
1914, and $161,203,310 10 in 1919. The number of establishments 
was greater in 1889 than at present. 

Imports in 1914, the first year after shoe uppers and vamps were 
made free, were valued at $77,835; in 1915, at $158,626; in 1916, at 
$60,730; in 1917, at $74,698. In later calendar years imports have 
been as follows: 1918, $86,388; 1919, $389,453; 1920, $301,285; 
1921 (nine months), $337,259. The proportion of shoe uppers and 
vamps imported is small compared with domestic consumption. 

Exports. — Not separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — Specific mention has been 
made of " soles." " Suitable for conversion into manufactured 
articles" has been substituted for "suitable for conversion into 
boots or shoes." 

» Statistics, 1913-1917, are for fiscal years; 1918-1921, calendar years. 

w This figure probably includes a small quantity of cut stock not used in the boot and shoe industry. 
Some leather is cut for bookbinders, etc. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1361 



LEATHER SHOE LACES. 



(See Survey N-18. 



Description and uses. — Leather shoe laces of the highest quality 
are frequently made from porpoise hide. Considerable quantities 
are also made from calfskin and cowhide. 

Production statistics are lacking. Nine companies located in 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey have as 
their principal product leather shoe laces. The value of their output 
was approximately $125,000 in 1914. 

Imports of leather shoe laces, finished or unfinished, in 1913, were 
valued at $7,722; in 1914, at $16,464; in 1915, at $5,958; in 1916, at 
$2,316; in 1917, at $3,878. Later statistics follow; 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


'> 
Oross 
pairs. 
3,100 
790 
10,165 
1,759 


$6, 747 
4,945 

46, 210 
7,020 


$2.18 


1919 


6.26 


1920 


4.55 


1921 (9 months) 








Exports. — None recorded. 


• 

ITE AMENDMENTS. 


PARAGRAPH 1601 

H. R. 7456. SENi 



Par. 1601. Boots and shoes made wholly 
or in chief value of leather. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 451. * * * boots and shoes 
made of leather, fifteen per centum ad 
valorem: * * *. 

Par. 450. * * * that all boots and 
shoes, made wholly or in chief value of 
leather made from cattle hides and cattle 
skins of whatever weight, of cattle of the 
bovine species, including calfskins, shall 
pay a duty of ten per centum ad valorem; 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 530. * * * boots and shoes 
made wholly or in chief value of leather; 
* * * [Free]. 



BOOTS AND SHOES. 

(See Survey N-18.) 

Description. — The five principal kinds of shoes are the Goodyear 
welt, the McKay, the turned, the pegged or the nailed, and standard 
screw. Goodyear welt is considered the most comfortable. The 
peculiarity of this kind of shoe is the narrow strip of leather called welt- 
ing, which is the joint or connecting link between the upper and inner 
sole (which are sewed together) and the outsole. The welt, projecting, 
forms the upper part of the " ledge" or " shelf" around tne edge of 

82304—22 86 



1362 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



the shoe, and when the outsole is stitched on, the welt and outsole 
are stitched through. By the McKay process the upper, inner sole, 
and outsole are all sewed together at one operation. They are 
stitched " through and through" so that the stitches appear on the 
inside of the shoe, making it less comfortable ; the McKay shoe also 
has less elasticity than the Goodyear welt. In making the turned 
shoe, the upper is sewed to the sole inside out and then turned. Slip- 
pers, women's light shoes, jockeys' boots, and other kinds of light- 
weight footwear are made in this way. Pegged or nailed shoes and 
standard screw shoes are made in the cheaper grades for rough and 
heavy wear. 

Production of boots and shoes in 1914 was valued at $501,000,000; 
in 1919 at $1,159,171,395. The United States is the greatest shoe 
manufacturer, the United Kingdom second with an output equal to 
about one-third of our own. The industry in this country is marked 
by the greatest specialization. In some less advanced industrial 
countries it is still largely in the handicraft or " putting-out " stage, 
and even in England, France, and Germany many factories continue 
to produce all grades of men's, women's, and children's shoes. The 
United States leads in the production of shoe machinery, which is 
also extensively used in Europe. A consideration in export trade is 
the distinctive character of American styles. These are copied 
abroad, some foreign manufacturers branding their shoes " American 
made." New England leads in production, about one-half of the 
boots and shoes being made in Massachusetts, whose output in 1919 
was 116,944,000 pairs, valued at $442,466,236. Lynn, Brockton, 
Haverhill, and Boston are important manufacturing centers. New 
York ranks second among the States with a product valued at $190,- 
461,359, followed by Missouri with a value of $109,193,423, and New 
Hampshire with $73,870,588. The Middle West is developing the 
shoe industry very rapidly. 

Import values in 1914 were $407,231, England, Germany, and 
Canada supplying the largest quantities; in 1917 they were $2*75,280, 
of which $121,426 came from Canada and $101,249 from the United 
Kingdom. In 1920 there were 191,435 pairs, valued at $789,934, 
shipped principally from England, Canada, and France. Imports 
range normally between $200,000 and $500,000, a fraction of 1 per 
cent of domestic production. Statistics for the calendar years 
1918-1921 follow: 



Boots and shoes. 



Men's and boys' : 

Quantity (pairs) . 

Value..." 

Women's and misses' 

Quantity (pairs) . 

Value. .". 

Children's: 

Quantity (pairs). 

. Value 

Slippers: 

Quantity (pairs). 

Value 



68, 042 
$304, 390 

36, 153 
$40, 146 

10,938 

$8, 771 

152, 544 
$113,025 



1919 



53,117 
$179,802 



8,159 
$45, 829 



439 
$359 



178, 338 
$119,530 



1920 



147, 578 
$655, 345 

34, 102 
$122,598 

9, 63S 
$11,748 

287,486 
$222, 570 



1921 
(9 months). 



46, 110 
$225, 094 

14, 227 
$S4.754 

44, 388 

$56, 201 

195,316 
$123,610 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



13G3 



Exports of boots and shoes in 1910 were valued at $12,408,575; in 
1914, at $18,229,714; in 1920, at $67,144,542, while slippers were 
valued at $538,517. Before the war the United States ranked 
next to the United Kingdom in exports of boots and shoes, but the 
positions have since been reversed. Our exports are widely dis- 
persed. In 1920 Cuba took over half of the exports of children's 
shoes, about one-third of those of men's, and those of women's to a 
value of over $3,000,000. Denmark, France, Italy, Norway, Sweden, 
England, Mexico, Eussia in Asia, and British South Africa purchased 
the largest quantities of men's footwear; Denmark, Norway, England, 
Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and British South Africa the greatest number 
of women's shoes. 

Detailed statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 of exports of 
boots and shoes are shown as follows: 



1919 



Women's: 

Quantity (pairs) 4,292,747 

Value • ! $9. 710, 9S4 

Men's: 

Quantity (pairs) ' 5, 565, 924 

Value i $18, 458, 808 

Children's: 

Quantit v (pairs) ; 3, 338, 349 

Value ! $4, 151, 222 

Slippers: 

Quantity (pairs) 235, 028 

Value ! $335, 048 



5,891,753 
$18,196,352 



11,928,156 
$50, 709, 841 



3, 534, 670 
$5, 930, 354 



328,172 
$535, 752 



1920 



5, 064, 472 
$20, 099, 141 

7,711,310 

$39,175,975 

4, 065, 810 
$7, 869, 426 

227, 662 
$538, 517 



1921 
(9 months). 



4, 
$15, 



378, 165 
949, 683 

803,317 
013, 841 

594, 391 
715, 596 

51, 561 

$80, 649 



H. R. 7456. 
Par. 1602. Leeches. 

ACT OF 1909 
Par. 609. Leeches [Free]. 



PARAGRAPH 1602. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 531. Leeches [Free]. 



LEECHES. 



(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses.— The medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) , 
used in surgery for abstracting blood from patients, is a European 
fresh-water annulate worm with stomach pouches to hold the blood. 

Production. — Leeches are imported from Europe, chiefly through 
London and Paris. An uncultivated variety occurs in the United 
States, but is not commonly used in medicine. 

Imports of leeches averaged $6,380 for 1909-1917. Imports in 1917 
were valued at $16,899. Since 1917 they have amounted to $6,913, 
$13,421, $11,086, and $4,488 in the calendar years 1918, 1919, 1920, 
and the first 9 months of 1921, respectively. 



1364 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1603. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1603. Limestone rock asphalt; as- 
phaltum and bitumen. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 90. * * * limestone rock as- Par. 534. Limestone-rock asphalt; as- 
phalt, fifty cents per ton; asphaltum and phaltum, and bitumen [Free], 
bitumen, not specially provided for in 
this section, crude, if not dried, or other- 
wise advanced in any manner, one dollar . 
and fifty cents per ton; if dried or other- 
wise advanced in any manner, three 
dollars per ton; 



* * * 



ASPHALTUM AND BITUMEN. 

(See Survey FL-7.) 

Description and uses. — Asphalt may be obtained by powdering and 
heating limestone-rock asphalt, and, in like manner, from bituminous 
sand and sandstone. Asphaltum is composed of sand, water, and 
bitumen and occurs in liquid, viscous, or solid deposits or lakes, 
those of Trinidad and Venezuela being commercially notable. Bitu- 
men designates a number of inflammable mineral substances, ranging 
from liquids to solids, including petroleum, maltha, asphalt, elaterite, 
wurtzilite, albertite, grahamite, gilsonite, and ozokerite. These mate- 
rials are widely used in making pavements, roads, and roofing. 
Those high in paraffin content are used in making varnishes. The 
demand for both natural and manufactured (oil) asphalts is large, 
although the use of the latter has predominated since 1907. 

Production in 1914 was 77,588 net tons, valued at $630,623, as re- 
ported by 11 operators in Utah, Texas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, and 
California. The output in 1917 was 80,904 net tons, valued at 
$735,924. Oil asphalt totaled 674,470 net tons, valued at $7,148,122 
in 1914, and 1,347,422 net tons, valued at $15,176,504 in 1917. In 
recent years Mexican petroleum has been the chief source of petro- 
leum asphalt, which has replaced Trinidad and Bermudez (Vene- 
zuelan) asphalt to a considerable extent. 

In 1920, 700,496 tons of petroleum asphalt valued at $11,985,457 
were produced in this country from domestic petroleum, and 
1,045,779 tons valued at $14,272,862, were produced from Mexican 
petroleum. 

The domestic production of all other asphalts in 1920 amounted to 
198,497 tons, valued at $1,213,908. 

Imports of limestone-rock asphalt, asphaltum, and bitumen in 1914 
were 180,689 long tons, valued at $918,387. The bulk of this tonnage 
of which Trinidad supplied 49 per cent and Venezuela 36 per cent, 
consisted of natural soft asphalt. Since 1917 imports have been as 
follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1365 



Calendar year. 



Quantity 



Value. 



LIMESTONE-ROCK ASPHALT. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Tom. 




30 


$2, 528 


656 


5,576 


1,238 


11,665 


8,099 


147,932 



Duty. Unit value. 



$8.43 
8.50 
9.42 



Ad 

valorem 

rate. 



Per cent. 






ALL OTHER ASPHALTUM AND BITUMEN. 



1918 


102, 398 
93,673 

113, 417 
87, 495 


1 
$624,967 


1 

$6.10 





1919 


609,923 | 

1, 055, 951 


6. 51 

9. 31 





1920 




1921 (9 months) 


838,145 ; 















MANUFACTURES OF ASPHALTUM AND BITUMEN. 



1918 


$15, 064 
3,919 
1,209 


$2,260 


15 


1919 


588 


15 


1920 


181 


15 




i 





Imports of " all other" asphaltums and bitumens have been chiefly 
from Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela. 

Exports in 1914 were 49,831 long tons, valued at $1,131,086; in 1918, 
22,065 long tons, valued at $548,745. Canada was the chief buyer. 
Exports since 1917 by calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 

35,900 

81, 103, 930 

$606, 918 


1920 

46, 166 

$1,356,116 

$842, 074 


1921 (9 months). 


Asphaltum, unmanufactured: 

Quantity (tons) 


19, 739 
$577, 654 
$577, 936 


32, 681 
$948, 890 
$479, 681 


Value 

Asphaltum, manufactures of, value 



The countries of destination are chiefly Canada, England, China, 
and Japan. 

Suggested changes. — The hyphen between " limestone" and "rock" 
has been omitted and should be inserted. 



PARAGRAPH 1604. 
H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1604. Lemon juice, lime juice, 
and sour orange juice, all the foregoing 
containing not more than 2 per centum of 
alcohol. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913, 



Par. 610. Lemon juice, lime juice, and Par. 532. Lemon juice, lime juice, and 
sour orange juice, all the foregoing con- sour orange juice, all the foregoing con- 
taining not more than two per centum taining not more than 2 per centum of 
of alcohol [Free]. alcohol [Free]. 



1366 



LEMON, LIME, AND SOUR ORANGE JUICES. 
(See Survey A-l.) 

Description and uses. — Lemon, lime, and sour orange juices yield 
citric acid, the constituent which gives these juices their sour taste. 
The juice has more bulk than citrate of lime, the usual form for 
shipping citric acid (par. 46) and, because of its fluid condition, is 
more difficult to transport. The juice may be dilute as expressed 
from the fruit or it may be concentrated by boiling. 

Imports of lemon, lime, and sour orange juice are relatively unim- 
portant compared with the imports of other citric-acid materials. 
The import values increased from $110,860 in 1914 to $180,088 in 
1917. Imports since 1917 by calendar years were as follows: 





1918 , 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) . 






2, 949, 867 
$536, 723 


1, 918, 989 
$264, 147 


450, 590 




$165, 277 


$70, 176 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Suggested changes. — There appears to be an inconsistency in mak- 
ing the limitation as to alcoholic content in this paragraph "not 
more than 2 per centum," while the dividing line between the two 
classifications of other fruit juices in paragraph 806 is one-half of 1 
per centum, the alcoholic content provided for in the first part of 
that paragraph being "less than one-half of 1 per centum." 



PARAGRAPH 1605. 
H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1605. Lifeboats and life-saving 
apparatus specially imported by societies 
and institutions incorporated or estab- 
lished to encourage the saving of human 
life. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 612. Lifeboats and life-saving Par. 533. Lifeboats and life-saving 
apparatus specially imported by societies apparatus specially imported by societies 
incorporated or established to encourage and institutions incorporated or estab- 
the saving of human life [Free]. 11 lished to encourage the saving of human 

life [Free]. 12 

LIFEBOATS AND LIFE-SAVING APPARATUS. 

Imports under this classification are negligible. They were not 
separately shown until 1918 (calendar year) when they were valued 
at $19. In 1919 and 1920 their value was $399 and $793. No 
imports are shown for 1921. 

Exports not shown in official statistics. 

ii Miners' rescue appliances, designed for emergency use in mines where artificial breathing is necessary 
in the presence of poisonous gases, to aid in the saving of human life, and miners' safety lamps, exempt from 
duty under par. 62S, act of 1909, dutiable undor H. R. 7456 according to material of chief value. 

i- Miners' rescue appliances, designed for emergency use in mineswhere artificial breathing is necessary 
in the presence of poisonous gases, to aid in the saving of human life, and miners' safety lamps, and parts, 
accessories and appliances for cleaning, repairing, and operating all the foregoing, exempt from duty under 
par. 550, act of 1913, dutiable under H. R. 7456 according to material of chief value. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1367 

PARAGRAPH 1606. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1606. Lithographic stones, not 
engraved. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 614. Lithographic stones, not en- Par. 535. Lithographic stones, not en- 
graved [Free]. graved [Free]. 

LITHOGRAPHIC STONES. 

(See Survey C-15.) 

Description and uses.— -A compact, fine-grained, porous, slaty 
variety of limestone is used for lithographic purposes. Substitutes of 
aluminum, zinc, or rubber plates are satisfactory for many classes of 
ordinary work, but stone is preferred for maps, halftones, and other 
fine-grade lithography. 

Production. — This stone comes chiefly from Bavaria, with small 
amounts from Belgium, England, Italy, and Canada. Kentucky pro- 
duced 40,000 pounds in 1916, the first domestic stone, but difficulties 
arising from poor transportation facilities and quarrying conditions 
reduced the 1917 output to 5,832 pounds; and, as far as can be learned, 
the output ceased entirely in 1918. From 2\ to 27 cents per pound 
were realized on this product. In normal times the price of Bavarian 
stone is 5 to 6 cents a pound for 10 by 12 inch slabs of good grade 
and \\ cents for poorer grades. 

Import values of lithographic stones for 1908-1913 averaged 
$96,940; in 1914 they were $71,086. Bavaria contributed 90 per cent 
and Belgium 7 per cent. Imports in 1915 were valued at $26,751; in 
1916, at $1,742; in 1917, at $555. Imports since 1917 by calendar 
years have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


■ 1920 


1921(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 




464, 914 
$216, 293 


786,119 
$63, 733 


272, 030 
$32 976 


Value .....\ '. 










Imports since 1918 have come princi 
Netherlands. 


pally from Germany and the 

1607. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 


PARA 

H. R. 7456. 


GRAPH 



Par. 1607. Loadstones. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 616. Loadstones [Free]. Par. 537. Loadstones [Free] 



1368 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

LOADSTONES. 

(See Survey FL-21.) 

Description. — Loadstone is a variety of magnetite or magnetic 
ironstone which has the power of attracting iron. It is obtained 
mainly from Magnet Cove, Ark., though abundant elsewhere in the 
United States. 

Production. — No statistics . 

Imports of loadstones in 1873 were valued at $238. From 1874 to 
1897 import statistics of loadstones were combined with those for mag- 
nets. After 1897 loadstones were again listed separately. In 1918 
loadstones, the first importation since 1906, were valued at $60. There 
have been no later imports. 



PARAGRAPH 1608. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1608. Manuscripts, not specially 
provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 621. Manuscripts [Free"]. Par. 542. Manuscripts [Free]. 

MANUSCRIPTS, N. S. P. F. 
(See Survey M-8.) 

Description and uses. — Modern usage considers anv group of pages, 
whether written by hand or typewritten (not mimeographed), a 
manuscript. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $180,194; for the calendar years 
1918-1921 they have been valued as follows: 1918, $115,084; 1919, 
$160,258; 1920, $216,551; 1921 (9 months), $59,884. 

Important changes in classification. — "Not specially provided for" 
is new. 



PARAGRAPH 1609. 
H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1609. Marrow, crude. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 622. Marrow, crude [Free]. Par. 543. Marrow, crude [Free]. 

CRUDE MARROW. 

(See Survey FT.-l 5.) 

Description and uses. — Marrow is the fatty substance filling the 
cavities of most bones, and may be red or yellow. The yellow mar- 
row contains the larger percentage of fat, and is used in pharmacy 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1369 

and for making pomades. Horse marrow is employed in the manu- 
facture of soap. Red bone marrow is sometimes used as a medicinal 
food in cases of anasmia. 

Imports of crude marrow in 1910 were 60,971 pounds, valued at 
$1,376; in 1911, 10,670 pounds, valued at $327. No imports are 
given between 1911 and 1918; those since 1917 by calendar years are 
as follows: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value , 



1919 



23, 182 
$4,684 



232, 960 
$17,738 



Exports. — Statistics not given. 



1920 



97,601 
$8, 54S 



PARAGRAPH 1610. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1610. Mechanically ground wood 
pulp, chemical wood pulp, unbleached or 
bleached: Provided, That whenever the 
President shall ascertain as a fact that 
any country, dependency, province, or 
other subdivision of government forbids 
or restricts in any way (whether by law, 
order, regulation, contractual relation, or 
otherwise, directly or indirectly) the ex- 
portation of, or imposes any export duty, 
export license fee, or other export charge 
of any kind whatever, either directly or 
indirectly (whether in the form of addi- 
tional charge or license fee, or otherwise), 
upon printing paper, wood pulp, or wood 
for use in the manufacture of wood pulp, 
he may by proclamation, declare such 
ascertainment setting forth the facts; 
whereupon, and until said proclamation 
shall be revoked, there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid upon mechanically 
ground wood pulp and chemical wood 
pulp, unbleached or bleached, when im- 
ported either directly or indirectly from 
such country, dependency, province, or 
other subdivision of government, a duty 
of 10 per centum ad valorem, and, in addi- 
tion thereto, an amount equal to the high- 
est export duty or other export charge 
imposed by such country, dependency, 
province, or other subdivision of govern- 
ment, upon either an equal amount of 
wood pulp or an amount of wood necessary 
to manufacture such wood pulp, or an 
amount of printing paper ordinarily 
manufactured from such wood pulp. 



1370 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 406. Mechanically ground wood 
pulp, one-twelfth of one cent per pound, 
dry weight: Provided, however, That 
mechanically ground wood pulp shall be 
admitted free of duty from any country, 
dependency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government (being the product 
thereof) which does not forbid or restrict 
in any way the exportation of (whether 
by law, order, regulation, contractual rela- 
tion, or otherwise, directly or indirectly) 
or impose any export duty, export license 
fee, or other export charge of any kind 
whatsoever, either directly or indirectly 
(whether in the form of additional charge 
or license fee or otherwise) upon printing 
paper, mechanically ground wood pulp, 
or wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp: Provided further, That if any 
country, dependency, province, or other 
subdivision of government, shall impose 
an export duty or other export charge of 
any land whatsoever, either directly or 
indirectly (whether in the form of addi- 
tional charge, or license fee, or otherwise) 
upon printing paper, mechanically ground 
wood pulp, or wood for use in the manu- 
facture of wood pulp, the amount of such 
export duty or other export charge shall 
be added as an additional duty to the 
duty herein imposed upon mechanically 
ground wood pulp when imported directly 
or indirectly from such country, depend- 
ency, province, or other subdivision of 
government. Chemical wood pulp, un- 
bleached, one-sixth of one cent per pound, 
dry weight; bleached, one-fourth of one 
cent per pound, dry weight: Provided, 
That if any country, dependency, prov- 
ince, or other subdivision of government 
shall impose an export duty, or other ex- 
port charge of any kind whatsoever, 
either directly or indirectly (whether in 
the form of additional charge or license 
fee or otherwise) upon printing paper, 
chemical wood pulp, or wood for use in 
the manufacture of wood pulp, the amount 
of such export duty, or other export 
charge, shall be added as an additional 
duty to the duties herein imposed upon 
chemical wood pulp when imported 
directly or indirectly from such country, 
dependency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 649. Mechanically ground wood 
pulp, chemical wood pulp, unbleached 
or bleached * * * [Free]. 



WOOD PULP. 



(See Survey FL-38.) 

Description and uses. — Wood pulp is a mass of cellulose fibers 
obtained from wood, either nearly pure cellulose, as in chemical pulp, 
or mixed with other constituents, as in ground wood pulp. There are 
two different kinds of wood pulp, mechanically ground and chemical. 
Mechanically ground wood pulp is obtained directly from the wood 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1371 

by grinding it, in the presence of water, on a grindstone. It is inferior 
in quality to the chemical wood pulp, other constituents of the wood 
remaining as impurities. It is only about 55 per cent cellulose. 
Because of this fact and because the fibers are too short and stiff to 
felt together properly, it can not be used alone in paper making. It 
must be used in conjunction with some other form of pulp, usually 
chemical wood pulp. Chemical wood pulp is pure or nearly pure 
cellulose obtained by " cooking" small chips of wood in some chemical 
solution until the pitch, resin, and other impurities are dissolved. 
There are three kinds of chemical wood pulp — sulphite, soda, and 
sulphate — the sulphite being the most important commercially. 
The fibers of cellulose obtained by any of the three chemical processes 
are of greater length and more pliant than those obtained by the grind- 
ing process. 

Spruce is the most important wood for the manufacture of wood 
pulp, furnishing over 54 per cent of the total domestic consumption. 
Other woods of importance are hemlock, balsam fir, poplar, jack pine, 
and yellow pine. 

By far the most important use of wood pulp is as a raw material 
for paper. Newsprint paper is manufactured from ground wood 
pulp and sulphite in the proportion of about 4 parts of ground wood 
to 1 of sulphite. Book paper contains a larger proportion of sulphite 
and the higher grades may contain rag or other kinds of pulp. Sul- 
phate is used chiefly for wrapping paper. Even the fine papers, such 
as bond and ledger, though preferably made from rag pulp, often 
contain sulphite. 

There are also several minor uses for wood pulp. It has been made 
the basis of laces, yarns, textiles, artificial silks, paper clothing, and 
papier-mache. Treated with chloride of zinc, it will yield vulcanized 
paper, which may be laminated and pressed into tubs, pails, and 
other containers. 

Production. — The total production of wood pulp in the United 
States increased from 1,921,768 tons in 1904 to 3,799,835 tons in 
1920. From 1916 to 1919 production was nearly stationary, averag- 
ing about 3,400,000 tons per year. It increased, however, 13 per 
cent in 1920. In this slow recent development of the wood-pulp 
industry may be seen the growing difficulty of obtaining raw material, 
owing to the depletion of the pulpwood forests. The 1920 production 
by kinds was: Ground wood, 1,578.300 tons; sulphite, 1,576,676 tons; 
soda, 431,971 tons. The principal wood pulp States are, in order of 
importance, Maine, New York, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Pennsyl- 
vania, Minnesota, Michigan, and Vermont. Pulp may be manufac- 
tured as an independent industry and sold to paper manufacturers 
or others, or the manufacture of pulp and paper may be conducted 
in the same establishment. The tendency is in the latter direction. 

Imports. — Domestic production falls far short of supplying the 
demand. During the past decade imports have varied from 17 to 23 
per cent of domestic production and the relative importance of im- 
ports is increasing. The chief source is Canada, supplemented by 
smaller imports from Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. 

The quantities of wood pulp of all kinds imported for consumption 
into the United States increased from 423,217 short tons in the fiscal 
year 1910 to 782,357 short tons in 1917. There was a falling off in 
the calendar years 1918 and 1919 to 578,605 and 636,017 short tons 



1372 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



respectively. Imports of wood pulp (free under the act of 1913) 
have been for the calendar years 191S-1921, as follows: 



1918 



Mechanically ground: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Chemical unbleached sulphate: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Chemical unbleached sulphite: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value : 

Chemical bleached sulphate: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 

Chemical bleached sulphite: 

Quantity (tons) 

Value 



165,955 
$4,720,971 

105,666 
$7,954,923 

226,619 
$16,989,556 

3,410 
$303, 235 

14,962 
$1, 511, 807 



Total, all kinds: 
Quantity (tons). 
Value 




1919 



180, 583 
$5,117,316 

130,278 
$9,084,537 

214,243 
$17,979,170 

4,594 
$394, 765 

38, 174 
$4,472,593 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



208,168 
$13,881,596 J 

164,207 | 
$17,210,196 ! 

307,908 
$37,489,636 

14,923 \ 
$1,924,850 j 

114,020 i 
$18,961,907 | 



567,872 
$37,048,381 



809,226 
$89,468,185 



91,093 
$3,080,939 

68,937 
$6,046,716 

100, 872 
$8, 536, 178 

941 
$77,643 

54,147 
$6,308,335 



315,990 
$24,049,811 



Exports of wood pulp are insignificant as compared with either 
domestic production or imports. The maximum ratio of exports to 
domestic production in any year since 1910 has been 1.2 per cent. 
From 1910 to 1915, inclusive, annual exports averaged about 12,000 
short tons and from 1916 to 1920, inclusive, about 34,000 short tons. 
Since 1914 the most important countries of destination of exports 
have been Canada, Japan, Argentina, the United Kingdom, and 
Brazil. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as 
follows : 



Quantity (tons). 
Value 



1918 



19,932 
$1,733,872 



1919 



35, 765 
$3,048,491 



1920 



28,541 
$2,947,267 



1921 (9 months). 



19,567 
$1,433,907 



Important changes in classification. — Wood pulp is conditionally 
exempted from duty. 

Suggested changes. — Paragraph 402 on page 77 of H. R. 7456 does 
not harmonize with paragraph 1301, page 137, paragraph 1610, page 
189, paragraph 1659, page 196, and paragraph 1683, page 200, with 
respect to restriction upon exportations to the United States. 

Paragraph 402 apparently leaves to the Secretary of the Treasury 
determination of the fact whether any country, dependency, province, 
or other subdivision of government during the 12 months immediately 
preceding importation of logs of fir, etc., maintains any embargo, 
prohibition, or other restriction. 

Paragraph 1301 authorizes the President to enter into negotiations 
with any country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of 
government forbidding or restricting in any way the exportation of 
printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp, with a view to the removal of the 10 per cent additional 
duties imposed in that paragraph on printing paper. 

Paragraph 1610 provides that whenever the President shall ascer- 
tain as a fact that any country, dependency, province, or other 



1873 

subdivision of government restricts in any way the exportation of 
printing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of 
wood pulp, a duty shall be levied on mechanically ground wood 
pulp and chemical wood pulp, unbleached or bleached. 

Paragraph 1659 likewise imposes a duty on standard newsprint 
paper whenever the President shall ascertain as a fact that am- 
country, dependency, province, or other subdivision of government 
forbids or restricts in any way the exportation of printing paper, 
wood pulp, or wood for use in the manufacture of wood pulp. 



PARAGRAPH 1611. 



H. It. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. Kill. Medals of gold, silver, or 
copper, and other metallic articles actu- 
ally bestowed by foreign countries or 
citizens of foreign countries as trochlea 
or prizes, and received and accepted ai 
honorary distinctions. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 624. Medals of gold, silver, or 
copper, and other metallic articles actu- 
ally bestowed as trophies or prizes, and 
received and accepted as honorary dis- 
tinctions [Free]. 



Par. 546. Medals of gold, silver, or 
copper, and other articles actually be- 
stowed as trophies or prizes, and received 
and accepted as honorary distinctions 
[Free]. 



MEDALS AND TROPHIES. 



(See Survey FL-20.) 



Production. — No statistics. 

Imports. — The importation fluctuates in amount from year to year; 
the range during the period 1909-1917 being $1,220 in the fiscal 
year. 1917 and $54,469 in 1910. Imports in recent calendar years 
were for 1918, $5,541; 1919, $10,376; 1920, $19,460; 1921 (9 months), 
$6,571. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The phrase "by foreign coun- 
tries or citizens of foreign countries" is new. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1612. Meerschaum. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 625. Meerschaum, crude or un- 
marufactured [Free]. 



PARAGRAPH 1612. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 381. * * * meerschaum, crude 
or unmanufactured, 20 per centum ad 
valorem. 



1374 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



MEERSCHAUM. 



(See Survey. N-26.) 



Description and uses. — Meerschaum is an opaque mineral of white, 
gray or cream color, and is light enough to float on water. It is a 
silicate of magnesium sometimes associated with magnesite and 
described by mineralogists under the name of sepiolite. It occurs in 
irregular nodular masses varying in size from that of a walnut to a 
cubic foot or more. The common kinds are used in the manufacture 
of porcelain, and the fine grades in the manufacture of pipes, cigar 
and cigarette holders, and other smokers' articles. 

Production. — Most of the meerschaum of commerce is obtained from 
Asia Minor. It is also found in Greece, Moravia and Morocco, and 
to a limited extent in France and Spain. It is reported to have 
been found in the States of Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, 
California, and New Mexico, although apparently not in sufficient 
quantities for commercial exploitation. 

Imports of meerschaum to the United States were formerly almost 
all from Austria-Hungary, to which the output of Asia Minor was 
sent and distributed to various countries. In 1914 the value of 
imports was $102,803, of which 97 per cent came from Austria- 
Hungary. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$488 

27,078 

3,806 




$98 
5,416 


Per cent. 
20 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 


5,385 
1,045 


S5.03 
3.64 


20 









In 1920 practically the entire importation was from Turkey in 
Europe. 

Important changes in classification. — Transferred from the sundries 
schedule (par. 381) of the act of 1913, and " crude or unmanufac- 
tured' J omitted. 



PARAGRAPH 1613. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1613. Mineral salts obtained by 
evaporation from mineral waters, when 
accompanied by a duly authenticated 
certificate and satisfactory proof showing 
that they are in no way artificially pre- 
pared and are only the product of a desig- 
nated mineral spring. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 627. Mineral salts obtained by 
evaporation from mineral waters, when 
accompanied by a duly authenticated 
certificate and satisfactory proof, showing 
that they are in no way artificially pre- 
pared, and are only the product of a desig- 
nated mineral spring [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 548. Mineral salts obtained by 
evaporation from mineral waters, when 
accompanied by a duly authenticated cer- 
tificate and satisfactory proof showing 
that they are in no way artificially pre- 
pared and are only the product of a desig- 
nated mineral spring [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1375 



MINERAL SALTS. 



(See Survey FL-22.) 



Description and uses. — Mineral salts are obtained by evaporation of 
natural mineral waters and are principally medicinal. The product 
of this evaporation may contain a variety of salts, depending on the 
source of the water. 

Imports of mineral salts have been quite variable— in 1913, 103,337 
pounds, valued at $35,420; in 1914, 82,569 pounds, averaging about 
50 cents per pound. Imports decreased to 425 pounds in 1916 and in 
1918 were 4,699,735 pounds, with a very low value per pound. This 
great increase and low price was due to the fact that most of the 
imports consisted of magnesium sulphate from British Columbia, 
valued at about $5 per ton. Imports since 1917 by calendar years have 
been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


3, 566, 346 
$10, 231 


1,237,730 
$12,339 


833,206 
$13,572 


13,262 

$8,545 






Exports. — Statistics not available. 


1614. 
SENATE 




PARA 
H. It. 7456. 


GRAPH 


AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1614. Minerals, crude, or not ad- 
vanced in value or condition by refining 
or grinding, or by other process of manu- 
facture, not specifically provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 626. Minerals, crude, or not ad- 
vanced in value or condition by refining 
or grinding, or by other process of manu- 
facture, not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 549. Minerals, crude, or not ad- 
vanced in value or condition by refining 
or grinding, or by other process of manu- 
facture, not specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



MINERALS, CRUDE. 

(See Survey FL-28.) 

Description and uses. — The most important minerals coming under 
this general designation are vanadium ores and feldspar. Ores of 
tantalum, titanium, uranium, zirconium, molybdenum, and other 
ferroalloys now come in this group although molybdenite has received 
special mention under paragraph 302 of H. R. 7456. 

Production. — Practically all of the ores and minerals included in 
this group are produced in the United States but complete statistics 
are not available. 

Imports. — The largest single class of ores imported in this group 
is vanadium ore which comes mainly from an American-owned 



1376 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



mine in Peru but also from South Africa. Zirconium has been 
imported principally from Brazil. Tantalum imports in 1921 were 
derived from England while other steel hardening ores come from 
Canada and various other countries. Canada, owing to her large ship- 
ments of feldspar, is also the chief source of " all other crude minerals." 
The imports under the various designations for later calendar years 
may be tabulated as follows : 



1918 



Tantalum: 

Quantity (pounds). 



Value . 



Titanium: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Uranium-radium ores: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Vanadium ores: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Zirconium ores: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Steel hardening ores, all other: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value '. 

Minerals, crude or not advanced in value or 

condition, etc., n. s. p. f. (value) 

Crude minerals, all other: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



$221 

157 

$4,840 

1,772,215 
$5,333 

3,216,659 
$77,250 

5,456,170 I 
$5,637 I 

$529,764 . 



1919 



,026,005 
$67,846 



11,023 
$332 



5,343 
$4,227 



1920 



i 1921 (9 months). 



$1,110 

20,673,296 
$1,080,935 



729,934 
$53,254 



6,785 
$1,327 



250 
$446 

10,307,540 
$543,061 

120,120 
$2,700 

674,025 
$17,318 



$130, 597 



58,661,099 
$178,535 



105,022,003 
$488,302 



83,324,096 
$223,557 



Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1615. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1615. Models of inventions and of 
other improvements in the arts, to be used 
exclusively as models and incapable of 
anv other use. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 629. Models of inventions and of 
other improvements in the arts, to be used 
exclusively as models and incapable of 
any other use [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 551. Models of inventions and of 
other improvements in the arts, to be used 
exclusively as models and incapable of 
any other use [Free]. 



MODELS OF INVENTIONS. 



Imports in 1914 were valued at $41,333, and in later calendar years 
as follows: 1918, $5,315; 1919, $9,909; 1920, $6,547: 1921 (9 
months), $11,068. 

Exports not shown in official statistics. 






SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1377 

PARAGRAPH 1616. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1616. Monazite sand and other 
tliorium ores. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 183. * * * monazite sand Par. 154. * * * monazite 
and thorite, four cents per pound; and thorite; * * * 25 per centum ad 

valorem. 



* * * 



MONAZITE SAND AND THORITE. 



(See Survey C-22.) 



Description and uses. — Monazite sand is a dull-brown, crystalline 
mineral consisting chiefly of the phosphates of cerium and thorium. It 
is mined in Brazil and India and formerly was obtained to a small extent 
in North and South Carolina. This sand usually contains about 25 per 
cent of cerium and 5 to 10 per cent of thorium. It is used primarily 
as a raw material in gas mantles. Since the mantle is made up of 
99 per cent of thoria to 1 per cent of ceria, and since there are no 
present uses for more than a fraction of the surplus ceria, the value 
of monazite depends upon its thoria content. 

Thorite and thorianite are less important minerals from which 
thorium may be recovered. They contain from 50 to 75 per 
cent of thoria, but are comparatively rare, leaving monazite sand 
the chief source of thorium. 

Production. — Domestic deposits of monazite sand occur in the beds 
of streams, and are mined and concentrated as in placer gold mining. 
This is an expensive and laborious process, not well adapted to 
large operation and usually carried on by farmers during spare time. 
About 20 years ago certain Brazilian sea beaches were found to 
contain monazite that could be cheaply exploited, and later monazite 
especially rich in thoria was discovered in India; American producers 
could not compete with either. The domestic output of monazite in 
1905 was 1,352,418 pounds, valued at $163,908. No production was 
recorded for 1913 and 1914. In 1915 and 1916 paucity of imports 
caused a slight revival, which in 1916 amounted to 76,872 pounds, 
about 5 per cent of the imports. Subsequent figures are not 
available. 

Imports of monazite from 1909 to 1913 averaged about 1,300,000 
pounds, valued at $114,000. Imports since 1917, chiefly from 
Brazil, British India, and Canada, are as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 


value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 

1919 

1920 




Pounds. , 

1 2,994,515 i 

1 632,568 ' 

| 1,814,482 

1 


$204, 661 
48,768 
141,678 




$0.07 
.08 
.08 


$51, 165 
12, 192 
35,382 


25 
25 

25 



82304—22- 



-87 



1378 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Important changes in classification. — Transferred from par. 154 of 
the dutiable list of the act of 1913. The phrase " and other thorium 
ores" replaces "thorite." 



PARAGRAPH 1617. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1617. Moss, seaweeds, and vege- 
table substances, crude or unmanufac- 
tured, not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 630. Moss, seaweeds, and vege- Par. 552. Moss, seaweeds, and vege- 
table substances, crude or unmanufac- table substances, crude or unmanufac- 
tured, not otherwise specially provided tured, not otherwise specially provided 
for in this section [Free]. for in this section [Free]. 

Par. 540. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, Par. 456. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, 

* * * shells of [Free]. * * * shells of [Free]. 

MOSS ; SEAWEEDS, AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES. 

(See Survey N-22.) 

Description and uses. — Sea moss is used in making mattresses and 
for upholstering. Certain varieties of mosses and seaweeds are used 
here for food by the Japanese and Chinese. "Vegetable substances, 
crude or unmanufactured," include such products as hulls of the pea, 
cotton seed, mustard seed, and oat seed, used in cattle feed; also 
dried grass and leaves, afterwards dyed and used for millinery pur- 
poses. Holly branches are also included, being imported for Christ- 
mas decorations. 

Production of moss is world-wide. Seaweeds are extensively dis- 
tributed in the ocean and may be found from tide level to considerable 
depths. It is estimated that about 14,000,000 pounds of sea moss are 
used annually in the United States for mattresses and upholstery, 
and in paper making. 

Imports of moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances were $246,196 
in 1914. Canada, Japan, and France were the chief sources, supply- 
ing about 70 per cent. Considerable amounts formerly came from 
Germany. Later statistics for calendar years follow : 



1918 1919 1920 



(9 mouths). 



— i i I 

Quantity (pounds) ; ' 8,362,717: 7,929,129 4,212,699 

Value I $302,912 : $338,756 ! $480, S39 i $307,286 

_ L 1 ! I . 

. 

The value of imports from Japan are much larger than those from 
Canada and France, although the quantity is smaller. In 1920 Ger- 
many was an important source, being exceeded only by the three 
countries named above. 

Erports of moss increased from $51,006 in 1914 to $91,667 in 1918 
(calendar year), about 85 per cent going to Canada. Statistics for 
later calendar years follow: 1919, $91,475; 1920, $115,346: 1921 (9 
months), $42,429. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1379 

PARAGRAPH 1618. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1618. Needles, hand sewing or 
darning. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 633. Needles, hand sewing and Par. 555. Needles, hand-sewing and 
darning [Free]. darning * * * [Free]. 

HAND-SEWING AND DARNING NEEDLES. 

(See Survey C-15.) 

Description and uses. — Besides ordinary hand-sewing and darning 
needles, there are included by Treasury decision harness, sail, mat- 
tress, and upholsterers' needles, which are classed as hand-sewing 
needles. 

Production. — Hand-sewing and darning needles are not domestic 
products. Manufacturers explain that the large capital required 
yields more certain returns in other enterprises. There is not suffi- 
cient inducement for American capital to risk competition with the 
long-established English and German industries. American manu- 
facturers would be handicapped by lack of raw material, as the wire 
for the finest quality of needles is made by but one or two mills in 
England. Hand labor seems essential for man}^ operations. The 
English needle passes through the hands of about*32 workmen and is 
subject to about IS different processes. As every workman requires 
special training, much skilled help is necessary, which, if available at 
all in the United States, would so increase the cost of the article as to 
make competition impossible. Practically all the hand-sewing needles 
used here are made in England and in Germany. 

Imports of hand-sewing and darning needles in the fiscal year 1918 
amounted in value to $533,969. For the calendar years 1918-1921 
they have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921(9 months). 


Quantity (thousands) 




758, 957 
$984, 119 


1, 299, 393 
$1,546,890 


638 862 


Value 


$776,087 


$798, 545 





The greater part of the imported material comes from the United 
Kingdom. In the years 1918 and 1919 there was a considerable im- 
portation from Japan. During 1919 and 1920 the importation from 
Germany was growing relatively more significant. 

PARAGRAPH 1619. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1619. Xewspapersand periodicals; 
but the term " periodicals" as herein used 
shall be understood to embrace only un- 
bound or paper-covered publications is- 
sued within six months of the time of 
entry, devoted to current literature of the 
day, or containing current literature as a 
predominant feature, and issued regularly 
at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or 
quarterly, and bearing the date of issue. 



/ 

1380 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 634.. Newspapers and periodicals; Par. 556. Newspapers and periodicals; 
but the term "periodicals" as herein used but the term '"periodicals" as herein used 
shall be understood to embrace only un- shall be understood to embrace only un- 
bound or paper covered publications is- bound or paper-covered publications is- 
sued within six months of the time of sued within six months of the time of 
entry, devoted to current literature of the entry, devoted to current literature of the 
day, or containing current literature as a day, or containing current literature as a 
predominant feature, and issued regularly predominant feature, and issued regularly 
at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or 
quarterly, and bearing the date of issue quarterly, and bearing the date of issue 
[Free]. [Free]. 

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

Description and uses. — The items mentioned in paragraph 1619 are 
of a character in themselves to be dutiable as printed matter under 
paragraph 1310. They are admitted free of duty onlv when they 
conform to certain specifications given in some detail in the para- 
graph. 

Imyorts of newspapers and periodicals in 1914 were valued at 
$363,807. Imports in later calendar years have been valued as fol- 
lows: 1918, $313,392; 1919, $322,311; 1920, $347,479; 1921 (nine 
months), $237,118. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1620. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1620. Nuts: Crude in the shell 
and broken coconut meat or copra, not 
shredded, desiccated, or prepared in any 
manner, and not specially provided for; 
palm nuts and palm-nut kernels. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par 635. Nuts: * * * palm nuts Par. 557. * * * broken coconut 

and palm-nut kernels; * * * broken meat or copra, not shredded, desiccated, 

cocoanut meat or copra, not shredded, or prepared in any manner; palm nuts 

desiccated, or prepared in any manner and palm-nut kernels [Free]. 
[Free]. 

COPRA, PALM NUTS, KERNELS, ETC. 

(See Survey A-ll.) 

Description and ^sv- -Copra is the dried, broken kernel of the 
coconut, and is the chief form of the commercial product from which 
coconut oil is expressed. (See paragraph 756.) Palm nuts are from 
palm varieties indigenous to western tropical Africa, and valuable for 
the palm oil they yield. The kernels are a distinct article of com- 
merce. The meal left after extracting the oil from the kernels has a 
small value as feed for cattle. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



1381 



Production. — Of the relatively small Florida and Porto Rican pro- 
duction of coconuts only the culls are marketed as copra. On the 
other hand, the Philippine crop (1,510,000,000 nuts in 1920) is in 
large part turned into copra either for crushing in the islands or for 
export. 

There is no domestic production of palm nuts or palm kernels. 

Impo?is of copra amounted to 44,459,158 pounds, valued at 
82,395,105, in 1914. Practically all of the 1914 importation came 
from Oceania (including the Philippines). In 1920 the Philippines 
furnished 10 per cent; Australia and other British Oceania, 43 per 
cent; Dutch East Indies, 14 per cent; and French Oceania, 11 per 
cent. 

Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921(9 months). 




430, 499, 328 
$26, 255, 527 


257, 915, 789 
$16, 544, 613 


215,188,461 
$14, 187, 178 


129, 286, 526 
$5, 060, 401 


Value . . * 





Imports of palm nuts and palm kernels in 1913 were valued at 
$4,872, and in 1914 at $23,127. Statistics for the calendar years 
1918-1921 follow; 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921(9 months). 


Quantity 






5, 610, 056 

$288, 586 


8, 329, 034 
$484, 730 


65 003 


Value. .. 




$384, 215 


$5, 802 





British Africa furnishes 95 per cent of the imports. 

Important changes in classification. — This paragraph takes the place 
of a part of paragraph 557 of the act of 1913; marrons and coconuts 
were transferred to schedule 7 (pars. 755 and 756). 

The word "crude" qualifying " marrons 7 ' and the words "in the 
shell " qualifying "coconuts" in paragraph 557 have been retained 
and combined in the phrase "crude in the shell," following the word 
"nuts" in this paragraph. No reason is apparent for this combina- 
tion of parts of provisions. 

Suggested changes. — "Copra" as the trade name might be sub- 
stituted for "broken coconut meat or copra, not shredded, desiccated, 
or prepared in any manner, and not specially provided for." 

The word "nuts" beginning this paragraph should be changed to 
"oil-bearing seeds and nuts" if the provision is to be given its full 
scope of exempting from duty oil seeds and nuts, unless no seeds shall 
be added to this paragraph. (See paragraph 760.) 

Unless specific provision shall be made for perilla and sesame seed, 
and for tung nuts, the raw materials of the oils that are free of duty 
under paragraph 1626, they will be subject to duty as seeds not 
specially provided for. 



1382 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1621, 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1621. Nux vomica. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 636. Nux vomica [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 558. Nux vomica [Free]. 



NUX VOMICA. 
(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — Nux vomica, the dried ripe seed of an 
Asiatic tree, is extensively used in medicine and in the manufacture 
of its alkaloids, of which strychnine is of chief importance. 

Production. — It is derived from a wild tree of India and the sur- 
rounding regions, the only important source of strychnine. 

Imports of nux vomica for 1909-1918 average 2,714,812 pounds, 
valued at $61,447. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
4, 107, 167 
3,750,838 
3,069,994 
2, 509, 381 


$310, 403 
240,446 
208, 234 
218, 748 


$0.08 


1919 


.06 


1920 


.07 


1921 (9 months) 


.09 







PARAGRAPH 1622. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1622. Oakum. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 637. Oakum [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 559. Oakum [Free]. 



OAKUM. 



(See Survey FL-14.) 



Description and uses.—- Oakum, a tarred preparation of soft fibers, 
is divided according to its chief uses into marine oakum and plumbers' 
oakum. Marine oakum, made of old tarred ropes and, for the most 
part since 1914, of domestic hemp tows, is employed for calking or 
packing joints or timbers of wooden vessels and the deck planking in 
steel ships. Plumbers' oakum, made from jute wastes, principally 
old waste bagging, is used for calking all kinds of pipe. 

Production of oakum in 1914 and in 1919 was limited to six estab- 
lishments, the total output of which was valued in 1914 at $359,000 
and in 1919 at $983,000. Prior to 1915 it is estimated that the 
annual domestic production of marine oakum amounted to about 
100,000 bales of 50 pounds each, and of plumbers' oakum to about 
85,000 bales. In 1919 the output was estimated at 210,000 bales of 
marine oakum and 60,000 bales of plumbers' oakum. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1383 



Imports in the period 1910-1914 averaged 1,446,000 pounds yearly 
and exports 1,351,000 pounds. Since 1917 imports have been small, 
whereas exports have shown a marked increase. Consumption of 
foreign oakum is limited to the higher grades of marine oakum, 
whicn are practicallv all supplied lay the United Kingdom and 
Russia in Europe. Imports for the calendar years 19 18-4921 have 
been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months) 




199 
$25 


35,840 
$3,500 ! 

! 


6,074 
$1,000 


73, 775 


Value 


$8,833 



Exports. — Nine-tenths of the exports consist of the lower grades of 
marine oakum shipped to Canada, Mexico, and South America. Ex- 
ports in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




2,958,154 
$439, 301 


2,720,369 
$364, 510 


2,828,617 
$355,088 


1, 065, 531 


Value 


$104, 851 







PARAGRAPH 1623. 
H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1623. Oil cake and oil-cake meal. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 638. Oil cake [Free]. Par. 560. Oil cake [Free]. 

OIL CAKE AND OIL-CAKE MEAL. 

(See Survey%-ll.) 

Description and uses. — The process of crushing various vegetable 
seeds and nuts to extract the oil, leaves a compressed mass known, 
when unground, as oil cake, and when ground, as oil-cake meal. This 
residual cake is chiefly derived from cotton seed, flaxseed, soya beans, 
corn, peanuts, and rapeseed. It is not only a valuable feedstuff for 
dairy, poultry, and other live stock, but also an important vegetable 
fertilizer, entering extensively into international trade. 

Production. — The United States, through its great cottonseed-oil, 
linseed-oil, and corn-product industries, is the largest producer and 
exporter of the oil-cake by-product. In 1914 the production of 
cottonseed cake and meal was 2,191,610 tons; of linseed cake, about 
600,000 tons, and of corn-cake meal close to 75,000 tons. In 1919 
the production of cottonseed cake and meal was 2,260,007 tons 
valued at $124,498,598; of linseed cake and meal, 409,141 tons 
valued at $26,435,210. 

Imports during 1911-1920 ranged from 10,000,000 to 230,000,000 
pounds, with values varying from $100,000 to $4,600,000, coming 
principally from the Dutch East Indies and Philippine Islands 



1384 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



(coconut cake) ; China and Japan (soya-bean cake) ; Mexico (cotton- 
seed cake); Canada and the United Kingdom (linseed cake). Most 
of the imports move to the Pacific States. Statistics for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 follow: 

Oil cake. 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Cottonseed-oil cake: 


24,975,122 
$439, 927 

1, 513, 600 

$37, 615 

33, 380 
$333 

78, 370 
11, 261 

21,000 
$534 

120 
$23 


63, 389, 335 
$1,314,271 

4,041,088 
$99, 248 

25, 410, 217 
$423, 144 

16, 988, 787 
$483, 221 

1,740,381 
$37,062 

227 

$5 


37, 245, 980 
$807, 985 

3, 757, 985 
$96, 341 

133, 588, 981 
$2, 476, 423 

"29, 473, 132 
$645, 267 

9,122,025 
$265,322 

1,221,122 
$32, 189 

1,850,204 
$49, 187 

13,970,566 
$263, 196 


463, 278 

$8, 414 

1 586 358 


Value 


Cottonseed and linseed (Bibby's) oil cake: 
Quantity (pounds) 


Value 


' $25^ 576 

56, 478, 704 
$1, 062, 455 

6,091,619 
$104, 154 

2 825 565 


CoconUt-oil cake: 

Quantity (pounds) 


Value 


Soya-bean oil cake: 

Quantity (pounds) 


Value 


All other bean-oil cake: 

Quantity (pounds) 


Value . ."'. H - 


$42,238 


Peanut-oil cake: 

Quantity (pounds) 


Value 




Rapeseed-oil cake: 

Quantity (pounds) 




Value „ 








All other oil cake: 


302,049 
$21,234 


834,835 
$13,847 


1 023 477 


Value .....\ '. 


'$34' 515 




Quantity (pounds) 


26,923,641 
$500,927 


112,405,870 

$2,370,827 


230,229,995 
$4,635,910 


68,469 001 




$1,277,352 





Oil-cake meal. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


• 


Pounds. 
799,340 

50,000 
109,336 

20,280 


$17,363 

1,309 

1,522 

451 


$2,604 
196 
228 


Per cent. 
15 


1919 


15 


1920 


15 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports in normal years were about 2,000,000,000 pounds, valued 
at over $21,000,000, cottonseed cake and meal ordinarily comprising 
about three-fourths of the total and linseed cake most of the re- 
mainder. The trade was greatly reduced during the war. Later 
statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1385 



1918 



1919 



1921 (9 months). 



Cottonseed cake: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Cottonseed meal: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Linseed or flaxseed cake: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Linseed or flaxseed meal: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Corn-oil cake and meal: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Coconut -oil cake and meal: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

All other oil cake and meal: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



1,384,250 
$32,412 

10,283,046 
$256,068 

45,392,709 
$1,115,129 

40,561,673 
$1, 134, 142 

69,370 
$2,966 



3,371,706 
$244,733 



394,625,721 
$12,918,900 

233,507,445 
$7,262,043 

327,922,678 
$11,656,844 

25,828,805 
$846,387 

963,980 
$26, 874 



104,379,153 
$3,329,643 



314,018,114 
$8,818,176 

26,027,868 
$730,841 

223,286,040 
$7,638,696 

12,338,937 
$404,004 

130,613 
$3,963 

528,170 
$13,784 

13,232,720 
$402,085 



285,309,654 
$5,102,315 

111,621,760 
$2,020,665 

403,782,446 
$9,139,157 

18,338,584 
$392,455 

4,131,472 

$68,996 

7,805,353 
$84,936 

34,364,204 
$559,730 



Important changes in classification. — Oil-cake meal has been added; 
it diners from oil cake only in being ground. 



PARAGRAPH 1624, 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1624. Oils, animal: Spermaceti, 
whale, and other fish oils of American 
fisheries, and all fish and other products 
of such fisheries. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 639. Oils: * * * and also sper- 
maceti, whale, and other fish oils of 
American fisheries, and all fish and other 
products of such fisheries; * * * [Free,] 

Par. 567. Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed 
in ice, caught in the Great Lakes or other 
fresh waters by citizens of the United 
States, and all other fish, the products of 
American fisheries [Free]. 



Par. 561. Oils: * * * and also sper- 
maceti, whale, and other fish oils of 
American fisheries, and all fish and other 
products of such fisheries [Free]. 



[For discussion, see par 49, p. 140.] 



PARAGRAPH 1625. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1625. Oils, distilled or essential: 
Anise, hergamot, bitter almond, camphor, 
caraway, cassia, cinnamon, citronella, 
geranium, lavender, lemon-grass, lime, 
lignaloe, neroli or orange flower, origa- 
num, palmarosa, pettigrain, rose or otto 
of roses, rosemary, spike lavender, thyme, 
and ylang ylang: Provided, That no article 
mixed or compounded or containing al- 
cohol shall be exempted from duty under 
this paragraph. 



1386 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 639. Oils: Almond, * * * anise 
or anise seed, * * * aspic or spike 
lavender, bergamot, * * * caraway, 
cassia, cinnamon, * * * citronella or 
lemon grass, * * * lavender, * * * 
limes, * * * neroli or orange flower, 
* * * attar of roses, * * * rose- 
mary or anthoss, * * * thyme, orig- 
anum red or white, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 3. * * * distilled oils, essen- 
tial oils, * * * twenty-five per cen- 
tum ad valorem; * * % 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 46. Oils, distilled and essential: 

* * * almond, bitter; * * * anise 
or anise seed; bergamot; * * * cara- 
way; cassia; cinnamon; * * * citron- 
ella and lemon-grass; * * * lavender, 
and aspic or spike lavender; limes; neroli 
or orange flower; origanum, red or white; 
rosemary or anthoss; attar of roses ; thyme; 

* * ' * all the foregoing oils, * * * 
and essential and distilled oils and all 
combinations of the same, not specially 
provided for in this section, 20 per centum 
ad valorem: Provided, That no article 
containing alcohol shall be classified for 
duty under this paragraph. 



OILS, DISTILLED OR ESSENTIAL. 



ANISE OR ANISE-SEED OIL. 



(See Survey A-12.) 

Description and uses. — Anise-seed oil is distilled from anise fruit or 
the fruit of the star anise. The fruit yields from 1J to 3 per cent of 
oil. The plant is indigenous to Asia Minor and Egypt and is also 
cultivated in Kussia, Spain, Malta, Greece, Bulgaria, Chile, and India. 
The chief use of anise-seed oil is as a flavoring agent, especially in 
cheap grades of candy. It is used to some extent in medicines as a 
carminative and stimulant. 

Imports prior to the war had reached a maximum of 127,501 
pounds, valued at $173,078 in 1913, and decreased to about one-third 
of that quantity in 1914. During the following years the imports 
increased, until in 1917 there were imported 266,686 pounds, valued 
at $150,849, which yielded a revenue of $30,169. By far the greater 
quantity of anise oil imported is the oil of star anise seed from China. 
Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

72,033 
148, 849 
290, 241 

76,995 


$63, 476 

156,982 

246,682 

35,700 


$0.88 
1.05 
.84 
.46 


$12, 695 
31,396 
49,336 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Important changes in classification. - 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



-Anise oil is dutiable under 



BERGAMOT OIL. 

(See Survey A-12.) 



Description and uses. — Bergamot oil is obtained from the fresh 
rind of the fruit known as the bergamot orange or the bergamot 
lemon. An oil of an inferior quality is obtained by distilling the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1387 



crushed rind with steam. Oil of bergamot possesses stimulating prop- 
erties when taken internally. It is employed as a perfume in hair 
tonics, and in dusting powders and ointments to disguise the un- 
pleasant odor of certain drugs. Bergamot oil is sometimes adulterated 
with orange oil and turpentine. 

Imports in 1913 were 64,259 pounds, valued at $310,835, and were 
free of duty. In 1914 imports decreased to about 50 per cent of the 
normal prewar imports, but since have been about equal to imports 
in 1913. Imports since 1917 are as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

58, 581 
69, 171 
60, 744 
31, 287 


$245, 999 
298, 457 
243, 226 
135, 018 


$4.20 
4.31 
4.00 
4.31 


$49,200 
59, 691 
48, 645 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Important changes in classification. - 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



-Bergamot oil is dutiable under 



BITTER ALMOND OIL. 



(See Survey A-ll.) 



Description. — When bitter almond kernels are expressed they yield 
a bland fixed oil which is known as sweet almond oil. (See par. 45.) 
The residue from this expression when ground and distilled with 
water, yields the bitter oil of almonds. The bitter almond oil does 
not exist in the kernel, but is produced by the action of water on 
amygdalin, a constituent of almonds; it is also obtained by dis- 
tilling the seeds of peaches and apricots. Bitter almond oil consists 
of about 85 per cent of benzaldehyde, which can be prepared syn- 
thetically from coal tar. The synthetic product has largely replaced 
the natural oil, and has a more uniform composition. 

Imports of bitter oil of almonds in 1913 were 10,442 pounds, valued 
at $25,629, and were admitted free of duty. The imports during the 
war declined considerably. Later statistics follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
1,375 
2,512 
4, 374 
4,181 


$13, 983 
15, 261 
20,548 
11,472 


$10. 17 
6.08 
4.70 
2.74 


$2,797 
3,052 
4,110 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Bitter almond oil is dutiable 
under paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



1388 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORM ATIOaST, 1921. 



CAMPHOR OIL. 

Description and uses. — Camphor oil is a by-product of ordinary or 
Japanese camphor, from which it is obtained by distillation with 
water. The first crude distillate is then subjected to a second frac- 
tional distillation. Its chief uses are in medicine and as a source 
of safrol (par. 56) . In the Far East it is used as an illuminating oil. 

Production is confined almost wholly to Japan, although a small 
amount is produced in China, the Malay States, and Mauritius. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

236, 025 

401 

41, 958 

5,567 


$21, 248 
116 

7,844 
2,333 


$0.09 
.29 
.19 
.41 


$4,250 

23 

1,569 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention of cam- 
phor oil, which is dutiable under the provision for " essential and dis- 
tilled oils'' n. s. p. f., paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



CARAWAY OIL. 



(See Survey A-12.; 



Description and uses. — Caraway oil is obtained by steam distilla- 
tion from the caraway fruit, which yields from 4 to 6 per cent of oil. 
The oil is distilled chiefly in England, Holland, Germany, and Mo- 
rocco. It is used medicinally as a stimulant and carminative, and to 
impart an agreeable flavor to other pharmaceutical remedies. 

Imports had decreased prior to the war from 60,007 pounds in 
1910 to 10,107 pounds in 1913. Imports further decreased in 1914 to 
about 3,500 pounds. In 1915, 18,107 pounds were imported, valued 
at $20,730, yielding a revenue of $4,146. Imports since 1917 have 
been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,097 

4,261 

S, 167 

800 


$6, 522 

14, 622 

19, 746 

896 


$5.95 
3.43 
2.42 
1.12 


$1,304 
2, 924 
3,949 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Caraway oil is dutiable under 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1389 



CASSIA OIL. 



(See Survey A-12.) 



Description. — Cassia oil is distilled from the bark, leaves, and 
twigs of the plant Cinnamomum cassia, which is indigenous to Cochin 
China, and is also cultivated in other parts of China. The oil con- 
sists chiefly of from 75 to 85 per cent cinnamic aldehyde. This 
product can be made synthetically from coal tar, and synthetic cassia 
oil is now a common article of commerce. 

Imports are combined with those of oil of cinnamon, which it 
greatly resembles. 

Important changes in classification. — Cassia oil is dutiable under 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 

CINNAMON OIL. 

(See Survey A-12.) 

Description. — Cinnamon oil is distilled from the bark of the Ceylon 
cinnamon tree {Cinnamomum zeylanicum). The oil is usually dis- 
tilled from an inferior bark of insufficient value to pay the export 
tax. The bark yields from one-half to 1 per cent of oil. 

Cinnamon leaf oil is an essential oil distilled from the leaves of 
the same plant. It differs from oil of cinnamon in that it contains 
very little cinnamic aldehyde and from 70 to 90 per cent of eugenol. 

Imports. — The combined imports of cassia and cinnamon oil in 
1913 were 123,645 pounds, valued at $97,438, and were admitted free 
of duty. Imports decreased somewhat during 1914 and 1915, and 
in 1917 increased to 153,244 pounds, valued at $130,112, and yielded 
a revenue of $26,022. 

Imports for later years follow : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

99, 454 
168,626 
175, 589 

35, 594 


$125,629 
277, 280 
265,061 
36,657 


$1.26 
1.64 
1.51 
1.20 


$25, 126 
55,456 
53,012 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. — Cinnamon oil is dutiable under 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



CITRONELLA AND LEMON-GRASS OILS. 

(See Survey A-12.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Citronella oil is distilled from 
"Indian grass," chiefly in the southern part of Ceylon. It is a pale- 
yellow oil which possesses a powerful odor, and this property, along 
with its low price, accounts for its extensive use as a cheap soap per- 
fume. It is also used as a protection against insects, chiefly mosqui- 
toes. Lemon-grass oil is obtained by distillation from two varieties 
of grass grown in Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, Malabar, and 



1390 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Cochin China. Ceylon and Singapore are the chief centers of culti- 
vation of the grass and of the production and exportation of the oiL 
It is used chiefly as a perfume, especially for the cheaper grades of 
soaps. It is also used to adulterate oil of lemons. 
Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
783,045 
572, 202 

1,012,050 
634,637 


$319,734 
280,498 
737,047 
263, 862 


$0.41 
.49 
.73 
.41 


$63,947 
56,100 
147,409 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. — Citronella and lemon-grass 
oils are dutiable under paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



GERANIUM OIL. 



Description and uses. — Geranium oil, or rose geranium oil, is 
distilled from several varieties of the plant pelargonium, and is used 
in compounding perfumes. 

Production. — The plants are cultivated and distillation is carried 
on in Algeria, southern France, Spain, Italy, Corsica, and Provence. 

Import statistics are available for 1914 only, when they were 
63,414 pounds, valued at $146,933. 

Export statistics are not available. 

Important , changes in classification. — First specific mention; now 
dutiable under the general provision in paragraph 46 of the act of 
1913. 



LAVENDER AND SPIKE LAVENDER OILS. 



(See Survey A-12.) 

Description and uses. — Oil of lavender refers to 2 a volatile oil dis- 
tilled from the fresh flowering herb Lavandula vera and other species 
growing on the higher slopes of the Alps. Several grades of this oil, 
differing greatly in price, are on the market. In France a large part 
of the commercial oil is obtained from the wild plant by means of 
portable stills. The English oil, which is obtained exclusively from 
cultivated plants, commands a much higher price than the ordinary 
commercial or French oil, as only a small amount is produced. 
Commercially the English oil is frequently designated as oil of garden 
lavender. Oil of lavender is employed chiefly as a perfume and as a 
flavoring agent for certain pharmaceutical preparations. It is rarely 
employed in medicine. 

Spike lavender oil or spike oil is distilled from the flowering Lav- 
andula spica, which grows in the lower mountainous regions of France, 
Spain, and Italy. Spike oil is a common adulterant of oil of lavender 
and is occasionally distilled with true lavender. It is also used by 
artists in the preparation of varnishes. Spike lavender oil is much 
cheaper than true oil of lavender. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1391 



Imports of lavender and spike lavender oil in 1913 were 227,013 
pounds, valued at $482,779, admitted free of duty. In 1914 and 1915, 
imports were about one-third of those in 1913; in 1916, 198,205 
pounds, valued at $271,815, yielding a revenue of $54,363. Imports 
since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
98, 602 
141,970 
135, 268 
71, 050 


$214, 759 
263, 038 
351,947 
138, 419 


$2.18 
1.85 
2.60 
1.95 


$42,952 
52, 608 
70,389 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 -. 


20 


1921 (9 months) 











Important changes in classification. - 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



-These oils are dutiable under 



LEMON-GRASS OIL. 

(See Citronella oil, p. 1389.) 



LIME OIL. 



(See Survey A-12.) 

Description and production. — Expressed lime oil is obtained by me- 
chanical means from the peel of the fresh fruit of Citrus limetta. It 
is produced in Italy chiefly during the months of December and Janu- 
ary. This oil closely resembles oil of lemon. A distilled lime oil is 
also produced, chiefly in the West Indies, and is the usual lime oil of 
commerce. The expressed Italian oil is much more valuable than the 
distilled West Indian oil. 

Imports in 1913 were 13,075 pounds, valued at $15,025, and were 
admitted free of duty. The imports during the war showed a de- 
crease only in 1915. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 





1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity. ; Value. 



Pounds. 

9,97S 

46,387 

46,993 

38, 042 



Unit 
value. 



Duty. 



$19, 230 
51, 430 
89,420 
72, 148 



SI. 93 $3,846 

1.10 10,208 

1.90 17,884 

1.97 



Ad 

valorem 
rate. 



Per cent. 
20 
20 
20 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Lime oil is dutiable under 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



l:gxaloe oil. 



Description and uses. — Lignaloe oil, or as it is more commonly 
known, linaloe oil, comes on the market in two different varieties, 
Cayenne, and Mexican. The former is distilled in French Guiana, 
and the latter in Mexico, both from woods of uncertain botanical 
origin. They are used in compounding perfumes. 



1392 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — Production is confined to French Guiana and Mexico. 

Imports are shown for 1914 only, when they were 4,171 pounds, 
valued at $10,926, chiefly from Mexico. 

Exports. — Statistics are not available. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention; now 
dutiable under paragraph 46, act of 1913. 

Suggested changes. — The spelling generally used is "linaloe," not 
"%naloe." This oil is also known in commerce as "Bois de Kose." 
In order to be certain of including this product the provision might 
be changed to "linaloe or Bois de Rose. 



NEROLI OR ORANGE FLOWER OIL 



(See Survey A-12.) 



Description j uses, and production. — This oil is obtained by distillation 
from fresh orange flowers and is produced exclusively in the southern 
part of France. The best grade of neroli comes from Nice. This 
oil is used almost exclusively in perfume. A form of orange flower 
oil is used to a certain extent as a flavoring agent in sirups. The 
odor of orange flower oil is due to methyl anthranilate, which can be 
made synthetically from coal tar. Methyl anthranilate was produced 
in the United States during 1920 by six firms. A synthetic product 
which is sold under the name of neroli is used largely as a perfume 
by soap makers. 

Imports of neroli, or orange flower oil, in 1913 were 38,365 pounds, 
valued at $171,932. During 1914 and 1915 the imports decreased to 
about 14,000 pounds, and during 1916 and 1917, were only slightly 
less than the imports in 1913. Imports since 1917 have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

22, 173 
25,076 
36,946 
22,684 


$70,683 

123, 060 

181, 141 

51,612 


$3.19 
4.91 
4.90 
2.28 


$14, 137 
24,612 
36, 228 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months).. 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Important changes in classification, 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



-This oil is dutiable under 



ORIGANUM OIL. 



(See Survey A-12.) 

Description. — Origanum or marjoram oil closely resembles oil of 
thyme and is obtained by distillation with water from two species of 
origanum native to Europe and America. The two oils recognized 
in commerce are Trieste oil, which is dark, and Smyrna oil, which 
is light colored. This difference in color accounts for the tariff 
description "red or white.' ' 

Imports of origanum had increased under exemption from duty prior 
to the war to 8,822 pounds, valued at $8,502 in 1913. With the ex- 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1393 



ception of 1914, the imports during the war showed a remarkable 
increase — 54,671 pounds, valued at $45,859, and yielded a revenue 
of $9,171 in 1917. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

200 

6,853 

13, 896 

2,160 


$143 
13, 406 
27,032 
4,569 


$0.72 
1.96 
1.95 

2.17 


$29 
2,681 
5,406 


Per cent. 
20 


1919... 


20 


1920 ... 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 









Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — This oil is dutiable under 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



PALMAROSA OIL. 



Description and uses. — Palmarosa oil, or Turkish geranium grass 
oil, is distilled from Motia grass, which grows extensively in India. 
Its chief use is in the compounding of perfumes. The odor and 
properties are somewhat similar to geranium oil. 

Production. — Distillation is confined wholly to India. The name 
Turkish geranium oil came into use through the commercial intro- 
duction of the oil via Constantinople. 

Imports are shown for 1914 only, when they were 1,052 pounds, 
valued at $1,351. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention; now 
dutiable under the general provision in paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



PETTIGRAIN OIL. 



Description and uses. — The oil of pettigrain of to-day is distilled 
from the leaves and young shoots of the bitter orange. It is used in 
the compounding of perfumes. 

Production. — The best pettigrain oil is distilled in the south of 
France, a certain amount also in Algeria and Spain. An oil of 
less perfume value, but one which forms the bulk of the oil of com- 
merce, is distilled in Paraguay. 

Imports in 1914 (the only year for which statistics are available) 
were 634 pounds, valued at $1,114. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention; now 
dutiable under the general provisions in paragraph 46, act of 1913. 

ROSE OIL OR OTTO OF ROSES. 

(See Survey A-12.) 

Description, uses, and production. — Attar or otto of roses is a 
volatile oil distilled from fresh rose flowers. Of the numerous varie- 
ties of roses, only a few are used in the preparation of the essential 
oil. A large part of the attar of roses is obtained from the Balkan 
Mountains. The important center of the industry is Kezanlik. 
Roses are also cultivated in the southern part of France in the 

82304—22 88 



1394 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



neighborhood of Grasse, Cannes, and Nice. The French flowers, 
however, are used chiefly for the preparation of rose water and rose 
pomades. In recent years extensive rose plantations have been 
established in Germany near Klein-Mil titz. There is also a small 
production of attar of roses in Algeria. 

As rose oil is expensive, the probability of adulteration is always 
great. The principal adulterants are palmarosa oil and true gera- 
nium oil. Kose oil is used chiefly in the preparation of high-grade 
toilet perfumes and is also employed in medicine for perfuming 
cerates, ointments, and lotions. 

Imports. — The imports of attar of roses in 1913 had reached 
133,325 ounces, valued at $791,370, admitted free of duty. The 
imports since 1913 have been considerably less, and in 1917 declined 
to a minimum of 11,235 ounces, valued at $85,673, and yielded a 
revenue of $17,134. This decrease in imports has been due to war 
conditions which have demoralized the rose industry in Bulgaria. 
Import statistics since 1917 follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Ounces. 
21, 299 
52, 931 
67, 224 
7,310 


$160, 556 

497, 021 

480, 327 

55, 239 


$7.54 
9.39 
7.15 
7.56 


$32, 111 
99,404 
96,065 


Per cent. 

2a 


1919 


20 


1920 


2a 


1921 (9 months) 











Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Important changes in classification. - 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



-This oil is dutiable under 



ROSEMARY OIL. 



(See Survey A-12.) 



Description. — Rosemary oil is distilled from the flowering tops of 
the rosemary plant. There are two commercial varieties, Italian or 
Dalmatian oil, which is distilled after the flowering season is over, 
and a French oil, which possesses a finer odor and is distilled from the 
fresh flowering tops. English oil, which is produced from culti- 
vated plants, and the Spanish oil are of minor commercial importance, 
although the English product brings a much higher price than the 
other oils. 

Imports of rosemary oil showed a large increase, from about 
50,000 pounds in 1910 to 284,144 pounds, valued at $100,930, in 
1913, being admitted free of duty. The imports during 1914, 
1915, and 1916 were only about one-third those of 1913. Imports 
since 1917 are as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 

value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 

87, 972 
152, 138 
219, 226 

22,018 


$45, 341 
77, 465 
193, 102 

18, 119 


$0.51 
.51 
.88 
.82 


$9,068 
15, 493 
38,620 


Per cod. 

2a 


1919 


20 


] 920 


2a 


1921 (9 months) 











SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1395 



Important changes in classification. — This oil is dutiable under 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 

SPIKE LAVENDER OIL. 

(See Lavender oil, p. 1390.) 

THYME OIL. 

(See Survey A-12.) 

Description and uses. — Thyme oil is distilled from fresh flowering 
tops of the thyme herb which grows wild in the mountains of south- 
ern France. Small quantities of oil are produced from the culti- 
vated herb, but this source is of little commercial importance. The 
Spanish thyme oil is probably derived from a species of origanum. 
It has been a common practice to export thyme oil from France to 
England, whence it is reexported to the United States as oil of 
origanum. Thyme oil closely resembles oil of origanum ; being much 
cheaper, it has been substituted largely for the latter. 

Thyme oil is used chiefly for veterinary preparations and as a 
cheap soap perfume. The French oil is the most valuable. There 
are two commercial varieties, known as red and white. The former 
grade is a crude distilled oil and, when properly rectified and purified, 
gives the commercial white thyme oil. The yield of oil varies from 
0.5 to 2.5 per cent. 

Imports prior to the war increased from about 50,000 pounds in 
1910 to 138,972 pounds, valued at $105,296, admitted free of duty 
in 1913. Imports since 1917 are as follows: 



1 

1 
Calendar year. 1 Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Ad 

valorem 

rate. 


1918 


Pounds. 
107, 739 
115,456 

77, 227 
51,078 


$122, 241 
171,459 
151,631 
74, 006 


$1.14 
1.49 
1.96 
1.47 


$24, 448 
34, 292 
30, 326 


Per cent. 
20 


1919 


20 


1920 


20 


1921 (9 months) 


20 














Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Thyme oil is dutiable under 
paragraph 46, act of 1913. 



YLANG-YLANG OIL. 



Description and uses. — Ylang-}'lang or Cananga oil is the product 
of the distillation of the flowers of Cananga odorata, a native of Ava 
and Tenasserim, and is generally distributed and cultivated through- 
out southern Asia, the East Indies, the Philippines, and Reunion. 
The Philippine oil is said to be the finest in quality. It is used in 
compounding perfumes. 

Import statistics are not available. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention; now 
dutiable under the general provision in paragraph 46 of the act of 
1913. 

Suggested changes. — This oil from Java and neighborhood is known 
commercially as Cananga oil. In order to be certain of its inclusion 
the words "or Cananga" might be added after "ylang-ylang." 



1396 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1626. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1626. Oils, expressed or ex- 
tracted: Croton, palm, palm-kernel, 
perilla, sesame, and sweet almond ; olive 
oil rendered unfit for use as food or for 
any but mechanical or manufacturing 
purposes, by such means as shall be satis- 
factory to the Secretary of t&e Treasury 
and under regulations to be prescribed 
by him; Chinese and Japanese tung oils; 
and nut oils not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 639. Oils: Almond, * * * 
croton, * * * nut oil or oil of nuts, 

* * * olive oil rendered unfit for use 
as food or for any but mechanical or man- 
ufacturing purposes, by such means as 
shall be satisfactory to the Secretary of 
the Treasury and under regulations to be 
prescribed by him; * * * palm, palm- 
kernel, * * * sesame or sesamum 
seed or bean, * * * [Free]. 

Par. 3. * * * expressed oils, * * * 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 

* - * r * [Covered oils not specifically 
mentioned in 1909.1. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 561. Oils: * * * croton, * * * 
palm, palm-kernel, perilla, * * * and 
olive oil rendered unfit for use as food 
or for any but mechanical or manufactur- 
ing purposes, by such means as shall be 
satisfactory to the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury and under regulations to be pre- 
scribed by him; Chinese nut oil, nut oil 
or oil of nuts not specially provided for in 
this section; * * * [Free]. 

Par. 45. Oils, expressed: * * * al- 
mond oil, sweet, 5 cents per pound; 
sesame or sesamum seed or bean oil, 1 
cent per pound; * * *. 



CROTON OIL. 



(See Survey A-ll.) 



Description and uses. — Ordinary croton- oil comes from the seeds of 
Croton tiglium, a native tree of the East Indies and cultivated in 
various tropical countries. The oil is amber color, has a nauseating 
odor, biting taste, and (often adulterated with castor oil) is used as a 
powerful purgative. It is produced in large quantities in India and 
in Great Britain by pressing or by extraction with volatile solvents. 
The chief uses are in medicine. 

Imports have been small; prior to 1916 between 4,000 and 6,000 
pounds, since decreasing greatly. Imports since 1917 have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

1,000 

900 

3, 578 

2,002 


$1, 075 
1,288 
3,776 
2,054 


$1.08 


1919 . . 


1.43 


1920 


1.06 


1921 (9 months)... 




1.02 



















PALM AND PALM-KERNEL OIL. 

(See Survey A-ll.) 

Description and uses. — Palm oil is obtained from the outside fleshy 
portions of the ripe fruit; palm-kernel oil, from the kernels of the 
seeds. Forests of palm trees grow on the west coast of Africa, 
practically the only source of supply. Another species of palm is 
cultivated in South America, the West Indies, Java, and North 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1397 



Burma, but its yield of oil is commercially unimportant. The native 
process of extracting palm oil is exceedingly crude and only a small 
portion of the oil is recovered. The residue, palm kernels, is usually 
shipped to Europe or America, where the oil is extracted. Both palm 
and palm-kernel oils are used extensively in soap making — 27,345,000 
pounds of palm oil and 4,762,000 pounds of palm-kernel oil in 1917. 
The total United States consumption in 1919 was 18,450,532 pounds 
of palm oil and 2,517,105 pounds of palm-kernel oil; in 1920, 24,791,- 
212 pounds of palm oil and 2,671,112 pounds of palm-kernel oil; and 
for the first 9 months of 1921 (preliminary figures), 15,967,164 pounds 
and 1,862,505 pounds, respectively. Palm oil mixed with cottonseed 
and mineral oils is used in the manufacture of tin plate to protect 
the iron sheets from oxidation before being immersed in the molten 
tin. Fresh palm-kernel oil is used in vegetable butter substitutes 
and for other edible purposes. 

Production of palm-kernel oil from imported kernels in the United 
States since 1911 has been as follows: 



Year. 


Quantity. 


Year. 


Quantity. 










1912 


Pounds. 
3,200,000 

402,000 j 
8,619,000 
6,453,000 j 


1918 


Pounds. 
3,784,000 
2, 517, 105 
2,671,102 
1,327,382 


1914 


1919 


1916 

1917 . . .. 


1920 

1921 (9 months) 







Imports of palm oil in 1914 were 58,040,202 pounds, valued at 
S3, 858,001, and 27,405,231 pounds, valued at $2,527,301 in 1918. 
Prior to 1916 England furnished about 90 per cent; but in 1918 British 
West Africa shipped us 90 per cent. Imports of palm-kernel oil in 
1914 were 34,327,600 pounds, valued at $3,087,343, declining to 
18,618 pounds, valued at $2,583 in 1918 (fiscal year). Imports 
prior to the war came chiefly from Germany and England. During 
the war England became the chief crusher and in order to retain this 
industry she has instituted a-system of preferential export duties on 
palm kernels from British West Africa. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar vear. 



Quantity. 



Value. Unit value. 



PALM OIL. 



Pounds. 

1918 20,993,085 ! $1,651,241 

1919 41,817,945 4,317,324 

1920 41,948,224 I 5,430,310 

1921 (9 months) 18, 688, 145 I 1, 156, 390 



SO. 08 
.10 
.13 



PALM-KERNEL OIL. 


1918 


Pounds. 
33, 564 
1,929,493 
1,693,740 
1,581,717 


$4,855 
142, 523 
238,399 
127, 741 


$0.14 


1919 


.07 


1920 


14 


1921 (9 months) 


.08 



Imports of palm oil have been chiefly from England and West 
Africa, and of palm-kernel oil from England and Belgium. 
Exports. — Statistics not available. 



1398 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PERTLLA OIL. 

(See Survey A-ll.) 

Description and uses. — Perilla oil is obtained by crushing the seed 
of Perilla ocymoides, an annual plant indigenous to China, Japan, and 
the northern parts of India, where it is cultivated for its seeds, the 
oil being used for edible purposes. It is used as a substitute for 
linseed oil in paints, varnishes, linoleum, and printing inks when 
market prices are favorable. It is not produced in the United States. 

Imports of perilla oil were 65,509 pounds, valued at $5,504 in 1916. 
Imports since 1917 follow: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value 


1918 


Pounds. 

921,740 
4,742,739 
7,581,555 

615, 464 


$121, 858 

723,622 

1,216,291 

45,068 


$0.13 
15 


1919 


1920 


16 


1921 (9 months) 


.07 





SESAME OIL. 



(See Survey A-ll.) 



Description and uses. — This oil is obtained from the seeds of the 
plant Sesamum indicium, L., which is grown principally in East India, 
Java, Siam, China, and Japan and in the countries bordering the 
Mediterranean. Sesame could be grown in the southern United 
States, but the harvesting requires a great deal of hand labor. 

The seeds yield from 30 to 50 per cent of a thin yellow oil which is 
odorless, has a pleasant taste, and does not become rancid on exposure. 
The best qualities are used as table oils or to adulterate olive oil 
the poorer grades as fuel or soap stock. It is one of the staple food' 
oils of southern Europe. 

Production. — The production from imported seed has increased 
greatly since 1914, as shown in the following table: 



Year. 


Quantity. 




Year. 


: Quantity. 


1914 


Pounds. 
30,000 
129,000 


1917 

1918 




P$unds. 

304,000 

: 299,000 


1916 









Imports for 1914 were 1,389,648 pounds, more than half of which 
came from Germany. In 1915 they were 341,545 pounds; in 1917, 
73,846 pounds. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 

2,354,927 

4, 722, 484 

806,935 

74. 191 



Value. 



Unit 
value. 



$356,516 | 

694,241 | 

162,538 | 

10,783 l 



Duty. 



Equiva- 
lent ad 
valorem . 



$0. 15 $23, 549 
.15 47,225 
.20 i 8,069 
.14 



Per cent. 
6.61 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1399 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Important changes in classification. - 
ble list (par. 45) of the act of 1913. 



-Transferred from the dutia- 



ALMOND OIL, SWEET. 

(See Survey A-ll.) 

Description and uses. — So-called sweet almond oil is expressed 
from sweet and bitter almonds, since both oils are practically identical 
and can not be distinguished by chemical means. The cake resulting 
from the cold expression is ground and distilled with water, thus pro- 
ducing bitter oil of almond. (See par. 1625.) Sweet almonds yield 
on an average about 44 to 55 per cent of oil, while bitter almonds 
yield about 38 to 45 per cent, though it may be as low as 20 per cent. 

The oil is pale yellow, with a pleasant mild taste and little odor. 
It does not readily become rancid. Owing to its high price, almond 
oil is freely diluted with other similar oils, chiefly peach-kernel and 
apricot-kernel oil. Genuine almond oil is sold under the name of 
" almond oil, true." 

Almond oil is used principally for pharmaceutical purposes and in 
the manufacture of high-class toilet soaps. 

Production. — The principal countries producing almonds are Mo- 
rocco, the Canary Islands, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Sicily, Syria, 
and Persia. Figures for the domestic production of the oil are not 
available, but it is probably inconsiderable. Some almonds ar© 
raised in California, but are mostly used for other purposes. 

Imports for 1913 amounted to 152,300 pounds. Imports since 
1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 


Duty. 


Equiva. 
lent ad 
valorem. 


1918... 


Pounds. 
15,017 
46,288 
56, 907 
31,312 


$11, 586 
38,991 
28,405 
14,380 


$0.77 
.84 
.50 
.46 


$751 
2,314 
2,845 


Per cent 
6.48 


1919... 


5.94 


1920 


10.02 


1921 (9 months) 


. ' 




1 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Transferred frofri the duti- 
able list (par. 45) act of 1913. 



OLIVE OIL. 

(See Survey A-ll.) 

Description and uses. — Denatured olive oil, also known as " olive 
oil foots 7 ' and " sulphured olive oil," is a very low-grade oil extracted 
from the third and sometimes the fourth pressing of the olive cake or 
pomace. Some volatile solvent, such as gasoline or carbon bisul- 
phide, is employed in the process. This oil is used in the manufacture 
of castile soap, in wool spinning, and for lubricating and illuminating 
purposes, (feee edible olive oil, par. 50, p. 155.) 



1400 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — The annual domestic production of crude and virgin 
olive oil was 438,694 pounds in 1919 and 779,470 pounds (preliminary 
figures) in the first nine months of 1921. 

Imports are declining — in 1907 they were 1,845,702 gallons. Im- 
ports since 1917, chiefly from Spain, Italy, and England, have been as 
follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Gallons, j 

7,812 J 

287,654 

105,839 i 

413,195 | 


$6,763 
443, 190 
214, 044 
360, 145 


$0.87 
1 54 


1919 


1920 


2 02 


1921 (9 months) 


87 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

CHINESE AND JAPANESE TUNG OILS. 

(See Survey A -11.) 

Description and uses. — The term "tung oil" describes two similar 
fatty oils, but differentiated commercially as Chinese or Japanese 
tung oil. Both are also known as wood oil and nut oil. Chinese nut 
oil is obtained from the seeds of an indigenous tree yielding about 40 
per cent of oil on pressing. Cold-pressed oil is known as " white 
tung," chiefly from China. Hot-pressed oil is known as "black tung." 
The Japanese oil is obtained from the fruit of a similar tree grown in 
the southern part of Japan. Both the Chinese and Japanese tung oils 
have largely replaced linseed oil in waterproof varnishes. The con- 
sumption of tung oil in 1919 was 34,166,655 pounds; in 1920, 
46,381,235 pounds; and for the first nine months of 1921 (preliminary 
figures), 24,403,902 pounds. 

Imports of Chinese nut oil have been about 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 
gallons; in the fiscal year 1918, 4,818,740 gallons, valued at $4,038,- 
072. Over 90 per cent is from China, Japan supplying a small part 
since 1916. Imports of all other nut oils have varied greatly; in 1915 
a maximum of 216,707 gallons, valued at $83,994, falling to 18,423 
gallons, valued at $18,203, in the fiscal year 1918. Later imports of 
Chinese nut oil are as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Gallons. 
5, 700, 663 
7,180,346 
9, 031, 620 
2, 060, 307 


$6,388,715 
8,120,529 

11,077,271 
1,378,564 


$1.12 


1919 


1.13 


1920 


1.22 


1921 (9 months) 


.67 







Important changes in classification. — The phrase " Chinese nut oil" 
(par. 561, act of 1913) has been changed to " Chinese and Japanese 
tung oils," to remove doubt as to the inclusion of peanut oil within 
the term "nut oil." (Reclassification Report, p. 118.) 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1401 



NUT OILS N. S. P. F. 

Description and uses. — This provision would include any expressed 
or extracted oil produced from the kernel of a nut. Candle nut or 
Lumbang oil, which is closely related to Chinese and Japanese tung 
oil, is obtained from the tree Aleurites moluccana in the islands of the 
Pacific, West Indies, and in Brazil. It is a drying oil suitable for use 
in paints. Shea-nut oil is a semisolid fat which resembles coconut 
and palm oil and is used largely in soap. It is obtained from nuts of 
a tree appearing in large areas on the West Coast of Africa and in the 
French and English Sudan. About 2,000 short tons of this oil were 
produced from imported nuts in the United States in 1916. The oil 
offers possibilities for future development. 

Imports of nut oils, n. s. p. f., since 1917, have been as follows: 





Calendar j^ear. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Gallons. 
125 760 


$155,389 
157, 968 
131,082 
30, 423 


$1.24 

1 28 


1919 




j 123' 305 


1920 




111 127 


1 18 


1921 (9 months) 




9Q <wn 


1 03 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1627. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1627. Oils, mineral: Petroleum, 
crude, fuel, or refined, and all distillates 
obtained from petroleum, including kero- 
sene, benzine, naphtha, gasoline, par- 
affin, and paraffin oil, not specially pro- 
vided for. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 639. Oils: * * * petroleum, 
crude or refined, including kerosene, 
benzine, naphtha, gasoline, and similar 
oils produced from petroleum [Free]. 

Par. 645. Paraffin [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 561. Oils: * * * petroleum, 
crude or refined, and all products ob- 
tained from petroleum, including kero- 
sene, benzine, naphtha, gasoline, par- 
affin, and paraffin oil; * * * [Free]. 



PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. 

(See Survey FL-17.) 

Description and uses. — The provision for petroleum covers crude 
petroleum and its refined products, including kerosene, benzine, 
naphtha, gasoline, paraffin oils, and paraffin. 

Production. — The refined products are obtained by separating the 
crude oils by means of fractional distillation; these may be modified 
by the methods of distillation and the points of separation of the 
distillate. These fractions are usually purified by treatment with 
sulphuric acid, caustic soda, and washing with water. If a large 
yield of gasoline is desired a "dry" or destructive distillation (crack- 
ing) is employed. Marketed crude petroleum increased steadily 
from 8,801,404,416 gallons, valued at $127,899,688 in 1910, to 



1402 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



14,083,255,242 gallons, valued at $522,635,213, in 1917. This 
country is the largest producer and supplies 66 per cent of the world's 
demand. In 1917 Oklahoma produced 34.26 per cent; California, 
16.49 per cent; and Kansas, 12.84 per cent of the output. Texas, 
Illinois, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio rank in the order 
named. Mexico is the world's second largest producer, supplying 
in 1919, 87,000,000 barrels, or 16 per cent of the world's output 

Domestic production of crude petroleum since 1913 and of gasoline 
since 1916 has been as follows: 

CRUDE PETROLEUM. 



Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1914 


Barrels. 
265, 762, 535 
281, 104, 104 
300, 767, 158 
335, 315, 601 


$214,125,215 
179,462,890 j 
330,899,868 ! 
522,635,213 


1918 


Barrels. 
355,927,716 i 
377,719,000 
443,402,000 
276,910,000 


$703, 943, 961 


1915 


1919 


1916 


1920 




1917 


1921(7 months) 









GASOLINE. 



Year. 


Quantity. 


Year. 


Quantity. 


1917.. 


Gallons. 
2, 850, 546, 423 
3,570,312,963 
3. 957, 857, 097 

1 


1920... 


Gallons. 
4, 882, 546, 699 
2,993,185,362 


1918 


1921 (7 months) 


1919 









Imports of crude mineral oil or petroleum increased from 843,- 
080,788 gallons, valued at $11,779,938 in 1914, to 1,348,419,493 
gallons valued at $18,039,207 in 1918. Over 95 per cent of the im- 
ports in 1918 was from Mexico, in quantity equaling 10 per cent of 
domestic production in 1917. Benzine, gasoline, and naphtha imports 
have varied considerably — in 1915, 7,920,424 gallons valued at 
$762,556; in 1916 only 7,738 gallons; 11,069,898 gallons valued at 
$1,473,027 in 1918, chiefly from Peru and Mexico. Imports of 
"all other refined" mineral oil increased from 1,796,092 gallons, 
valued at $430,664 in 1914, to 43,927,718 gallons, valued at $2,406,- 
754 in the fiscal year 1918. In later years the bulk of the imports 
has consisted of crude oil from Mexico. 

Imports of petroleum products since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


CRUDE MINERAL OIL. 


1918 


Gallons. 
1, 584, 235, 653 
2, 218, 505, 817 
4, 459, 353, 992 
3,650,823,799 


$21,403,752 
26, 442, 881 
55, 797, 830 
46, 125, 773 


$0.01 


1919 


.01 


1920 


.01 


1921 (9 months) 


.01 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1403 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value . 




BENZINE, GASOLINE, AND NAPHTHA 






1918 . 




13, 655, 350 

8,520,169 

40,478,107 

25, 043, 583 


$1,944,506 
1,697,341 
4, 892, 254 
2,553,249 


$0.14 


1919 


.20 


1920 . 


.12 


1921 (9 months) 


.10 






PARAFFIN OIL. 


1918 


418, 264 

390, 550 

582, 869 

8,633 


$59, 545 

60,930 

121, 049 

4,314 


$0.14 


1919 


.16 


1920 . 


.21 


1921 (9 months) 


.49 






PARAFFIN AND PARAFFIN WAX. 


1918 


Pounds. 
5,531,118 
9, 883, 180 
7, 629, 395 
3, 526, 670 


$546, 342 
973, 521 
820, 885 
290, 230 


$0.10 




.10 


1920 


.11 


1921 (9 months) . 


.08 






ALL OTHER REFINED MINERAL OILS. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Gallons. 
37,111,647 
47,354,552 
68, 926, 209 
76, 820, 800 



$2, 334, 732 
3,239,475 
5,091,647 
5,220,143 



$0. 06 
.07 
.07 
.06 



Exports of domestic petroleum products in the fiscal year 1918 
were 2,677,036,228 gallons, valued at $298,329,051, about 50 per 
cent fuel and gas oil. The exports in 1917 were 2,651,118,349 
gallons, or about 19 per cent of domestic production. Exports of 
crude mineral oil, chiefly to Canada, increased from 146,477,342 
gallons, valued at $6,812,672 in 1914, to 185,069,674 gallons, valued 
at $9,288,979 in 1918. Exports of fuel and oil gas increased 
notably, from 475,143,205 gallons valued at $13,747,863 in 1914 
to 1,223,283,641 gallons valued at $61,137,607 in 1918, going chiefly 
to the United Kingdom and Canada. Exports of illuminating oil 
decreased about 50 per cent from the export of 1,157,283,310 
gallons, valued at $74,500,162 in 1914, and have been chiefly to 
Europe. Exports of lubricating oils, including paraffin oil, have 
been principally to Europe, and increased from 196,884,696 gallons, 
valued at $27,852,959 in 1914, to 269,673,770 gallons, valued at 
$66,162,117 in 1918. Exports of gasoline, largely to Europe and 
Canada, increased from 151,611,537 gallons, valued at $21,699,475 
in 1914, to 260,880,122 gallons, valued at $61,642,859 in 1918. 
Exports of all other naphthas (exclusive of gasoline) increased from 
40,840,730 gallons, valued at $5,653,210 in 1914 to 209,029,477 gal- 
lons, valued at $52,739,227 in 1918. Exports of residuum decreased 



1404 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



from 113,370,245 gallons, valued at $1,907,715 in 1914, to 881,875 
gallons, valued at $96,480 in 1918. Exports for the calendar years 
1918-1921 are as follows: 



Mineral oil, crude: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value 

Mineral oil, refined or manufactured, fuel and 
ga:: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value 

Illuminating oil: 

Quantity (gallons) '. 

Value 

Lubricating oil — paraffin: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value 

All other lubricating oil: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value 

Gasoline: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value •. 

All other naphthas and light products of 
distillation: 

Quantity (gallons). 

Value '. 

Residuum: 

Quantity (gallons) 

Value 



1918 



205, 829, 030 
$12,084,250 



1, 200, 750, 319 
$G6, 615, 743 

491, 109, 815 
$50,354,414 

7, 059, 121 
$1,454,327 

250, 258, 132 
$74, 148, 728 

351,957,164 
$85, 225, 574 



207,401,691 
$54, 368, 166 

244, 474 
$14, 298 



1919 



248,821,453 
$14, 805, 540 



584, 849, 605 
$30, 818, 877 



979, 155, 147 
$119,024,479 



10, 300, 005 
$1,795,612 



264, 495, 161 
$83, 347, 739 



259, 783, 919 
$61, 756, 864 



112,349,038 
$30, 290, 030 

32,999,699 
$1, 834, 285 



1920 



337, 88'1, 081 
$28, 990, 444 



827, 594, 250 
$54,888,724 



870, 665, 033 
$133, 290, 080 



1,987,380 
$847, 695 



400, 134, 079 
$154,758,909 



395, 384, 262 
$104,992,832 



245,925,485 
$70,547,541 

19, 268, 812 
$1,040,987 



1921 (9 months). 



282,713.392 
$16,623:459 



665, 747, 675 
$38,674,097 

532, 771, 294 
$73, 278, 844 

317,922 
$136, 374 

195, 044, 843 
$69, 914, 253 

207, 370, 236 
$50,235,099 



196,103,040 
$53,548,501 

7,973,664 
$457, 813 



Important changes in classification. — The phrase u and all products 
obtained from petroleum," paragraph 561, act of 1913, has been 
changed to read "and all distillates obtained from petroleum/' 
so as not to include chemicals manufactured from petroleum. (Re- 
classification Report, p. 119.) Specific provision has been made for 
"fuel" petroleum. 

PARAGRAPH 1628. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1628. Ores of gold, silver, or 
nickel, and nickel matte; ores of the 
platinum metals; sweepings of gold and 
silver. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 643. Ores of gold, silver, or nickel, 
and nickel matte; sweepings of gold and 
silver [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 565. Ores of gold, silver, or nickel^ 
and nickel matte; ores of the platinum 
metals; sweepings of gold and silver 
[Free]. 



ORES OF GOLD, STIVER, NICKEL, AND PLATINUM. 

(See Surveys FL-20 and C-23.) 



GOLD. 



Production. — The recovered output from domestic ores and gravels 
in 1913 amounted to 3,320,784 fine ounces, valued at $68,646,700, 
and in 1920, to 2,395,017 ounces, valued at $49,509,400. The pro- 
ducing States number about 20, and extend throughout the country. 
In 1920 over one-half of the output was from California, Colorado, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION. 1921. 



1405 



and Alaska. Production has steadily declined since 1915, when it 
was 4,887,604. fine ounces, valued at $101,035,700. Foreign pro- 
duction in 1917 was valued at $339,839,500, nearly one-half from 
South Africa; Australasia, Russia (including Siberia), and Canada 
were the other large producers. Foreign output in 1918 was 
$312,278,000. 

Imports of gold and base bullion in 1914 were $11,001,406, and in 
recent calendar years have been in value as follows: 1918, $16,251,930; 
1919, $16,744,130: 1920, $16,984,171: 1921 (9 months), $30,935,441. 

Exports of ore and base bullion (almost wholly to Canada) amounted 
to $459,943 in 1914 and in recent calendar years have been as follows: 

1918, $206,674: 1919, $20,719; 1920, $11,260; 1921 (9 months), 
S77.413. 

SILVER. 

Production. — The recovered output from domestic ores and gravels 
in 1918 amounted to 67,810,139 fine ounces, valued at nearly $1 per 
ounce. The producing States are widely distributed and number 
about 20; chief among'these are Montana, Utah, Idaho, and Nevada. 
The production in 191S was somewhat smaller than in preceding 
vears. In 1920 the country's output was 56,564,504 ounces, valued 
at $57,420,325. The total' foreign output in 1917 was 92,252,300 
fine ounces, produced chiefly in Mexico, Canada, and Peru. Foreign 
production in 1918 w T as 129,584,800 fine ounces. 

Imports of silver in ore and base bullion in 1914 were $11,439,423, 
and in later calendar years were as follows: 1918, $44,877,920; 

1919, $74,073,332; 1920, $69,845,999; 1921 (9 months), $30,461,909. 
Exports of silver in ore and base bullion amounted to $136,721 in 

1914 and for later calendar years have been as follows : 1918, $18,248 ; 
1919, $6,693; 1920, $16,522; 1921 (9 months), $13,851. 



NICKEL ORE AND NICKEL MATTE. 

Description and uses. — Nickel matte is the product of the smelting 
of nickel sulphide ores. 

Production. — Nickel ore is not mined hi this country, and but little 
nickel matte is produced. Canada is the largest producer, supplying 
more than one-half of the world's output. New Caledonia also has 
extensive deposits, which formerly dominated the nickel industry, 
but are now second in importance. Almost every country has work- 
able deposits, but none so extensive as Canada and New Caledonia. 

Imports. — In 1914 the nickel content of ore and matte (consisting 
almost exclusively of matte) was 43,532,278 pounds, valued at 
$6,109,547. Imports in later calendar years have been as follows: 





1918 1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Nickel ore: 
Quantity — 
Tons » 


7,878 


917 
1,541,237 
S145, 723 

31, 733 
40,044,871 
$8,318,149 




Pounds 2 


10, 431, 602 




Value 


$1,959,729 




Nickel matte: 
Quantitv- 
Tons > 


1 15,179 


1,497 


Pounds 2 


18,871,626 


2,023,681 


Value 


$3, 820, 651 


$432, 538 







1 Gross weight. 
1 Nickel content. 



1406 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Tn addition to this importation, ore and matte containing 73,193,205 
pounds of nickel, valued at $11,517,546, were imported in 1918. The 
bulk of this imported material came from Canada. 

Exports.— Nickel ore and nickel matte are not exported. The ex- 
ports of nickel and nickel oxide in 1914 amounted to -28,895,242 
pounds, valued at $9,403,709, and for later calendar years have been 
as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


17,469,500 
$6,927,041 


3, 810, 656 
$1,697,544 


1,215,232 
$574,845 


425,439 
$103,244 


Value 







These exports have gone largely to Belgium, Japan, the United 
Kingdom, Switzerland, France, and Italy. 

Suggested changes. — See General Note on Paragraph, page 1407. 



ORES OF THE PLATINUM METALS. 



Description. — In its native state platinum is invariably associated 
with small amounts of rhodium, osmium, iridium, palladium, iron, 
copper, or gold. 

Production. — Statistics of production are either not available or are 
unreliable, because ores of platinum in the United States, produced 
primarily for their platinum content, are insignificant in quantity. 
In this country platinum is produced from placers and from the residue 
obtained in refining gold and silver bullion, and copper and nickel 
mattes. In 1918 the value of domestic platinum yield was estimated 
at $5,452,900. Foreign platinum comes mainly from Eussia and 
Colombia. 

Imports. — Ores of platinum metals are entered according to their 
platinum content. The 1914 figures show imports amounting to 
831 troy ounces, valued at $30,341. Imports for later calendar years, 
largely from Colombia, have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




168 
$10,559 


173 

$15,868 


1,141 
$114,149 


1,196 


Value . . I . »j. . i 


$76,090 







Exports. — None recorded. 



SWEEPINGS OF GOLD AND SILVER. 



Description and uses. — Sweepings of gold and silver are chips of 
these metals from engraving, filing, turning, and polishing jewelry, 
and are invoiced as jeweler's sweeps. Particles of gold find their way 
to the floors of jewelry establishments, and are swept and saved until 
a sufficient quantity is obtained to warrant shipment to reduction 
plants. Their only use is conversion into metallic gold and silver. 

Production. — No statistics. 

Import value in 1914 was $175,043. For the calendar years 1918- 
1921 imports have been as follows: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1407 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




350,801 
$465,291 


543, 888 
$650,516 


482,022 


Value 


$678,974 


$495,517 



The leading contributing countries were Canada, Argentina, 
Brazil, and the United Kingdom. 
Exports. — None reported. 



GENERAL NOTE ON PARAGRAPH. 



Suggested changes. — "Or" before "nickel," in line 20, page 192, 
might be changed to "and" to agree with the "and" before "silver" 
in line 21. Substitution of a semicolon for the comma before " nickel 
matte," and omission of "and" in line 20 would separate the matte 
from the ore. 



PARAGRAPH 1629. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1629. Parchment and vellum. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 646. Parchment and vellum Par. 568. Parchment and vellum 
[Free]. ■ [Free]. 

PARCHMENT AND VELLUM. 

(See Survey M-3.) 

Description and uses. — Parchment is the skin of sheep, goats, calves, 
and other young animals prepared and polished with pumice stone 
to serve as a material for writing or drawing. Vellum is a fine grade 
of parchment formerly prepared only from calves, kids, and stillborn 
lambs, but now the term is applied to any fine grade of parchment. 
Before the art of paper making was perfected, parchment was one 
of the most important writing materials. Most ancient manuscripts 
are on parchment. At present parchment is used to a limited extent 
for the same purpose, especially for college diplomas, but it is also 
used in the manufacture of a number of small articles, such as bags, 
baskets, belts, card cases, pocketbooks, portfolios, and satchels. 

Production. — No data available. 

Imports of parchment and vellum in 1914 were valued at $54,800; 
in later calendar years they have been valued as follows: 1918, 
$17,425; 1919, $49,583; 1920, $144,113; 1921 (nine months) , $52,062. 

Exports. — Not recorded. 



1408 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1630. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1630. Pearl, mother of, and shells, 
not sawed, cut, flaked, polished, or other- 
wise manufactured, or advanced in value 
from the natural state. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 647. Pearl, mother of, and shells, 
not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise 
manufactured , or advanced in value from 
the natural state [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 570. Pearl, mother of, and shells, 
not sawed, cut, flaked, polished, or other- 
wise manufactured, or advanced in value 
from the natural state [Free]. 



MOTHER-OF-PEARL AND SHELLS, NOT SAWED, ETC. 

(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and uses. — Mother-of-pearl is the hard, pearly, internal 
layer of several kinds of shells, especially of pearl oysters, river 
mussels, and ab alone shells. These shells are found in the greatest 
perfection on the coasts of Ceylon, in the Persian Gulf, and in the 
Australian seas. Shells of the mollusk have been found in the Mis- 
sissippi River and tributary streams, and to a small extent in some 
other American rivers. Mother-of-pearl is used largely in the arts, 
particularly in inlaid work, knife-handles, and toys, and very largely 
for buttons. 

Production. — Practically all domestic mother-of-pearl is derived 
from mussel shells in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, and in 
1914 amounted to 8,539 tons of shells, valued at $148,960. 

Imports of mother-of-pearl in 1914 were valued at $1,253,742, and 
of other shells not sawed, cut, flaked, polished, or otherwise manu- 
factured, at $572,423. Australia furnished between 50 and 60 per 
cent. Large amounts are also received from England, French 
Oceania, and Dutch East Indies. These countries, with the addition 
of Panama, which is an important source, furnish the greater part 
of the supply of other shell. Later statistics for calendar years 
follow : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Mother-of-pearl: 




5,772,977 
$1, 069, 904 

2, 195, 821 
$494, 528 


7, 629, 951 
$2, 460, 677 

1, 020, 839 
$272, 663 


2, 191, 780 




$1, 741, 666 


$1, 475, 478 


Other shells: 


220, 725 


V alue 


$286, 900 


561,333 







Exports consist of the native fresh-water pearl shells, and in 1914 
were valued at $164,559. Germany was the leading purchaser. 
England, Canada, and France also took large quantities, and were 
the chief purchasers in later years. The total exports by calendar 
years were as follows: 1918, $113,859; 1919, $574,575: 1920, $412,045; 
1921 (nine months), $206,586. 



1921. 1409 

PARA GRAPH 1631. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1631. Personal effects, not ex- 
ceeding $300 in value, not merchandise, 
of citizens of the United States dying in 
foreign countries. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 648. Personal effects, not mer- Par. 571. Personal effects, not mer- 
chandise, of citizens of the United States chandise, of citizens of the United States 
dying in foreign countries [Free]. dying in foreign countries [Free]. 

PERSONAL EFFECTS OF DECEASED CITIZENS. 

Imports of personal effects of citizens of the United States dying in 
foreign countries are combined in the trade statistics with household 
furniture, wearing apparel, tools of trade, etc., of immigrants. In 
1914 their value was $5,019,950. More than half was from Canada, 
the remainder largely from England, France, and Germany. For 
later calendar years they were as follows: 1918, $3,972,564; 1919, 
$8,447,404; 1920, $10,949,525; 1921 (nine months), $6,264,609. 
With the exception of Germany, the countries from which these 
articles came were as above. 

Important changes in classification. — The limitation to $300 is new. 



PARAGRAPH 1632. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1632. Phosphates, crude, and 
apatite. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 651. Phosphates, crude [Free]. Par. 574. Phosphates, crude [Free]. 

Par. 495. Apatite [Free]. Par. 401. Apatite [Free]. 

PHOSPHATES, CRUDE. 

(See Survey FL-5.) 

Description and uses. — Crude phosphates are phosphate rocks con- 
sisting principally of calcium phosphate. They occur in rock forma- 
tions of various forms, such as hard rock in beds between layers of 
sandstone, shale, or other sedimentary rocks; as pebbles in stream 
deposits; and as a residuum from the decomposition of phosphatic 
limestone and other rocks containing phosphates. Basic slag (par. 
1576), obtained from the smelting of iron ore containing phosphorus, 
is extensively used as a fertilizer. Crude phosphate rock is used 
principally as a fertilizer either directly with no further treatment 
than grinding, or changed to the acid phosphate by treatment with 
sulphuric acid or by some other means. 

82304—22 89 



1410 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Production. — The United States produces more crude phosphate 
than any other country, northern Africa (including Tunis, Algeria, 
and Egypt) ranking second. Florida yields the greater part of our 
output. The total domestic production for 1910-14, inclusive, 
averaged a little less than 3,000,000 long tons, but fell off somewhat 
during the- war on account of decreasing exports to Europe. The 
output (phosphate rock sold) in 1918 was 2,490,760 long tons, valued 
at $8,214,463; in 1919, 2,271,983 long tons, and in 1920, 4,103,982 
long tons, valued at $25,079,572. 

Imports of crude phosphates have been less than 1 per cent of 
production and decreased from 23,551 long tons in 1914 to 6 tons in 
1918. There were no imports during the calendar years 1918 and 
1919; in 1920 there were 63 tons, valued at $2,090 and for nine months 
of 1921, 3,535 tons, valued at $43,960. 

Exports amounted to 1,477,871 long tons, valued at $10,617,835, 
in 1914, but sharply declined to 269,364 long tons, valued at $1,742,697, 
in 1 9 1 5 . Later exports of phosphate rock by calendar years are shown 
as follows : 



High-grade hard rock: 

Quantity (tons)... 

Vame 

Land pebble: 

Quantity (tons).. 

Value 

AH other: 

Quantity (tons)... 

Value 



1918 



57,771 
$445,419 

64, 559 
$303,758 

21, 125 

$163, 308 



1919 



215,039 
$2,261,852 

128, 860 
$904, 308 

34, 832 
$401,822 



1920 



344, 896 
$4, 496, 457 

693,355 
$5, 593, 814 

31,461 
$479, 904 



1921 
(9 months). 



149. 380 
$2, 160i 799 



405, 195 
$3,571,149 



3,831 

$72, 018 



Exports of " high-grade hard rock" have been chiefly to Germany, 
Denmark, and Belgium, and of "land pebble" to England, Spain, and 
Scotland. 



APATITE, 



(See Survey FL-5.) 

Description and uses. — Apatite is a naturally occurring crystalline 
mineral consisting of calcium phosphate combined with calcium 
fluoride, chloride, or carbonate, sold on a basis of 75 to 80 per cent 
of calcium phosphate. It is usually treated with sulphuric acid to 
form " superphosphate" for fertilizer purposes, but has certain ob- 
jections which favor the use of other phosphate materials. 

Production. — The chief deposits of apatite are located in Canada 
and Spain. Domestic production data are not available. 

Imports of apatite in 1913 were 2,930 tons, valued at $22,535. 
Data are not shown from 1914 to 1918 (fiscal years). Imports since 
1918 have been small; the maximum was 142 tons in the calendar 
year 1920. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1411 

PARAGRAPH 1633. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1033. Plants, tree-, shrubs, roots, 
seed cane, seeds, and other material lor 
planting, imported by the Department of 
Agriculture or the United States Botanic 
Garden. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 052. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, Par. 577. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, 

seed cane, and seeds, imported by the seed cane, and seeds, imported by the 

Department of Agriculture or the Tnited Department of Agriculture or the United 

States Botanic Garden [Free]. States Botanic Garden [Free]. 

PLANTS, TREES, ETC., (MPORTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- 
TURE, ETC. 

Description and uses. — The materials here included represent plants, 
trees, seeds, etc., brought in by the Government for experiment and 
study, and cover a wide range of plant material. 

Imports of plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and seeds were 
valued at $32,000 in 1914, and at $47,643 in 1915. Imports since 
1917 bv calendar years have been valued as follows: 191&, $5,781; 
1919, $4,334; 1920, $5,685; 1921 (nine months), $7,554. 

Exports. — None. 

Important changes in classification. — This provision has been ex- 
tended to " other material for planting." 



PARAGRAPH 1634. 

H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1634. Platinum, unmanufactured 
or in ingots, bars, plates not less than one- 
eighth of one inch in thickness, sponge, 
or scrap. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 653. Platinum, unmanufactured Par. 578. Platinum, unmanufactured 

or in ingots, bars, plates, * * * sponge, or in ingots, bars, plates, * * * sponge, 
or scrap, * * * [Free]. or scrap, * * * [Free]. 

PLATINUM. 

(See Survey FL-20.) 

Description and uses. — The crude mineral called platinum is fre- 
quently alloyed with iridium, rhodium palladium, and iron or other 
metals. In this country the metal is produced mainly from the residue 
obtained in refining gold and silver bullion and copper and nickel 
mattes. It is now of great industrial and military importance and is 
practically indispensable in the chemical industry. Some of its im- 
portant uses are in the contact process of making concentrated sul- 
phuric acid, in the delicate parts of the ignition system of inter- 



1412 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

nal-combustion engines, in instruments of precision, in photographic 
paper, in dentistry, and for jewelry. 

Production of crude platinum was 450 troy ounces, valued at 
$20,250, in 1914, and 710 troy ounces, valued at $35,490, in 1916. 
California and southwestern Oregon are the principal sources in this 
country. The domestic output in 1914 was less than 1 per cent of 
total net imports of platinum and its manufactures. Known deposits 
do not indicate that the United States will ever produce a substan- 
tial part of the platinum supply. World production is small and 
steadily declining. In 1914 Russia produced 241,200 troy ounces, or 
92.57 per cent of the world's total; Colombia, 17,500 troy ounces, or 
6.72 per cent; all other countries, 1,848 troy ounces, or 0.71 per cent. 
In 1.916 Russia supplied but 63,900 troy ounces, or 71.05 per cent; 
Colombia, 25,000 troy ounces, or 27.80 per cent; and all other coun- 
tries, 1,032 ounces, or 1.15 per cent. The Russian output, even prior 
to the political disturbances in that country, was decreasing owing 
to the gradual exhaustion of the mines. In the United States the 
metal is derived largely from the residues obtained in the refining of 
gold, silver, copper, and nickel. Reports from refiners to the Geo- 
logical Survey indicate a recovery from these sources of 36,015 troy 
ounces of the metal in 1920. 

Imports of unmanufactured platinum were 38,953 troy ounces, 
valued at $1,418,280, in 1914; 47,669 ounces, valued at $4,245,334, 
in the fiscal year 1918. Imports of platinum manufactured into 
ingots, bars, plates, sheet and wire, sponge, or scrap were 54,932 
ounces, valued at $2,444,951, in 1914; 3,093 ounces, valued at 
$261,906, in the fiscal year 1918. Imports of vases, retorts, and other 
apparatus, vessels and parts of, composed of platinum, for chemical 
uses were valued at $82,000 in 1914 and at $2,530 in the fiscal year 
1918. Total imports of platinum and manufactures of platinum, 
including a small quantity of ore, were valued at $3,982,708 in 1914, 
and at $4,578,812 in the fiscal year 1918. In 1914 the chief sources 
of our unmanufactured platinum, in order, were Germany, Colombia, 
and the United Kingdom; in 1918, Colombia and Russia in Asia. 
More recently supplies have come mainly from Colombia, because of 
the fact that Russia, owing to her political situation, almost ceased 
production. Imports of the manufactured forms included under this 
designation were derived in 1914 from Germany, France, and the 
United Kingdom, but since the war the United Kingdom has been 
the main source. The statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 
are as follows : 



1918 1919 1920 1921 (9 months). 



Platinum, unmanufactured: 

Quantity (ounces, troy) 45,665 47,774 

Value $4,134,181 $4,540,485 

Platinum, ingots, bars, plates, sheets, etc., 
sponge, and scrap: 

Quantity (ounces, troy) j 9,130; 6,603 23,148' 11,598 

Value $805,015 $672,956 ! $2,423,631 | $822,636 



56,671 30,738 

$5,936,719 $2,035,638 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1413 



. Exports are small, and those of unmanufactured platinum amounted 
in 1914 to 273 troy ounces, valued at $12,977. Practically all of this 
export went to Canada. Exports of manufactured platinum in 1914 
were valued at $71,172, of which about 75 per cent went to Canada. 
In later calendar years exports have been as follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Platinum, unmanufactured: 


119 

$13, 511 
$23, 562 


610 
$75, 066 
$54, 529 


1,302 
$177, 115 
$111, 014 


3,172 
$235, 872 
$63, 184 


Value " 


Platinum, manufactures of, (value) 



The unmanufactured platinum went largely to Canada, Japan, and 
the United Kingdom. 

Important changes in classification. — In H. R. 7456 platinum un- 
manufactured or in ingots, bars, and plates, not less than one-eighth 
of an inch in thickness, sponge or scrap, are retained on the free list; 
but platinum one-eighth of an inch in thickness or less, and in the 
forms of sheets and wire and vases, retorts, and other apparatus, 
vessels and parts thereof, composed of platinum for chemical uses, 
are omitted from this paragraph and therefore transferred to the 
dutiable list. 

Suggested changes. — "Sheets" are omitted. 

Page 193, line '9. of H. R. 7456: Insert "or" between "bars" and 
"plates." 

Page 193, line 10, of H. R. 7456: Change "or" to "and" between 



sponge 



and "scrap." 



PARAGRAPH 1635. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1635. Potassium chloride or muri- 
ate of potash, potassium sulphate, kainite, 
wood ashes and beet-root ashes, and all 
crude potash salts not specially provided 
for: Provided, That for a period pi five 
years beginning on the day following the 
passage of this Act there shall be levied, 
collected, and paid, on the actual potash 
(potassium oxide) content of all the fore- 
going, a duty of 2\ cents per pound for 
the first two years; 2 cents per pound for 
the third year; \\ cents per pound for the 
fourth year; and 1 cent per pound for the 
fifth year: Provided further, That there- 
after the said potash content shall be free 
of duty. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 655. Potash, crude, or "black 
salts;" * * * sulphate of potash, 
crude or refined, and muriate of potash 
[Free]. 

Par. 604. Kyanite, or cyanite, and 
kainite [Free]. 

Par. 502. Ashes, wood and lye of, and 
beet-root ashes [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 580. Potash: Crude, or "black 
salts"; * * * sulphate of; * * * 
and muriate of [Free]. 

Par. 525. Kyanite, or cyanite, and 
kainite [Free]. 

Par. 407. Ashes, wood and lye, and 
beet-root ashes [Free]. 



1414 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (MURIATE OF POTASH) . 

(See Survey A-16.) 

Description and uses. — Potassium chloride is known commercially 
as muriate of potash. When pure it is a white crystalline solid 
readily soluble in water. It occurs as sylvite (or sylvine) and also 
as carnalite, a mixed chloride of potassium and magnesium, in the 
Stassfurt and other salt deposits of Europe. Large quantities are 
made from Stassfurt carnalite, and it is also obtained from kelp and 
the liquors left from the manufacture of salt from sea water. The 
chief use of the crude substance is as a fertilizer. It is also a crude 
material in the preparation of caustic potash and potassium chlorate 
by the electrolytic process. 

Production.— Some potassium chloride has been produced here 
since the war. In 1918, 30,127 tons of the crude salt were obtained, 
and in addition 6,559 tons of low-grade potassium chloride. 

Imports in 1914 were 234,855 tons, valued at $7,925,781, decreasing 
to 606 tons in 1917 and to 596 tons in 1918. Previous to 1916 im- 
ports were almost entirely from Germany, in 1917 mostly from Japan 
and Scotland. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Tons. 
379 

20,716 
121,602 

36, 818 


S102, 109 

1,783,916 

12, 703, 858 

3,329,914 


$269. 42 


1919 


86. 11 


1920 


104. 47 


1921 (9 months) 


90.44 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 
Important changes in classification. - 



-Provisos are new. 



POTASSIUM SULPHATE. 



(See Survey A-16.) 



Description and uses. — Potassium sulphate (pure) forms crystals 
which are soluble in water and have a bitter taste. It is used prin- 
cipally in the crude form as a fertilizer; also in making potassium 
carbonate by the Leblanc process, in potash alum, and by glassworks. 
It is manufactured largely from crude German potash salts; also by 
heating potassium chloride with sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid 
being produced at the same time. 

Production of sulphate of potash was 6,672 tons of the crude salt 
in 1918 and 4,882 tons in 1919. 

Imports. — Formerly the supply came from Germany. Imports in 
1914 were 45,139 tons, declining to 661 tons in 1917, mostly from 
Japan. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 















Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Tons. 
90 
1 , 263 
15,184 

4,258 


SI 5, 329 

188,592 

2,343,421 

385, 570 


$170. 32 


1919 




149. 32 


1920 




151.33 


11)21 (9 months). . 





90.55 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1415 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Provisos are new. 

KAINITE. 

(See Survey A-16.) 

Description and uses. — Kainite, a complex salt consisting of sul- 
phate of potash, the sulphate and chloride of magnesia, and water 
of crystallization, is a natural mineral found abundantly in Europe. 
It is used in the crude state (ground) as a fertilizer. 

Production. — All of the domestic supply is imported. 

Imports of kainite have been almost entirely from Germany — - 
in L914, 526,112 tons, valued at $2,579,619; in 1916 only 64 tons. 
Imports since 1918 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1919 


Tons. 

51, 274 
372, 019 

53, 589 


$921, 481 
8,212,621 
1, 349, 122 


$17. 97 


1920 


22.08 


1921 (9 months) 


25.18 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Provisos are new. 



WOOD ASHES. 

(See Survey A-16.) 

Description and uses. — Wood ashes become of commercial impor- 
tance only where there are extensive forests and large sawmills, where 
the wood waste is burned for fuel at the mills and the ashes are sold. 
Wood ashes are sometimes used directly as a fertilizer on account of 
their potash and phosphorus content. The lye obtained by leaching 
is strongly caustic. It is used in the making of soap or is boiled 
down and crude potash salts obtained. Beet-root ashes are also 
sometimes used as a fertilizer. 

Production. — During the war there was a revival of the wood- 
ashes industry, owing to the shortage of potash. The output from 
this source in 1919 was 358 short tons of actual potash; valued at 
$202,714. 

Imports of wood ashes have varied in value from $27,884 in 1914 
to $55,226 in 1917, and $47,932 in 1918, since which time statistics 
are not available. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Provisos are new. 



PARAGRAPH 1636. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1636. Potassium cyanide. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

* * oyai'id( 



Par. 64. * * * cyanide of potas- 
sium, twelve and one-half per centum ad 
valorem. 



Par. 580. Potash: 
of; * * * [Free]. 



1416 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



POTASSIUM CYANIDE. 



(See Survey A-18.) 



Description and uses. — Potassium cyanide is a white crystalline 
solid, readily soluble in water, and extremely poisonous. Sodium 
cyanide, much cheaper and having a higher percentage of cyanide, has 
practically replaced potassium cyanide, which is made either by fusing 
potassium ferrocyanide with potassium carbonate and carbon, or by 
fusing cyanamid with potassium chloride and carbon. Its principal 
use is for the extraction of gold and silver from their ores; also for 
fumigation (notably that of citrus fruits), as a solvent for electro- 
plating baths, and as a flux in assaying and metallurgy. 

Production. — Separate figures are not available, but before the 
war the domestic output did not supply the demand. While imports 
were cut off, the demand was supplied by the production of sodium 
cyanide instead of potassium cyanide. 

Imports prior to 1913 averaged more than 2,000,000 pounds (over 
90 per cent coming from Germany), declining to a minimum of about 
44,000 pounds in 1916. In 1917 the imports were mostly from Japan. 
Imports since 1917 are shown below: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 

24, 2S0 

1, 176, 345 

14, 448, 887 

3, 596, 798 


$10, 278 

68,848 

1,088,247 

304,358 


$0.42 


1919 


.06 


1920 


.07 


1921 (9 months) 


.08 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Suggested changes. — See Sodium cyanide, paragraph 1654, p. 1435. 



PARAGRAPH 1637. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1637. Professional books, imple- 
ments, instruments, and tools of trade, 
occupation, or employment in the actual 
possession of persons emigrating to the 
United States owned and used by them 
abroad, not exceeding $250 in value; but 
this exemption shall not be construed to 
include machinery or other articles im- 
ported for use in any manufacturing es- 
tablishment, or for any other person or 
persons, or for sale, nor shall it be con- 
strued to include theatrical scenery, prop- 
erties, and apparel; but such articles 
brought by proprietors or managers of the- 
atrical exhibitions arriving from abroad, 
for temporary use by them in such exhibi- 
tions, and not. for any other person, and 
not for sale, and which have been used by 
them abroad, shall be admitted free of 
duty under such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury may prescribe; but 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION - , 1921. 



1417 



H. R. 7456. 

bonds shall be given for the payment to 
the United States of such duties as may 
be imposed by law upon any and all such 
articles as shall not be exported within six 
months after such importation: Provided, 
That the Secretary of the Treasury inay, 
in Ms discretion, extend such period for a 
further term of six months in case applica- 
tion shall be made therefor. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 656. Professional books, imple- 
ments, instruments, and tools of fr-ade, 
occupation, or employment, in the actual 
possession at the time of arrival, of persons 
emigrating to the United States; but this 
exemption shall not be construed to in- 
clude machinery or other articles im- 
ported for use in any manufacturing es- 
tablishment, or for any other person or 
persons, or for sale, nor shall it be con- 
strued to include theatrical scenery, prop- 
erties, and apparel; but such articles 
brought by proprietors or managers of the- 
atrical exhibitions arriving from abroad, 
for temporary use by them in such exhibi- 
tions, and not for any other person, and 
not for sale, and which have been used by 
them abroad, shall be admitted free of 
duty under such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury may prescribe; but 
bonds shall be given for the payment to the 
United States of such duties as may be im- 
posed by law upon any and all such arti- 
cles as shall not be exported within six 
months after such importation: Provided, 
That the Secretary of the Treasury may, 
in his discretion, extend such period for a 
further term of six months in case appli- 
cation shall be made therefor. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par 582. Professional books, imple- 
ments, instruments, and tools of trade, 
occupation, or employment in the actual 
possession of persons emigrating to the 
United States owned and used by them 
abroad; but this exemption shall not be 
construed to include machinery or other 
articles imported for use in any manufac- 
turing establishment, or for any other per- 
son or persons, or for sale, nor shall it be 
construed to include theatrical scenery, 
properties, and apparel; but such articles 
brought by proprietors or managers of the- 
atrical exhibitions arriving from abroad, 
for temporary use by them in such exhibi- 
tions, and not for any other person, and 
not for sale, and which have been used by 
them abroad, shall be admitted free o 
duty under such regulations as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury may prescribe; but 
bonds shall be given for the payment to 
the United States of such duties as may be 
imposed by law upon any and all such ar- 
ticles as shall not be exported within six 
months after such importation: Provided, 
That the Secretary of the Treasury may, 
in his discretion, extend such period for a 
further term of six months in case appli- 
cation shall be made therefor. 



PROFESSIONAL BOOKS, IMPLEMENTS, ETC., OF IMMIGRANTS. 

Import statistics are combined with those for personal effects of 
citizens of the United States dying in foreign countries. They are 
shown under paragraph 1631, page 1409. 

Important changes in classification. — The limitation to $250 is new. 



PARAGRAPH 1638 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1638. Pulu. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 657. Pulu [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 583. Pulu [Free]. 



1418 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PULU. 

Description and uses. — Pulu, or vegetable silk, is the soft, elastic, 
hairlike, yellowish brown scale found on the upper part of the stem 
and at the base of the leaves (frond stalks) of a certain tree fern, 
which grows chiefly in the Hawaiian Islands. It is used for stuffing 
mattresses, cushions, etc., and is never spun. 

Imports. — The only imports recorded since 1913 were in 1919, when 
they amounted to 24 tons, valued at $4,920. 

Suggested changes. — Pulu is a minor .fiber and imports are so small 
that no reason is apparent for a separate paragraph. Without spe- 
cific mention pulu would come within paragraph 1575, which pro- 
vides for grasses and fibers not specially provided for. 



PARAGRAPH 1639. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1639. Quinine sulphate and all 
alkaloids and salts of alkaloids derived 
from cinchona bark. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 658. Quinia, sulphate of and all Par. 584. Quinia, sulphate of, and all 
alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark [Free], alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark [Free]. 

QUININE AND OTHER CINCHONA ALKALOIDS. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — Quinine or quinia, the principal alkaloid of 
cinchona bark, is one of the most important medicinal articles. 
Quinine sulphate (sulphate of quinia) is the most widely used among 
some 50 salts of quinine. Other alkaloids in the bark are quinidine, 
cinchona, and cinchonidine. Recent extensive use in certain proprie- 
tary preparations has increased their importance. 

Production. — Quinine is prepared from cinchona bark in Java, 
India, the principal European countries, and America. Java, the 
chief source, is a Dutch dependency, and exportation of cinchona 
bark is restricted to Holland. The processes of manufacture are 
varied, but generally the alkaloids are liberated by treating the ground 
bark with soda or lime and subsequently extracting with a suitable 
solvent. The details of the processes are guarded as trade secrets. 
Only two domestic firms manufacture quinine on a commercial scale, 
and statistics are not available. The total alkaloids in cinchona bark 
run from about 5 per cent to occasionally 7 per cent. The 10-year 
average import (3,444,008 pounds) would, therefore, be equivalent to 
about 2,750,000 ounces of alkaloids, of which 2,000,000 ounces may 
be reckoned as quinine. These figures may be somewhat in excess of 
the actual amount, for considerable quantities of cinchona bark are 
used for other purposes. 

Imports of quinine for 1909-1918 averaged 1,855,193 ounces, valued 
at $451,469, while imports of cinchonidine averaged 146,617 ounces, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1419 



valued at $20,239. All other alkaloids and salts averaged 375,533 
ounces, valued at $80,890. Imports since 1917 are as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. 



Value. 



Unit value. 





QUININE SULPHATE. 








1918 


Ounces. 
1,987,333 
2, 299, 285 
3,605,521 
755, 288 


$1, 067, 766 

1,426,912 

2,421,961 

508, 129 


$0. 54 


1919 


.62 


1920 


.68 


1921 (9 months) 


.67 









CINCHONIDINE. 








1918 


131, 272 

35,000 

122, 032 

8, 048 


$28, 360 

15,290 

42,093 

4,590 


$0.22 


1919 


. 44 


1920 


.34 


1921 (9 months) 


.57 







ALL OTHER ALKALOIDS OF CINCHONA BARK. 



1918 


320, 889 
1,614,604 
1,454,436 
1, 293, 270 


$197, 810 
190, 230 
556,213 
174, 150 


$0.62 


1919 


. 12 


1920 


.28 


1921 (9 months) 


14 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — The phrase " derived from" 
lias been inserted, as there are no " salts of cinchona bark" as pro- 
vided for in paragraph 584, act of 1913. (Reclassification Report, 
p. 121.) 



PARAGRAPH 1640. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1640. Radium, and salts of, and 
radioactive substitutes. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 659. Radium [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 585. Radium and salts of, radio- 
active substitutes * * * [Free]. 



RADIUM. 

(See Survey FL-22.) 

Description and uses. — Radium is a metallic element formed by the 
disintegration of uranium, and is therefore always present in minute 
amounts in uranium ores, the source of radium. The largest known 
deposits of uranium ore are in the United States. Radium is never 
employed as a metal, but always in the form of its compounds. The 
principal uses are in luminous paints, and for therapeutic purposes, 
especially the treatment of cancer. As the ratio of radium to uran- 
ium in any ore is only about 1 to 3,000,000, and as most uranium ores 
are low grade, the amount of radium that can be obtained from 1 ton 
of ore is extremely small. Uranium ore in sufficient quantity to be 
of commercial value occurs only in a few localities. 

Production. — The United States produces more radium than all 
other countries combined. Data for separate years are difficult to 



1420 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



obtain; but domestic production in 1918 was between 21 and 22 grams 
in the form of salts of high purity. This was much^the greatest 
production for any single year. 

Imports were largest in 1914, valued at $59,816, nearly 90 per cent 
from Germany. No imports are shown for 1918. Subsequent im- 
ports are combined with those of radioactive substances. 

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTITUTES. 

(See Survey FL-22.) 

Description and uses. — The only known substitute for radium is 
mesothorium, obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of thorium 
nitrate. It can be very satisfactorily substituted for radium in 
luminous paints and to a limited extent therapeutically. 

Production is quite small, but at least two companies have begun 
its preparation as a by-product in the manufacture of thorium nitrate 
for gas mantles. Data are as yet not available, but the production 
of mesothorium never can be very great. 

Imports of radium, salts of, and radioactive substances since 1917 
are shown below. 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Grains. 
10 
13 
807 


$274 
11, 651 
3,027 


$27. 40 


1919 


896. 23 


1921 (9 months) 


3.75 







Exports. — Statistics are not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1641. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1641. Rag pulp; paper stock, 
crude, of every description, including all 
grasses, fibers, rags, waste, including jute, 
hemp and flax waste, shavings, clippings, 
old paper, rope ends, waste rope, and 
waste bagging, and all other waste not 
specially provided for, including old 
gunny cloth, and old gunny bags, used 
chiefly for paper making, no longer suit- 
able for bags. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 644. Paper stock, crude, of every 
description, including all grasses, fibers, 
rags (other than wool), waste, including 
jute waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, 
rope ends, waste rope, and waste bagging, 
and all other waste not specially provided 
for in this section, including old gunny 
cloth and old gunny bags, used chiefly for 
paper making [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 566. Paper stock, crude, of^every 
description, including all grasses, fibers, 
rags, waste, including jute, hemp and flax 
waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, 
rope ends, waste rope, and waste bagging, 
and all other waste not specially provided 
for in this section, including old gunny 
cloth and old gunny bags, used chiefly 
for paper making [Free]. 

Par. 649. * * * rag pulp [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1421 

RAG PULP. 

(See Survey FL-38.) 

Description and uses. — Rag pulp is essentially a mass of cellulose 
fibers obtained from rags. Before the process of manufacturing 
pulp from wood was discovered it was the most important raw 
material for manufacturing paper and is still important, especially 
for the better grades, such as bond, ledger, and writing paper, and 
even some of the higher grades of printing paper. The process of 
manufacturing rag pulp involves the collection, sorting, cleaning, and 
shredding of the rags. They are boiled with milk of lime or caustic 
soda and treated in a "rag engine 7 ' or "Hollander," after which the 
pulp is ready to be manufactured into paper. 

Production. — The manufacture of rag pulp is not carried on as a 
separate industry. Paper manufacturers using rag pulp produce 
it as a part of the continuous process of paper making. Some idea 
of the importance of rag pulp may be gathered from the quantity 
and value of rags consumed, which in 1914 amounted to 361,667 
tons, valued at $12,151,288, or about 6.8 per cent of all paper stock 
consumed. 

Imports of rag pulp in 1918, calendar year, were 139,469 pounds, 
valued at $1,557. In 1919 they were 262,987 pounds with a value of 
$5,611. No later statistics are given. 

Exports are not recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — In the act of 1913 rag pulp is 
admitted free of duty by paragraph 649 in connection with wood 
pulp of all kinds. In H. R. 7456 it is still admitted free of duty 
but is associated in paragraph 1641 with paper stock of all kinds. 

PAPER STOCK. 
(See Survey M-4.) 

Description and uses. — The tariff wording is self-explanatory. It 
is not possible to make a thorough differentiation according to the 
kinds of finished paper into which paper stock enters, for almost 
every kind of paper employs a great variety of raw materials. 

The principal kind of grass used is esparto grass, imported from 
Spain and Algeria. This grass makes a high-grade, light, fluffy, 
book paper. It is little used in the United States, however, being 
consumed principally in the United Kingdom. Other kinds of 
grass, such as saw grass from Florida, are of minor importance. 
There is probably no grass in existence that could not be made into 
paper, if sufficient energy were expended on it; but most grasses 
yield too little cellulose to be commercially useful as paper-making 
material. " Fibers" is a general term applicable to anything of a 
fibrous texture. It should be emphasized, however, that except 
for some asbestos and negligible quantities of other fibers only 
vegetable fibers are used. Rags enter into almost all kinds of paper 
except newsprint, wrapping, and hanging paper, although certain 
grades of a great many other kinds of paper contain no rags. They 
are not always absent from the kinds of paper mentioned. The 
best rags are new linen cuttings, although new cotton cuttings make 



1422 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



an excellent quality of paper. New linen and cotton cuttings have 
their most important use in making the best qualities of writing, 
bond, and ledger paper. Old rags of light color which have been care- 
fully sorted and cleaned are much used in making writing paper, 
book paper, tissue paper, and all sorts of specialties. Heavy, coarse, 
colored rags are one of the important constituents of sheathing paper, 
roofing felt, and other coarse, heavy papers, and are used to some 
extent in making paper boards. Woolen rags are not used. Waste 
of jute, hemp, and flax and waste bagging and gunny cloth are often 
employed to make a heavy, strong paper; for instance, manila 
wrapping paper. Old paper enters into paper of all kinds. Ninety 
per cent of paper boards are made of waste paper. A good deal is 
used in making building papers and felts and cheap wrapping paper. 
Waste paper is used, usually in small proportion, in making book 
paper and other papers of relatively high quality. Considerable 
quantities of straw are consumed in the manufacture of paper board, 
and also to some extent in making certain kinds of paper. Straw- 
board manufacture is in Holland a definitely developed industry. 

Production and consumption. — There can hardly be said to be an 
industry producing paper stock. Paper stock is either a waste 
product or a by-product, except in certain minor instances. The 
principal processes in the preparation of paper stock are the concen- 
tration in central places of waste material from localities throughout 
the country, baling or bagging it, and transporting it to the con- 
sumer. In 1914 the following amounts of paper stock were consumed 
in the United States: Old or waste paper, 151,000 tons, valued at 
$19,161,000; rags, 362,000 tons, valued at $12,151,000; manila stock, 
121,000 tons, valued at $4,046,000; straw, 308,000 tons, valued at 
$1,676,000. 

Imports of these various fibers, grasses, and wastes amounted in 
1914 to 294,121,145 pounds, valued at $4,667,156. The chief sources 
are Germany, the United Kingdom, British India, Belgium, France. 
Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Rags, other than woolen: 

Quantity (pounds) 


3, 785, 878 
$142, 574 

71,370,117 
81,996,690 

16,618,589 
$623, 148 


94,608,067 
$3, 180, 767 

77,586,204 
$2,623,934 

47, 964, 766 
$1,374,383 


273.007,172 
$9; 719, 968 

159,496,483 
■ $6,783,558 

76, 966, 489 
$2,008,170 


71,246,116 


Value 


$1, 353, 863 


Grasses, fibers, waste, including jute, hemp, 
etc.: 
Quantity (pounds) 


57,774,211 


Value 


$1,342,325 


Waste bagging, old gunny, cloth and gunny 
bags, waste of plain-woven fabrics of single 
jute yarn, etc.: 

Quantity (pounds) 


14, 783, 180 


Value 


$224,883 







Exports during the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



32,241,306 
$670,342 



1919 



54,541,361 
$1,533,013 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



S4, 666, 468 
$2,718,929 I 



25,4K',,307 
$494, 102 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1423 



Important changes in classification. — The words "no longer suitable 
for ba<*s" have been added in order to prevent free importation of 
bags still usable as containers. The provision for " rags not otherwise 
specially provided for" (par. £86, act of 1913) has been omitted. 

Suggested changes. — Page 195, line 4 of H. R. 7456: Insert "and" 
before "no". 



PARAGRAPH 1642. 
H. R. 7456. ' SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1642. Rennet, raw or prepared. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 662. Rennets, raw or prepared Par. 588. Rennets, raw or prepared 
[Free]. [Free]. 

RENNET. 

(See Survey FL-15.) 

Description and uses. — The rennet extracts of commerce are prep- 
arations from the stomachs of unweaned calves (also of various 
other animals). Such extracts contain rennet in dilute and impure 
form. The chemical ferment contained in rennet is prepared in more 
concentrated state in the form of tablets or powders. Rennet is 
valuable because of its property of curdling milk, which makes pos- 
sible the manufacture of many kinds of cheese. 

Production. — Statistics not available. 

Imports of rennet, raw and prepared, in 1918 were valued at 
$62,173, one-half from Denmark, the rest from Sweden, Canada, and 
Spain. There was a considerable decrease during the war, the 
average value for 1911-1915 being $114,809. Before the war Den- 
mark was first and Germany second in exportation to this country. 
Imports after 1917 are shown as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 


S78,590 
146,542 
141, 266 
13, 468 




1919 




... I 102, 686 


$1.43 


1920 




213, 532 


.66 


1921 (9 months) 




37 592 


.35 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — " Rennet" and not "rennets" 
is the proper usage. 



PARAGRAPH 1643. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1643. Rice cleaned for use in the 
manufacture of canned foods. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



[Xo corresponding provision.] [No corresponding provision.] 11 

13 Dutiable at 1 cent per pound, par. 9, emergency tariff act of 1921. 



1424 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

RICE, CLEANED, ETC. 

(See Survey G-5.) 

Description, uses, and production. — It is asserted by some manu- 
facturers of canned foods that domestic rices are not satisfactory for 
certain canned foods, notably soups, because of disintegration under 
high steam pressure, and that Patna rice, grown largely in the Prov- 
ince of Bengal, is the most desirable for this purpose. Since 1915, 
practically no Patna rice has been available and the best grades of 
domestic rice have been used. 

Imports were not separately stated prior to the passage of the emer- 
gency tariff, act of May 27, 1921. Imports for consumption for the 
period May 27 to September 30, 1921, amounted to 5,612 pounds 
valued at $234. 

Important changes in classification. — Rice cleaned for use in the 
manufacture of canned foods was dutiable under par. 193 of the 
act of 1913 and is dutiable at 1 cent per pound under paragraph 9 
of the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921. 

Suggested changes. — The provision, although primarily intended for 
Patna rice, gives free entry to any form of rice whether of good or 
poor quality. The term " canned foods" is a broad one. The pro- 
vision might be replaced with "Patna rice," which is a definite 
commercial grade. 

PARAGRAPH 1644. 
H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1644. Sago, crude, and sago flour. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 664. Sago, crude, and sago flour Par. 590. Sago, crude, and sago flour 
[Free]. [Free]. 

SAGO. 

(See Survey G-33.) 

Description and uses. — The sago is a tropical palm plant produced 
chiefly in the East Indies. It is not grown in the United States. 
From the pith of the stem is obtained crude sago, which is further 
manufactured into sago flour and " pearl sago." Sago flour is made 
by grating and then kneading over a strainer the pithy trunk of the 
sago. If the dough or paste is worked through sieves and allowed 
to fall on hot plates, pearl sago is formed. The sago flour is used 
for sizing, filling, and finishing textiles, while the "pearl sago" is 
used almost entirely for food purposes in desserts and specialty 
dishes. Uses of sago are almost identical with those of tapioca 
flour. 

Imports of sago and sago flour in 1914, mostly from the Straits 
Settlements and the Dutch East Indies, were 9,970,717 pounds, 
valued at $160,924. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1425 



1918 



Quantity (pounds) 18, 393, 647 

Value $593, 762 



1919 



2,900,936 
$169, 198 



1921 
(9 months). 



4,812,018 I 3,021,709 

$243,709 ; $73,176 



In 1920, 80 per cent of the imports of farinaceous substances came 
from the Dutch East Indies. 



PARAGRAPH 1645. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1645. Sea herring and tuna, fresh, 
frozen, or packed in ice. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 272. * * * herrings, fresh, one- 
fourth of one cent per pound; * * *. 

Par. 273. Fish, fresh, * * * frozen, 
packed in ice * * * three-fourths of 
one cent per pound * * *. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 483. * * * all other fish not 
otherwise specially provided for in this 
section [Free]. 



SEA HERRING AND TUNA. 

Description and uses. — About 90 per cent of the sea herring that 
form the raw material of the Maine sardine industry is taken in 
Canadian waters by Canadian fishermen. A large part of the tuna 
caught in Mexican waters is used in the tuna canning industry of 
southern California. The domestic output of canned tuna ranks 
next to canned salmon in quantity and value. 

Production statistics are not available. 

Imports of herring, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, amounted in 
1913 to 1,327,723 pounds, valued at $37,718. 

Imports of tuna come only from Mexico; they are included in 
statistics for "all other fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice." Later 
calendar year statistics for imports of herring follow: 



i 

1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


I 9,770,251 


5,627,719 
$122,874 


8,019,514 
$158, 591 


4,579,851 
$105, 102 


Value 


*278. 52f) 





Exports. — Not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — A new provision. The term 
"sea herring" has been employed to differentiate the salt-water 
herring (sea herring) from the so-called "Lake herring," the name 
inappropriately applied to ciscoes, caught in the Great Lakes. 
82304—22 90 



1426 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1646. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1646. Selenium, and salts of. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 480. * * '"* articles manufac- Par. 585. * * * selenium and salts 
tured, in whole or in part, not provided of [Free], 
for in this section * * * twenty per 
centum ad valorem. 

Par. 3. * * * chemical * * * 
salts * * * twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem; * * *. 

SELENIUM AND SALTS OF SELENIUM. 

(See Survey FL-22.) 

Description and uses. — Selenium is an element with properties 
similar to sulphur and usually occurs in copper ores; production 
is as a by-product of the electrolytic refining of copper. Selenium 
appears on the market as a black or red amorphous powder, and 
during 1918 sold for $2.75 to $3.75 per pound. Its chief use is as a 
decolorizer for glass and also, as a substitute for manganese com- 
pounds, in the manufacture of ruby glass. The various salts and 
compounds of selenium are of no commercial importance. 

Production since 1916 is given below: 





1917 


1 
1918 


1919 


1920 


Quantity (pounds) 


39,630 
$713,000 j 


103,694 I 
$206,540 


60,025 
$125,966 


92 141 


Value 


$175, 508 





If the market conditions warranted, the domestic production 
could be greatly increased. 

Imports of selenium and its salts in 1914 were valued at $372; of 
this amount 97 per cent came from Germany. The value was $59 
in 1915, $302 in 1916, and $2,236 in 1917. Imports in the calendar 
years since 1918 have been small — 114 pounds, valued at $239, in 
1919, and 1,106 pounds, valued at $2,099, in the first nine months of 
1921. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — Selenium and salts have been 
given a separate paragraph. 



PARAGRAPH 1647. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1647. Sheep dip. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 669. Sheep dip [Free]. Par. 596. Sheep dip [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1427 



SHEEP DIP. 

(See Survey FL-8.) 

Description and uses. — " Sheep dip" is the term used for materials 
applied to cattle, and in which sheep are dipped to destroy parasites 
and vermin, such as ticks and lice, or to cure skin diseases, such as 
scabies. The principal kinds of sheep dip are (1) lime-sulphur 
solution, which consists of lime combined chemically with sulphur 
in the form of a polysulphide, for scabies, and, the same materials 
mixed with arsenical solution, for sheep ticks; (2) nicotine or nicotine 
sulphate, a by-product of the tobacco industry, made by extracting 
the nicotine from the stems, etc., and when mixed with lime-sulphur 
solution, employed for scabies, lice, and ticks; (3) creosote oil (dip 
oil), obtained from coal tar, and containing from 20 to 25 per cent 
tar acids mixed with rosin soap, for scabies, lice, and ticks; (4) 
arsenical dips, mixtures of arsenious sulphide, sodium arsenite, and 
sulphur, for ticks and other vermin; (5) cresylic acid dip, containing 
about 50 per cent cresylic acid and a suitable oil, such as linseed or 
soya-bean oil. 

Import values of sheep dip during 1908-1918 averaged $22,802. 
Later imports have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


I 
Value. Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 


$22,538 
12,346 
5 150 




1919 




146 803 


?0 08 


1920 




70 168 


07 


1921 (9 months) 




59 340 


8 596 i s 













Exports. — Statistics not available. 



H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1648. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1648. Shotgun barrels, 
tubes, forged, rough bored. 

ACT OF 1909. 



n single 



Par. 070. Shotgun barrels, in single 
tubes, forged, rough bored [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 597. Shotgun barrels, in single 
tubes, forged, rough bored [Free]. 



SHOTGUN BARRELS. SINGLE TUBES, FORGED AND ROUGH BORED. 

(See Survey C-14.) 

Production. — No statistics. 

Imports of shotgun barrels in single tubes ; forged and rough bored ; 
in 1917 were valued at $39. In 1914 they aggregated S17L198 in 
value, of which amount $163,861 came from Belgium. Later statis- 
tics for calendar years have been as follows: 





1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Number 


30,667 
$37,863 


168, 202 
$155, 034 


6 666 


Value 


$8, 184 





1428 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Exports. — None reported. 

Suggested changes. — Gun-barrel molds not in bars, a cruder form 
than barrels and single tubes, forged, rough bored, are dutiable 
under paragraph 304 of H. R. 7456. 



PARAGRAPH 1649. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1649. Shrimps, lobsters, and other 
shellfish, fresh, frozen., packed in ice, or 
prepared or preserved in any manner, 
and not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 671. Shrimps and other shellfish Par. 598. Shrimns, lobsters, and other 
[Free]. shellfish [Free]. 

SHRIMPS, LOBSTERS, AND OTHER SHELLFISH. 

Description and uses. — Included under other shellfish" are oysters, 
crabs, clams, scallops, squid, abalone, crawfish, and others of little 
importance. This paragraph also includes prepared and canned 
shellfish, not specially provided for. 

Production of shellfish amounted to 444,024,000 pounds, valued at 
$22,218,000, in 1908 (latest figures available for entire country). The 
most valuable single product of the world's fisheries, the oyster, in the 
yield of which America is far in the lead, constituted 52 per cent of the 
shellfish caught in. 1908, and 71 per cent of the total value. In that 
year 46,593,000 pounds of oysters were used for canning, the product 
being valued at $3,428,000. About 70 per cent of the oysters were 
gathered in Maryland, Virginia, Connecticut, Louisiana, New York, 
and New Jersey, while about 85 per cent of the canned product was 
reported by Louisiana, Mississippi, Maryland, South Carolina, and 
Georgia. In 1908 lobsters represented 3 per cent in amount and 9 
per cent in value of the shellfish catch; shrimp, 4 per cent and 2 per 
cent; crabs, 12 per cent and 4 per cent; and clams, 4 per cent and 
9 per cent. Maine reported 65 per cent of the lobster catch; Massa- 
chusetts, 16 per cent; and Rhode Island, 9 per cent. The canning of 
lobster has disappeared under restrictive legislation necessitated by 
the very rapid diminution of the supply. In 1919 a total of 717,636 
cases of oysters, valued at $3,510,119, were canned in the United 
States. The canned shrimp product in 1919 amounted to 322,076 
cases, valued at $1,864,793, and canned clams to 157,843 cases, 
valued at $772,870. 

Imports of shrimps, lobsters, and other shellfish in 1914 were valued 
at $2,408,377 and in 1920 at $6,345,233. In 1920 imports of crab 
meat were 30 per cent of the total; of canned lobsters, 24 per cent; 
of lobsters, all other, 45 per cent; and of shrimps and other shellfish, 
1.3 per cent. Practically all the lobsters came from Canada, and the 
crab meat from Japan. About 90 per cent of the shrimp and other 
shellfish were from Japan, Canada, Hongkong, and Mexico. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1429 



1918 



Lobsters, canned: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Lobsters, all other (except canned): 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 



Shrimp and other shellfish and turtles, value. 



2,491,123 
$1,009,545 

4,517,546 
$808, 712 
$461, 128 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



1,687,137 
$1,058,418 

5,636,059 
$974,312 
$749,388 



3,224,761 
$2,231,627 

6, 193, 180 

$1,115,898 

$S31,640 



1,321,825 
$625,633 

7,350,233 
$1,169,633 

$539, 107 



Export values of shellfish increased from $989,860 in 1914 to 
$1,970,171 in 1920; of oysters, from $666,432 in 1914 to $871,072 in 
1920. "All other shellfish ,, represent the remainder. About 60 per 
cent of the oysters went to Canada, while Australia, Argentina, 
England, and Mexico also took considerable amounts. The United 
Kingdom's oyster imports declined during the war from about 25 per 
cent to less than 1 per cent of our exports. 

Exports of shellfish for the calendar years 1918-1921 were valued 
as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 1921 (9 months). 


Oysters ... 


$413,203 
1,006,681 


$665,694 
1,207,694 


$871,072 
1,099,099 


$363,897 
518 580 


All other shellfish (except oysters) 







Important changes in classification. — " Fresh, frozen, packed in ice, or 
prepared or preserved in any manner, and not specially provided for,' ; 
is an addition. u Not specially provided for" was inserted to exclude 
" crab meat," which is provided for in paragraph 722. 



PARAGRAPH 1650. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1650. Silk cocoons and silk waste. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 673. Silk cocoons and silk waste Par. 599. Silk cocoons and silk waste 
[Free]. [Free]. 

SILK COCOONS. 

(See Survey L-l.) 

Description and use. — The silk cocoon is the envelope of slender 
silk filament spun by the silkworm around its own body. Both raw 
silk (par. 1651) and waste silk are obtained from the cocoon. 

Production. — There is no cocoon production here. (See par. 1651, 
p. 1430). Imports, except those which are occasionally made for 
scientific purposes, are of pierced or imperfect cocoons unfit for reel- 
ing (par. 600) and of value only as silk waste. 

Imports, in the fiscal }^ear 1914, were 1,413 pounds, valued at $1,118. 
Later imports for calendar years are recorded as follows : 



1918 


. 1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


160,118 
$218, 152 


852, 474 
$4Sfi, 636 


239 298 




Value 








' 



1430 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



SILK WASTE. 



(See Survey L-l.) 



Description and use. — Silk waste comprises those pierced or im- 
perfect cocoons, and parts, such as the outer and inner layers, which 
can not be reeled; also "mill" wastes created in throwing and weaving 
raw silk. It is used almost wholly in making spun silk yarn (see par. 
1202, p. 1011) . Under this paragraph come also exhausted noils — that 
is, short waste silk left over after dressing, or dressing and combing, and 
which are too short [two inches is taken as the dividing line (Abstract 
39083, of 1916) between exhausted and long noils, the latter covered 
by paragraph 1201], to be redressed or combed. They are employed 
in making noil yarn on mule spindles for use in wool and silk mixtures 
and in time of war in making cartridge-bag cloth. 

Production. — The only domestic production is that which consists 
of mill waste, mostly a by-product of throwing, sometimes estimated 
.as one-eighth the quantity of waste imported. 

Imports, exclusive of cocoons given above, rose from 5,960,109 
pounds, valued at $3,102,892, in 1914, to 8,552,168 pounds^ valued 
at $7,148,276 in the fiscal year 1918. Imports for the calendar years 
1918-1921 were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




15, 602, 445 
$13,610,865 


9, 795, 083 
$12, 033, 647 


9,378,939 
$15, 714, 446 


3, 994, 996 




$3,600,858 





The extraordinarily large import in the calendar year 1918 was 
due to the war demand for silk to be used in making cartridge-bag 
cloth. The large import since that time bespeaks the notable expan- 
sion of the spun-silk industry since 1914. The principal source of 
waste silk now is China, with Japan a close second. The import from 
France, which until 1912 was the chief source, is small. Our supplies 
from Europe are derived chiefly from Italy. 

Exports are not recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1651. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1651. Silk, raw, in skeins reeled 
from the cocoon, or rereeled, but not 
wound, doubled, twisted, or advanced in 
manufacture in any way. 

ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 672- Silk, raw, in skeins reeled 
from the cocoon, or rereeled, but not 
wound, doubled, twisted, or advanced in 
manufacture in any way [Free]. 



Par. 600. Silk, raw, in skeins reeled 
from the cocoon, or rereeled, but not 
wound, doubled, twisted, or advanced in 
manufacture in any way [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1431 



RAW SILK. 



(See Survey L-l.) 



Description and uses. — Raw silk denotes those silk filaments reeled 
from the cocoon into skeins, and those which have been rereeled. 
The bulk of silk fabrics and articles is made from raw silk, which is 
woven directly into fabrics or "thrown" (twisted) into yarn and 
then woven, knitted, or braided to make fabrics and articles. 

Production. — Raw silk is not produced on a commercial scale in 
the United States. For centuries attempts have been made to 
produce silk in America, but without permanent success. The 
raising of cocoons and the reeling of silk require, even under the most 
advanced methods, a prohibitive amount of tedious work by hand. 
Even in France, with its cheaper labor, the production of raw silk is 
declining, notwithstanding Government subsidies; and the still 
cheaper labor of Italy is failing against oriental competition. Japan 
and China, with abundance of the cheapest hand labor, are the 
principal producers. 

Imports. — The United States is the largest manufacturer of silk 
and as this industry expands, imports of raw silk increase. Imports 
in the fiscal year 1914 were 28,825,828 pounds, valued at $97,844,150. 
Imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows: 



1918 



Quantity (pounds) 32, 939, 823 

Value . . . $180, 513,311 



1919 



44,872,633 
$329,354,385 



1920 



30, 080, 129 
$285, 007, 474 



1921 (9 months). 



32,978,206 
$183,064,594 



Japan is the main source, followed by China. Imports from 
European countries are small. 

Exports are nil as silk is not raised here. 



PARAGRAPH 1652. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1652. Skeletons and other prepa- 
rations of anatomv . 



ACT OF 190 \ 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 675. Skeletons and other prepa- Par. 602. Skeletons and other prepa- 
rations of anatomy [Free]. • rations of anatomy [Free]. 

SKELETONS, ETC. 



Imports of skeletons and other preparations of anatomy in 1914 
were valued at $15,958, and for later calendar years as follows: 
1918, $3,229; 1919, $4,291; 1920, $6,701; 1921 (9 months), $9,957. 

Exports not shown in official statistics. 



1432 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1653. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Pak. 1653. Skins of all kinds, raw, and 
hides not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 676. Skins of all kinds, raw (ex- Par. 603. Skins of hares, rabbits, dogs, 
cept sheepskins with the wool on), and goats, and sheep, undressed [Free], 
hides nob specially provided for in this Par. 604. Skins of all kinds, raw, and 
section [Free]. hides not specially provided for in this 

section [Free]. 

SKINS, RAW, AND HIDES N. S. P. F. 
(See Survey FL-19.) 

Description and uses. — The principal products embraced in this 
paragraph are the pelts of the calf, sheep, buffalo, goat, horse, colt, 
ass, kangaroo, and deer. Calfskins are used chiefly for shoe uppers, 
upholstery, case, bag, and strap leathers, and, to some extent, for 
bookbinding and light leathers. Sheepskins are used for shoe linings, 
gloves, and fancy leathers; goatskins, for shoe uppers, glove, book- 
binding, and fancy leathers; and buffalo hides, to make heavy sole 
leather. Horsehide serves for shoe uppers and heavy glove leather, 
and coltskin for shoe uppers. Kangaroo skins are used for fine 
shoe upper leather and deerskins for shoe uppers, glove, and piano- 
action leather. More of these skins are used in shoes than for any 
other one purpose. The imported hides and skins are divided into 
two classes — "dry" and '" green or pickled." Pelts taken off in 
localities remote from favorable means of transportation and in 
warm climates, often have to be dried to reduce the weight and to 
prevent deterioration. A 12-pound "dry" hide equals a 25-pound 
"green or pickled," hide. They must be softened again, however, 
for tanning. 

Production here is about 50 per cent of the calfskins used in 
domestic tanneries; about 25 per cent of the sheepskins; a very few 
goatskins, horsehides, and deerskins; and practically no buffalo or 
kangaroo skins. 

Imports. — Russia was the greatest source of supply for hides and 
skins before the war. Reexports from Europe were large, colonies 
or protectorates sending them through home countries. The war 
closed many of these routes and imports from South America, Africa, 
and Asia increased enormously. Of dry calfskin, in 1913 Russia 
in Europe supplied $8,000,000 worth, more than one-half the imports. 
In 1913 Germany was the leading source of green or pickled calfskins, 
but European Russia, the Netherlands, France, and Canada were 
also important, with a total value of $11,202,956. Of dry goat- 
skins British India was the chief source; of dry sheepskins, European 
Russia and England; and of green or pickled sheepskins, England. 

Other principal imports of hides and skins were: Buffalo hides, 
principally from British India, valued at $2,790,009 in 1913; horse, 
colt, and ass skins in 1913 valued at $2,234,581, principally from 
Russia in Europe, and kangaroo skins, almost always exclusively 
from Australia, valued at $719,188 in 1913. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1433 



Later statistics for calendar years for raw skins of all kinds and 
hides n. s. p. f. are shown as follows: 



Hides and skins. 



Buffalo, dry (12 pounds and over): 

Quanta v (pounds) 

Value. 

Buffalo, green or pickled (2.3 pounds or over): 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value. . *. 

Calf, dry: 

Quantity (pounds) , 

Value 

Calf, gTeen or pickled: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Goat, dry: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value. 

Goat, green or pickled: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value . . ' 

Horse, colt, and ass, dry: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Horse, colt, and ass, green or pickled: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Sheep, dry: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value . . * 

Sheep, green or pickled: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value . . *. 

All other: > 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value. .*. 



1918 



5; 779, 483 
$1,537,182 

1,393,463 
$380,901 

6,383.279 

$2, 175, 170 

2,093,402 
$717,367 

53,458,173 
$28, 626, 610 

9,057,918 

$1,865,306 

868, 742 
$183, 003 

4, 128, 814 
$536,682 

21,549.713 
$7,517,651 

31,422,331 
$10, 047, 914 

5,444,532 
$2, 269, 884 



15.619. 738 
$3,463,457 

1,892,149 
S51 1,966 

42,325, ISO 
$20,914,313 

22,230,341 
$12,738,819 

111,133,387 
$85,827,011 

22, 522. 563 
$9, 729; 448 

15,973,796 
$3,633,399 

12, 077, 113 
$3,612,468 

43, 560. 327 
$21, 288, 088 

41.471,500 
$15,232,461 

8, 538, 477 
$3,962,201 



1920 



9,4811786 
$2,721,204 

1,759,648 
$502, 186 

16,902,653 
$9,979,730 

18,229,633 
$9,270,931 

69, 869. 332 
$82, 410, 287 

10,335.304 
$6, 229, 955 

5,013,439 
$1,619,774 

11, 802, 968 
$2, 635, 555 

29,832,904 
$17,395,159 

52,857,541 
$20,800,980 

8, 386, 335 
$4,720,305 



Total hides and skins (including cattle hides 
and fish skins): 

Quantity (pounds) , 361, 232, 399 

Value ...... ■ $107, 822, 657 



744,689.828 510,156,545 
$306, 502, 092 $243, 769, 410 



1921 (9 months). 



1.682,540 
$315,919 

102,313 
$29,448 

9,430,950 
$2,383,926 

28,647,784 
$5,966,419 

39,411,904 
$15,429,291 

4, 540, 036 
$722, 474 

554,092 
$74, 856 

2, 848, 240 
$245,909 

11.647,179 
$2,797,158 

22, 829, 835 
$3, 452, 90S 

3,143,710 

$888', 277 



268,902,272 
$51,414,072 



1 Except those listed and cattle hides and fish skins. 

Of the total imports of all hides and skins in 1920, including cattle 
hides, Argentina shipped 20 per cent, British India 14 per cent, 
China 12 per cent, Australia, New Zealand, and British South Africa 
10 per cent, and Brazil 8 per cent. 

Exports of hides and skins are comparatively small, as we draw 
on foreign countries for large quantities of raw material for our tan- 
neries. Statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Calfskins: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Horsehides: 


2,213.293 
$866,512 

51,471 
$13. 864 

499, 148 
$215, 493 


4,654,335 
$3, 217, 625 

467, 420 
$135, 176 

2. 805, 964 
$1, 252, 164 


1.139,653 

$679, 69S 

655.017 
$142, 706 

4,121,781 

$1,619,340 


4,191,902 
$874, 704 

112,131 


Value 

All other hides and skins: 

Quantity pounds) 

Value. 


$12,614 

3,316,308 
$513,601 







In 1920, 85 per cent of the exports of calfskins and 80 per cent of 
the exports of horsehides were to Canada. Exports of other hides 
and skins were to France (32 per cent), England (17 per cent), and 
Canada (16 per cent). 



1434 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Important changes in classification. — Paragraph 603 of the act of 
1913 for skins of hares, rabbits, dogs, goats, and sheep, undressed, is 
merged in this paragraph with paragraph 604. 

Suggested changes. — It is suggested that if hides and skins be re- 
tained on the free list, paragraph 1582 be combined with this para- 
graph, as follows: " Skins of all kinds, raw, and hides, raw, uncured, 
or undressed, or dried, salted or pickled, all the foregoing not specially 
provided for." 



PARAGRAPH 1654. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1654. Sodium: Cyanide, nitrate, 
sulphate, crude, or salt cake, and niter 
cake. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 3. * * * chemical compounds, 
mixtures and salts * * * twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem; * * *. 

Par. 677. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic 
nitrate [Free]. 

Par. 77. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, 
or niter cake, one dollar per ton. 



Par. 605. Soda, * * * cyanide of, 
sulphate of, crude, or salt cake and niter 
cake, * * * nitrate of, or cubic ni- 
trate [Free]. 



SODIUM CYANIDE. 



(See Survey A-18.) 



Description and uses. — Cyanide of soda, or sodium cyanide, is a 
salt of prussic acid, and, taken internally, is very poisonous. It has 
largely replaced the potassium salt, because cheaper. It is used in 
the "cyanide process" of extracting precious metals from their ores; 
in fumigating citrus fruit, raw imported cotton, and grain elevators; 
in electroplating, especially with gold and silver; and in case-hardening 
of iron. For fumigating purposes sodium cyanide is on the market 
in the shape of an egg weighing 1 ounce; the trade name is " Cyanegg." 

Production. — Cyanide of soda is produced by the Castner process 
from metallic sodium, ammonia, and coke; and also by fusing cyana- 
mid (par. 1540) and salt. Prior to 1917 all of the cyanide produced 
here was by the Castner process, and the output was controlled by a 
single firm. 

Imports were 6,063,659 pounds, valued at $934,354 in 1915. Im- 

Eorts since 1917 chiefly from Germany, England and Czecho-Slovakia, 
ave been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 
69,279 
5,174,831 
7,590,495 
6,489,406 


$12,615 

305,426 

1,091,443 

633,219 


$0.18 


1919 


. .06 


1920 '. 


.14 


1921 (9 months) 


.10 







SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1435 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Suggested changes. — It has been represented to the Tariff Commis- 
sion tnat it would be advisable to classify all cyanides under one 
paragraph. This suggestion has also been made by a domestic manu- 
facturer during hearings before the Senate Finance Committee. 
(See pp. 1109-1118, hearings before Committee on Finance, Tariff 
Schedule 1, H. R. 7456.) The various cyanides are used for prac- 
tically the same purposes. It is their cyanogen (CN) content, and 
not their metal content, which is of importance to the consumer. 
Therefore, this classification is logical. If the committee desires to 
adopt this suggestion, the following paragraph will accomplish the 
purpose: 

Cyanides: Potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, all other cyanide salts, and all 
combinations and mixtures of cyanides, per centum ad valorem. 

If this paragraph is inserted in H. R. 7456 the provisions for 
potassium cyanide in paragraph 1636 and for sodium cyanide in this 
paragraph should be omitted. In view of the widely varying prices 
of different cyanide compounds, it is believed that they will be best 
covered by an ad valorem duty. The percentage of cyanogen in the 
compounds varies greatly according to the process of manufacture. 
A crude sodium cyanide made from calcium cyanamid contains 
between 40 and 50 per cent of sodium cyanide, whereas purer grades 
contain 95 to 98 per cent sodium cyanide. 

NITRATE OF SODA. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Nitrate of soda, cubic nitrate or Chilean 
saltpeter, when pure is a white crystalline salt readily soluble in 
water. The commercial product, of grayish-white color, is of two 
qualities (1) a fertilizer grade, which contains from 91 to 95 per cent 
of sodium nitrate corresponding to about 15 per cent of nitrogen; 
(2) a refined grade, with 96 to 97 per cent of sodium nitrate, used 
in the manufacture of nitric acid and other chemicals. Normally the 
larger part is consumed in fertilizer, but during the war the chief 
use was for explosives. 

Production. — The only natural deposits of nitrate of soda of com- 
mercial importance are in Chile, whose output since 1910 approxi- 
mated 3,000,000 tons annually, temporarily declining to about 
1,000,000 in 1915. The Chilean Government levies an export duty of 
$11.19 per ton, from which it derives more than $32,000,000 per year, 
or over 50 per cent of its total revenue. Prior to the war over 80 per 
cent went to Great Britain, Germany, and the United States; Great 
Britain received annually about 1,000,000 tons. During the war vir- 
tually all of the Chilean nitrate was sold to the British and United 
States Governments. 



1436 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Imports prior to 1916 were between 500,000 and 600,000 long tons 
per year. During 1916 and 1917 over 1,000,000 tons were imported 
each year. In 1918 all imports came from Chile. Those since 1917 
are as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Tom. 
1,847,660 

407, 559 
1, 321, 892 

344,929 


$90,216,935 
19, 558, 963 
63,121,035 
16,463,000 


$48. 83 


1919 


47.99 


1920 


47.75- 


1921 (9 months) 


47.7a 







Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — " Cubic nitrate/' used in con- 
nection with sodium nitrate, has been omitted. 

SODIUM SULPHATE CRUDE, OR SALT CAKE AND NITER CAKE. 

(See Survey A-18.) 

Description and uses. — Salt cake, sulphate of soda, crude, is the 
impure sodium salt of sulphuric acid, and is obtained chiefly by chem- 
ical processes. It is used in the manufacture of inferior grades of 
glass, especially bottles, and for the manufacture of sodium sulphide, 
Glauber salt, and ultramarine. In Europe, salt cake is used in making 
soda ash by the Leblanc process. Niter cake is a by-product in the 
manufacture of nitric acid (sodium nitrate-sulphuric acid process). 
It consists chiefly of sodium acid sulphate, with a varying amount of 
sodium sulphate and free sulphuric acid and other impurities, and 
was used as a substitute for sulphuric acid during the war for such 
purposes as acidifying soap stock, acid wash, regenerating plaster, 
acidifying phosphate fertilizers, bleaching paper pulp, preparing 
muriatic acid, recovering grease, removing oxide and scale from steel 
and for any other purposes where a weak mineral acid is required. 

Production. — Salt cake is obtained (1) from natural deposits or 
brine lakes, (2) as a by-product in the manufacture of muriatic acid, 
and (3) in Europe by the Hargreaves-Kobinson process using salt, 
sulphur dioxide, air, and steam. In 1914 over 110,000 short tons 
of salt cake were produced here. Niter cake is obtained as a by- 
product in the manufacture of nitric acid from nitrate of soda. 
The demand for nitric acid during the war multiplied the production 
of niter cake many times. 

Production of salt cake and niter cake in 1919 and 1920 was as 
follows : 



1919— Quantity (short tons) 
Value 

1920— Quantity (short tons) 
Value 



Salt cake. 



129,042 
$2,019,460 

178,770 
$2,049,102 



Niter cake. 



S3, 402 

$271,424 

30S, 63S 

788, 544 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1437 

Imports of sulphate of crude soda, or salt cake, and niter cake since 
1911 have been unimportant. 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Suggested changes. — Transpose " crude" and "sulphate" and strike 
out the comma after "crude" and "sulphate" so that the paragraph 
will read : 

Sodium: Cyanide, nitrate, crude sulphate or salt cake, and niter cake. 



PARAGRAPH 1655. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1655. Specimens of natural his- 
tory, botany, and mineralogy, when im- 
ported for scientific public collections, 
and not for sale. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 678. Specimens of natural his- Par. 607. Specimens of natural his- 
tory, botany, and mineralogy, when im- tory, botany, and mineralogy, when im- 
ported for scientific public collections, ported for scientific public collections, 
and not for sale [Free]. and not for sale [Free]. 

SPECIMENS OF NATURAL HISTORY, ETC. 

Imports of specimens of natural history, botany, and mineralogy 
in 1914, mainly from Germany, Canada, England, and the Nether- 
lands, were valued at $47,524. Imports for later calendar years have 
been as follows: 1918, $35,539; 1919, $52,775; 1920, $86,577; 1921 
(9 months), $37,980. 

Exports of specimens of minerals in 1914, mostly to Germany and 
England, were valued at $39,496; in 1915, mainly to France, England, 
and Canada, at $49,800. Specimens of natural history, valued at 
$14,075, went largely to Germany, England, Belgium, and Canada 
in 1914. Similar exports in 1915, chiefly to England and Canada, 
were valued at $9,057. No data for 1918 or later years are available. 



PARAGRAPH 1656. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1656. Spunk. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 680. Spunk [Free]. Par. 608. Spunk [Free]. 

SPUNK. 

(See Survey N-8.) 

Description and uses. — Spunk is a kind of tinder made from a 
species of fungus found on old trees. It is also called punk, amadou, 
black match, pyrotechnical sponge, and German tinder. 

Production data are not available. 



1438 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



Imports are negligible. They amounted to $377 in 1912, the highest 
since 1908. In 1920 (calendar year) their value was $54; in 1919, 
$101; and in 1918, $12. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Suggested changes in classification. — This provision for " spunk" 
and the provision for " joss stick and joss light" (par. 1593, p. 1340) 
have been the subject of considerable litigation. Both paragraphs 
might be eliminated and the commodities relegated to the paragraph 
for unenumerated articles, to avoid confusion with articles such as 
firecracker-lighters, and mosquito and incense sticks. 



PARAGRAPH 1657. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1657. Spurs and stilts used in the 
manufacture of earthen, porcelain, or 
stone ware. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 681. Spurs and stilts used in the 
manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and 
stone ware [Free]. 



Par. 609. Spurs and stilts used in the 
manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and 
stone ware [Free]. 



SPURS. 

Description and uses. — Spurs (also called stilts) are small pieces 
of refractory clay ware employed to support articles while they are 
being fired or baked in a saggar. A saggar, or segger, is a pot or 
case of fire clay used to inclose fine or delicate ware when placed in 
the kiln. The spur prevents the pieces from adhering to each other 
or to the pot. 

Imports of spurs and stilts in 1914 were valued at $1,599. Later 
statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months) 


Number 




1,800 

$88 


193, 828 
$1, 858 


475, 82L 
$2, 975 


Value 


$1,094 







Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1658. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1658. Stamps: Foreign postage or 
revenue stamps, canceled or uncanceled, 
and foreign government stamped post 
cards bearing no other printing than the 
official imprint thereon . 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 682. Stamps; foreign postage or 
revenue stamps, canceled or uncanceled, 
and foreign government stamped post 
cards bearing no other printing than the 
official imprint thereon [Free]. 



Par. 610. Stamps: Foreign postage or 
revenue stamps, canceled or uncanceled, 
and foreign government stamped post 
cards bearing no other printing than the 
official imprint thereon [Free]. 



SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1439 

STAMPS, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Foreign postage and revenue stamps and 
foreign post cards are imported in considerable quantities for col- 
lectors. For the most part these stamps are canceled and have no 
value for mailing purposes. Nevertheless, they have a commercial 
value because of the demand by collectors, which value is independ- 
ent of the denomination of the stamp and is based on its rarity. 

Production. — Foreign stamps and post cards are presumably not 
produced in the United States. 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $73,156. About one half of these 
came from England, the rest largely from Switzerland and Germany. 
Imports in the calendar years 1918-1921 have been valued as follows: 
1918. $13,338; 1919, $47,232; 1920, $231,922; 1921 (nine months), 
$155^786. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1659. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1659. Standard newsprint paper: 
Provided, That whenever the President 
shall ascertain as a fact that any country, 
dependency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government forbids or restricts in 
any way (whether by law, order, regula- 
tion, contractual relation, or otherwise, di- 
rectly or indirectly) the exportation of, or 
imposes any export dutj r , export license 
fee, or other export charge of any kind 
whatever, either directly or indirectly 
(whether in the form of additional charge 
or license fee, or otherwise), upon print- 
ing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in 
the manufacture of wood pulp, he may 
by proclamation declare such ascer- 
tainment setting forth the facts; where- 
upon, and until said proclamation shall 
be revoked, there shall be levied, col- 
lected, and paid upon standard news- 
print paper, when imported either di- 
rectly or indirectly from such country, 
dependency, province, or other sub- 
division of government, a duty of 10 per 
centum ad valorem, and, in addition 
thereto, an amount equal to the highest 
export duty or other export charge im- 
posed by such country, dependency, 
province, or other subdivision of govern- 
ment, upon either an equal amount of 
printing paper or an amount of wood 
pulp or wood for use in the manufacture 
of wood pulp necessary to manufacture 
such printing paper! 



1440 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 409. Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as hand- 
made or machine handmade paper, 
japan paper, and imitation japan paper 
by whatever name known), unsized, 
sized, or glued, suitable for the printing 
of books and newspapers, but not for 
covers or bindings, not specially pro- 
vided for in this section, valued at not 
above two and one-fourth cents per pound, 
three-sixteenths of one cent per pound; 
valued above two and one-fourth cents 
and not above two and one-half cents per 
pound, three-tenths of one cent per 
pound; * * * Provided, however, That 
if any country, dependency, province, 
or other subdivision of government shall 
forbid or restrict in any way the exporta- 
tion of (whether by law, drder, regula- 
tion, contractual relation, or otherwise, 
directly or indirectly) or impose any ex- 
port duty, export license fee, or other 
export charge of any kind whatsoever 
(whether in the form of additional charge 
or license fee or otherwise) upon printing 
paper, wood pulp, or wood for use in the 
manufacture of wood pulp, there shall be 
imposed upon printing paper when im- 
ported either directly or indirectly from 
such country, dependency, province, 
or other subdivision of government, an 
additional duty of one-tenth of one cent 
per pound when valued at three cents 
per pound, or less, and in addition there- 
to the amount of such export duty or 
other export charge imposed by such 
country, dependency, province, or other 
subdivision of government, upon print- 
ing paper, wood pulp, or wood for use 
in the manufacture of wood pulp. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 567. Printing paper (other than 
paper commercially known as handmade 
or machine handmade paper, japan 
paper, and imitation japan paper by 
whatever name known), unsized, sized, 
or glued, suitable for the printing of 
books and newspapers, but not for covers 
or bindings, not specially provided for 
in this section, valued at not above 
2\ cents per pound, * * * [Free]. 



NEWSPRINT PAPER. 



(See Survey M-2) 

Description and uses. — See paragraph 1301, page 1045. 

Production in 1914 was 1,313,284 short tons, valued at $52,942,774, 
and in 1919, 1,324,000 short tons, valued at $98,560,000. The chief 
centers of the industry are found in the Northeastern and Lake 
States. In 1914 the distribution by percentage was as follows: 
New York, 37; Maine, 26; Wisconsin, 10; Minnesota, 8; all other 
States, 19. The chief problem confronting the industry is the 
problem of raw material. The depletion of pulp-wood forests is 
causing increased dependence upon importations of pulp wood or 
wood pulp. The year 1920 was noteworthy as the year of the alleged 
11 newsprint famine," yet, according to figures collected by the Fed- 
eral Trade Commission production exceeded that of 1919 by 137,451 
short tons, and imports, as shown below, exceeded those of 1919 by 
101,952 short tons, while exports were less than those of 1919 by 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1441 



14,378 short tons. Total consumption, therefore, exceeded that 
of 1919 by 453,781 short tons. 

Imports of newsprint in 1914 were 278,071 short tons, valued at 
$10,765,108. Later statistics for calendar years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months)- 




1,193,034,042 
$35,023,092 


1,255,782,140 
$43,685,109 


1,459,687,393 
$68,598,505 


1, 125, 405, 412 




$61, 067, 054 







Under the act of 1913 printing papers were classified for tariff 
purposes as (1) printing paper valued at not more than 2\ cents per 
pound, and (2) printing paper valued at more than 2 J cents per 
pound. By the act of September 8, 1916, the dividing line was 
changed from 2 \ cents to 5 cents and by the act of April 23, 1920, 
from 5 cents to 8 cents. This division by price corresponds roughly 
with the division into newsprint and book paper and is made the 
basis of the above table. 

The ratio of imports to total domestic production increased from 
11 per cent in 1913 to 48 per cent in 1920. Up to 1920 from 98 per 
cent to more than 99 per cent came from Canada, or from Canada, 
Newfoundland, and Labrador. Small amounts came from Norway 
and Sweden. Beginning with 1920 there have been increasing per- 
centages from European countries — specifically Norway, Sweden, 
Finland, and Germany. For the first 10 months of 1921 the per- 
centage from Canada was reduced to 83.1. For the same period the 
percentage from Germany was 5.4; from Finland, 3.0; from Norway, 
2.5; from Sweden, 5.3; and from all other countries, 0.7. Because 
of the increasing demand for newsprint and the depletion of the 
pulp-wood forests we are becoming increasingly dependent upon 
importation for our supply of newsprint paper. 

Exports of newsprint in 1914 were 44,483 short tons, valued at 
$2,177,483. Exports for the calendar years 1918-1921 have been as 
follows : 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 




193, 477, 853 
$7, 978, 296 


220, 535, 014 
$10,091,951 


91,777,916 
$5,970,127 


26, 533, 636 




$1, 830, 763 







Export trade in newsprint, which in 1919 amounted to 8 per cent 
of domestic production, fell off to 3 per cent in 1920 and the decrease 
continued in 1921. 

Important changes in classification. — See paragraphs 1301 and 1610, 
pages 1046 and 1372. 

82304—22 91 



1442 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1660. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1660. Statuary and casts of sculp- 
ture for use as models or for art educa- 
tional purposes only; regalia and gems, 
where specially imported in good faith 
for the use and by order of any society 
incorporated or established solely for 
religious, philosophical, educational, sci- 
entific, or literary purposes, or for the en- 
couragement of the fine arts, or for the use 
and by order of any college, academy, 
school, seminary of learning, orphan asy- 
lum, or public hospital in the United 
States, or any State or public library, 
and not for sale, subject to such regula- 
tions as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe; but the term "regalia" 
as herein used shall be held to embrace 
only such insignia of rank or office or 
emblems as may be worn upon the person 
or borne in the hand during public exer- 
cises of the society or institution, and shall 
not include articles of furniture or fix- 
tures, or of regular wearing apparel, nor 
personal property of individuals. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 661. Statuary and casts of sculp- 
ture for use as models or for art educa- 
tional purposes only; regalia and gems, 
where specially imported in good faith for 
the use and by order of any society incor- 
porated or established solely for religious, 
philosophical, educational, scientific, or 
literary purposes, or for the encourage- 
ment of the fine arts, or for the use and by 
order of any college, academy, school, 
seminary of learning, orphan asylum, or 
public hospital in the United States, or 
any State or public library, and not 
for sale, subject to such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: 
but the term ' ' regalia " as herein used shall 
be held to embrace only such insignia 
of rank or office or emblems as may be 
worn upon the person or borne in the 
hand during public exercises of the 
society or institution, and shall not in- 
clude articles of furniture or fixtures, or 
of regular wearing apparel, nor personal 
property of individuals [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 611. Statuary and casts of sculp- 
ture for use as models or for art educa- 
tional purposes only; regalia and gems, 
where specially imported in good faith 
'for the use and by order of any society in- 
corporated or established solely for re- 
ligious, philosophical, educational, scien- 
tific, or literary purposes, or for the en- 
couragement of the fine arts, or for the 
use and by order of any college, academy, 
school, seminary of learning, orphan asy- 
lum, or public hospital in the United 
States, or any State or public library, 
and not for sale, subject to such regula- 
tions as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe; but the. term •'regalia" 
as herein used shall be held to embrace 
only such insignia of rank or office or 
emblems as may be worn upon the person 
or borne in the hand during public exer- 
cises of the society or institution, and shall 
not include articles of furniture or fix- 
tures, or of regular wearing apparel, nor 
personal property of individuals [Free]. 



STATUARY, ETC., FOR USE AS MODELS; REGALIA, GEMS, ETC. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

Imports of statuary and casts of sculpture for use as models, etc., 
in 1914 were valued at $442,844. Later imports by calendar years 
have been as follows: 1918, $99,822; 1919, $238,840; 1920, $307,652; 
1921 (nine months), $365,624. 

Exports of all works of art are shown under paragraph 1447, page 
1196. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1443 



PARAGRAPH 1661. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1G01. Stone and sand: Burrstone 
in blocks, rough or unmanufactured; 
quartzite; rottenstone tripoli. and sand, 
crude or manufactured; cliff stone, free- 
stone, granite, and sandstone, unmanu- 
factured, and not suitable for use as 
monumental or building stone; all of the 
foregoing not specially provided for. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 683. Stone and sand: Burrstone 
in blocks, rough or unmanufactured; cliff 
stone, unmanufactured; rotten stone, 
tripoli, and sand, crude or manufactured, 
not otherwise provided for in this section 
[Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 614. Stone and sand: Burrstone in 
blocks, rough or unmanufactured; rotten 
stone, tripoli, and sand, crude or manu- 
factured; cliff stone, freestone, granite, 
sandstone. * * * unmanufactured, 
and not suitable for use as monumental 
or building stone; all of the foregoing not 
specially provided for in this section 
[Free]. 



BURRSTONE. 

(See Survey B-3 and par. 234, p. 349.) 

Imports under this classification bv calendar }^ears amounted to: 
1918, $17,370; 1919, 81 tons, valued "at $8,996; 1920, 114 tons, val- 
ued at $9,007; and in 1921 (9 months), 67 tons, valued at $3,075. 

QUARTZITE. 

Description and uses. — Quartzite is a sandstone which by the 
deposit of crystalline quartz between its grains has been compacted 
into a solid quartz rock. As distinguished from sandstones, quartzites 
are free from pores and have a smooth fracture. Quartzite blocks 
may be used in tube mills for crushing and grinding ores, cements, 
and for other metallurgical and chemical processes. They are too 
hard and splintery to be used as building stones to any large extent. 

Production. — Statistics are not given separately for quartzite. In 
the following table are shown total domestic sales of quartz including 
vein quartz, pegmatite, and quartzite. 





1918 


1919 


1920 


Quantity (short tons) 


71, 740 
$259, 330 


63,332 
$373, 571 


68, 190 


Value 


$320, 350 







Imports and exports. — None separately recorded. 
Important changes in classification. — The provision for quartzite is 
new. 

ROTTENSTONE AND TRIPOLI. 

(See Survey B-3.) 

Description and uses. — Rottenstone is a siliceous stone, the residue 
of a siliceous limestone whose calcareous matter has been removed 
by the solvent action of water. The term tripoli designates two 
products similar in properties, uses, and chemical composition, but 



1444 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



different in geological origin ; the name being applied to: (1) A light, 
white or yellowish, porous, and generally purely siliceous rock which has 
resulted from the leaching of the calcareous matter from very siliceous 
limestone or highly calcareous cherts, and is therefore synonymous 
with rottenstone; (2) diatomaceous earth or kieselguhr. A deposit of 
a fine, white, siliceous powder composed chiefly or wholly of the 
remains of diatoms or minute aquatic plants, occurs in Tripoli, and 
enters the trade as tripoli or tripolite. These materials are usually 
loose and powdery, but in some cases are more or less firmly coherent. 
They are used chiefly as an abrasive for polishing purposes, scouring 
soaps, and soap powders; as absorbents, chiefly for nitroglycerin in 
making dynamite: as a filtering medium, packing material, and heat 
insulating material. 

Production. — Illinois has been the chief producer of tripoli, although 
the output of eastern States (Pennsylvania, for example) is higher 
priced, and is sold for polishing preparations. Western States lead 
in the output of diatomaceous earth. Statistics of production are 
given in the following table: 





Triooii. i Diatomaceous earth. 




Quantity. 


Vajue. | Quantity. 

1 


Value. 


1914 


Short torn. 

17,218 

1 19,982 

1 24,292 

i 40, 233 


$142,428 
' 199, 854 
i 181,541 

i 5'19, '177 


Short Ions. 
11,012 
2 2, 9fi5 
42, M 2 
01, 922 


?109,S99 


191S 


2 24,947 


1919 


531,9ii0 


1920 


i, 079, 693 







i Ground and otherwise prepared. 

2 Excludes California product used lor filters and as insulating and fireproofing material. 

Imports of tripoli and rottenstone increased in value from $20,004 
in 1914 to $37,573 in 1916, but decreased to $14,551 in 1918. They 
have been chiefly from England, Canada, and Germany. Later sta- 
tistics for calendar years follow: 



1921(0 months). 



Tripoli: 

Quantity (tons) 
Value 

Rottenstone: 

Quantity (tons) 
Value 



1919 


1920 


412 
$10, (520 


305 
S7, 720 


21 
SI, 925 


52fi 
88, 003 



208 

85,675 



39 
12, 365 



SAND, CRUDE OR MANUFACTURED. 

(See Survey B-7.) 

Description and uses. — Besides familiar uses, sand is employed as an 
abrasive in sand blasting, in making glass, and to form molds in 
casting iron and steel. 

Production of sand and gravel increased from 66,846,959 tons, val- 
ued at $21,158,583 in 1911, to 82,041,388 short tons, valued at 
$65,661,605 in 1920. 



SUMMARY Of TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1445 

The following table gives kinds, quantities, and values of sand 
produced in 1914 and 1920: 





1914 


1920 




Quantity. 


Yalnr. 


Quantity. 


Value! 


( ; lass sand 

Moulding sand 


Short tons. 

L, 619, 640 

2,751,209 


SI,. 108,030 

1,750,383 

7,688,77i 

052,388 

187,467 

307.548 

1,121.999 


Short tow. 

2,1 05, 920 

5.12S, 075 

26, 539, 365 

1,132,810 

400, 953 

1,754,897 

5,920.328 

83,983 

649,805 

9. 081, SI 5 

2 29,183,431 


$4,748,090 
7,504,759 


BuildrfJg sand 

G rinding and polishing sand 

Fire or furnace sand 

Engine sand 

Paving sand 

Filter .-and 


24,003,902 

' 1.081,871 

318.500 

1,202,790 

3.580,171 


17.95«i,635 

2.037,079 

724, 156 

1,435,103 

1,050,952 
100, 320 


Other sands 


3,331,230 


782, 773 

1 322, 740 
9, 398, 897 


634,560 


Railroad ballast 


I 2,110.429 

39 212 858 


2. 887, 573 
- 23 575 418 








Total 


79,281,735 


23,840,999 


82,041,388 


05.001 605 









1 Railroad ballast sand. 2 Exclusive of railroad ballast. 

Imports of sand in 1918 were valued at $135,140, and were chiefly 
from Canada. Later statistics for calendar years 1919-1921 follow: 



Quantity (tons) 533, 405 

Valup $120, 580 



1921 

(9 months). 



1. 005, 254 558.597 
$912,282 $592,852 



Exports of sand and gravel increased from $132,221 in 1915, to 
$552,409 in 1918, 90 per cent or more going to Canada. Tn 1920 
(calendar year) the value was $669,945. 

CLIFFSTONE UNMANUFACTURED, ETC. 

Description and uses. — This is a hard chalk, used to some extent 
in the manufacture of paint, paper, and rubber, and as a filler on 
wood. 

Imports in 1914 were 9,079 tons, valued at $11,046; in 1918, 5,306 
tons, valued at $10,293; in 1919 (calendar year), $17,447, and in 
1920, $13,334. 

FREESTONE AND SANDSTONE UNMANUFACTURED, ETC. 
(See Survey B-ll and par. 235, p. 350.) 
GRANITE UNMANUFACTURED, ETC. 

(See Survey B-ll and par. 235, p. 352.) 

Imports in 1914 were valued at $24,134, and in 1918 at $4,400, 
including all freestone, sandstone, granite, and limestone unmanu- 
factured and unsuitable for building or monumental use. In 1920 
(calendar year) they were valued at $97,199. 

Exports of all unmanufactured stone (including marble) averaged an- 
nually, for the fiscal years 1914-1918, about $500,000. For the calendar 
vears 1918-1921 they have been as follows: 1918, $552,261; 1919. 
$770,392; 1920, $774,442; 1921 (nine months), $425,614. 



1446 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
PARAGRAPH 1662. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1662. Strontianite or mineral 
strontium carbonate and celestite or 
mineral strontium sulphate. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 685. Strontia, * * * and Par. 615. Strontia, * * * and 
strontianite, or mineral carbonate of strontianite or mineral carbonate of 
strontia [Free]. strontia [Free]. 



STRONTIANITE AND CELESTITE. 



(See Survey FL-22.) 



Description and uses. — Strontianite, the natural carbonate of 
strontium, is of little commercial value; it is a rare mineral not gen- 
erally found in deposits of commercial size. The more abundant ore 
and the one more used is celestite, the natural sulphate of strontium. 
Before 1915 very little strontium ore was used here, most of the com- 
pounds consumed being imported. With the war, there was an 
increased demand for strontium salts to be used in signal lights and 
this, combined with the embargo placed by England on all strontium 
compounds, compelled their domestic manufacture. Strontium com- 
pounds are used principally in red lights (the nitrate) and in the 
refining of beet sugar (the hydrate) , and are employed to some extent 
in medicine. 

Production. — In 1916 the domestic output of strontium ore was 250 
short tons, not all marketed; in 1917, approximately 4,035 tons, over 
70 per cent of consumption. Most of this was celestite. In 1918 
the production was 400 tons of strontianite, but no celestite was 
produced, and in 1919 and 1920 none was recorded. The Western 
States are the principal producers. 

Imports listed as " strontia, oxide of, protoxides of strontian, and 
strontianite or mineral carbonate of strontia" in 1913 were valued at 
$474; in 1915, at $7,268; in 1917, at $21,184. Imports of salts of 
strontium in 1914 were 1,834,733 pounds of the nitrate, 55,134 pounds 
of the carbonate, 16,189 pounds of precipitated sulphate, and smaller 
amounts of other salts. Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 






Pounds. 


$2, 459 
3,380 

15,479 
4,393 




1919. . 


1,225,952 
1,659,083 
1,212,758 


$0,003 


1920 


.093 


1921 (9 months) 








.004 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Important changes in classification. — "Strontium" is substituted 
for "strontia," and "protoxides of strontian" is omitted. Celestite, 
or mineral strontium sulphate, is specifically mentioned for the first 
time. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1447 

PARAGRAPH 1663. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1663. Sulphur in any form, and 
sulphur ore, such as pyrites or sulphuret 
of iron in its natural state, and spent oxide 
of iron, containing more than 25 per 
centum of sulphur. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 686. Sulphur, lac or precipitated. Par. 617. Sulphur in any form, brini- 
and sulphur or brimstone, crude, in bulk, stone, and sulphur ore as pyrites, or sul- 
sulphur ore as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron phuret of iron in its natural state, contain - 
in its natural state, containing in excess ing in excess of 25 per centum of sulphur 
of twenty-five per centum of sulphur, and [Free] . 
sulphur not otherwise provided for in this 
section [Free] . 

Par. 81. Sulphur, refined or sublimed, 
or flowers of, four dollars per ton. 

SULPHUR. 

(See Survey FL-18.) 

Description and uses. — Sulphur or brimstone is a free chemical 
element found in the vicinity of volcanoes, active and extinct; it 
also occurs in nature in chemical combination with other elements, 
the most important compounds being the sulphides of iron, copper, 
lead, and zinc. Crude sulphur as mined in the United States is often 
99 per cent pure. It is used chiefly in the production of sulphur 
dioxide, which in turn is used for digesting wood pulp, the manu- 
facture of sulphuric acid, the bleaching of silk and straw, the preser- 
vation of beverages and foods, and the manufacture of sodium 
sulphite and bisulphite. Sulphur also serves to vulcanize rubber, 
in the manufacture of matches, carbon disulphide, sodium thiosul- 
phate, and other chemicals; in the vulcanization of corn and linseed 
oils, for combating fungus diseases of plants, and in making lime- 
sulphur solution for spraying trees and for sheep dip. 

Production. — The leading producers are the United States, Italy, 
Japan, and Chile, in order. The domestic output of sulphur increased 
from 327,634 long tons in 1914 to about 1,350,000 tons in 1918, owing 
to the large demand for sulphuric acid, which could not be supplied 
by either imported or domestic pyrites, previously used as the raw 
material. The large deposits in Louisiana and Texas, discovered in 
1865, became commercial sources in 1903. The substance is mined 
in the United States by sinking a pipe to the deposits and forcing 
superheated water through another pipe to melt the sulphur, which 
is forced to the surface in liquid condition through the first pipe. 
This comparatively cheap method (reported by the Federal Trade 
Commission as costing about $6 per ton in 1917), places the industry 
of this country in a dominant position. 



1448 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



The sulphur mined and shipped in the United States since 1914 is 
shown below: 



Year. 


Mined. 


Shipped. 


Approxi- 
mate 
value. 


1914 


Long tons. 

417,690 

520, 582 

649,683 

1,134,412 

1,353,525 

1,190,575 

1,255,249 


Long tons. 

341,985 

293,803 

766,835 

1,120,378 

1,236,709 

678,257 

1,517,625 


$6,214,000 
4 959 000 


1915 


1916 


12' 246' 000 


1917 


23' 987' 000 


1918 


27' 868' 000 


1919 


10' 252' 000 


1920 


30^ OOO' 000 





Imports since the development of the domestic industry have been 
small. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 



Quantity. Value. 



Unit value. 



SULPHUR, LAC, OR PRECIPITATED. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months) 



Pounds. 




48,712 


$7,850 


54,268 


6,621 


93,889 


22,576 


17,757 


2,412 



SO. 16 
.12 
.24 



SULPHUR, REFINED. 



1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



Tom. 




SULPHUR, CRUDE. 



1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 (9 months). 



51,692 

1,997 

1,722 

113 



$30.76 
25.28 
37.43 



Exports of sulphur, chiefly to Canada, increased from 45,595 long 
tons, valued at $864,808 in 1910, to 177,548 long tons, valued at 
$3,595,512 in 1917. Exports of crude sulphur for the calendar 
years 1918-1921 have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




131,092 
$3,626,638 


224, 712 
$6,325,552 


477, 450 
$8, 994, 350 


211,540 
$3,368,315 







Canada, France, and Australia are the principal markets for sulphur 
from this country. 



SUM-MARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1449 



PYRITES. 



(See Survey FL-18.) 



Description and uses. — The term "p30-ites" generally refers to 
disulphide of iron, but more recently it has been used to designate a 
variety of sulphide minerals. Ordinary grades of "pyrites or sul- 
phuret of iron" contain from 43 to 48 per cent of sulphur. An ore 
containing less than 35 per cent is seldom used for making sulphuric 
acid, as it will not support its own combustion. Commercial transac- 
tions in pyrites are based on a unit, 1 per cent of sulphur per ton 
of ore. The chief use of pyrites is for the manufacture of sulphuric 
acid. Prior to the war about 1,250,000 tons were consumed here 
annually. 

Production. — Spain and Portugal possess the largest deposits, sup- 
plying about 75 per cent of the total consumption. Spanish ore, 
especially from the Rio Tinto mines (the important Spanish mines 
are controlled by French and English capital), has long been con- 
sidered the best for manufacturing sulphuric acid; its pyrites contains 
about 3 per cent copper, and the residue, after the copper is extracted, 
is still suitable for making sulphuric acid. Spain's production of 
copper mineral and iron pyrites normally was between 3,000,000 and 
5,000,000 tons. Domestic production of pyrites, which in 1913 was 
341,338 long tons, valued at $1,286,084, increased during the war by 
about 35 per cent, primarily from existing mines rather than new 
deposits. Prior to 1915 Virginia led, yielding about 50 per cent; 
California followed, increasing her output for 1914-1918 to nearly 
that of Virginia. 

Imports of pyrites for 1910-1917 averaged about 980,000 long tons, 
with 1,244,662 long tons in 1916, the maximum. They furnished 
about 70 per cent of our consumption. Imports of pyrites from Spain 
and Portugal in 1918 were limited to 600,000 tons, owing to scarcity 
of shipping, the actual imports being 496,792 tons. Imports from 
Canada in 1917 were about six times the prewar volume. Imports 
since 1917, chiefly from Spain, Canada, and Cuba, are shown in the 
accompanying table: 





Calendar year. 


j Quantity. 


Value. 

$2,741,676 

2, 176, 565 

1,660,832 

589,643 


Unit value. 


1918 




1 

Tons. 
! 496,792 


§5.52 


1919 




i 388,973 


5.59 


1920 




1 332,606 


4.99 


1921 (9 months) 




142.427 


4.13 







Exports. — None separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — u Spent oxide of iron," when 
containing more than 25 per centum of sulphur, has been added to 
this paragraph since it is used as a source of sulphur. ' 4 Brimstone" 
is omitted because covered by ''sulphur." 



1450 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



PARAGRAPH 1664. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1664. Tagua nuts. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 596. * * * vegetable ivory in 620. Tagua nuts [Free]. 
its natural state [Free]. 

TAGUA NUTS. 

Description and uses. — Tagua nuts, also called corrozzo nuts, are 
from a palm in the Peruvian Andes and other parts of South America. 
The kernel is so hard and white that it is fittingly called vegetable 
ivory. It is used in the manufacture of buttons, umbrella handles, 
and small trinkets. The refuse from these manufacturing operations 
is used to make lactic acid (par. 1). The coquilla nut, from another 
species of palm, also supplies a kind of vegetable ivory with like uses. 

Imports of tagua nuts in 1914 were 26,736,148 pounds, valued at 
$883,055—10,413,539 pounds from Ecuador, 7,917,433 pounds from 
Colombia, and 5,209,774 pounds from Panama. Imports since 1917, 
chiefly from Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama, have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 : 




Pounds. 
41,142,099 
31,779,090 
49,690,478 
20,001,279 


SI, 323, 494 

1,172,080 

2,550,697 

685,296 


$0.03 


1919 




.04 


1920 




.05 


1921 (9 months) 














PARAGRAPH 1665. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1665. Tamarinds. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 688. Tamarinds [Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 623. Tamarinds [Free]. 



TAMARINDS. 

(See Survey FL-2.) 

Description and uses. — -The tamarind is the fruit or pod of a 
leguminous tree. The pods are hard externally, but contain a juicy, 
pleasantly acid pulp. The fruit is used as a table preserve and in 
confections. A cooling laxative drink is made from the pulp. 

Production. — -The tree is a native of tropical Africa, but is found 
in Australia, India, South America, Mexico, and the West Indies. 

Import values of tamarinds were $4,211 in 1914 and $7,038 in 1918. 
They reached $21,606 in 1919 (calendar year) and declined to $1,516 
during the first nine months of 1921. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF 1NFORMATIOX, 1021. 



1451 



PARAGRAPH ltf<><>. 



H. R, 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1666. Tapioca, tapioca flour, and 
-cassava. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 689. Tapioca, tapioca flour, cas- 
sava or cassady [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 625. Tapioca, tapioca flour, cas- 
sava or cassady [Free]. 



TAPIOCA. TAPIOCA FLOUR, AND CASSAVA. 

(See Survey G-33.) 

Description and »/.st. .<?. — Cassava is a shrubby plant, native to tropi- 
cal America, but grown extensively in the Dutch East Indies, Central 
America, the West Indies, Africa, and to some extent in southeastern 
United States. There are two principal types. The bitter cassava 
of Brazil contains considerable volatile poison, but this is dissipated 
by heat and the washing of the grated roots. The sweet cassava, or 
manihot, is cultivated, principally in Florida, for the starch, which is 
used in the textile and other industries. Cassava bread and cakes 
are made from both varieties. Pearl tapioca is formed when moist 
cassava starch is properly heated upon an iron plate. The granules 
rupture and agglomerate into irregular pellets which become hard 
and translucent when cooled. The flour is used chiefly for food prepa- 
rations, for the manufacture of cassava dextrin (envelope gum), 
and for finishing in the textile industry. 

The flake and pearl tapioca is made into material for puddings and 
other desserts. 

Production.— Florida produces some cassava which is largely used 
for forage purposes. 

Import figures for these various items are not given separately. 
Imports of tapioca, tapioca flour, and cassava or cassady in 1914 were 
71,304,728 pounds, valued at $1,590,614, practically all coming from 
the Dutch East Indies and the Straits Settlements. Later statistics 
for calendar years follow: 



1918 



Quantity (pounds) ! 62, 170, 509 

Value S3, 260, 575 



1919 



95,652,649 
85, 014, 316 



1920 



99,286,119 
$5,634,283 



1921 (9 months). 



31, 943, 719 
$1,226,054 



In 1920 the bulk of the imports of farinaceous substances came 
from the Dutch East Indies and amounted to 80 per cent of the total. 

Exports are not separately stated. 

Important changes in classification. — The word " cassady" has been 
dropped; it is erroneously used for cassava. 



1452 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1667. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1667. Tar and pitch of wood. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 690. Tar and pitch of wood [Free]. Par. 626. Tar and pitch of wood [Free]. 

Par. 452. * * * pitch of * * * 
wood * * * tar, * * * [Free]. 

TAR AND PITCH OF WOOD. 

(See Surveys A-2 and FL-17.) 

Description and uses. — Tar and pitch of wood are products obtained 
from the destructive distillation of wood. When tar is distilled, tar 
oils are produced and a residual product known as wood pitch is 
obtained. Tar is used in the manufacture of ropes, in the paint in- 
dustry, and in making tar soaps. Pitch is used for calking wooden 
ships and for coating silos to render them impervious to moisture. 
Wood creosote is obtained from heavy tar oils by a refining process. 

Production of tar by the wood distillation industry in 1914 was 
2,965,354 gallons, of which 1,476,797 gallons were sold, valued at 
$145,984. The production of wood creosote in 1914 was 2,073,057 
pounds, valued at $38,872. The figures for 1919 are not available. 

Imports of tar and pitch of wood have been annually less than 
1,000 barrels since 1911. Since 1917 they have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Barrels. 

49 

135 

451 

593 


$233 

347 

2,393 

3, 433 


$4.76 


1919 


2.57 


1920 




5.31 


1921 (9 months) 













Exports of tar, turpentine (crude gum turpentine), and pitch in 
1914 were 351,353 barrels, valued at $568,891, decreasing in 1916 to 
67,963 barrels, valued at $291,731. Subsequent figures are not 
available. 



PARAGRAPH 1668. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1668. Tea not specially provided 
for, and tea plants: Provided, That all 
cans, boxes, and other immediate con- 
tainers, including paper, and other 
wrappings of tea in packages of less than 
five pounds each, and all intermediate 
containers of such tea, except mats, 
shall be dutiable at the rate chargeable 
thereon if imported empty: Provided 
further, That nothing herein contained 
shall be construed to repeal or impair the 
provisions of an Act entitled "An Act to 
prevent the importation of impure and 
unwholesome tea," approved March 2, 
1897, and any Act amendatory thereof. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



1453 



ACT OF 1909. 

Pak. 691. Tea and tea plants: [Free] 
Provided, That nothing herein contained 
shall be construed to repeal or impair the 
provisions of an Act entitled "An Act to 
prevent the importation of impure and 
unwholesome tea." approved March 
second, eighteen hundred and ninety- 
seven, and anv Act amendatorv thereof. 



Par. V-)b. Tans, boxes, packages, and 
other containers of all kinds (except such 
as are hermetically sealed by soldering or 
otherwise), composed wholly or in chief 
value of metal lacquered or printed by 
any process of lithography whatever, if 
rilled or unfilled, and whether their con- 
tents be dutiable or free, four cents per 
pound and thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem: Provided, That none of the fore- 
going articles shall pay a less rate of duty 
than fifty-five per centum ad valorem: 
but no cans, boxes, packages, or con- 
tainers of any kind, of the capacity of 
five pounds or under, subject to duty 
under this paragraph, shall pay less duty 
than if the same were imported empty: 
and the dutiable value of the same shall 
include all packing charges, cartons, 
wrappings, envelopes, and printed matter 
accompanying them when such cans, 
boxes, packages, or containers are im- 
ported wholly or partly filled with mer- 
chandise exempt from duty (except 
liquids and merchandise commercially 
known as drugs) and which is commonly 
dealt in at wholesale in the country of 
original exportation in bulk or in pack- 
ages exceeding five pounds in capacity: 
Provided further, That paper, cardboard 
or pasteboard wrappings or containers 
that are made and used only for the pur- 
pose of holding or containing the article 
with which they are filled, and after such 
use are mere waste material, shall not 
be dutiable unless their contents are 
dutiable. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. i'y'27. Tea not specially provided 
for in this section, and tea plants: [Free] 
Provided, That the cans, boxes, or other 
containers of tea packed in packages of 
less than five pounds each shall be duti- 
able at the rate chargeable thereon if 
imported empty: Provided further, That 
nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued to repeal or impair the provisions 
of an Act entitled ''An Act to prevent 
the importation of impure and unwhole- 
some tea,'' approved March second, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, and 
anv Act amendatorv thereof. 



TEA. 



(See Survey FL-34.) 

Description and uses. — The tea plant is an evergreen shrub of 
tropical and subtropical climates. Its tender leaves compose the tea 
of commerce: the older woody leaves, and tea dust, waste, sif tings, 
and stalk are used for the manufacture of caffeine, for adulterating 
purposes, and in making brick and other low-grade teas. 

Production. — The bulk of commercial teas may be divided into 
three general classes according to methods of preparation — black, 
green, and Oolong (an intermediate type). Subclasses such as 



1454 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Orange Pekoe and Souchong indicate the gradation from the fine 
leaf bud to the expanded and woody leaf. Virtually the entire 
supply is produced in densely populated regions of the Orient having 
ample supplies of cheap labor. Producers are organized into strong 
guilds and associations, which regulate the trade and conditions of 
production. Definite figures of production are not available, but 
the annual combined exports of producing countries for 1909-1913 
approximated 750,000,000 pounds. British India contributed about 
34 per cent and Ceylon about 25 per cent, almost exclusively black 
teas; China about 26 per cent (chiefly green teas) ; the remainder came 
from Japan proper, Formosa, and Java. The plant is successfully 
grown in South Carolina and Georgia, local needs being supplied by 
tea gardens. Physical conditions are not so favorable as in the 
Orient, and the absence of cheap labor appears to be an insurmount- 
able handicap to commercial production. 

Imports of tea for 1910-1920 averaged about 100,000,000 pounds, 
valued at from $17,000,000 to $30,000,000. Over one-half came 
from Japan proper and the British East Indies, about one-eighth 
from China. The remainder consisted chiefly of Indian and Ceylon 
tea, most of which was reexported from England (about 14,000,000 
pounds) and Canada (1,600,000 pounds). Later statistics for calen- 
dar years follow: 



1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 




130,355,602 


80,740,578 
$20,108,045 


90,698,805 
$24, 739, 494 


46, 848, 092 


Value 


! S28.582.387 


$8,473,092- 


1 







Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The clause regarding tea con- 
tainers has been amplified and strengthened, because many fancy and 
valuable boxes, etc., used as immediate containers, enter free of duty. 

Suggested changes.— -The importation of tea plants is negligible; 
they are subject to quarantine regulations. If it should not be 
desired to exempt from duty such as may come in, the words ' ' and 
tea plants" might be stricken out of lines 16 and 17, page 198 of 
H. R. 7456. In such case, any importation of tea plants would 
probably come within the provision for "all nursery or greenhouse 
stock, not specially provided for," if the change suggested under 
paragraph 752, page 751, should be adopted. 

There is a possibility that the words "in packages," in lines IS 
and 19, page 198, of H. R. 7456, may be interpreted to mean that 
only immediate containers packed in intermediate containers would 
come within the proviso. This possible objection might be met by 
changing the proviso to read : 

"Provided, That all cans, boxes, and other immediate containers, 
including paper and other wrappings, of less than five pounds of tea, 
and all intermediate containers of such tea, shall, when imported 
with tea, be dutiable at the rate or rates chargeable thereon if im- 
ported separately." 

In any event, the words "except mats," in line 20, page 198, of 
H. R. 7456, should be stricken out, since tea in packages of less than 
5 pounds is not imported in mats. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1455 

PARAGRAPH 1669. 
H. B. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1669. Teeth, natural, or unmanu- 
factured. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 692. Teeth, natural, or unmanu- 
factured [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 628. Teeth, natural, or unmanu- 
factured [Free]. 



TEETH, NATURAL. 

(See Survey N-21.) 

Description and use. — The teeth of some animals were formerly 
used in dentistry; only the manufactured article is now used. There 
is little, if an\ r , commercial demand for natural teeth, except perhaps 
for decorative purposes. 

Production data are not available. 

Imports of teeth, natural or unmanufactured, in 1914 were valued 
at $197. Statistics for later calendar years follow: 1919, $703; 1920, 
$2,185; 1921 (9 months), $18,501. 

Exports. — None recorded. 



PARAGRAPH 1670. 



H. R. 7456. 



Par. 1670. Tin ore or cassiterite, and 
olack oxide of tin: Provided, That there 
shall be imposed and paid upon cassiter- 
ite, or black oxide of tin, a duty of 4 cents 
per pound, and upon bar, block, pig tin 
and grain or granulated, a duty of 6 cents 
per pound when it is made to appear to 
the satisfaction of the President of the 
United States that the mines of the 
United States are producing one thousand 
five hundred tons of cassiterite and bar, 
block, and pig tin per year. The Presi- 
dent shall make known this fact by proc- 
lamation, and thereafter said duties shall 
go into effect. 

ACT OF 1S09. 

Par. 695. Tin ore, cassiterite or black 
oxide of tin, * * * [Free] Provided, That 
there shall be imposed and paid upon cas- 
siterite, or black oxide of tin, and upon 
bar, block, pig tin and grain or granulated, 
a duty of 4 cents per pound when it is 
made to appear to the satisfaction of the 
President of the United States that the 
mines of the United States are producing 
one thousand five hundred tons of cas- 
siterite and bar, block, and pig tin per 
year. The President shall make known 
this fact by proclamation, and thereafter 
said duties shall go into effect. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 631. Tin ore, cassiterite or black 
oxide of tin, * * * [Free] Provided, That 
there shall be imposed and paid upon cas- 
siterite, or black oxide of tin, and upon 
bar, block, pig tin and grain or granulated, 
a duty of 4 cents per pound when it is 
made to appear to the satisfaction of the 
President of the United States that the 
mines of the United States are producing 
one thousand five hundred tons of cas- 
siterite and bar, block, and pig tin per 
year. The President shall make known 
this fact by proclamation, and thereafter 
said duties shall go into effect. 



1456 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



TIX ORE, CASSITERITE, OR BLACK OXIDE OF TIN. 

(See Survey FL-35.) 

Description. — Cassiterite, or oxide of tin, is the ore of tin. It is 
also known as black tin, stream tin, tin stone, etc. Black oxide of 
tin in the meaning of this paragraph is tin dross containing no lead; 
it is also commercially known as black-grain tin, scuff, and tin ash. 
In the import statistics " cassiterite" is erroneously classified with 
the artificial oxide or dross. 

Production in the United States is insignificant. The recovery of 
tin from domestic ores in 1920 was only about 20 tons and in no year 
have more than 100 tons of metallic tin been obtained from ore mined 
in American territory; the small annual output is derived almost 
wholly from Alaska. Tin ore is mined in southeastern Asia, including 
the Malay Peninsula, Siam, China, and the Dutch East Indies. 
Bolivia is also a large producer and, from the standpoint of the Ameri- 
can smelters, the most important, as Bolivian ore is the only tin ore 
that can be brought in any large quantity to the United States. 
Export duties on tin ore produced in territories under British control 
effectually prevent the smelting of such ore outside of the Empire. 

Imports of " cassiterite, or black oxide of tin, n in 1914 amounted to 
19,549 pounds, valued at $3,022. In the fiscal year 1918 they 
amounted to 29,014 pounds, valued at $8,994. Imports of tin ore in 
the fiscal year 1918 were 13,960 long tons, valued at $8,626,281. 
For the calendar years 1918 to 1921 imports of tin ore and black 
oxide have been as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Tin ore: 

Quantity (tons) 


13,014 
$8, 975, 764 

29,014 
$8, 994 


31, 602 

$20,318,778 

2,188 
$547 


30,647 
$18, 775, 926 

142 
$19, 236 


12,123 


Value 

Tin, black oxide of, or cassiterite: 

Quantity (pounds) 


$5,113,796 
i 10 




$4, 412 







1 Tons. 



Exports. — None separately recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The rate conditionally imposed 
in the proviso is two cents per pound greater on bar, block, pig, and 
grain or granulated tin (provided for in paragraph 386, H. R. 7456) 
than on cassiterite or black oxide of tin. 



PARAGRAPH 1671. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1671. Tobacco stems not cut, 
ground, or pulverized . 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 096. Tobacco stems [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 632. Tobacco stems f Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1457 



TOBACCO STEMS NOT CUT, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Tobacco stems are the midrib or stem of 
the leaf. When the cured leaf is used as wrapper or binder for 
cigars or in making chewing tobacco, etc., the midrib or stem (about 
25 to 30 per cent of the leaf) is removed to reduce the weight and 
cost of transportation. Stems are manufactured into snuff and low 
grades of smoking tobacco, are a source of nicotine for insecticides, 
and fortify weaker tobaccos. The} 7 contain considerable potash and 
nitrogen and are extensively used as a fertilizer. 

Production of stems as a by-product is large, exceeding 50,000,000 
pounds in 1917 and 1919. Aoout 20,000,000 pounds are annually 
used in tobacco manufacture. 

Imports of tobacco stems normally averaged about 1,000,000 pounds. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow : 



1918 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1,817,205 
$15,275 



1919 



664,993 
«7, 284 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



878, 155 
$6,386 



2,150,002 
$16,27^ 



Exports of stems (including trimmings) in the years immediately 
preceding the war averaged approximately 2,000,000 pounds, prin- 
cipally to the Netherlands and Germany. Statistics for later calendar 
years follow: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 
(9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


2,955,443 10,764,971 
$318,384 $547.2 


12,237,908 

$634,882 


4,713,050 


Value 


$213,673 











Important changes in classification. — There is a new limitation to 
tobacco stems not cut, ground, or pulverized. 



PARAGRAPH 1672. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1672. Turpentine, gum and spir- 
its of. and rosin. 



ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 700. Turpentine, spirits of [Free] 
Par. 699. Turpentine, Venice [Free]. 

Par. 559. Drugs, such as * * 
gums, * * * not advanced * * 
[Free]. 

82304—22 92 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 635. Turpentine, Venice, and 
spirits of [Free]. 

Par. 385. * * * unmanufactured 
articles not enumerated * * * 10 per 
centum ad valorem, * * *. 

Par. 477. Drugs, such as * * * 
gums, * * * not advanced * * * 
[Free]. 



1458 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. 

(See Survey FL-17.) 

Description and uses. — Turpentine, strictly sneaking, is the oleo- 
resin exudation of coniferous trees, but the term is also applied to the 
oil or spirits of turpentine which is obtained by distilling the crude 
gum. Venice or Venetian turpentine is the crude gum exudation of 
the European larch (Pinus larix). The larger part of the commercial 
article sold as Venice turpentine, is a factitious product made by 
dissolving rosin in spirits of turpentine. Spirits of turpentine, treated 
with caustic soda and redistilled, is known as " rectified spirits of 
turpentine'' and has medicinal uses. Wood turpentine is oil of tur- 
pentine obtained from pine wood by destructive or steam distillation. 
Oil of turpentine is chiefly used in the manufacture of paints and var- 
nishes. It is also used as a solvent for rubber and other gums and 
in making synthetic camphor. 

Rosin is the brittle resin remaining after the turpentine is distilled. 
In commerce it is graded and sold according to color. The chief uses 
are as a size in paper making and in the manufacture of lead and 
manganese resinates, which are used as paint driers. It is used also 
in soap making and in the textile industry. 

Production. — Over 97 per cent of the oil of turpentine is produced 
from gum turpentine, the remainder from wood. The gum turpentine 
industry in 1914 was capitalized at $20,745,000; there were 1,408 es- 
tablishments, employing nearly 35,000 persons, with products valued 
at $20,990,191. Oil of turpentine amounted to 27,648,939 gallons, 
valued at $10,740,327 and rosin 2,944,900 barrels (280 pounds each), 
valued at $10,572,300 in 1914. In 1919 (preliminary figures), 1,214 
establishments produced 19,271,000 gallons of spirits of turpentine 
valued at $21,918,100, and 2,272,100 barrels (280 pounds each) of 
rosin valued at $34,695,000. The turpentine and rosin industry is 
located in the South Atlantic and Gulf States adjacent to the pine 
forests of those regions. Florida leads with about 45 per cent of the 
total output; Georgia follows with 22 percent. The United States is 
the largest producer, with France ranking second. 

Imports of turpentine are less than 1 per cent of the domestic pro- 
duction. Imports since 1917 of spirits of turpentine and crude rosin 
have been as follows : 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 

value. 


Duty. 


Ad va- 
lorem 
rate. 


SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE. 


1918 


Gallons. 

302 

1,662 

43,385 

8,393 


$468 

422 

51,976 

5,325 


$1.55 

.25 

1.20 

.63 




Per cent. 


1919 






1920. .. 






1921 (9 months) 








» 


, 




ROSIN, CRUDE. 








1918 


Pounds. 

210, 443 

96,044 

141,635 

1,913 


$10,113 

3,810 

7,204 

130 


$0.05 
.04 
.05 
.07 


$1,011 
381 
720 




10 


1919 ... 


10 


1920... 


10 


1921 (9 months) . 










SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1459 



Exports of spirits of turpentine prior to 1915, were between 
15,000,000 and 20,000,000 gallons, or about 60 per cent of the domestic 
production. During the war they decreased to about 8,000,000 
gallons. The United Kingdom, prior to 1915, received about 35 per 
cent of the exports and during 1916 and 1917 about 60 per cent. 
The Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium were the other large con- 
sumers. Exports since 1917 by calendar years are as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Spirits of turpentine: 

Quantity (gallons) 


3, 717, 093 
$2,270,523 

779, 027 
$7, 551, 262 


10,072,102 
$10, 448, 234 

1, 209, 627 
$20,433,970 


9, 458, 423 
$14, 586, 302 

1, 164, 328 
$19,468,705 


7, 188, 968 




$4, 470, 490 


Rosin, crude: 


637, 301 




$3, 446, 079 


. 





Exports of turpentine go chiefly to England, Canada, Argentina, 
and Australia while rosm goes chiefly to England, Brazil, and 
Argentina. 

Important changes in classification. — Gum is substituted for 
" Venice ;; and gum turpentine is specifically mentioned. First 
specific mention of rosin. 

PARAGRAPH 1673. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1G73. Turtles. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 701. Turtles [Free]. Par. 636. Turtles [Free]. 

TURTLES. 

(See Survey FL-32.) 

Description and uses. — The best known varieties of turtles are the 
edible terrapin and green turtle, highly prized for soup making. The 
hawksbill turtle furnishes the tortoise shell. 

Production in 1908 (latest figures available) amounted to 1,088,000 
pounds, valued at $40,000, of which the States of Illinois, Louisiana, 
and Florida reported about 65 per cent. 

Imports and exports are not separately stated. (See par. 1649, 
p. 1428.) 



PARAGRAPH 1671. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1074. Uranium, oxide and salts 



of. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 703. Uranium, oxide and salts of 
[ Free] . 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 638j Uranium, oxide and salts of 

[Free]. 



1460 SUMMAKY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

URANIUM COMPOUNDS. 

(See Survey FL-22.) 

Description and uses. — Uranium is one of the rare metals. Its 
ores are not abundant and occur in workable quantities in only a few 
localities. The most important ores are pitchblend, an oxide, and 
carnotite, a mineral containing potassium, vanadium, and uranium. 
Uranium minerals and salts contain and are the source of radium. 
The most important compounds of uranium are the oxide, the nitrate, 
the acetate, the double ammonium-uranium carbonate, and sodium 
uranate. Uranium is used only in alloys, principally steel. The 
compounds are used for coloring glass and enamels, in china painting, 
as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing and to some extent in 
photography and medicine. Uranium ore is used chiefly for the pro- 
duction of radium. Uranium compounds may be obtained from the 
residue and may, therefore, be considered as by-products of the 
radium industry. 

Production. — This country is the largest producer of uranium ores 
and uranium products and salts, and in case of adequate demand, 
the output could be increased by utilizing residues that now go to 
waste. Separate figures for uranium compounds are not shown. 
Ferrouranium (par. 302) is produced by at least one company, but 
the output is small, as the use of this alloy is largely in the experi- 
mental stage. 

Imports of uranium compounds in 1913 were valued at $21,435; in 
1914, at $5,782; and in 1917, at $3,018. Before the war they came 
largely from Germany. In 1918 (calendar year) the imports of 
uranium oxide and salts of uranium were valued at $1,309, and in 
1920 at $1,318, with none in 1919, or 1921 (nine months). 

Exports. — Statistics not available. 



PARAGRAPH 1675. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1675. Vegetable tallow. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 580. * * * vegetable tallow, Par. 498. * * * vegetable tallow, 

* * * such as are commonly used in * * * such as are commoDly used in 

soap making or in wire drawing, or for soap making or in wire drawing, or for 

stuffing or dressing leather, and which are stuffing or dressing leather, not specially 

lit only for such uses, and not specially provided for. in this section [Free], 
provided for in this section [Free]. 

VEGETABLE TALLOW. 

(See Survey FL-15.) 

Description and uses.—" Chinese vegetable tallow" obtained from 
the hard fat which coats the seeds of a Chinese tree, is the most im- 
portant vegetable tallow, and is used largely in soap making, which 
industry employed 6,417,000 pounds in 1917. 

The consumption of Chinese vegetable tallow was 3,654,682 pounds 
in 1914, 3,157,215 pounds in 1920, and for the first nine months of 
1921 (preliminary figures) 2,339,108 pounds. ; 

Imports and exports. — Statistics are not available. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921.. 1461 

Important changes in classification. — The restriction to vegetable 
tallow, " commonly used in soap making or in wire drawing, or for 
stuffing or dressing leather, " has been removed. 



PARAGRAPH 1<;7<>. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 167(>. Wax. animal, vegetable, or 
mineral, crude. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 707. Wax. vegetable or mineral Par. (Ml. Wax, vegetable or mineral 

[Free]. I Free]. 

Par. 500. Beeswax [Free]. Par. 112. Beeswax [Free]. 

ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, AND MINERAL WAXES. 

(See Survey FL-7.) 

Description and uses. — The waxes of this paragraph are substances 
which in physical properties resemble beeswax (see par. 1457) and 
are mixtures of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 
Vegetable waxes are obtained from the fruit, leaves, or stems of many 
plants, a small number only being of commercial value. The prin- 
cipal vegetable waxes are carnauba, candelilla, Japan wax ; myrtle or 
bayberry, and Cochin China or cay-cay. Chinese or insect wax, 
though classed as a vegetable, is really an animal wax. The mineral 
waxes, similar to paraffin (par. 1627), come from natural bituminous 
substances; the most important are ceresin and montan. 

Carnauba wax is obtained from the leaves of a palm growing in 
Brazil. The wax coats both the upper and lower surfaces of the 
young leaves, and is removed therefrom by beating the dried leaves 
over a cloth. It is then purified by wetting with a little water. It 
is used in making hard candles, leather polishes and floor waxes, and 
certain varnishes, in phonograph records, and for adulterating bees- 
wax. Mixed with paraffin, ceresin, or beeswax, it increases the 
hardness of these substances. 

Candelilla wax occurs as a secretion covering all parts, except the 
roots, of a plant growing abundantly in northern Mexico and south- 
western United States. It is obtained by boiling the plant with 
water and skimming off the melted wax. It can be used for making 
varnishes, insulating material, shoe polishes, floor wax, dental mold- 
ing, compositions, sealing wax, waterproof papers, lacquers for metals, 
and in other waxes to raise the melting point. 

Japan wax, one of the most important vegetable waxes, comes 
from the berries of certain species of rJius in Japan and China. The 
wax is obtained by crushing the berries and pressing out the wax, 
extracting it with volatile solvents, or by boiling with water. The 
crude wax is of a greenish color, but may be bleached in the sun. It 
is used in polishes, floor waxes, and for currying leather. Japan 
wax is essentially a by-product of the lacquer industry, the tree exud- 
ing a lacquer for which it is principally cultivated ; the wax is prepared 
only in India and China. 

Myrtle or bayberry wax is obtained by boiling the berries of various 
species of Myrica with water. Owing to chlorophyll it is green in 



1462 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921, 



color but can be bleached on exposure to sunlight or air. Its prin- 
cipal use is in candles. 

Cochin China wax or cay-cay is obtained from the seed kernels of 
a tree growing in Cochin China. Its principal use is in candles. 

Chinese or insect wax is a secretion of an insect, cultivated for the 
purpose, which feeds on a certain species of Chinese tree. It is yel- 
lowish white and crystalline, odorless and tasteless, and is used as a 
polish for furniture and jade ware, as a sizing for paper, silk, and 
cotton goods, and as exterior coating for candles. 

Ceresin (ozokerite paraffin) is a mineral wax obtained from the 
natural bituminous substance ozokerite. The best-known deposits 
of ozokerite are in Galicia; it is also found in Roumania, Utah, Argen- 
tina, and the Orange River Colony. To obtain ceresin the crude 
ozokerite is stirred constantly while being heated with sulphuric 
acid. The resulting material is decolorized with char and filtered 
through a filter press. Ceresin thus obtained is yellow, but can be 
made white by further refining. It is largely adulterated with 
paraffin wax and bleached rosin, and is used in candles, as a con- 
stituent of wood fillers and floor polishes, in insulating compounds, 
for making black shoe polish, and as an adulterant of beeswax. 

Montan wax is obtained by extraction from certain lignites found 
in Saxony and Thuringia. The crude wax is brown in color, but by 
distillation with superheated steam may be obtained nearly white. 
It is used as a substitute for carnauba wax in polishes; in place of 
ceresin in insulating materials; for phonograph records; and, mixed 
with tar, for waterproofing roofs. 

Imports of mineral waxes varied from 8,123,243 pounds, valued at 
$586,076 in 1910, to 5,352,362 pounds, valued at $439,376 in 1912. 
In 1914 the imports were 8,086,422 pounds, valued at $543,103, de- 
creasing to 1,708,514 pounds, valued at $135,920 in 1918 (fiscal year). 
The largest imports were formerly from Germany and Austria-Hun- 
gary; in 1917 and 1918, mostly from British India. Imports of vege- 
table waxes for 1910-1915 averaged about 5,000,000 pounds annually, 
but increased in 1916 to 9,727,312 pounds, valued at $1,580,530. Im- 
ports of the above materials since 1917 have been as follows: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit 
value. 




MINERAL WAX. 








1918 


Pounds. 

1,809,459 

3,748,080 

4,272,341 

5,962,216 


$147,805 
454,840 
499,758 
415,665 


$0.08 


1919. . 


.12 


1920 


.12 


1921 (9 months) 


.07 






VEGETABLE WAX. 


1918 


9,815,527 
10,813,939 
6, 553, 512 
5,143,482 


$3,659,146 

3,809,635 

2, 168, 410 

901, 149 


$0.37 


1919 


.35 


1920 


.33 


1921 (9 months) 


.17 








BEESWAX. 








1918 


1,613,224 
2,366,632 
4,143,031 
1,820,870 


$603, 993 

891, 606 

1,418,023 

375,273 


$0.37 


1919 


.38 


1920 


.34 


1921 (9 months) 


.21 









SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1463 

Imports of mineral wax are chiefly from England, British India, 
and Germany; vegetable waxes, from Brazil, Japan, and Mexico; and 
beeswax from Portugal, England, and Canada. 

Exports of beeswax since 1917 by calendar years have been as 
follows : 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 

1 


1919 


1920 1921 (9 months). 


165,382 
$63,244 


210,046 
$92,285 


632,811 80,650 
$294, 592 $24, 608 



Countries of destination are chiefly Russia in Europe, European 
Turkey, and Canada. 

Important changes in classification. — Animal wax, crude, has been 
mentioned specifically for the first time. 



PARAGRAPH 1677. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1677. Disks of soft wax, common - 
h known as master records, or metal 
matrices obtained therefrom, for use in 
the manufacture of sound records for 
export purposes. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 462. Manufactures of * * * wax. Par. 367. Manufactures of * * * wax. 

or of which these substances or any of or of which these substances or any of 

them is the component material of chief them is the component material of chief 

value, not specially provided for in this value, not specially provided for in this 

section, twenty-five per centum ad section. 10 per centum ad valorem; 

valorem; * * *. . * * *. 

MASTER RECORDS, ETC. 

Description and uses. — Disks of soft wax, commonly known as 
master records, are the initial stage in manufacturing phonograph 
records. On the wax surface the needle of the recording machine 
impresses vibrations caused by the sounds which are to be repro- 
duced. The disks are subjected to electroplating which results in a 
metallic duplicate, except that in one case the lines are etched into 
the surface and in the other they are in relief. From this electro- 
type another is taken which is an exact counterpart in metal of the 
wax record, and from this second electrotype metal matrices are 
made for turning out the commercial record. Neither the wax disk 
nor the metal counterparts are actually used, nor are they suitable 
for use, on phonographs or graphophones. 

Production data are not separately shown, as these are not com- 
mercial articles, but stages in the process of manufacture. 

Imports are not separately shown. The wax disks were formerly 
imported as manufactures of wax. 

Exports. — None. 

Important changes in classification. — This is a new provision. 



1464 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Suggested changes. — The limitation to use in the manufacture of 
sound records for export purposes is difficult of administration since 
records may be used instead for domestic purposes. 

If the provision should remain as it is now worded, specific authority 
for the Secretary of the Treasury to prescribe regulations would 
facilitate administration by inserting the words " shall be admitted 
free of duty under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe" after the word " purposes." 



PARAGRAPH 1678. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1678. Wearing apparel, articles of 
personal adornment, toilet articles, and 
similar personal effects of persons arriving 
in the United States; but this exemption 
shall include only such articles as were 
actually owned by them and in their 
possession abroad at the time of or prior 
to their departure from a foreign country, 
and as are necessary and appropriate for 
the wear and use of such persons and are 
intended for such wear and use, and shall 
not be held to apply to merchandise or 
articles intended for other persons or for 
sale: Provided, That in case of residents 
of the United States returning from abroad 
all wearing apparel, personal and house- 
hold effects taken by them out of the 
United States to foreign countries shall 
be admitted free of duty, without regard 
to their value, upon their identity being 
established under appropriate rules and 
regulations to be prescribed by the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury: Provided further, 
That up to but not exceeding $250 in 
value of articles acquired abroad by such 
residents of the United States for personal 
or household use or as souvenirs or curios, 
but not bought on commission or intended 
for sale, shall be admitted free of duty. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 709. Wearing apparel, articles of 
personal adornment, toilet articles, and 
similar personal effects of persons arriving 
in the United States; but this exemption 
shall only include such articles as actually 
accompany and are in the use of, and as 
are necessary and appropriate for the 
wear and use of such persons, for the im- 
mediate purposes of the journey and 
present comfort and convenience, and 
shall not be held to apply to merchandise 
or articles intended for other persons or 
for sale: [Free] Provided, That in case of 
residents of the United States returning 
from abroad, all wearing apparel and 
other personal effects taken by them out 
of the United States to foreign countries 



SENATE AMENDMENTS 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 642. Wearing apparel, articles of 
personal adornment, toilet articles, and 
similar personal effects of persons arriving 
in the United States; but this exemption 
shall include only such articles as were 
actually owned by them and in their 
possession abroad at the time of or prior 
to their departure from a foreign country, 
and as are necessary and appropriate for 
the wear and use of such persons and are 
intended for such wear and use, and shall 
not be held to apply to merchandise or 
articles intended for other persons or for 
sale: [Free] Provided, That in case of 
residents of the United States returning 
from abroad all wearing apparel, personal 
and household effects taken bv them out 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1021. 1465 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

shall be admitted free of duty, without of the United States to foreign countries 
regard to their value, upon their identity shall be admitted free of duty, without 
being established, under appropriate rules regard to their value, upon their identity 
and regulations to be prescribed by the being established under appropriate rules 
Secretary of the Treasury, bill no more, and regulations to be prescribed by the 
than one hundred dollars in value of Secretary of the Treasury: Provided fur - 
articles purchased abroad by such resi- ther, That up to but not exceeding $100 
dents of the United States shall be ad- in value of articles acquired abroad by 
mitted free of duty upon their return. such residents of the United States for 

personal or household use or as souvenirs 
or curios, but not bought on commission 
or intended for sale, shall be admitted 
free of duty. 

travelers' wearing apparel, etc. 

Important changes in classification. — The allowance accorded to 
returning residents of the United States for the free entry of personal 
and household effects and souvenirs and curios is increased from 
$100 to $250. 

Suggested changes.- — With the increase from $100 to $250, there 
would probably be more tourists crossing the border to buy articles in 
Canada for bringing into the United States without payment of duty. 
Would it, therefore, not be well to name a minimum time, say two 
weeks, for persons to remain in the foreign country in order to get the 
benefit of the proviso ? 

PARAGRAPH 1679. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1679. Whalebone, unmanufac- 
tured. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 7L0. Whalebone, unmanufactured Par. 643. Whalebone, unmanufactured 
[Free]. [Free]. 

WHALEBONE, UNMANUFACTURED. 

fSee Survey X-21.) 

Description and uses. — Whalebone is a light, flexible, strong, 
elastic substance obtained from the plates that serve as teeth in 
baleen whales. These plates vary in length from a few inches to 10 
or even 12 feet. Chemically the substance is composed of albumen, 
hardened by phosphate of lime. From it are made bristles for 
brushes and stuffing for mattresses; knobs for canes, umbrellas, and 
parasols; whips and artificial flowers; and, formerly, this material was 
used for umbrella ribs, and ribs for stiffening corsets and waists. It 
has been supplanted by steel in umbrellas, while gutta-percha, cellu- 
loid, featherbone, and similar materials are used in dressmaking. 

Production. — Alaska, Washington, and British Columbia in 1914 
produced 2,800 pounds, 3,000 pounds, and 10,000 pounds, respec- 
tive^; in 1915, 120,717 pounds, 15,000 pounds, and 31,000 pounds; 



1466 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



in 1916, 26,624 pounds, 10,000 pounds, and 60,000 pounds. In 
1918 the Alaskan output was 9,250 pounds. 

Imports of whalebone, unmanufactured, in 1914 were 9,524 pounds, 
valued at $11,781. Later statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 
42 289 


$25,901 

6,659 

1,251 

5 


$0 61 


1919 




9,371 ! 


.71 


1920 




2,779 


.45 


1921 (9 months) 




231 













Exports in 1914 were 35,034 pounds, valued at $58,165—23,525 
pounds to France and the balance to Germany: in 1917, 40.717 
pounds, valued at $53,717, chiefly to England, France ; and Canada. 
Statistics for later years are not shown. 



PARAGRAPH 1680. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1680. All barbed wire, 
plain or galvanized. 

ACT OF 1909. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



whether 



Par. 135. * * * barbed fence wire, Par. 645. 

three-fourths of one cent per pound, but [Free], 
the same shall not be subject to any addi- 
tional or other rate of duty hereinbefore 
provided; * * *. 

BARBED WIRE. 



ACT OF 1913. 

All barbed wire, 



(See Survey C-8.) 

Production of barbed wire in 1914 was 343,693 tons, and in 1919 
341,130 tons, valued at $30,895,600. The capacity of the country 
has been regarded as 50,000 tons per month and the normal output 
as 30,000. Under war demands the output rose to 40,000 tons per 
month. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana are important 
producing States. Imports in 1914 formed only 0.002 per cent of 
production; exports, 26 per cent. In 1919 imports formed about 
0.0001 per cent of the domestic output; and exports, about 30 per 
cent. 

Imports. — The largest recorded import was 247 tons, in 1916. In 
the fiscal year 1918 imports were 67 tons. For the calendar years 
1918-1921 they were as follows: 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 (9 months). 


Quantity (pounds) 


132,390 
$3,215 


88,930 
$5,002 


1.761 
$105 


600 


Value 


$49 









SUMMARY OF TAETFF INFORMATION, 1021. 



146' 



Exports. — The largest export was 407.952 short tons in 1916. 
Since 1917 by calendar years they have been as follows: 



Quantity (pounds). 
Value 



1918 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



526,586,382 227,250,082 290,550,449 
$23,492,540 $11,354,297 $16,056,346 

I 



50, 488, 570 
$2,889,376 



The exported material goes mainly to Brazil, Argentina, Canada, 
and Australia. During the war there was a considerable exporta- 
tion of barbed wire to France. Italy, and the United Kingdom for 
war purposes. 

Important changes in classification. — " Whether plain or galvanized " 
has been added. 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1681. Witherite. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 711. Witherite [Free] . 



PARAGRAPH 1(581. 

SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 646. Witherite [Free]. 



WITHERITE . 

Description and uses. — Witherite is a mineral consisting chiefly of 
barium carbonate. It is sparingly distributed. England and Ger- 
many having the only deposits that can be mined economically. It 
is used principally as a» mineral filler in the rubber industry and to 
some extent in the manufacture of barium chemicals. (See pars. 11 
and 64 for other barium products.) 

Production. — A deposit of witherite was discovered in California 
in 1914, but it has not proved to be of commercial importance. 

Imports of witherite in 1914 were 1,223,936 pounds, valued at 
$7,927, entirely from England. Latest statistics follow: 





Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 




Pounds. 
723, 676 


$14, 134 

4,739 

61, 284 

19.801 


$0.02 


1919 




224, 000 


.02 


1920 




3, 020, 304 


.02 


1921 (9 months) 




968.384 


.02 







Exports. — None recorded. 



/ 

1468 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1682. 

H. It. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1682. Wood charcoal. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 10. Charcoal in any form, not Par. 447. Charcoal, * * * [Free]. 
specially provided for in this Act; 
* * * twenty per centum ad valorem. 

WOOD CHARCOAL. 

(See Survey A-2.) 

Description and uses. — Wood charcoal is the charred wood remain- 
ing from the destructive distillation of hardwoods for the produc- 
tion of wood alcohol, acetic acid, and other derivatives. Consider- 
able amounts are also made in ordinary charcoal pits, where the 
volatile products are not recovered. The chief uses of wood char- 
coal are as a decolorizing and filtering medium in the chemical 
industries, in the manufacture of gunpowder, and for many other 
purposes. 

Production of wood charcoal in 1914 amounted to 44,828,000 
bushels, valued at $2,829,600, and in 1919 (preliminary figures), to 
48,499,000 bushels, valued at $8,231,400. Michigan and New York 
are the largest producing States. 

Imports since 1917 have been as follows: 



Calendar year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Unit value. 


1918 


Pounds. 


$34, 464 

45, 259 

140, 395 

8,185 




1919 


i,9i4,628 ! 

9,115,825 1 

620, 053 


$0.02 


1920 


.01 


1921 (9 months) 


.01 







Exports of charcoal, chiefly to Canada, increased from $25,310 in 
1910 to $155,470 in 1917. Statistics for subsequent years are not 
available. 

Important changes in classification. — First specific mention of wood 
"charcoal." 



PARAGRAPH 1683. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1683. Wood: Logs and round, un- 
manufactured timber, firewood, handle 
bolts, shingle bolts, gun block's for gun- 
stocks, rough hewn or sawed or planed 
on one side, sawed boards, planks, deals, 
and other lumber, not further manu- 
factured than sawed, planed, and tongued 
and grooved; clapboards, laths, ship tim- 
ber; all of the foregoing not specially pro- 
vided for: Provided, That if there is im- 
ported into the United States any of the 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1469 



H. R. 7456. 

foregoing lumber, planed on one or more 
sides and tongued and grooved, manufac- 
tured in or exported from any country. 
dependency, province, or other subdivi- 
sion of government, which imposes a 
duty upon such lumber exported from 
the United States, the President may 
enter into negotiations with such coun- 
try, dependency, province, or other sub- 
division of government to secure the re- 
moval of such duty, and if such duty is 
not removed he may by proclamation 
declare such failure of negotiations, and 
in such proclamation shall state the 
facts upon which his action is taken to- 
gether with the rates imposed, and make 
declaration that like and equal rates 
shall be forthwith imposed as herein- 
after provided; whereupon, and until 
such duty is removed, there shall be 
levied, collected, and paid upon such 
lumber, when imported directly or in- 
directly from such country, dependency, 
province, or other subdivision of gov- 
ernment, a duty equal to the duty im- 
posed by such country, dependency, 
province, or other subdivision of govern- 
ment upon such lumber imported from 
the United States. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 712. Wood: Logs and round un- 
manufactured timber, including pulp 
woods, firewood, handle bolts, shingle 
bolts, gun blocks for gunstocks rough 
hewn or sawed or planed on one side, 
* * * ship timber * * * all the 
foregoing not specially provided for in 
this section [Free]. 

Par. 201. Sawed boards, planks, deals, 
and other lumber of whitewood, syca- 
more, and basswood, fifty cents per 
thousand feet board measure; sawed lum- 
ber, not specially provided for in this 
section, one dollar and twenty-five cents 
per thousand feet board measure; but 
when lumber of any sort is planed or 
finished, there shall be levied in addi- 
tion to the rates herein provided, the 
following: 

For one side so planed or finished, 
fifty cents per thousand feet board meas- 
ure: for planing or finishing on one side 
and tonguing and grooving or for plan- 
ing or finishing on two sides, seventy- 
five cents per thousand feet board meas- 
ure; for planing or finishing on three 
sides, or planing and finishing on two 
sides and tonguing and grooving, one 
dollar and twelve and one-half cents per 
thousand feet board measure; for plan- 
ing and finishing on four sides, one dollar 
and fifty cents per thousand feet board 
measure; and in estimating board meas- 



Par. 647. Wood: Logs, timber, round, 
unmanufactured, hewn or sawed, sided 
or squared: pulp woods. * * * fire- 
wood. * * * handle bolts, shingle 
bolts, gun blocks for gunstocks rough 
hewn or sawed, or planed on one side; 
* * * sawed boards, planks, deals, and 
other lumber, not further manufactured 
than sawed, planed, and tongued and 
grooved; clapboards, laths, * * * 
ship timber, * * * all the foregoing 
not specially provided for in this sec- 
tion [Free] . 



1470 



ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 



lire under this schedule no deduction 
shall be made on board measure on ac- 
count of planing, tonguing, and grooving. 

Par. 205. Clapboards, one dollar and 
twenty -five cents per thousand. 

Par. 207. Laths, twenty cents per one 
thousand pieces. 

LOGS, LUMBER, AND TIMBER. 

(See Survey FL-37.) 

Description and uses. — Logs include the cut trunks of trees not 
further advanced in manufacture than is implied by the removal of 
branches. Common lengths are 16 and 32 feet. Logs of smaller 
diameters, designed for use in the manufacture of wood pulp are 
frequently known as pulp wood. Short logs, designed for the manu- 
facture of shingles, handles, heading, staves, etc., are often known 
as bolts. When slender and of considerable length logs are known 
as poles. The terms timber and lumber overlap. Timber is the 
broader term including at the one extreme a stand of growing trees 
of merchantable size and at the other the same trees sawed and 
squared for building purposes. Ordinarily the pieces of smaller 
cross section, such as boards, planks, deals, clapboard, and laths, 
are known as lumber, while the term timber is applied to the pieces 
of larger cross section, such as studding, floor beams, and rafters. 
The larger pieces of timber may be hewn with an axe or adze, though 
now sawing is more common for timber of all sizes. The gun blocks 
described in the paragraph are self-explanatory. Clapboards are 
pieces of lumber with a wedge-shaped cross section and are used for 
the siding of buildings. Laths are thin strips of lumber, left rough, 
to be nailed to walls and ceiling, with spaces between adjacent laths 
in order to hold the plaster. 

Production. — All forms of logs, lumber, and timber are derived 
from forests. The total stands in the United States are now 
estimated at about 460,000,000,000 board feet of hardwoods, 
390,000,000,000 feet of eastern softwoods, and 1,364,000,000,000 
feet of western softwoods. The forests have been much depleted, 
the present stand being only about one-half of the original. 

The annual cut for the United States was about 34,552,100,000 
board feet in 1919 and 44,509,800,000 board feet in 1909. These 
figures show a decline of about 10,000,000,000 board feet in the 
decade. One reason for the decline is the great and increasing use 
of substitutes— iron, steel, reinforced concrete, brick, etc. 

The States of greatest importance in production in 1919 (figures 
in billions of board feet) are Washington, 4.96; Louisiana, 3.2; 
Oregon, 2.6; Mississippi, 2.4; Alabama, 1.8; Arkansas, 1.8; North 
Carolina, 1.6; Texas, 1.4; California, 1.3; Florida, 1.1; Wisconsin, 
1.1; Virginia, 1.1. It will be seen that the South and Pacific North- 
west constitute the regions of most importance. 

Of the total cut (1919) about 37.8 per cent was yellow pine; 17.1 
per cent, Douglas fir; 7.8 per cent, oak; 5.1 per cent, western yellow 
pine; 5.1 per cent, hemlock; 5 per cent, white pine; 2.8 per cent, 
spruce; 2.5 per cent, maple; 2.5 per cent, red gum; 1.9 per cent, 
cypress; 1.6 per cent, chestnut; and 10.8 per cent other species. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1471 

Classified by utilization it is estimated that of the total cut 78.4 
per cent is consumed as lumber; 5.1 per cent as hewn ties; 3.1 per cent 
as pulp wood; 1.4 per cent as round mine timber; 1.6 per cent as 
fencing; 0.6 per cent as poles; 1.7 per cent as shingles; 1.7 per cent as 
vehicle stock, handles, woodenware, and furniture; 1.5 per cent as 
veneer logs; 0.8 per cent as tight staves; 0.3 per cent as tight heading; 
0.6 per cent as slack staves; 0.4 per cent as slack heading; 0.2 per cent 
as hoops; 0.2 per cent as piling; 0.9 per cent as laths; 0.7 per cent for 
distillation; 0.3 per cent for tanning extract ; 0.1 per cent for excelsior; 
and 0.4 per cent is exported. A quantity nearly equal to the 
amount used for hewn ties is annually lost by fire (4.3 per cent) 
and about the same quantity (4.8 per cent) is lost because of insects 
and disease. 

The lumber industry includes five stages: (1) The ownership of 
standing timber; (2) logging, or cutting trees into logs, and delivering 
them to the sawmills; (3) manufacturing logs into lumber, including 
seasoning, surfacing, and finishing into special forms; (4) wholesale 
lumber distribution; and (5) retail distribution. The logging and 
milling branches rank first among manufactures in the employment 
of labor — 736,000 employees, or 10^ per cent of wage earners in all 
manufacturing industries; they are third among manufacturing 
industries in value of annual product, $1,156,000,000 in 1909. Retail 
establishments numbered 42,000 in 1914, with 126,000 employees. 
The manufacturing and retail branches have a combined investment 
of over $2,000,000,000. A summary of data for sawmills and planing 
mills (1914) shows 33,070 establishments, 576,000 wage earners, 
$1,283,378,871 in capital, $301,925,792' paid in wages, and 
$1,022,982,811 value of products. The States, ranked in importance 
with reference to value of output in millions of dollars, are : Washing- 
ton, 78 (i. e., $78,000,000); Louisiana, 62; Arkansas, 39; Wisconsin, 
37; Mississippi, 36; Michigan, 34; Minnesota, 32; North Carolina, 30; 
Oregon, 27; West Virginia, 24; California, 23; Texas, 23; Virginia, 23; 
Maine, 22; Tennessee, 22; and Alabama, 21. This includes only 
States with an output exceeding $20,000,000 in value. The industry 
is important, however, in many other States. 

Imports and exports are made comparable in the following tables 
as far as data will admit. Pulp wood is not separately listed in the 
export trade. Paving posts, railroad ties, telephone, trolley, electric- 
light, and telegraph poles (not included because dutiable) should be 
added in order to obtain the imports and exports of wood only slightly 
advanced beyond the round-timber stage. Canadian percentages of 
exports and imports are given because of their importance and 
because it is with Canada that the most serious tariff problems arise. 
Over 90 per cent of the total log and lumber imports are from Canada. 
About 20 per cent of the total log and lumber exports are to Canada; 
the remaining 80 per cent are widely distributed, nearly all countries 
receiving part of their lumber supply from the United States. The 
chief purchasers in normal times are the United Kingdom, Mexico, 
Cuba, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Argentina, Panama, and 
the West Indies. The kinds of wood entering the export trade, with 
value in millions of dollars (1914), are: Yellow pine (long leaf, short 
leaf, and other), 23.1 (i. e., $23,100,000); oak, 10.6; fir, 8.7; gum, 2.2; 
redwood, 1.9; white pine, 1.6; poplar, 1.4; spruce, 0.5; cypress, 0.4; and 



1472 



SUMMARY OP TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



all other, 6.9. Imports for the fiscal years 1914 and 1918 are shown 
in the following table: 



Item. 

• 


1914 


1918 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 



IMPORTS OF LOGS AND LUMBER NOT FURTHER ADVANCED THAN FINISHED BOARDS. 



Logs, round timber (M feet) 

Percentage from Canada 

Pulp wood (cords) 

Percentage from Canada 

All other unmanufactured woods. 

Percentage from Canada 



148,938 

94.4 i 
,073,023 ! 
100.0 



$1,657,605 
94.5 

$7,245,466 

100.0 

$559,036 

31.1 



Total unmanufactured ■ $9, 462, 107 

Percentage from Canada i 95. 

Sawed boards, planks, deals (M feet) ; 924, 567 $17,511,627 

Percentage from Canada 

All other lumber 

Percentage from Canada 



Total manufactured 

Percentage from Canada . 



96.6 



>.6 

$815, 279 
78.7 



.i$18,326,906 
.! 95.8 



65,394 

99.4 

1,172,033 

100.0 



$815, 247 

98 8 

$11,088,422 

100.0 

$1,281,626 

30.8 

$13, 185, 295 
93.2 



1,278,482 ! $32,428,405 
98.2 I 98.4 

$881,122 
91.6 



$33,309,527 
98.3 



IMPORTS OF OTHER ITEMS IN PARAGRAPH 647 OF THE ACT OF 1913. 



Kindling wood (bundles) 

Firewood (cords) 

Hop poles, hoop poles 

Fence posts (number) 

Handle bolts, shingle bolts (cords) 

Gun blocks for gunstocks 

Hubs for wheels, posts, heading bolts, stave bolts, last 
blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, heading blocks, and 
like blocks 

Clapboards (M) 

Laths (M) 

Pickets and palings (M) 

Ship planking (M feet) 

Sawdust 



1,830 
16,217 



433,207 
10, 366 



2,934 
571, 472 
39,174 



$1,014 

57,378 
2, 557 
32,901 
31,760 
10,258 



16, 549 
99,221 
1,616,515 
188,629 
25,758 
21,634 



26, 872 



994, 705 
1,853 




3,819 

410)535 

398,766 

51 



$125,197 
804 



5,956 
39,319 



55, 669 

110,220 

1,376,273 

163,234 

7,133 

956 



Statistics of imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 are as follows 



Logs and round unmanufactured timber: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Firewood: 

Quantity (cords) 

Value , 

Handle bolts and shingle bolts: 

Quantity (cords) 

Value 

Gun blocks for gunstocks, rough hewn or 
sawed or planed on one side: 

Number 

Value 

Sawed lumber, n. s. p. f., not planed or fin- 
ished: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Sawed lumber, n. s. p. f., planed or finished: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Sawed lumber, ri. s. p. f., planed, tongued, 
and grooved: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 



1918 



44, 611 

$582,011 



23,993 

$133,978 



294 
$1,064 



$22,742 



987, 171 
$27, 672, 590 



181,778 
$5,229,648 



31,856 
$1,058,373 



93, 356 
$1,690,672 

23,048 
$130, 218 

466 

$2, 511 



17,621 
1,762 



776, 472 

$25, 508, 689 

325,023 
$9,913,976 



41,110 
$1,406,618 



1920 



76,212 
$2,060,188 

26,830 
$159, 509 

2,391 
$17,313 



28, 163 
$6,900 



950,258 
$40, 112, 799 



343,551 
$14,205,394 



40, 370 
$1,970,007 



1921 
(9 months). 



99,866 
$1,860,727 



11,375 
$73,838 



441 

$2, 630 



2,558 
$2, 498 



381,207 
$11,832,161 



132, 852 
$4,585,046 



10, 605 
$382, 242 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1473 



Boards, planks, and deals of white wood, 
sycamore, and basswood, not planed or 
finished: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Boards, planks, and deals of whitewood, 
sycamore, and basswood, planed or finished: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Boards, planks, and deals of whitewood, 
sycamore, and basswood, planed, tongued, 
and grooved: 

Quantity (M feet) , 

Value 

Ship planking: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Ship timber: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Laths: 

Quantity (thousand) 

Value 

Clapboards, pine: 

Quantity (thousand) 

Value 

Clapboards, spruce: 

Quantity (thousand) 

Value 

Timber, hewn or sawed, squared or sided: 

Quantity (cubic feet) 

Value 

Hop and hoop poles: 

Quantity (number) 

Value 

Kindling wood: 

Quantity (bundles) 

Value j, 

Sawdust, (value) 

Wood flour: 

Quantity (pounds) 

Value 

Broom handles: 

Number 

Value 



1918 



3,625 
$98,220 



486 
$14, 802 



28 
$1,108 



530 
$31,203 



$696,287 

282,318 
$964,796 

862 
$8,244 

2,132 

$60, 223 

151,525 
$16,957 



$836 

10,610 
$1, 592 
$1, 143 

1,220,800 
$13,702 



$42,750 



1919 



1,210 
$41,041 



181 
$5,112 



$2,469 

103 

$6,083 

3,513 

$292, 576 

802,651 
$3,037,000 

1,110 
$31,222 

4,295 
$94,258 

28,478 
$3,922 

63,380 
$1, 143 

5,842 

$878 

$39, 869 



$53, 830 



326, 900 
$11,666 



1920 



$215,279 



211 

$7,075 



487 
$125,459 

2,049 
$473,557 

441,567 
$4, 172, 595 

328 

$16, 100 

1,408 
$80,306 

143,097 
$66, 752 

14,760 
$378 



1921 

(9 months) 



$123,769 

9,191,993 
$180,075 

1,103,939 
$59,094 



1,516 
$53,626 



143 

$5,513 



$20 



$114,164 

581,844 
$3,199,668 

384 

$8,818 

685 

$35,645 

18,967 
$6,704 

6,053 
$359 



$45,289 



,085,775 
$89, 276 



1,541,093 
$65, 121 



The following table shows exports by fiscal years of logs and lumber 
not further advanced than finished boards : 



Item. 



Logs, round timber (M feet) 

Percentage to Canada 

Hewn and sawed timber (M feet) . 

Percentage to Canada 

Total unmanufactured 

Percentage to Canada . . . 

Boards, planks, scantlings (M feet) 
Percentage to Canada 

82304—22 93 



1914 



Quantity. 



138,067 

35.2 

441, 166 

8.5 



579,233 
14.9 



2,417,439 
18.0 



Value. 



$3,256,023 
18.4 

$9,172,411 
11.4 



$12,428,434 
13.2 



$57,781,467 
18.0 



1918 



Quantity. 



33,917 

59.7 

106,217 

18.7 



140, 134 

28.6 



1,067,709 
21.2 



Value. 



$703, 809 

50.4 

$3,255,545 

22.3 



$3,959,354 
27.3 



$44,307,977 
18.9 



1474 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



Item. 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 (9 months). 



Logs and round timber: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Sawed timber: 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Firewood, (value) 

Lumber, boards, planks, and scantlings 

Quantity (M feet) 

Value 

Lumber, all other, (value) 



24,011 
$530, 052 

69, 184 

$2,295,311 

$176,319 

1,023,769 

$49,177,518 
$2,348,459 



36,798 
$963, 895 

174,294 

$7,729,033 

$365, 107 



83,739 

$2,984,988 

160,384 

$7,901,988 

$413,355 



1,311,210 ! 1,551,358 
$64,860,806 $96,380,344 
$3,790,325 $5,093,074 



54, 773 
$2,161,089 

91,316 

$2,874,106 

$278,698 

821,400 

$32,389,046 

$2,001,824 



Important changes in classification, etc. — See General Notes on 
Paragraph, page 1475. 



PULP WOOD. 

Description and uses. — The item, pulp wood, appearing in para- 
graph 647 of the act of 1913 but omitted from H. R. 7456, is of 
sufficient importance to call for separate treatment. Pulp-wood 
logs differ only from other logs in that trees of a smaller diameter 
may be more profitably cut for pulp wood than for saw timber. 
Such logs are manufactured into wood pulp, mechanical or chemical, 
which in turn is the raw material for the greater part of the output 
of paper. The most important woods are spruce, hemlock, balsam 
fir, poplar, jack pine, and yellow pine, though other species are used. 

Production. — The consumption of pulp wood in the United States 
in 1920 was 6,114,072 cords. Of this quantity, 1,241,444 cords were 
imported, almost exclusively from Canada. Exports are not segre- 
gated, but as they are small, the difference, 4,872,628 cords, repre- 
sents approximately the domestic production. It will be noted that 
imports represent about 20 p#r cent of the domestic consumption. 
The States of chief importance in the consumption of pulp wood are 
Maine, New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, 
Minnesota, and Michigan, these seven States accounting for nearly 
80 per cent of the entire consumption. In a general way, except 
for the large importation from Canada, the pulp wood is produced 
in the States in which it is consumed. It thus appears that the 
production and consumption of pulp wood are industries concen- 
trated in the northeastern and middle northern portions of the 
country. 

Imports. — As shown in the above paragraph, the domestic output 
falls far short of meeting the demand. The relative importance of 
imports has been increasing, and owing to the approaching exhaus- 
tion of American pulp-wood forests is likely to increase in the future 
at accelerated ratio. The last statement must be qualified. The 
Canadian provinces permit the exportation of pulp wood only when 
cut on privately owned lands, and this source of supply is also ap- 
proaching exhaustion. The increasing importations in the future 
may be wood pulp and paper rather than pulp wood. Pulp wood 
may be imported rough or with the bark removed by the processes of 
peeling or rossing. Importations for the fiscal years 1914 and 1918 
are shown in the following table: 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1475 





1914 


1918 


Form. 


Cords. 


Percent. 


Value 
per cord. 


Cords. 


Percent. 


Value 
per cord. 


Rough 


198, 414 
599,299 
201,936 


19.8 
60.0 
20.2 


$6.04 
6.40 
8.61 


240, 491 
964,804 
128,579 


18.0 

72.4 

9.6 


$9. 15 


Peeled 


9.63 


Rossed 


12.04 






Total 


999,649 


100.0 




1,333,874 


100.0 










Later statistics for the calendar years 1918-1921 follow: 



Pulp wood, rough: 
Quantity (cords) 
Value 

Pulp wood, peeled: 
Quantity (cords) 
Value 

Pulp wood, rossed: 
Quantity (cords) 
Value...* 



1918 


1919 


1920 


240, 491 
$2, 200, 923 


241,420 
$2, 315, 059 


' 260, 914 
$3, 241, 523 


964, 804 
89, 295, 009 


698, 785 
$6, 778, 550 


824, 326 
$10, 820, 550 


128, 579 
$1,548,278 


107, 094 
$1, 365, 144 


156,204 
$2,840,866 



1921 (9 months). 



222, 075 
$2, 843, 698 

686,051 
$9,649,830 

72, 231 
$1, 327, 896 



Exports. — Statistics not available. 

Suggested changes. — See General Notes on Paragraph below. 

GENERAL NOTES ON PARAGRAPH. 

Important changes in classification. Some of the articles specifically 
provided for in paragraph 647 of the act of 1913 are made dutiable 
in H. R. 7456. They are hubs for wheels, posts, heading bolts, 
stave bolts, last blocks, wagon blocks, heading blocks, and all like 
blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed, or bored (par. 406), pickets, 
palings, and staves (par. 407), and shingles (par. 408). Car blocks 
are made dutiable (par. 406), but oar blocks are not mentioned. 
Other commodities specifically provided for in paragraph 647 of the 
act of 1913 and not mentioned in H. R. 7456 are pulp woods, kindling 
wood, hop poles, hoop poles, ship planking, broom handles, sawdust, 
and wood flour. 

The proviso to paragraph 1683 is new. 

Suggested changes. — The proviso to this paragraph conditionally 
makes dutiable lumber planed on one or more sides and tongued and 
grooved, but makes no provision for lumber planed on any side or 
sides and not tongued and grooved. 

Some of the articles omitted from paragraph 647 of the act of 1913 
might be specifically provided for in H. R. 7456. The most important 
appear to be broom handles and wood flour. 

There is doubt whether the words " rough hewn or sawed'or planed 
on one side" in lines 23 and 24, page 200, are intended to apply only 
to "gun blocks for gunstocks," or to include as well the other pre- 
ceding specific enumerations. If the intention is to limit the quali- 
fying phrase " gun blocks for gunstocks," a semicolon should be sub- 
stituted for the comma after " timber" and after " shingle bolts," in 
line 22, page 200, and " and " should be inserted before " shingle bolts" 
in line 22. A semicolon in place of the comma after the word " side" 
in line 24, page 200, would also be advisable. 



1476 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

PARAGRAPH 1684. 
H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1684. Woods: Sticks of partridge, 
hair wood, pimento, orange, # myrtle, 
bamboo, rattan, india malacca joints, and 
other woods not specially provided for in 
this section in the rough, or not further 
advanced than cut into lengths suitable 
for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sun- 
shades, whips, fishing rods, or walking 
canes. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par:* 713. Woods: * ..;* * sticks of Par. 648. Woods: * * * sticks of 
partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, 
myrtle, bamboo, rattan,_ reeds unmanu- , myrtle, bamboo, rattan, reeds unmanu- 
factured, india malacca joints, and other factured, india malacca joints, and other 
woods not specially provided for in this woods not specially provided for in this 
section, in the rough, or not further ad- section, in the rough, or not further ad- 
A^anced than cut into lengths suitable for vanced than cut into lengths suitable for 
sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, sticks for unbrellas, parasols, sunshades, 
whips, fishing rods, or. walking canes whips, fishing rods, or walking canes 
[Free]. [Free]. 

STICKS OF WOOD IN THE ROUGH. 

Description and uses. — Partridge, named from a wavy pattern in 
the grain, is the variegated wood of certain South American and East 
Indian trees, used mostly for umbrella handles and walking sticks. 
The name is also given to an extremely heavy, hard, dense, dark- 
brown wood from Brazil, used in marquetry. 

Pimento {Pimenta vulgaris), both the black and the red, belongs 
to the myrtle family found in Jamaica, Trinidad, and St. Lucia; it is 
also called allspice, baywood, and Jamaica pepper. It attains a height 
of 50 feet and a diameter of 20 inches, is imported in the form of timbers 
20 feet long by 12 inches square, and is used for posts, fences, sleepers, 
naves and felloes for wheels, and for umbrellas and walking sticks. 
Bay rum is distilled from the leaves, which have a strong, pleasant 
smell. The berries are known as a spice. Oil of pimento is obtained 
by distillation from the fruit. 

Orange ( Citrus aurantium) , familiar for its fruit, is also used as a 
cabinet wood, in turnery, and in a superior grade of toothpicks. 
The wood is of great beauty, has a fine grain, compares with boxwood 
in hardness, and is scarcely distinguishable from lemon wood {Citrus 
medico) . The chief sources are southern Europe, Asia, America, and 
Africa. 

Myrtle wood (Fagus betuloides and Fagus cunningTiami) is derived 
from the Victorian or Tasmanian beech found in Tierra del Fuego and 
Tasmania. It attains a diameter of from 3 to 4 feet. The wood has 
a silky luster and is used in bedroom furniture. 

The bamboos (Bambusese) are giant grasses, including some 20 
genera and 200 species. They are tropical plants, but may be grown 
in California and along the south Atlantic coast, and are of surprisingly 
rapid growth, Florida stalks having attained a height of 72 feet in a 
single season. The foliage consists of delicate ostrich-like plumes. 
The stems, upward of 70 feet high, with a diameter of 4 to 6 inches, 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 1477 

are broken by knots or joints. The Chinese eat tender bamboo shoots 
with bamboo chopsticks; paper is made from the fiber and pencils 
from small joints in which are inserted tufts of goat's hair. The hard 
siliceous exterior is impervious to water, while the fresh, uncured 
stems may be bent to many purposes. It is used for masts, cables, 
rafters, chains, flutes, rattles, posts, poles, utensils, troughs, pipes, 
roofing, balloon frames, and incandescent lamps. A common use 
in this country is for fishing rods. 

Rattan, reeds: (See par. 411, p. 580.) 

India malacca joints: Canes from various species of the genus 
Calamus, as Calamus scipionum, Calamus latifohum, and others, are 
imported from the Orient as malacca joints or canes, used as walking 
sticks or umbrella handles. 

Hair wood: No information secured. 

Production. — Orange is grown for fruit in the United States and 
the bamboo may be grown in Florida and California, but for the most 
part the woods mentioned in paragraph 1684 are imported woods, 
not growing in the United States. No data as to the orange and 
bamboo that may be grown for wood are obtainable. 

Imports. — Red cedar, mentioned in paragraph 648 of the act of 
1913 but dropped from the enumeration of woods in paragraph 1684, 
shows the following imports for the calendar years 1918-1921 : 



1918 



Quantity (M feet). 
Value 



2, 527 
§44, 031 



8 
$675 



1920 



206 

$22, 385 



1921 (9 months). 



Imports of certain cabinet woods in the rough, enumerated in para- 
graph 648 of the free list of the act of 1913 but transferred to the 
dutiable list in H. R. 7456, will be found in connection with para- 
graph 404. Imports (calendar years) of the items remaining in para- 
graph 1684, i.e., sticks of partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, 
bamboo, rattan, india malacca joints, and other woods, in the rough 
or not, further advanced than cut into lengths suitable for sticks 
for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, fishing rods, or walking 
canes, have been by calendar years as follows: 1918, $152,923; 1919, 
$206,264; 1920, $675,101; 1921, (nine months), $271,844. 

Exports. — None recorded. 

Important changes in classification. — The following items, enumerated 
in paragraph 648 of the free list of the act of 1913, have been trans- 
ferred to the dutiable list, paragraph 404 in H. R. 7456: Spanish 
cedar, lignum-vitae, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, 
rosewood, and satinwood, in the log, rough, or hewn only. Red cedar 
(Juniperus virgianna) timber, hewn, sided, squared, or round, in 
the free list (par. 648) of the act of 1913 is dropped from specific men- 
tion altogether in H. R. 7456, but logs of cedar are provided for in 
paragraph 402, and timber hewn, sided, or squared otherwise than by 
sawing (not less than 8 inches square) and round timber used for 
spars or in building wharves, in paragraph 401. Red cedar in the 
form of round unmanufactured timber, not included in the foregoing, 
or such cedar sawed, would apparently be admitted free under para- 
graph 1683, but the latter would be subject to the dutiable proviso for 
certain lumber. 



1478 



/ 

SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Cabinet woods not specifically enumerated, in the log, rough or 
hewn, have also been omitted, thus falling within the general pro- 
visions. 

Suggested changes. — Page 201, line 25, of H. R. 7456: Insert a 
comma after "for." 

Page 201, line 25, and page 202, line 1, of H. R. 7456: Strike out 
il m this section." 



PARAGRAPH 1G85. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1685. Original paintings in oil, 
mineral, water, or other colors, pastels, 
original drawings and sketches in pen and 
ink or pencil and water colors, artists' 
proof etchings unbound, and engravings 
and woodcuts unbound, original sculp- 
tures or statuary, including not more than 
two replicas or reproductions of the same ; 
but the terms "sculpture" and "stat- 
uary" as used in this paragraph shall be 
understood to include professional pro- 
ductions of sculptors only, whether in 
round or in relief, in bronze, marble, 
stone, terra cotta, ivory, wood, or metal, 
or whether cut, carved, or otherwise 
wrought by hand from the solid block or 
mass of marble, stone, or alabaster, or 
from metal, or cast in bronze or other 
metal or substance, or from wax or plaster, 
made as the professional productions of 
sculptors only; and the words "painting" 
and "sculpture" and "statuary" as used 
in this paragraph shall not be understood 
to include any articles of utility, nor such 
as are made wholly or in part by stenciling 
or any other mechanical process; and the 
words "etchings," "engravings," and 
"woodcuts" as used in this paragraph 
shall be understood to include only such 
as are printed by hand from plates or 
blocks etched or engraved with hand tools 
and not such as are printed from plates or 
blocks etched or engraved by photochemi- 
cal or other mechanical processes. 



ACT OF 1909. 



ACT OF 1913. 



Par. 717. Works of art, including paint- 
ings in oil, mineral, water, or other colors, 
pastels, original drawings and sketches, 
etchings and engravings, and sculptures, 
which are proved to the satisfaction of the 
Secretary of the Treasury under rules pre- 
scribed by him to have been in existence 
more than twenty years prior to the date 
of their importation, but the term "sculp- 
tures" as herein used shall be understood 
to include professional productions of 
sculptors only, whether round or in relief, 
in bronze, marble, stone, terra cotta, 
ivory, wood, or metal; and the word 
"painting," as used in this Act, shall not 



Par. 652. Original paintings in oil, 
mineral, water, or other colors, pastels, 
original drawings and sketches in pen and 
ink or pencil and water colors, artists' 
proof etchings unbound, and engravings 
and woodcuts unbound, original sculp- 
tures or statuary, including not more than 
two replicas or reproductions of the same; 
but the terms "sculpture" and "stat- 
uary" as used in this paragraph shall be 
understood to include professional pro- 
ductions of sculptors only, whether in 
round or in relief, in bronze, marble, 
stone, terra cotta, ivory, wood, or metal, 
or whether cut, carved, or otherwise 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1479 



ACT OF 1909. 

be understood to include any article of 
utility nor such as are made wholly or in 
part by stenciling or any other mechani- 
cal process; and the words ''etchings" 
and "engravings," as used in this Act, 
shall be understood to include only such 
as are printed by hand from plates or 
blocks etched or engraved with hand 
tools, and not such as are printed from 
plates or blocks etched or engraved by 



photochemical processes. 



[Free.; 



ACT OF 1913- 

wrought by hand from the solid block or 
mass of marble, stone, or alabaster, or 
from metal, or cast in bronze or other 
metal or substance, or from Avax or plas- 
ter, made as the professional production e 
of sculptors only; and the words "paint- 
ing" and "sculpture" and "statuary" as 
used in this paragraph shall not be under- 
stood to include any articles of utility, nor 
such as are made wholly or in part by 
stenciling or any other mechanical proc- 
ess; and the words "etchings," "engrav- 
ings," and "woodcuts" as used in this 
paragraph shall be understood to include 
only such as are printed by hand from 
plates or blocks etched or engraved with 
hand tools and not such as are printed 
from plates or blocks etched or engraved 
by photochemical or other mechanical 
processes [Free]. 

ORIGINAL PAINTINGS, ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND SKETCHES, ARTISTS ' 
ETCHINGS AND ENGRAVINGS AND WOODCUTS UNBOUND, ORIGINAL 
SCULPTURES OR STATUARY, ETC. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

For description and uses of works of art, original paintings, etc., 
see paragraph 1447, page 1195. 

Imports of works of art, etc., in 1914 were valued at $11,303,541. 
Later statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



1919 



1920 



1921 
(9 months). 



Original paintings in oil, mineral, water, or 
other colors, pastels, original drawings, 
sketches in pen and ink, etc 

Artists' proof etchings unbound, and engrav- 
ings and woodcuts unboimd 

Original sculptures or statuary, including 
not more than two replicas or reproductions 
of same 



§1,579,859 
84,151 

58.118 



§108,96! 
392,879 

108.961 



,270,318 
588, 388 

171,889 



$4,107,851 
266. 123 

103,136 



Exports of art works are shown under paragraphs 1447. 

Suggested changes. — Page 202, lines 10 and 18 of H. R. 7456: 
Strike out the word " paragraph" and insert " Title and in Title I." 

Page 202, lines 5 and 6, of H. R. 7456: Substitute "pen and ink, 
pencil or water colors, in whole or in combination," for " pen and ink 
or pencil and water colors," if it is desired to exempt from duty all 
such sketches ; otherwise the provision should be so worded as to 
exclude sketches or designs of utilitarian or industrial nature. 

It is represented to the Tariff Commission that artists' proof 
etchings to be admitted without payment of duty must be signed in 
pencil, and that omission from the bill H. R. 7456 of the provision in 
paragraph 425 of the act of 1913 for etchings printed more than 
20 years at the date of importation will exclude from free entry 
artists' proof etchings unbound, printed before the practice of signing 
artists' proofs arose (25 years ago). Such etchings of high merit as 
artistic productions would be dutiable although more modern signed 
artists' proof etchings would be exempt from duty under the bill as 
passed by the House of Representatives. 



1480 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



It has been represented to the Tariff Commission that engravings, 
etchings, and lithographic prints, bound or unbound, which shall 
have been printed more than 20 years at the date of importation, 
should be exempted from duty, which, if desired, could be done by 
insertion of the provision followed by a comma and the words "and 
air' before " hydrographic charts'' in paragraph 1529, page 1259. 



PARAGRAPH 1686. 



H. It. 7456. 

|*Par. 1686. Works of art, drawings, 
engravings, photographic pictures, and 
philosophical and scientific apparatus 
brought by professional artists, lecturers, 
or scientists arriving from abroad for 
use by them temporarily for exhibition 
and in illustration, promotion, and en- 
couragement of art, science, or industry 
in the United States, and not for sale, 
shall be admitted free of duty, under 
such regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury shall prescribe; but bonds shall 
be given for the payment to the United 
States of such duties as may be imposed 
by law upon any and all such articles as 
shall not be exported within six months 
after such importation: Provided, That 
the Secretary of the Treasury ^ may, 
in his discretion, extend such period for 
a further term of six months in cases 
where application therefor shall be made. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 714. Works of art, drawings, en- 
gravings, photographic pictures, and 
philosophical and scientific apparatus 
brought by professional artists, lecturers, 
or scientists arriving from abroad for use 
by them temporarily for exhibition and 
in illustration, promotion, and encourage- 
ment of art, science, or industry in the 
United States, and not for sale, shall be 
admitted free of duty, under such regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe; but bonds shall be given 
for the payment to the United States of 
such duties as may be imposed by law 
upon any and all such articles as shall 
not be exported within six months after 
such importation: Provided, That the 
Secretary of the Treasury may, in his 
discretion, extend such period for a fur- 
ther term of six months in cases where 
applications therefor shall be made. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 653. Works of art, drawings, en- 
gravings, # photographic pictures, and 
philosophical and scientific apparatus 
brought by professional artists, lecturers, 
or scientists arriving from abroad for use 
by them temporarily for exhibition and 
in illustration, promotion, and encourage- 
ment of art, science, or industry in the 
United States, and not for sale, shall be 
admitted free of duty, under such regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe; but bonds shall be given 
for the payment to the United States of 
such duties as may be imposed by law 
upon any and all such articles as shall 
not be exported within six months after 
such importation: Provided, That the 
Secretary of the Treasury may, in his 
discretion, extend such period for a fur- 
ther term of six months in cases where 
application therefor shall be made. 



WORKS OF ART, ETC., IMPORTED TEMPORARILY, ETC. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

Description and uses. — See paragraph 1447, page 1195. 
Import and export statistics are not separately shown. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1481 



PARAGRAPH 1687. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1687. Works of art, collections in 
illustration of the progress of the arts, 
sciences, agriculture, or manufactures, 
photographs, works in terra cotta, parian, 
pottery, or porcelain, antiquities and 
artistic copies thereof in metal or other 
material, imported in good faith for ex- 
hibition at a fixed place by any State or 
by any society or institution established 
for the encouragement of the arts, science, 
agriculture, or education, or for a munici- 
pal corporation, and all like articles im- 
ported in good faith by any society or 
association, or for a municipal corporation, 
for the purpose of erecting a public monu- 
ment, and not intended for sale nor for 
any other purpose than herein expressed; 
but bond shall be given, under such rules 
and regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe, for the payment 
of lawful duties which may accrue should 
any of the articles aforesaid be sold, trans- 
ferred, or used contrary to this provision, 
and such articles shall be subject at any 
time to examination and inspection by 
the proper officers of the customs: Pro- 
vided, That the privileges of this and the 
preceding paragraph shall not be allowed 
to associations or corporations engaged in 
or connected with business of a private or 
commercial character. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 715. Works of art, collections in 
illustration of the progress of the arts, 
sciences, or manufactures, photographs, 
works in terra cotta, parian, pottery, or 
porcelain, antiquities and artistic copies 
thereof in metal or other material, im- 
ported in good faith for exhibition at a 
fixed place by any State or by any society 
or institution established for the encour- 
agement of the arts, science, or education, 
or for a municipal corporation, and all like 
articles imported in good faith by any 
society or association, or for a municipal 
corporation for the purpose of erecting a 
public monument, and not intended for 
sale, nor for any other purpose than herein 
expressed: [Free] but bonds shall be given 
under such rules and regulation sas the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury may prescribe, for 
the payment of lawful duties which may 
accrue should any of the articles aforesaid 
be sold, transferred, or used contrary to 
this provision, and such articles shall be 
subject, at any time, to examination and 
inspection by the proper officers of the 
customs: Provided, That the privileges of 
this and the preceding section shall not 
be allowed to associations or corporations 
engaged in or connected with business of 
a private or commercial character. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par/ 654. Works of art, collections in 
illustration of the progress of the arts, 
sciences, agriculture, or manufactures, 
photographs, works in terra cotta, parian, 
pottery, or porcelain, antiquities and 
artistic copies thereof in metal or other 
material, imported in good faith for ex- 
hibition at a fixed place by any State or 
by any society or institution established 
for the encouragement of the arts, science, 
agriculture, or education, or for a munici- 
pal corporation, and all like articles im- 
ported in good faith by any society or 
association, or for a municipal corporation, 
for the purpose of erecting a public monu- 
ment, and not intended for sale nor for any 
other purpose than herein expressed; 
[Free] but bond shall be given under such 
rules and regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe, for the payment 
of lawful duties which may accrue should 
any of the articles aforesaid be sold, trans- 
ferred, or used contrary to this provision, 
and such articles shall be subject, at any 
time, to examination and inspection by 
the proper officers of the customs: Pro- 
vided, That the privileges of this and the 
preceding paragraph shall not be allowed 
to associations or corporations engaged in 
or connected with business of a private 
or commercial character. 



1482 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



WORKS OF ART, ETC., FOR EXHIBITION, ETC. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

Description and uses. — For works of art for exhibition, see para- 
graph 1447, page 1195. 

Imports of works' of art imported for exhibition in 1914 were 
valued at $936,642. Later imports by calendar years have been 
valued as follows: 1918, $241,737; 1919, $84,139; 1920, $172,210; 
1921 (nine months), $232,337. 

Exports of art works are shown under paragraph 1447. 



PARAGRAPH 1688, 



H. R. 7456. 

Par. 1688. Works of art, productions of 
American artists residing temporarily 
abroad, or other works of art, including 
pictorial paintings on glass, imported ex- 
pressly for presentation to a national insti- 
tution or to any State or municipal cor- 
poration or incorporated religious society, 
college, or other public institution, in- 
cluding stained or painted window glass 
or stained or painted glass windows im- 
ported by houses of worship, and exclud- 
ing any article, in whole or in part, 
molded, cast, or mechanically wrought 
from metal within twenty years prior to 
importation: but such exemption shall 
be subject to such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 716. Works of art, productions of 
American artists residing temporarily 
abroad, or other works of art, including 
pictorial paintings on glass, imported ex- 
pressly for presentation to a national 
institution, or to any state or municipal 
corporation or incorporated religious 
society, college, or other public institu- 
tion, except stained or painted window 
glass or stained or painted glass windows, 
and except any article, in whole or in 
part, molded, cast, or mechanically 
wrought from metal within twenty years 
prior to importation; but such exemption 
shall be subject to such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe 
[Free]. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 655. Works of art, productions of 
American artists residing temporarily 
abroad, or other works of art, including 
pictorial paintings on glass, imported ex- 
pressly for presentation to a national insti- 
tution or to any State or municipal cor- 
poration or incorporated religious society, 
college, or other public institution, in- 
cluding stained or painted window glass 
or stained or painted glass windows im- 
ported to be used in houses of worship, 
and excluding any article, in whole or in 
part, molded, cast, or mechanically 
wrought from metal within twenty years 
prior to importation ; but such exemption 
shall be subject to such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- 
scribe [Free]. 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1483 



WORKS OF ART, OF AMERICAN ARTISTS, ART WORKS FOR PRESENTA- 
TION, ETC. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

Description and uses. — For works of art, productions of American 
artists, see paragraph 1447, page 1195. 

Imports of works of art, productions of American artists residing 
temporarily abroad, etc., in 1914, were valued at $287,418. Later 
statistics for calendar years follow: 



1918 



Art works, production of American artists re- 
siding abroad 

Art works, pictorial paintings on glass, etc., 
imported for presentation to institutions or 
societies, excluding articles wrought from 
metal within 20 years 



$25, 863 



92,966 



$228, 795 



272, 811 



1920 



$224, 591 



163, 921 



1921(9months). 



$92,039 



250,687 



Exports of art works are shown under paragraph 1447. 

Important changes in classification. — In this paragraph the stained 
or pamted glass windows are required to be imported by houses of 
worship. In the act of 1913 (par. 665) they are required to be im- 
ported to be used in houses of worship. 



PARAGRAPH 1689. 



H. R. 7456. 



SENATE AMENDMENTS. 



Par. 1689. Works of art (except rugs 
and carpets), collections in illustration of 
the progress of the arts, works in bronze, 
marble, terra cotta, parian, pottery, or 
porcelain, artistic antiquities, and ob- 
jects of art of ornamental character or 
educational value which shall have been 
produced more than one hundred years 
prior to the date of importation, but the 
free importation of such objects shall be 
subject to such regulations as to proof of 
antiquity as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe. 

ACT OF 1909. 

Par. 717. * * * works of art (ex- 
cept rugs and carpets), collections in 
illustration of the progress of the arts, 
works in bronze, marble, terra cotta, 
parian, pottery, or porcelain, artistic an- 
tiquities, and objects of art of ornamental 
character or educational value which 
shall have been produced more than one 
hundred years prior to the date of im- 
portation, but the free importation of such 
objects shall be subject to such regula- 
tions as to proof of antiquity as the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury may prescribe [Free]. 



ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 656. Works of art (except rugs and 
carpets), collections in illustration of the 
progress of the arts, works in bronze, 
marble, terra cotta, parian, pottery, or 
porcelain, artistic antiquities, and objects 
of art of ornamental character or educa- 
tional value which shall haA r e been pro- 
duced more than one hundred years prior 
to the date of importation, but the free 
importation of such objects shall be sub- 
ject to such regulations as to proof of 
antiquity as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe [Free]. 



1484 SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 

WORKS OF ART, 100 YEARS OLD. 

(See Survey N-24.) 

Description and uses. — For works of art produced more than 100 
years previous to importation, see paragraph 144?, page 1195. 

Imports in 1914 of works of art produced more than 100 years 
prior to date of importation were valued at $22,302,626; mostly from 
France, England, Germany, and Italy. Later statistics for calendar 
years are as follows: 1918, $6,023,673; 1919, $15,119,614; 1920, 
$20,256,347; 1921 (nine months), $7,482,250. 

Exports of art works are shown under paragraph 1447. 

Suggested changes. — Importations under this provision in the act of 
1913 (par. 656) run into the millions in value, those in 1920 amounting 
to $20,256,000. Every importation must be examined in its entirety 
and occasionally experts are called in to assist the examiners in 
determining the question of antiquity. In 1919, apart from the work 
in the collector's office, 8 to 10 examiners and from 25 to 30 em- 
ployees in New York devoted a large part of their time to the 
examination of such importations. A provision reimbursing the 
Government for the heavy expenses incurred might be given 
consideration if there shall be no restriction upon importation 
incorporated in the bill. A definite date instead of 100 years might 
also be advisable; 1820 would be especially appropriate for furniture 
and might be applied also to other articles enumerated in the 
paragraph. 

PARAGRAPH 1690. 

H. R. 7456. SENATE AMENDMENTS. 

Par. 1690. Zaffer. 

ACT OF 1909. ACT OF 1913. 

Par. 718. Zaffer [Free]. Par. 657. Zaffer [Free], 

ZAFFER. 

(See Survey FL-6.) 

Description and uses. — Zaffer is the name given to an impure 
variety of cobalt oxide obtained by roasting speiss or carefully 
picked cobalt ores. This name is often loosely applied to mixtures of 
zaffer proper with silica, oxides of iron, manganese, etc. It is used 
to produce a blue color in porcelain painting and in enameling pottery. 

Production. — Little, if any, zaffer is produced in the United States. 

Imports of zaffer are included with those of cobalt and cobalt ore 
(see par. 1547, p. 1279). 



LISTS OF ARTICLES TRANSFERRED FROM THE DUTIABLE SCHEDULES AND THE FREE 
LIST, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE TARIFF ACT OF OCTOBER 3, 1913, MODIFIED BY THE 
ACT OF SEPTEMBER 8, 1916, TO THE FREE LIST AND DUTIABLE SCHEDULES OF THE 
BILL H. R. 7456, AS PASSED BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES JULY 21, 1921. 

LIST NO. 1. 

Articles transferred from the dutiable schedules of the act of 1913 to the free list of the bill 

H. R. 7456. 



Act of 1913, 
paragraph. 



Commodity. 



H. R. 7456, 
paragraph. 



49 

144 

31 



147 
143 
f& 
154 

46 
49 i 
36 

369 

381 

154 

46 



45 

193 

385 
367 



367 
642 



Ambergris not containing alcohol. Civet, and musk grained or 
in pods, not containing alcohol. 

Matte containing antimony bu.t not containing more than 10 
per centum of lead. 

Saffron and safflower, and extract of, and saffron cake 

Carbazole having a purity of between 25 and 65 per cent, and 
anthracene having a purity of between 25 and 30 per cent 
[Group II, act of 1916.] 

Copper in rolled plates. . . » 

Barium, calcium, sodium, and potassium, and alloys of which 
said metals are the component material of chief value. 

Metallic mineral substances in a crude state, and metals un- 
wrought. 

Oils, jasmine or jasimine 

Enfleurage greases and floral essences, not containing alcohol. . 

Gums: Amber, and amberoid, unmanufactured or crude gum; 
arabic or Senegal. 

ivory tusks in their natural state, or cut vertically across the 
grain only, with the bark left intact. 

Meerschaum, crude or unmanufactured 

Monazite sand and thorite 

Gils, distilled and essential: Arjise or anise seed, bergamot, 
almond, bitter; caraway, cassia, cinnamon, citronella, lavender, 
lemon-grass, lime, neroli or orange flower, origanum, red 
or white; attar of roses (otto of roses in H. R. 7456), rosemary 
or anthoss, aspic or spike lavender, thyme. 

Jn addition to the foregoing, camphor, geranium, lignaloe, 
palmarosa, pettigrain, and ylang ylang oils, mentioned spe- 
cifically on free list of H. R. 7456, are dutiable under para- 
graph 46 of the act of 1913 as essential and distilled oils, 
n. s. p. f . 

Oils expressed: Almond oil, sweet, and sesame or sesamum 
seed or bean oil. 

Rice cleaned for use in the manufacture of canned foods 

(Par. 9 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty. 

Rosin 

Disks of soft wax, commonly known as master records, or metal 
matrices obtained therefrom, for use in the manufacture of 
sound records for export purposes. 

Manufactures of wax l 

Personal effects of returning residents of the United States: 
Exemption raised from $100 to $250. 



1506 

1509 

1510 
1546 



1553 
1559 

1559 

1566 
1566 
1577 

1591 

1612 
1616 
1625 



1626 
1643 

1672 

1677 



1677 
1678 



1485 



1486 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 
LIST NO. 2. 



Articles transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 to the dutiable schedules of the bill 

H. R. 7456. 



A.ct of 1913, 
paragraph. 



Commodity. 



H. R. 7456, 
paragraph. 



387 

393 

449 
547 
561 
395 
440 



501 

538 
409 
592 
388 
405 
454 
516 
519 
541 
477 

624 



526 
515 
433 
539 
498 

561 
561 

561 
569 
575 
447 

580 



594 
593 
605 
615 
616 I 



Schedule I. 

Acids: Acetic or pyroligneous, arsenic or arsenious, phosphoric, 
prussic, silicic. 

Alcohol, methyl, or wood 

Chromium, hydroxide of, crude ' 

Sugar of milk 

Ichthyol oil , 

Ammonia, sulphate of, perchlorate of, and nitrate of 

Calcium carbide 

Cresol containing 5 per cent or more of tar acid, and distillates 
which yield 5 per cent of tar acids between 190° and 200° O. 
[Group I, act of 1916.] 

Quinolin [Group I, act of 1916] 

Explosive substances of coal-tar origin used for mining, blast- 
ing, and artillery purposes. 
Madder and munjeet, ground or prepared, and all extracts of . . . 

Balm of Gilead, when advanced 

Salep, or salop, when advanced. '.., 

Aconite, when advanced 

Asaf etida, when advanced 

Cocculus indicus, when advanced * 

Ipecac, when advanced 

Jalap, when advanced. 

Manna, when advanced 

Belladonna, digitalis, henbane, and stramonium, when not 

advanced. 
Tanning materials: Extracts of quebracho, and of hemlock bark; 
extracts of oak and chestnut and other barks and woods other 
than dyewoods commonly used for tanning; all the foregoing 
not containing alcohol. 

Extracts of divi-divi, mangrove, myrobolan, valonia, and 
wattle mentioned in H. R. 7456 but not in the act of 1913. 

Lac dye ' 

Iodine, resublimed 

Bromin 

Magnesite, crude or calcined, not purified 

Grease, fats, and oils such as are commonly used in soap mak- 
ing or in wire drawing, or for stuffing of dressing leather. 

Cod and cod-liver oil 

Coconut, cottonseed, and soya bean oil [Emergency tariff act 
of 1921 (par. 11) imposes a duty]. 

Birch tar, cajeput, and juglandium oil 

Paris green and London purple 

Phosphorus 

Blood char, bone black or bone char, not suitable for use as 

a pigment. 
Potash, carbonate of, hydrate of, when not containing more than 
15 per centum of caustic soda, and crude nitrate of, or salt- 
petre. 

Santonin and its combinations with acids 

Salt 

Soda, arseniate of, soda ash, silicate of soda 

Strontia, oxide of, or protoxide of sti'ontian 

Strychnia or strychnine and its combinations with acids 



4 
5 
5 
5 
7 
15 
25 



25 
26 

26 
31 
31 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 
33 

36 



36 
42 
43 
47 

49 

49 
50 

54 
59 
60 
66 

75 



76 
78 
78 
82 
83 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



1487 



Articles transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 to the dutiable schedules of the bill 

H. R. 7456— Continued. 



Commodity. 



Schedule 2. 

Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic cement 

limestone, unmanufactured 

Bauxite or beauxite, crude, not advanced 

Common blue clay and Gross- Almerode glass-pot clay, in cases 
or casks. 

Terra alba 

Talcum, steatite, and French chalk, crude, unground 

Plumbago 

Glass plates or disks, rough-cut or unwrought, for use in manu- 
facture of optical instruments. 

Glass enamel, -white, for watch and clock dials 

Burrstones, manufactured 

Curling stones 

Schedule 3. 

Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, wrought iron, and 
scrap and scrap steel. 

Ferromanganese 

Manganese, oxide and ore of 

Molybdenum ore 

Tungsten-bearing ores of all kinds 

Iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron 
bars, and more advanced than pig iron. 

Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks or 
blanks, and billets, not containing alloy. 

Hoop or band iron or hoop or band steel, cut to lengths or wholly 
or partly manufactured into hoops or ties, for baling cotton or 
any other commodity. 

Horseshoe-nail rods 

Galvanized wire 

Railway bars, iron or steel, T-rails, punched iron or steel flat 
rails. 

Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or steel, horseshoe nails, hob- 
nails, wire staples, wire nails, spikes of iron or steel, and 
cut tacks, brads, or sprigs. 

Horse, mule, or ox shoes of iron or steel 

Steel engraved forms for bonds, debentures, stock certificates, 
etc. 

Needles for shoe machines 

Philosophical and scientific apparatus, etc., for institutions .. . 

Vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts thereof 
composed of platinum for chemical uses. 

Cream separators valued at not exceeding $75 

Tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated and scrap tin . . 

Pewter and Britannia metal, old, fit only to be remanufactured . . 

Type, stereotype metal, electrotype metal, linotype composi- 
tion, old, fit only to be remanufactured. 

Quoits, and curling-stone handles 

Miners' rescue appliances, designed for emergency use in mines 
where artificial breathing is necessary in the presence of 
poisonous gases, to aid in the saving of human life, and 
miners' safety lamps, and parts, accessories, and appliances 
for cleaning, repairing, and operating all the foregoing. 

Platinum in sheets and platinum wire 

Engraved steel dies and rolls, suitable for use in engraving and 
printing bonds, etc. 



H. R. 7456, 
paragraph. 



203 
204 
207 
207 

207 

209 
211 
227 

231 
234 
235 



301 

302 

302 
302 
302 
303 

304 

314 



315 
317 
322 

331 



333 
341 

343 
3G0 
360 

372 

386 

386, 389 

389 

393 
393 



393 
393 



1488 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Articles transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 to the dutiable schedules of the bill 

H. R. 7456— Continued. 



Act of 1913, 
paragraph. 



Commodity. 



H. R. 7456, 
paragraph. 



647 
648 

647 



648 



647 



647 
647 
647 



591 



Schedule 4. 



545 

562 
619 

622 
545 

619 



528 
545 

619 
419 

545 

547 

547 

416 

478 
619 
483 

435 

465 



Timber, hewn, sided, or squared 

Red cedar (Juniperus virginianna) timber, hewn, sided, or 

squared otherwise than by sawing. 
Round, unmanufactured timber when used for spars or in 

building wharves; logs (including pulp woods) of fir, spruce, 

cedar^and western hemlock (conditionally). 
Cedar, including Spanish cedar, lignum- vitse, lancewood, 

ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and 

all forms of cabinet woods, in the log, rough or hewn only. 
Fence posts, hubs for wheels, posts, heading bolts, stave bolts, 

last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, heading blocks, and all 

like blocks or sticks, rough hewn, sawed, or bored. 

Pickets, palings, and staves 

Shingles . 

Kindling wood, hop poles, hoop poles, ship planking, broom 

handles, sawdust, and wood flour. 



Schedule 6. 

None. 
Schedule 7. 

Fresh beef and veal 

(Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 

Oleo stearin 

Cattle 

(Par. 12 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 

Tallow 

Fresh mutton and lamb 

(Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 
Sheep and all other domestic live animals suitable for human 
food. 

(Par. 13 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty on sheep. ) 

Lard, lard compounds, and substitutes 

Fresh pork, bacon, and hams 

(Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 

Swine 

Bladders and all integuments, tendons, and intestines of ani- 
mals, crude, dried, or salted for preservation only. 
Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved 

(Par. 14 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 
Milk and cream 

(Par. 23 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 
Milk and cream preserved or condensed or sterilized 

(Par. 24 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 

Birds and land and water fowls 

Eggs of poultry 

Domestic live animals suitable for food 

Fresh-water fish and all other fish not specially provided for 

Buckwheat and buckwheat flour 

Corn or maize 

(Par. 4 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 



401 
401 

402 



404 
406 



407 
408 
414 



505 



701 

701 
701 

701 
702 

702 



703 
703 

703 
706 

706 

707 

708 

711 
713 

716 
718, 719, 
720,721 

724 
725 



SUMMARY OF TARIFF INFORMATION", 1921. 



1489 



Articles transferred from the free list of the act of 1913 to the dutiable schedules of the bill 

H. R. 7456— Continued. 



Act of 1913, 
paragraph. 



Commodity. 



H. R. 7456, 
paragraph. 



466 
589 
644 

417 

640 

488 
488 
488 



488 

563 

488 
510 
595 



595 i 



Schedule 7 — Continued. 

Corn meal 

Rye and rye flour 

Wheat, wheat flour, semolina, and other wheat products 

(Pars. 1 and 2 of the emergency tariff act impose a duty.) 

Biscuits and wafers, when not containing chocolate, nuts, fruit, 

• or confectionery. 

Wafers, unleavened or not edible 

Fruits, green, ripe, or dried (bananas) 

Berries, green, ripe, or dried 

Fruits in brine (cherries) 

(Par. 27 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty upon 
cherries, raw, preserved in brine (cherries), or otherwise.) 

Fruits, green, ripe, or in brine (citrons and citron peel, crude 
or in brine). 

Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or dried 

Fruits, green, ripe, or dried, and fruits in brine 

Hop roots for cultivation 

Bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible. [This provision is omitted 
from H. R. 7456 and probably falls within the provision for 
"all other bulbs and roots" in paragraph 751.] 

Coniferous evergreen seedlings 

Fruit plants, tropical and semitropical, for the purpose of propa- 
gation or cultivation. [This provision is omitted in H. R. 
7456 and such fruit plants probably fall within the provision 
for "other fruit vines or bushes" in paragraph 753.] 

Marrons, crude 

Coconuts in the shell ._ 

All flower seeds (sunflower) 

All grass seeds. [This provision covers all those seeds specifi- 
cally mentioned in paragraph 761 of H. R. 7456.] 

Seeds: Cauliflower, celery, mangel wurzel, sugar beet, and 
flower seeds. 

Seeds: Cotton, hemp, hoarhound, rape, Saint John's bread or 
bean, sorghum, and sugar cane, for seed. [These seeds are 
not specifically mentioned in H. R. 7456 and probably fall 
within the provision for "all other garden and field seeds not 
specially provided for" in paragraph 762.] 

Soya beans. [No specific provision is made for soya beans in 
H. R. 7456 and they will probably fall within the provision in 
paragraph 763 for dried beans.] 

Potatoes [conditionally] 

(Par. 7 of the emergency tariff act imposes a duty.) 

Broom corn 

Acorns, raw, dried, or undried, but unground 

Dandelion roots, raw, dried or undried, but unground 

Seeds: Cardamom, coriander, cummin, fennel, and mustard... 

Curry and curry powder 

Turmeric 

Schedule 8. 

None. 
Schedule 9. 



Cotton having a staple of If inches or more in length, dutiable 
at 7 cents per pound under par. 16, emergency tariff act. 

82304—22 94 



489 



557 
557 
595 
595 

595 

595 



606 



581 

434 
389 
473 
595 
471 
634 



725 
729 
730 

734 

734 
736 

737 
738 



740 

740 
749 
751 
751 



752 
753 



755 
756 
760 
761 

762 

762 



763 



769 

774 
775 
775 
780 
780 
780 



1490 



SUMMARY OF TAEIFF INFORMATION, 1921. 



Articles transferred from the free list of the act of 1918 to the dutiable schedules of the bill 

H. R. 7456— Continued. 



Act of 1913, 
paragraph. 



Commodity. 



H. R. 7456, 

paragraph. 



485 
408 

650 
651 



481 
530 
567 
425 



426 
650 



479 
491 

422 

495 



443 
576 

412 

618 



428 
571 
582 



Schedule 10. 

Flax straw, flax, not hackled or dressed, flax hackled, known 
as "dressed line," tow of flax and flax noils; hemp and tow 
of hemp, hemp hackled, known as "line of hemp." 

Plain woven fabrics of single jute yarns, not bleached, dyed, 
colored, stained, printed, or rendered noninnammable by any 
process. 

Schedule 11. 



Wool and hair 

(Dutiable under pars. 18 and 19 of the emergency tariff act.) 
Wool wastes 



1101, 1102 
1105 



Schedule 12. 

None. 

Schedule 13. 

Felt, adhesive for sheathing vessels 

Leather board or compressed leather 

Decalcomania paper, not printed 

Books, maps, music, engravings, photographs, etchings, litho- 
graphic prints, bound or unbound, and charts, printed more 
than 20 years. 

Books and pamphlets printed wholly or chiefly in languages 
other than English, and all textbooks used in schools. 

Paper twine for binding wool 

Schedule 14. 

Crude artificial abrasives 

Silver or black fox skins, undressed. „ . .^ 

Press cloths composed of camel's hair, imported expressly for 

oil milling purposes, and marked. 
Gloves, made wholly or in chief value of leather made from 

horsehides, pigskins, and cattle hides of cattle of the bovine 

species. 

Catgut, whip gut, or worm gut, unmanufactured. : 

Photographic and moving-picture films, sensitized but not 

exposed or developed. 

Beeswax, white, bleached 

Sumac, ground 

PERSONAL, HOUSEHOLD, OR PROFESSIONAL EFFECTS TRANS- 
FERRED FROM THE FREE LIST TO DUTIABLE SCHEDULES ACCORD- 
ING TO THE NATURE OF THE ARTICLE. 

Books and libraries exceeding $250 in vlaue, and household 

effects, of persons from abroad. [See par. 1532, H. R. 7456.] 
Personal effects, exceeding $300 in value, of United States 

citizens dying abroad. [See par. 1631, H. R. 7456.] 
Professional books, implements and instruments and tools of 

trade, exceeding $250 in value, of immigrants. [See par. 

1637, H. R. 7456.] 



INDEX 



[Abbreviations: n. s. p. f.=not specially provided for; *=more specially provided for in act of 1909 or 

'1913 than in H. R. 7456.] 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Abrasives. . . 335, 1415 439, 1120 

Absinthe 802 826 

Acenaphthene 1546 1276 

Acetaldehvde 2 24 

Acetaldol 2 24 

A.cetanilide (acetanilid *): 

Medicinal 26 76 

Not medicinal 25 73 

Acetate: 

Amvl * 35 101 

Benzyl 26 76 

Calcium 1540 1267 

Copper ' 1554 1288 

Ethvl, esters 35 103 

Lead 44 129 

Acetic: 

Acid 1 10 

Anhvdri.de (anhvdrid *) 1 11 

Ether * (ethyl acetate) 35 103 

Acetone and acetone oil 3 25 

Acetphenetidine (acetphenetidin *) 26 76 

Acetylsalicylic acid 26 76 

Acids: 

Acetic 1 10 

Acetylsalicylic 26 76 

Amidonaphtolsulfo * 25 75 

Amidosalicylic * (aminosalicylic) 25 75 

Aminobenzoic 25 73 

Aminosalicylic (amidosalicylic *) 25 73 

Anhydrides 1, 1501 11, 1217 

Arsanilic 25 73 

Arsenic 1 17 

Arsenious 1 17 

Benzoic, medicinal 26 76 

Benzoic, not medicinal 25 73 

Boric (boracic *) 1 11 

Carbolic * 25 74 

Chloroacetic 1 12 

Chlorophthalic 25 73 

Chromic 1501 1218 

Cinnamic 25 73 

Citric 1 13 

Color 26 79 

Color, from natural alizarin or indigo 26 80 

Diamidostilbendisulfo * 25 75 

Dichlorophthalic 25 73 

Fluoric * (hydrofluoric) 1501 1 218 

Formic 1 18 

Gallic 1 19 

Glycerophosphoric 24 72 

Hydrochloric 1 501 1219 

Hydrofluoric 1501 1 21 8 

1491 



1492 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Acids— Continued. H - R - 7456 - Pa s e - 

Hydroxyphenylarsinic 25 73 

Lactic ' 1 14 

Metanilic 25 73 

Mixtures of nitric and sulphuric 1501 1219 

Muriatic 1501 1219 

Naphtolsulfo * 25 75 

Naphtylaminosulfo * 25 75 

Nitric 1501 1219 

Nitropicric * 26 79 

N.s. p. f 1 23 

Oil of vitriol - 1501 1220 

Oleic... 1 19 

Oxalic 1 20 

Phenylglycineortho-carboxylic 25 73 

Phosphoric 1 21 

Phthalic 25 73 

Picric 26 83 

Prussic* 1 23 

Pyrogallic 1 21 

Pyroligneous * (acetic) 1 11 

Ricinoleic * (alizarin assistant) 51 159 

Salicylic, medicinal 26 76 

Salicylic, not medicinal 25 73 

Silicic* 1 23 

Stearic 1 22 

q Sulphanilic 25 73 

Sulpho, of coal-tar products * . . 25 75 

Sulphoricinoleic * (alizarin assistant) 51 159 

Sulphuric 1501 1220 

Tannic 1 15 

Tartaric 1 16 

Tetrachlorophthalic. .' 25 73 

Thiosalicylic 25 73 

Tungstic 302 368 

Valerianic 1501 • 1221 

Aconite : 

Advanced 32 92 

Crude 1502 1222 

Acorns 775 804 

Adeps lanae 49 146 

Adonite 505 608 

Agar-agar 39 120 

Agate : 

Buttons and studs 1411 1109 

Manufactures of n. s. p. f 233 348 

Unmanufactured 1503 1223 

Agricultural implements and parts 1504 1224 

Agricultural Department, plants for 1633 1411 

Aigrettes 1419 1128 

Airplanes and parts 370 500 

Air rifles * 364 485 

Air rifles, toys 1414 1117 

Alabaster, manufactures of 233 347 

Albata silver * • 377 516 

Albumen: 

Blood* 1505 1226 

Egg 713 661 

. N. s. p. f 1505 1226 

Alb unionized paper 1305 1063 

Albums, autograph, photograph, etc 1311 1085 

Alcohol (see also Distilled spirits): 

A myl 4 27 

Amylic * (fusel oil) 4 27 

Butyl 4 28 

Compounds, preparations, mixtures, and salts, with 22 67 



INDEX. 1493 

Paragraph of 

Alcohol (see also Distilled spirits) — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Ethyl, for nonbeverage purposes 4 30 

Isopropvl 4 28 

Mantles" 1435 1176 

Methyl 4 29 

Phenvlethvl 26 76 

Wood. . . . ." 4 29 

Alcoholic compounds, preparations, etc 22 67 

Aldehyde ammonia 2 24 

AldoL 2 24 

Ale 805 831 

Ale, ginger 807 834 

Alfalfa seed 761 769 

Alimentary pastes 726 692 

Alizarin: 

Assistant 51 159 

Dyes 26 80 

Natural 26 80 

Synthetic 26 80 

Alkalies * 5 32 

Alkalies containing soda* 5 32 

Alkaloids: 

Cinchona bark 1639 1418 

N. s. p. f* 5 32 

Opium 55 172 

All-chain Venetian carpets and rugs * 1118 998 

Allowance for leakage, etc., of wine, etc 812 838 

Alloys (see also Ferroalloys) : 

Aluminum , 374 511 

Barium * 1559 1295 

Calcium * 1559 1295 

For steel 302 362 

Iron or steel 301. 302 358, 362 

Lead, n. s. p. f 389 538 

Magnesium 375 513 

Molybdenum 302 367 

Nickel 385 530 

N. s. p. f . substitutes for tool steel 304 380 

Potassium * 1559 1295 

Sodium* 1559 1295 

Steel 305 383 

Tungsten 302 368 

Allspice (Pimento *) 780 822 

Almond oil: 

Bitter 1625 1387 

Sweet 1626 ] 399 

Almonds 754 754 

Aloe bagging for cotton 1517 1 249 

Aloes: 

Advanced 32 92 

Crude 1502 1222 

Alpaca hair 1102, 1121 948, 1004 

Alpha-naphthol (naphthol *) 25 73 

Alsike clover seed 761 771 

Althea root, leaves, and flowers: 

Advanced '. 32 95 

Crude 1502 1 222 

Alum and alum cake 6 34 

Alumina, hydrate * (Aluminum hydroxide) 6 33 

Aluminous cake 6 34 

Aluminum 374 510 

Alloys. 374 511 

Ammonium-sulphate 6 35 

Articles, not plated, n. s. p. f 393 551 

Bars, plates, sheets, etc 374 510 

Compounds 6 33. 35 



1494 index. 

Paragraph of 

Aluminum — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Flatware utensils 339 444 

Hollow ware utensils 339 444 

Hydroxide 6 33 

Leaf 379 522 

Potassium-sulphate 6 34 

Scrap 374 511 

Sulphate 6 34 

Utensils 339 444 

Amaryllis bulbs * 751 746 

Amber: 

Gum (unmanufactured*) 1577 1318 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f 1436* 1177 

Oil* 54 163 

Ambergris 1506 1227 

Ambergris oil * 54 163 

Amberoid 1577 1318 

American — 

Artists, works of 1688 1483 

Fisheries 1624 1385 

Goods, exported and returned 1514 1242 

Landscapes, views ; 1310 1084 

Amidonaphthol * ( Aminonaphthol) 25 73 

Amidonaphtolsulfoacids* and salts 25 75 

Amidophenol* (Aminophenol) 25 73 

Amidosalicylic acid* (Aminosalicylic acid) 25 75 

Aminoanthraquinone 25 73 

Aminobenzoic acid 25 73 

Aminonaphthol (amidonaphthol*) 25 73 

Aminophenetole 25 73 

Aminophenol (amidophenol*) 25 73 

Aminosalicylic (amidosalicylic*) acid 25 73 

Ammonia: 

Aldehyde 2 24 

Alum 6 34 

Liquid anhydrous 7 40 

Muriate* (ammonium chloride) 7 37 

Ammoniacal gas liquor* 1458 1214 

Ammoniac, sal* (ammonium chloride) 7 37 

Ammonium (ammonia*): 

Aluminum sulphate 6 35 

Carbonate 7 37 

Chloride 7 37 

Compounds 7 36 

Nitrate 7 38 

Perchlorate 7 38 

Phosphate 7 39 

Sulphate 7 39 

Ampoules, chemicals, etc., in t 21 65 

A.myl: 

Alcohol 4 27 

Acetate* 35 101 

Nitrite* 35 101 

Amylic alcohol* (fusel oil) 4 27 

Anatomy, preparations of 1652 1431 

Anchor chain 329 429 

Anchors and parts 319 413 

Andirons, cast-iron • 327 423 

A^nethol 56 175 

Angles: 

Brass 378 517 

Iron or steel 312 397 

Angora goat hair 1102,1121 948,1004 

Anhydrides (anhydrids*) : 

Acetic and lactic 1 H 

Other 1,1501 23,1217 

Phthalic 25 73 



INDEX. 1495 

Paragraph of 
Aniline (anilin*): H. R. 7456. Page. 

Oil 25 73 

Salt '. 25 73 

Animal: 

Carbon* 1527 1257 

Greases, alcoholic 22 66 

Greases, n. s. p. f 49 147 

Hair, unmanufactured 1579 1325 

Intestines, etc 706 647 

Oils (see Oils, animal). 

Wax, crude 1676 1461 

Animals: 

Exported and returned * 1514 1242 

For breeding purposes ' 1507, 1508 1229, 1232 

For exhibition or competition 1508 1232 

Immigrants' 1508 1232 

In quarantine . . . 1507 1229 

Live, n. s. p. f 716 667 

Pasturage 1507 1229 

Straying across the boundary line 1507 1229 

Wild for zoological collections, etc 1508 1232 

Anise: 

Oil 1625 1386 

Seeds 780 813 

Seed oil * (anise oil) 1625 1386 

Annatto and extracts 1510 1236 

Anodes, nickel 385 530 

Anthoss oil * (rosemary oil) 1625 1394 

Anthracene (anthracin*): 

Dyes * 26 76 

Oil ; 1546 1277 

Purity of 30 per cent or more 25 73 

Purity of less than 30 per cent 1546 1277 

Anthracite coal 1545 1273 

Anthranilate, methyl 26 76 

Anthraquinone 25 73 

Antifriction balls and rollers 321 416 

Antimonial lead and scrap 389 539 

Antimony: 

Compounds 8 41 

Matte * 376 515 

Needle or liquated 1509 1234 

Ore 1509 1234 

Oxides 8 41 

Oxide, salts* 8 41 

Potassium- tartrate or tartar-emetic 8 41 

Regulus or metal 376 515 

Stibnite, containing * 1509 1233 

Sulphides 8 41 

Antipynne 26 76 

Antiquities 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Antitoxins 1511 1240 

Anvils, iron or steel 325 422 

Apatite 1632 1410 

Apparatus: 

Chemical * 360 479 

For the blind 1530 1259 

Life-saving 1605 1366 

Philosophical and scientific , 360, 1686 479, 1480 

Platinum* 360 479 

Apparel, wearing, theatrical (see also Wearing apparel) 1637 1416 

Apple trees, seedlings and cuttings 753 752 

Apples 735 710 

Appliances (see also Electric) : 

Laboratory, philosophical and scientific 360 479 

Miners' rescue * 1605 1366 



1496 INDEX. 



Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 



Apricot kernels 760 767 

Arabic, gum 1577 1319 

Arabinose 505 608 

Archil or archil liquid 1510 1236 

Argentine silver * 377 516 

Argols 9 43 

Arms, side 363 483 

Aromatic — 

Chemicals 56 175 

Chemicals, coal-tar 26 79 

Seeds, drugs, advanced • 31 90 

Seeds, drugs, crude 1562 1298 

Substances 26, 56 77, 175 

Arrack 802 826 

Arrowroot, crude 1512 1240 

Arsanilic acid. . . . . . 25 73 

Arsenate (arseniate *) : 

Aniline * 25 73 

Lead : 44 130 

Sodium 78 224 

Arsenic — 

Acid and anhydride • 1 17 

Sulphide of, or orpiment 1513 1241 

White .; 1 17 

Arsenious acid and anhydride 1 17 

Articles: 

Acquired abroad by Americans 1678 1464 

Agate 233 348 

Alabaster 233 347 

Artificial silk, knit 1215 1042 

Bamboo 411 579 

Beaded or spangled 1403 1094 

Breccia 233 346 

Bullions 382 525 

Carbon 216 302 

Carpet - 1119 1001 

Casein 30 88 

Cellulose .29 87 

Chain 329 429 

China 213 295 

Copal - - 1439 1186 

Cotton, n. s. p. f 920 899 

Cotton wearing apparel 918 894 

Cotton, with fast edges 912 882 

Drawn work.. ._ 1430 1154 

Dyeing or tanning ' 1563 1300 

Earthenware 212 290 

Earthenware tile 202 257 

Earthy or mineral 214 298 

Exported and returned 1514 1242 

Feather 1419 1130 

Flower 1419 1130 

For exhibition 1687 1481 

Fur wearing apparel 1420 1133 

Galalith 30 88 

Glass 218 310 

Harness 345 454 

In alcohol 22 67 

India rubber 382 524 

Iron. . 311 397 

Jet - 233 347 

Jewelry - - 1428 1146 

Knit artificial silk 1215 1042 

Lace 1430 1156 

Lame or lahn 382 525 

Leaf 1419 1127 



INDEX. 1497 

Paragraph of 

Articles— Continued. H - R - 7456 - Pa e e - 

Magnesium * 375 513 

Manufactured, n. s. p. f 1458 1214 

Marble 233 346 

Metallic, as trophies 1611 1373 

Metal 393 551 

Metal thread 382 524 

Onyx 233 347 

Osier 411 579 

Paper, coated 1305 1059 

Paper, lithographically printed 1306 1068 

Personal adornment, passengers' 1 678 1464 

Paste 218 309 

Perfumery 57 178 

Photogelatin* 1306 1067 

Pile, vegetable fiber * 1011 924 

Porcelain 213 295 

Pyroxylin r 29 87 

Rattan 411 580 

Raw, n. s. p. f 1458 1214 

Religious 1444 1192 

Resin, synthetic phenolic 1439 1186 

Rock crystal 233 348 

Rug. 1119 1001 

Saddlery 345 454 

Shellac 1439 1186 

Silk wearing apparel 1212 1037 

Silk, with fast edges 1207 1029 

Similar 1459 1216 

Smokers' 1452 1206 

Steel. . 311 396 

Stone 233 346 

Terneplate 311 396 

Tinplate 311 396 

Tinsel wire 382 525 

Toilet* 57 178 

Toilet, passengers' 1678 1464 

Unmanufactured, n. s. p. f 1458 1214 

Vegetable fiber, with fast edges . - 1014 927 

Wearing apparel — 

Fur 1420 1133 

Vegetable fiber....... 1016 931 

Wool 1115, 1116 988, 992 

Willow 411 580 

Wire* 318 412 

Wool, knit 1115 988-991 

Wool wearing apparel 1116 991 

Wool with fast edges 1114 985 

Woven, vegetable fiber 1019 938 

Artificial (see also Imitation): 

Abrasives and manufactures of 1415 1119 

Baits 344 453 

Cork 1412 1114 

Feathers, n. s. p. f 1419 1130 

Flies 344 453 

Flowers, fruits, grains, etc 1419 1130 

Horsehair 1215 1043 

Mineral waters 808 835 

Silk 1215 1041 

Artillery explosives •-•-•-• 1578 1323 

Artists: 

American, works of 1688 1482 

Colors, paints, pigments 62 184 

Knives 355 469 

Art squares, ingrain 1118 998 

A rt works 1447. 1685-1689 1195, 1478 



1498 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Asafetida: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Advanced 32 93 

Crude - 1502 1222 

Asbestos: 

Crude and unmanufactured 1515 1245 

Manufactures of 1401 1090 

Ascertainment of width, silk 1206 1025 

Ascertainment of weight or number, silk 1214 1039 

Ash, bone 1527 1257 

Ash, soda 78 227 

Beet-root 1635 1415 

Lve * (wood ashes) 1635 1415 

Wood 1635 1415 

Asphalt, limestone rock .'. .' 1603 1364 

Asphaltum 1603 1364 

Aspic oil * (see also Spike lavender oil) 1625 1390 

Aspirin * (acetylsalicylic acid) 26 78 

Assay: 

Lead-bearing ore 388 536 

Zinc-bearing ore 390 543 

Asses straying across boundary line 1507 1229 

Astilbe clumps*.... 751 746 

Attar of roses, oil * (otto of roses) 1625 1393 

Aubusson carpets and rugs, handmade 1117 993 

Autograph albums 1311 1085 

Automatic pistols 366 487 

Automobile — 

Lace* 1430 1158 

Rivets or studs for nonskidding tires 332 437 

Tires 1437 1181 

Automobiles and parts 369 497 

Axles and parts '.'." 323, 324 420, 421 

Axminster carpets and rugs: 

Chenille 1117 993 

Handmade 1117 993 

N. s. p. f 1118 997 

Azaleas (azalea indica) 751 747 

Azides 1516 1247 

Babbitt metal 389 538 

Back saws 340 445 

Bacon 703 639 

Bacterins 1511 1240 

Bagatelle balls 1413 1116 

Bagging— 

For cotton 1517 1249 

Waste for paper stock 1 1517, 1641 1248, 1421 



American manufacture returned 1514 1242 

Gunny, for paper stock 1641 1421 

Jute 1017 933 

Leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Mesh, metal 1428 1145 

Paper 1305 1061 

Baits, artificial 344 453 

Baked articles 734 709 

Baking soda 78 224 

Baling — 

Hoops or ties, iron or steel 314 401 

Wire 317 411 

Ball bearings 321 416 

Balloons, toy 1414 1117 

Balls: 

Antifriction 321 416 

Golf, tennis, etc 1402 1093 

Metal, for ball bearings 321 416 



INDEX. 1499 

Paragraph of 

Balls— Continued. H.K.7456. Page. 

Billiard, pool, and bagatelle 1413 1116 

Vegetable, meat, or fish 773 801 

Balm of Gilead: 

Advanced* 31 90 

Crude* 1562 1299 

Balsams 10 45 

Bamboo: 

Articles n. s. p. f 411 579 

Blinds, porch and window. 413 584 

Curtains, shades, or screens 413 584 

Furniture 411 579 

Sticks . 1684 1476 

Bananas and banana flour 736 713 

Banding, spindle 912 882 

Bandings: 

Cotton* '. 912 882 

Silk* 1207 1030 

Vegetable fiber not cotton* 1014 v 928 

Wool* 1114 985 

Band iron or steel: 

For baling cotton or other commodities 314 401 

Galvanized or coated 309 391 

N. s. p. f 313 400 

Band: 

Leather, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1345 

Saws 340 445 

Bands: 

Cigar 1306 1068 

Iron or steel 313 400 

Paper 1306, 1313 1068, 1087 

Vegetable fiber not cotton 1014 928 

Barbed wire 1680 1466 

Bar iron 303 376 

Barium: 

Carbonate 11 49 

Chloride 11 50 

Dioxide 11 51 

Metal and allovs*. . .' 1559 1295 

Nitrate 11 51 

Sulphate (sulphate of baryta*) 64 188 

Sulphate, combinations or mixtures with zinc sulphide 74 207 

Bark: 

Cork- 
Squares, cubes, or quarters 1412 1113 

Unmanufactured 1556 1289 

Cinchona, etc., for quinine 1518 1250 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Dyeing or tanning 1563 1299 

Extracts, tanning 36 105 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 414 589 

Barley 723 683 

Flour 723 685 

Hulls 731 704 

Malt 723 684 

Pearled, patent, or hulled 723 685 

Barrel — 

Buttons* 1411 1108 

Hoops, iron or steel , 313 400 

Barrels: 

American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 

Containing oranges, lemons, etc 410 578 

Empty 409 574 

Of exported American staves 1514 1242 



1500 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Barrels— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Shotgun, in single tubes, forged, rough bored- 1648 1427 

Sporting, breech-loading, shotguns or rifles 365 485 

Bars: 

Aluminum 374 511 

Brass 378 519 

Copper 1553 1284 

Iron or steel — 

Axle 323 419 

Galvanized or coated 309 391 

Railway 322 418 

Lead 389 538 

Muck 303 376 

Nickel 385 530 

Platinum 1634 1411 

Steel 304 379 

Tin 386 532 

Baryta, sulphate of* 64 188 

Barytes: 

Earth* 64 186 

Manufactured 64 186 

Ore, crude or unmanufactured 64 186 

Sulphate of, artificial* 64 188 

Baseballs 1402 1093 

Base bullion 389 538 



Color 26 79 

Color, from natural alizarin or indigo 26 80 

Basic : 

Paper, plain 1305 1063 

Slag 1576 1317 

Baskets: 

Bamboo, wood, straw, wood compositions 413 585 

Fishing 344 455 

Leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Basses, double and parts 1441 1187 

Basswood lumber* 1683 1470 

Bast fibers, cordage , 1005 914 

Bath- 
Brick 201 255 

Mats, cotton* 909 874 

Bats 1402 1093 

Batteries, electric storage 320 415 

Battery plates and plate material, storage 320 415 

Batting, cotton* .. 920 899 

Bauxite or beauxite: 

Crude . 207 273 

Refined 6 33 

Bav rum or water 58 180 

Beaded fabrics 1403 1094 

Beads 1403 1094 

Articles of, not embroidered, etc 1403 1094 

Articles ornamented with 1430 1153 

Curtains of* 1403 1094 

Imitation pearl 1403 1094 

Imitations of precious or semiprecious stones 1403 1094 

Beams, iron or steel 312 397 

Bean: 

Cake 773 802 

Oil* 1626 1396 

Stick 773 802 

Beans: 

Castor 760 765 

Cocoa or cacao 1548 1279 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 



INDEX. 1501 

Paragraph of 
1 Jeans— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Green, dried, in brine, prepared or preserved 763 787 

Soya — 

Green or unripe* 763 786 

Prepared or preserved 773 803 

Tonka (tonquin, tonqua*) 87 250 

Vanilla 87 249 

Bearings, ball or roller 32 1 416 

Beauxite, crude (see also Bauxite) 207 273 

Beaver hats 1427 1144 

Bed: 

Plates for pulp and paper machinerv 356 472 

Sets 010 898 

Sides, wool* 1118 998 

Bedspreads, cotton 011 878 

Beef, fresh 701 629 

Beer 805 831 

Coloring for* , . .. 26, 36 78, 105 

Ginger 807 833 

B eeswax : 

Crude* 1676 1461 

White bleached 1457 1213 

Beet: 

Pulp, dried 731 704 

Seed, sugar and other : 762 775 

Beet-root ashes 1635 1415 

Beets, sugar and other 764 789 

Beet-topping knives 355 469 

Begonia bulbs* 751 746 

Belladonna 33 99 

Bell metal, fit only for remanufacture 1519 1251 

Bells, broken .\)19 1251 

Belt buckles, iron or steel 346 455 

Belting, machinery, vegetable fiber 912 882 

Beltings: 

Artificial silk* 1215 1040 

Cotton* 912 882 

Leather 1432 1168 

Metal thread, lame, etc 382 524 

Silk* 1207 1029 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton* 1014 928 

Wool* 1114 985 

Belts: 

Cotton* 912 882 

Leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Silk* 1207 1029 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton * 1014 928 

Wool* 1114 985 

Benches, stone 233 346 

Bench knives •. . . 355 469 

Benzal chloride 25 73 

Benzaldehyde: 

Medicinal 26 76 

Not medicinal 25 73 

Benzan throne 25 73 

Benzene (benzol*) 1546 1276 

Benzidine (benzidin*) 25 73 

Benzidine sulfate 25 73 

Benzine 1627 1401 

Benzoate: 

Benzvl 26 77 

Sodium 26 76 

Benzoic acid: 

Medicinal 26 76 

Xot medicinal 25 73 

Benzol* (benzene) 1546 1276 



1502 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Benzoquinone 25 73 

Benzoyl chloride 25 73 

Benzyl: 

Acetate 26 76 

Benzoate 26 77 

Chloride 25 73 

Benzylethylaniline 25 73 

Bergamot oil 1625 1386 

Berlin: 

Blues* 65 189 

Carpets and rugs* 1117 993 

Berries: 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude. 1562 1298 

Edible 737 714 

In alcohol 750 743 

Persian, extract of 36 111 

Beta-naphthol (naphthol *) : 

Medicinal 26 76 

Not medicinal 25 73 

Beverages: 

Containing less than one-half of 1 per cent of alcohol 807 833 

Containing no alcohol 807 833 

Spirituous 802 826 

Bias dress facings, cotton pile * 909 874 

Bibles 1520 1252 

Bibulous paper* . 1304 1055 

Bicarbonate: 

Potassium. 75 215 

Sodium. A 78 224 

Bichloride, tin 85 248 

Bichromate : 

Potash * (potassium dichromate) 75 211 

Soda * (sodium dichromate) 78 231 

Bicycles and parts 371 502^ 

Bicvcle tires 1437 1181 

Billets: 

Iron 303 376 

Steel 304 379 

Billiard balls 1413 1116 

Binding twine, manila, sisal, etc 1521 1252 

Bindings: 

Cotton* 912 882 

Silk 1207 1030 

Skirt, cotton* 909 874 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1014 928 

Wool 1114 985 

Binitrobenzol * (dinitrobenzene) — 25 75 

Binitrochlorbenzol * (dinitrochlorobenzene) 25 75 

Binitrochlorobenzol * (dinitrochlorobenzene) 25 75 

Binitronaphthalene * (dinitronaphthalene) 25 75 

Bmitrotoluol * (dinitrotoluene) 25 75 

Birch: 

Oil, sweet 26 77 

Tar oil * 54 163 

Birds: 

Dead 712 660 

Eggs of 1564 1301 

Game* 712 660 

Importation prohibited 1419 1128 

Live 711 658 

Of paradise 1419 1128 

Skins 1419 1128 

Stuffed * 1419 1129 

Wild, for exhibition 1508 1232 



index. 1503 

Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. Page. 

Biscuits 734 708 

Bismuth 1523 1254 

Chemical compounds, salts, and preparations 20 64 

Bisque ware 213 295 

Bisulphite, sodium 78 238 

Bitartrate, potassium 9 43 

Bits, harness or saddlery 345 454 

Bitter almond oil . 1625 1387 

Bitters, containing spirits 802 826 

Bitumen 1603 1364 

Bituminous coal 1545 1273 

Black: 

Bone 66 191 

Copper 1553 1284 

Gas 68 194 

Oxide of tin 167J0 1455 

Pigments, n. s. p. f 68 194 

Salts* 1635 1413 

Blackings 12 52 

Blacksmiths' hammers, etc '. 326 423 

Bladders : 

Fish * 706 645 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1436 1177 

N. 8. p. f 706 647 

Blades : 

Knife 354 465 

Machine 356 471 

Marking 354,357,358{ m ^ 

•Razor . 358 ' 474 

Scissors 357 472 

Sword 363 483 

Blanc fixe 64 188 

Blank books 1310 1082 

Blankets: 

Cotton 911, 920 878, 899 

Wool 1112, 1120 980, 1001 

Blanks: 

Aluminum 374 510 

Axle 323 420 

Bolt 330 431 

Button — 

N. s. p. f 1411 1109 

Vegetable ivory, pearl, or shell 1410 1105 

File 362 482 

Hinge * 393 551 

Locomotive tires * 304 379 

Steel for railway wheels, etc. 304 378 

Blast-furnace tar: 

Crude 1546 1276 

Distillates. ... 25 73 

Pitch of 1546 1276 

Blasting: 

Caps 1418 1126 

Explosives 1578 1323 

Fuses 1418 1127 

Bleaching powder 13 53 

Blind, books, etc., for the use of 1530 1259 

Blinds, porch and window 413 584 

Blocks: 

Cork, artificial * 1412 1114 

Gun, for gunstocks 1683 1468 

Oar * 406 570 

Print, metal 392 550 

Rough-hewn, sawed, or bored 406 570 



1504 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Blocks— Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Tin. ... . 386 532 

Wagon 406 570 

Zinc 391 545 

Blood: 

Albumen * 1505 1226 

Char 66 191 

Dragon's . 1577 1321 

Dried 1525 1256 

Blooms: 

Iron 303 376 

Steel 304 379 

Steel for railway wheels, etc.* 304 379 

Blotting paper 1309 1076 

Blue clay, common 207 270 

Blue vitriol 1554 1287 

Blues 65 189 

Board: 

Bristol 1302, 1307 1048, 1072 

Leather 1302, 1313 1050, 1089 

Mill 1401 1091 

Paper 1302, 1313 1048, 1089 

Boards, sawed 1683 1468 

Boas, feather, etc 1419 1127 

Boats, motor and parts 370 500 

Bookings, wool * 1118 998 

Bodkins, metal 343 450 

Boiler plate, iron or steel. 307 388 

Bologna sausages * 706 647 

Bolt blanks, iron or steel 330 431 

Bolting cloths, silk 1526 1256 

Bolts: 

Handle 1683 1468 

Heading 406 570 

Iron or steel 330 431 

Muntz or yellow metal 378 517 

Shingle 1683 1468 

Stave 406 570 

Bombay or wild mace 780 819 

Bombs, fireworks 1416 1122 

Bond paper 1307 1072 

Bone — 

Ash 1527 1257 

Balls, bagatelle, billiard, and pool 1413 1116 

Black 66 191 

Buttons 1411 1110 

Casings — 

Cotton 912 882 

Silk* 1207 1031 

Char ' 66 191 

Chessmen 1413 1116 

Cuttlefish 1560 1297 

Dice, dominoes, etc 1413 1116 

Dust 1527 1257 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 1179 

Meal 1527 1257 

Studs.... 1411 1109 

Bones 1527 1257 

Bonnet pins - 350 460 

Bonnets: 

Fur 1427 1143 

Straw, chip, grass, etc 1406 1098 

Booklets .... 1310 1083 

Books 1310 1081 

Blank 1310 1082 

Bound or unbound 1310 108? 



index. 1505 

. Paragraph of 

Books — Continued H. R. 7456. Page. 

Children's 1310 1083 

Cigarette, etc 1452 1206 

Fly 344 453 

Foreign 1310 1082 

For institutions 1531 1260 

For Library of Congress 1528 1258 

For the blind . . 1530 1259 

For use of the United States 1528 1258 

Household effects 1532 1261 

Letter-copying * 1310 1082 

Needle 343 449 

Professional, immigrants' 1637 1416 

Slate : 1310 1082 

Text * 1310 1082 

Toys 1414 1117 

Twenty years old* 1310 1085 

Boot lacings 912 882 

Boots and shoes: 

Leather 1601 1361 

Not leather 1405 1097 

Boracic acid* (boric acid) 1 11 

Borate: 

Lime, crude 1533 1261 

Material, crude and unmanufactured 1533 1261 

Soda, crude 1533 1261 

Sodium or borax, refined 78 226 

Borax: 

Crude and unmanufactured 1533 1261 

Refined 78 226 

Boric acid 1 11 

Boron : 

Manganese '. 302 367 

Steel * 305 383 

Bort * 1429 1149 

Botanic Garden, plants, etc., for 1633 1411 

Botanical specimens for public collections 1655 1437 

Bottle caps, metal 387 534 

Bottles: 

Containers, imported beverages 809 836 

Definition of 217 306 

Flint, lime, or lead glass 217 307 

Glass- 
Blown, colored, or ornamented 218 309 

Molded or pressed 217 307 

Glass or paste 218 309 

Quicksilver, exported and returned 1514 1242 

Thermostatic 1454 1210 

With cut-glass stoppers 218 309 

Boutonnieres 1419 1130 

Bowls, calendar ]443 1191 

Box: 

Boards, etc 404 561 

Shooks 409, 410 576, 577 

Boxes (see also Containers): 

Containing oranges, lemons, etc 410 578 

Fly 344 453 

Jewel, leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Match, metal 1428 1145 

Of exported American shooks 1514 1242 

Packing, empty , 409 576 

Paper, papier-mache, or wood covered or lined 1305 1064 

Paper, papier-mache, paper board, n. s. p. f 1313 1088 

Steel, American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 

82304—22 95 



1506 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Boxing gloves 1402 1093 

Boxwood 404 561-564 

Braces: 

Cotton 912 882 

Silk ] 207 1031 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1014 927 

Wool 1114 985 

Brads, iron or steel 331 436 

Braids: 

Chip, grass, straw, etc 1406 1098 

Ramie, hat 1404 1096 

Textile, n. s. p. f 1430 1157 

Braille tablets 1530 1259 

Bran: 

Rice 728 695 

Wheat or other cereals 731 704 

Brandv 802 827 

Coloring* 26,36 78,105 

Containers * 81 1 837 

Forfeiture of 811 837 

Imitations of 811 837 

Proof standard 810 837 

Brass 1534 1262 

Angles 378 517 

Articles not plated, n. s. p. f 393 551 

Bars 378 520 

Channels 378 517 

Old, and clippings from 1534 1262 

Pins 350 460 

Plates 378 520 

Print rollers or blocks 392 550 

Rods 378 519 

Saddlery and harness hardware 345 454 

Sheets 378 519 

Strips 378 519 

Tubes and tubing 378 519 

Woven-wire cloth 318 412 

Brazed — 

Brass tubes 378 519 

Copper tubes 378 517 

Braziers ' copper * 378 517 

Brazilian pebble, unwrought 1535 1263 

Brazil nuts 755 755 

Bread : 

Knives, n. s. p. f 355 469 

Leavened with yeast 1522 1254 

Breakage of wines, etc., allowance for 812 838 

Breakfast foods, cereal 733 707 

Breccia and manufactures 232, 233 342, 346 

Breech-loading and repeating shotguns and rifles 365 485 

Breeding, animals for 1507, 1508 1229, 1232 

Brewers ' grains 731 704 

Briar* (brier) 403 560 

Brick: 

. Bath 201 253 

Chrome 201 254 

Fire or refractory 201 254 

Magnesite 201 254 

N. s. p. f 201 255 

Brier (briar*) — 

Root 403 560 

Roses, seedlings and cuttings 752 749 

Wood 403 560 

Brimstone * 1663 1447 

Briquets, coal 1545 1273 



INDEX. 1507 

Paragraph of 

Bristles: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Crude, not sorted, etc 1536 1264 

Sorted, bunched, or prepared 1408 1103 

Bristol board 1302 1048 

Fourdrinier 1307 1072 

Britannia metal, old* 389 538 

British gum 81 242 

Brocades, bronze 379 521 

Bromide: 

Potassium 75 215 

Sodium 78 226 

Bromine (bromin*) and compounds, n. s. p. f 43 128 

Bromobenzene 25 73 

Bronze: 

Brocades, flitters, and metallics 379 521 

Leaf 379 521 

Powder 379 521 

Rods, sheets, and tubes 378 519 

Woven-wire cloth 318 412 

Works in 1689 1483 

Broom — 

Corn 774 803 

Handles* 414 589 

Brooms 1407 1101 

Brown. Spanish* 70 199 

Brushes: 

Carbon 216 304 

Electric machine 216 304 

Toilet, tooth, and other 1407 1102 

Brussels carpets and rugs 1118 997 

Buchu leaves 33 97 

Buckles: 

Iron or steel, for wearing apparel 346 455 

Metal 1428 1145 

Saddlery or harness 345 454 

Buckwheat: 

Flour 724 687 

Grits 724 686 

Hulled or annulled 724 686 

Hulls 731 704 

Budding knives 354 465 

Buds: 

Cassia 780 814 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Bugles 1403 1094 

Building — 

Forms, iron or steel 312 397 

Stone 235 350 

Bulb beams, iron or steel 312 397 

Bulbous roots: 
Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Bulbs: 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Electric light 229 334 

Flower 751 745 

Mother flowering* 751 748 

Bullion: 

Base 389 538 

Gold -. 1537 1264 



1508 1XDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Bullion— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Lead 389 538 

Silver 1537 1264 

Bullions and articles 382, 1430 525, 1153 

Bunting, wool or hair* 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Bur waste, wool* 1105 957 

Bureau covers, cotton 911 878 

Burgundy pitch. 1538 1266 

Burnt-out laces 1430 1157 

Burnt — 

Pyrites, dross, or residuum 1590 1337 

Starch 81 242 

Burrstone : 

In blocks, rough 1661 1443 

Manufactured 234 349 

Millstones 234 349 

Butchers' — 

Knives 355 469 

Skewers 412 583 

Butter 709 654 

Cacao 776 806 

Cocoa, and its substitutes* 776 808 

Knives, n. s. p. f 355 469 

Substitutes* 709 654 

Butterine, cocoa 776 808 

Buttermilk 707 650 

Butters, fruit 748 740 

Button: 

Blanks or molds — 

N. s. p. f 1411 1109 

Vegetable ivory 1410 1105 

Forms 1409 1104 

Buttons: 

Agate 141 L 1109 

Baixel* 141 1 1108 

Bone 1411 1110 

Collar and cuff — 

Metal 1428 1145 

Not metal 1411 1109 

Dress, metal 1428 1145 

Glass * 1411 1110 

Horn * 1411 1111 

Ivory 1411 1109 

Metal 349 458 

Mother-of-pearl 1411 1109 

Nickel bar * 349 458 

N. s. p. f 1411 1112 

Paper or papier-mache" * 1411 1111 

Parts of, n. s. p. f 1411 1109 

Pearl or shell 1410 1106 

Shoe * 1411 1111 

Silk 1411 1112 

Trouser 349 458 

Vegetable ivory 1410 1105 

Wool, for tassels or ornaments * 1411 1108 

Butyl alcohol 4 28 

Butyraldehyde 2 24 

Cabbages * 772 800 

Cabbage seed 762 776 

Cabinet: 

Furniture 414 587 

Woods *. . : 404 561 

Cables: 

Hemp and other bast fibers (except jute) 1005 912 

Jute 1003 905 

Manila and other hard fibers 1005 912 

Metal, covered with cotton, etc 316 406 



INDEX. 1509 

Paragraph of 
Cacao (see also Cocoa): H.R.7456. Page. 

Beans 1548 1279 

Butter 776 806 

Cadmium 1539 1266 

Caffeine (caffein *) and compounds 14 54 

Cajeput oil * 54 163 

Cake knives 355 469 

Cake and cakes 734 708 

Calamine * 390 542 

Calcium: . 

Acetate - 1540 1267 

Carbide 15 56 

Chloride, crude 1540 1 268 

Cyanamid 1540 1269 

Metal and alloys * 1559 1 295 

Molvbdate 302 367 

Nitrate 1540 1268 

Silicide . . ■ - - - - 302 360 

Sulphate, precipitated 71 203 

Tartrate, crude 9 43 

Calendar rolls or bowls 1443 1191 

Calendars 1306 1068 

Calfskins, bookbinders', n. s. p. f.* 1600 1353 

Calla bulbs or corms*. . . 751 746 

Calomel - 16 57 

Camel's hair 1102, 1121 947, 1004 

Presscloth * 1426 1141 

Cameos 1429 1148 

< ameras 1451 1203 

Camomile oil * 54 163 

Camphor 48 138 

Oil 1625 1388 

Canada balsam 10 46 

Canarv seed 762 777 

Candle wicking 912 882 

Candles, Roman 1416 1122 

Candv, sugar 506 610 

Cane: 

Chair * 411 579 

Hand-made or machine-cut 411 579 

Juice 501 596 

Sugar 504 606 

Sugar, for seed * 762 784 

Sugars 501 591 

Webbing 411 579 

Wrought from rattan 411 579 

Canes, walking 1455 ] 211 

Canna bulbs *. 751 746 

Canning knives 355 469 

Cans (See Containers) 
Caps: 

Blasting 1418 ] 126 

Bottle 387 534 

Fur 1427 11 44 

Percussion 1418 11 25 

Capsicum 780 821 

Capsules, chemicals, etc., in 21 65 

Carafes 1454 1 209 

Caraway : 

OiL 1625 1388 

Seeds 780 813 

Carbazole (carbazol *): 

Dyes * 26 79 

Purity of 65 per cent or more 25 73 

Purity of less than 65 per cent 1546 1276 

Carbide, calcium 15 56 

Car blocks 406 570 



1510 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. Page. 

Carbolic acid * 25 75 

Carbon: 

Animal * 1527 1257 

Brushes, disks, electrodes, and manufactures, n. s. p. f 216 304 

Porous pots * 216 302 

Tetrachloride 17 59 

Unmanufactured * 1458 1214 

Carbonate : 

Ammonium 7 37 

Barium 11 49 

Guiacol * 26 78 

Magnesium 47 133 

Mineral strontium 1662 1446 

Potassium 75 215 

Soda crystal * (sodium hydrated) 78 223 

Sodium, calcined 78 227 

Strontium 82 244 

Carbonized noils and waste wool 1105 957 

Carbons: 

Deodorizing and decolorizing 66 191 

Electric arc light and electric furnace 216 303 

Carboys: 

American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 

Definition 217 306 

Glass, molded or pressed (see Containers) 217 307 

Cardamom seed 780 813 

Cardboard 1302, 1313 1048, 1088 

Card cases: 

Leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Metal ; 1428 1145 

Card: 

Clothing, iron or steel 337 .441 

Laps, cotton 901 846 

Waste, wool * 1105 957 

Carded: 

Silk * 1201 1006 

Yarn, cotton * 901 843 

Cards: 

Christmas, greeting, or post .- 1310 1081 

Jacquard paper 1309 1076 

Paper, lithographically printed 1306 1068 

Playing 1312 1086 

Carpenters' bench knives 355 469 

Carpet: 

Cork 1018 936 

Covers * 1119 1001 

Hassocks 1119 1001 

Screens 1119 1001 

Carpeting: 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton* 1020 941 

Wool * 1118 996 

Carpets and rugs: 

All-chain, Venetian * 1118 998 

Articles of 1119 1001 

Aubusson 1117 993 

Axminster 1117, 1118 993, 997 

Berlin * 1117 993 

Bookings 1118 998 

Brussels 1118 997 

n , -n * / 1020, 939, 

Jennie | m7> m8 992; 996 

Chenille Axminster 1117 993 

Druggets 1118 998 

Ingrain 1118 998 

Moquette * 1118 996 



INDEX. 1511 

Paragraph of 

Carpets and rugs— Continued. H - R - 7456 - Pa 8 e - 

Oriental 1117 993 

Savonnerie 1117 993 

Saxony * 1118 997 

Tapestry 1118 997 

Treble ingrain * 1118 998 

Tournay* 1118 997 

Velvet 1118 997 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton * 1020 941 

Venetian, all-chain* 1118 998 

Wilton... 1118 997 

Wool, Dutch * 1118 998 

Carriage laces* 1430 1154 

Carrot seed 762 777 

Car tires, iron or steel 324 420 

Cartridges and shells, empty 1418 1 1 25 

Carts, agricultural 1504 1223 

Car-truck channels, iron or steel 312 397 

Carving knives and forks 355 469 

Casein 1598 1 343 

Compounds 30 88 

Glue 39 121 

Clock . 212, 213 289, 298 

Clockwork and parts 368 494 

Leather or parchment. 1432 1166 

Metal, card, powder, stamp, vanity, etc 1428 1145 

Metal, cigar or cigarette 1428 1145 

Musical instrument 1441 1187 

Needle 343 449 

Pipe : 1452 1206 

Watch 367 489 

Cash registers 1541 1269 

Casings: 

Clockwork and parts 368 494 

Cotton* 912 882 

Sausage 706 646 

Silk 1207 1031 



American manufacture, returned (see also Containers) 1514 1242 

Empty 409 574 

Cassava or cassady 1666 1451 

Cassia 780 814 

Buds 780 814 

Oil 1625 1389 

Vera 780 814 

Cassiterite 1670 1455 

Cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned 327 424 

Castile soap 77 220 

Castings: 

Cast-iron 327 424 

Malleable iron, n. s. p. f 327 424 

Steel 304 378 

Cast-iron articles 327 424 

Castoreum (castor *) 1506 1227 

Castor: 

Beans 760 765 

Oil 50 149 

Oil, sulphonated 51 1 60 

Casts, fishing 344 453 

Catgut and manufactures 1434 1175 

Cattle 701 627 

Hair, unmanufactured 1579 1325 

Hides 1582 1328 

Straying across boundary line 1507 1 229 

Cauliflower seed 762 777 



1512 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Caustic: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Potash 75 216 

Soda 78 232 

Caviar 722 682 

Cayenne pepper • 780 820 

Cedar: 

Logs 402 558 

Red * 401 557 

Spanish 404 561 

Cedrat oil * 54 163 

Celery seed 762 778 

Celestite 1662 1446 

Celluloid * 29 87 

Cellulose : 

Blocks, etc.... 29 87 

Esters and ethers 28, 29 85, 87 

Cement: 

Copper ] 553 1 284 

Gypsum in chief value 205 265 

Hydraulic 203 260 

Keene's 205 265 

N. s. p. f J 203 261 

Portland 203 260 

Hydraulic 203 260 

White nonstaining 205 266 

Roman ;;; J 203 260 

Tiles v r , ;. 202 257 

Censorship, photographic films ! . 1451 1202 

Centerpieces, cotton. 911 878 

Ceramic : 

Colors, fluxes, glazes, and enamels 231 338 

Mosaic tiles ; 202 258 

Cereal breakfast foods and similar preparations " 733 707 

Cerite 1542 1271 

Cerium 1542 1271 

Fluoride 84 247 

Nitrate 84 246 

Ore 1542 1271 

Salts 84 247 

Chaff 732 706 

Chain or chains: 

Anchor : 329 429 

Iron or steel and manufactures '. 329 429 

Jewelry 1428 1146 

Machine 329 429 

Sprocket 329 ' 429 

Stud-link 329 429 

Chair cane or reeds * 411 579 

Chalk 18 61 

Billiard 18 61 

Crude 1543 1271 

Cubes, blocks, sticks, or disks 18 61 

Dry, ground, bolted, or precipitated 18 61 

French, and manufactures 209 283 

Ground in oil (putty) 18 62 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f 18 61 

Red 18 61 

Tailors' 18 61 

Chamois skins 1431 1161 

Chamomile oil * 54 163 

Champagne 803 829 

Channels: 

Brass 378 517 

Iron or steel 312 397 

Chaplets 1444 1192 



INDEX. 1513 

Paragraph of 

Char: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Blood or bone 66 191 

Deodorizing and decolorizing 66 191 

Charcoal: 

Crayons 1449 1199 

Iron tubes, pipes, flues, and stays 328 426 

Wood : 1682 1468 

Charms: 

Earthenware 212 289 

Metal * 1428 1145 

Porcelain 213 294 

Charts 1310 1082 

For institutions '. 1531 1260 

For use of United States or Library of Congress 1528 1258 

Hydrographic 1529 1259 

Chassis, automobile 369 496 

Chatons 1429 1148 

Cheese 710 656 

Knives 355 469 

Substitutes 710 657 

Chemical : 

Apparatus * 360 479 

Compounds, salts, etc 5 31 

Compounds, salts, etc. , of bismuth 20 64 

Compounds, etc. , of gold, silver, platinum, or rhodium 19 63 

Elements, etc 5, 22 32, 66 

Earthenware 213 294 

Elements, n. s. p. f 5 32 

Porcelain ware 213 294 

Retorts * 360 479 

Signals, time-burning 1417 1123 

Vases * 360 479 

Vessels * 360 479 

Wood pulp 1610 1369 

Chemicals: 

Coal-tar, odoriferous or aromatic 26 79 

In capsules, tablets, troches, etc 21 65 

Natural and synthetic, aromatic or odoriferous 56 175 

Photographic : . . . 26 80 

Chenille: 

Carpets and rugs 1020, 1117, 1118 939, 992, 

996 

Cotton, curtains, table covers, manufactures 920 899 

Silk 1206 1028 

Cheroots 605 623 

Cherries 738 717 

Cherrv : 

Juice 806 833 

Trees, seedlings, and cuttings 753 752 

Chess balls* 1413 1116 

Chessmen '. 1413 1116 

Chestnut extract 36 106 

Chestnuts 755 756 

Chickpeas 765 790 

Chicle 23 68 

Chicory root 775 804 

Chiffon silk articles* 1430 1155 

Chimney pieces, slate 237 355 

China — 

Clay or kaolin 207 273 

Matting and floor coverings 1020 940 

Ware 213 295 

Chinese — 

Blues* 65 189 

Tung oil 1626 1400 



1514 INDEX. 

„, . Paragraph of 

Chip: H. R.7456. Page. 

Braids, etc 1406 1098 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 1179 

Chips: 

Cinnamon 780 816 

Ail, Po , k 1 er - J 1413 m6 

Chloral hydrate 24 70 

Chlorate : 

Potassium 75 212 

Sodium 78 229 

Chloride: 

Ammonium (ammonia*) 7 37 

Barium 1] 59 

Benzal 25 73 

Benzoyl 25 73 

Benzyl 25 73 

Calcium, crude 1540 1267 

Ethyl 35 103 

Lime (see Bleaching powder) 13 53 

Magnesium 47 134 

Potassium 1635 1414 

Sodium ; 78 230 

1>l Z . lnc - -, 88 251 

Chlorinated — 

Lime X 13 53 

Oils and fats ; 52 162 

Chloroacetic acid 1 12 

Chlorobenzene 25 73 

Chloroform 17 60 

Chlorohydrin: 

Ethylene -. 2 24 

Propylene 2 24 

Chlorophthalic acid .' 25 73 

Chlorophyll extract 36 107 

Chocolate ." [[ 776 806 

Christmas cards 1310 1080 

Chromate : 

Tron * 1544 1272 

Potassium 75 211 

Sodium 78 231 

Chrome *!..'..'.".".*.".'.'.'.' 302 371 

B "ck 201 254 

toeen - 67 193 

Ore 1544 1272 

.Yellow 67 192 

Chromic: 

Acid and anhydride ]501 1218 

Ore * 1544 1272 

Chromite 1544 1272 

Chromium : 

Cobalt tungsten 302 369 

Colors 67 192 

Hydroxide, crude * 5 31 

Metal 302 371 

Nickel : 302 361 

Silicon 302 361 

Steel 305 383 

Tungsten 302 361 

Vanadium 302 361 

Chronometers and parts 367 489 

( arcular saws : 340 445 

Cider : ] ".'.[[ 739 719 

Cigar: 

Bands 1306 1068 

Cases and holders, metal 1428 1145 



INDEX. 1515 

Paragraph of 
Cigar— Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Cutters 1428 1145 

Holders, n. s. p. f 1452 1206 

Knives 355 469 

Labels 1306 1068 

Cigarette : 

Book covers 1452 1206 

Books 1452 1206 

Cases and holders, metal 1428 1145 

Cutters, circular 356 471 

Holders, n. s. p. f 1452 1206 

Paper 1452 1206 

Cigarettes 605 623 

Cigars 605 623 

Cinchona bark 1518 1250 

Alkaloids 1639 1418 

Salts of alkaloids from 1639 1418 

Cinematography film pictures 1451 1202 

Cinnamic acid 25 73 

Cinnamon 780 816 

Chips 780 816 

Oil , 1625 1389 

Circles, aluminum 374 512 

Citral 56 176 

Citrate of lime 46 132 

Citric acid 1 13 

Citronella oil 1625 1389 

Citrons and citron peel 740 720 

Civet 1506 1226 

Oil* 54 163 

Clapboards 1683 1468 

Clasp knives ! 354 465 

Clasps: 

Corset 336 440 

Not plated 348 457 

Clay pipes and bowls 1452 1206 

(.'lays or earths 207 270 

( leaning creams, powders and preparations 12 52 

Cleavers 355 469 

Cliff stone, unmanufactured 1661 1445 

Clippings: 

For paper stock 1641 1421 

From brass or Dutch metal 1534 1262 

From new copper 1553 1284 

Clock cases: 

Earthenware 212 289 

Porcelain 213 298 

Clock movements and parts 367, 368 488, 494 

Clocks and parte 368 494 

Clockwork, cases, casings and parts 368 494 

Clockwork mechanisms and parts 368 494 

Clock dials and markings of 367, 368 488, 493 

•Cloth: 

Bolting, silk 1526 1256 

Cotton. (See Cotton cloth.) 

Crinoline 1426 1141 

Cutters for machines - 356 471 

Gunny, for covering cotton and for paper stock 1517, 1641 1248, 1420 

Hair* 1108, 1111 969, 978 

Hair press ; . 1426 1141 

Italian* 1108 968 

Oilcloth /....." 906 869 

Press, camel's hair* 1426 1141 

Silk 1205 1022 

Tracing 906 867 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1009, 1010 921, 923 



1516 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Cloth— Continued. H. R. 7456. 

Waterproof 906 867, 869 

Wool 1108-1110 969-977 

Woven-wire 318 412 

Clothing (see also Wearing apparel): 

Card, iron or steel 337 441 

Cotton 918 895 

Silk, except knit 1212 1038 

Silk, knit or crocheted * 1208 1032 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1016 931 

Wool, except knit 1116 991 

Cloth-lined paper 1305 1059 

Cloths: 

Dust, mop, and polishing 911 878 

Jacquard woven upholstery 908 872 

Clove: 

Oil 54 166 

Stems 780 817 

Clover seed 761 770 

Cloves 780 817 

Clubs for games , 1402 1093 

Clumps: 

Astilbe and dielytra* : 751 746 

Lily of the valley 751 746 

Coal 1545 1273 

Coal tar: 

Color acids, bases, and lakes 26 79 

Colors, dyes, or stains 26 79 

Crude 1546 1276 

Distillates — 

Yielding less than 5 per cent tar acids 1546 1276 

Yielding more than 5 per cent tar acids 25 75 

Explosives [ 26 83 

Flavors and perfumed materials 26 81 

Ink powders 26 78 

Medicinals 26 81 

Mixtures and solutions 25, 26 75, 79 

Photographic chemicals - - - 26 80 

Pitch 1546 1276 

Preparations * 25 75 

Products 25,26,1546 75,79,1276 

Coat linings, of wool or hair * 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Cobalt 1547 1278 

Compounds 27 85 

Linoleate 27 85 

Ore 1547 1278 

Oxide 27 84 

Steel. 305 382 

Sulphate 27 85 

Cocaine and salts, esters and derivatives 55 173 

Coca leaves 33 97 

Cocculusindicus: 

Advanced 32 93 

Crude 1502 1222 

Cochineal 1510 1237 

Cocoa: 

Beans .' 1548 127f 

Butter or butterine * 776 806 

Fiber* 1575 1310 

Fiber mats 1021 942 

Leaves * 1548 1279 

Prepared 776 806 

Shells * --.- 1617 1378 

Coconut — 

Not shredded, etc 1620 1380 

Shredded and desiccated 756 758 

Oil 50 151 



INDEX. 1517 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Coconuts . . 756 758 

Cocoons, silk 1650 1429 

Cod-liver oil 49 144 

Cod oil 49 144 

Coffee 1549 1280 

Adulterants, essences, and substitutes 775 804 

Coils: 

Iron 303 376 

Zinc 391 545 

Coin holders, metal 1428 1145 

Coins. . 1550 1281 

Coir and coir yarn 1551 1282 

Coke 1545 1273 

Colcothar * 70 199 

Collapsible tubes 387 534 

Collar and cuff buttons: 

Metal 1428 1145 

Not metal 1411 1109 

Collard seed * 762 782 

Collars and cuffs: 

Cotton 918 895 

Flax 1016 931 

Collars, shirt, silk..... 1210 1035 

Collets 912 882 

Collodion 28 85 

Cologne 57 178 

Color acids, bases, and lakes, coal-tar 26 79 

Coloring for beer, brandy, etc.* 26, 36 78, 105 

Colors: 

Alizarin 26 80 

Artists' 62 184 

Ceramic and glass 231 338 

Chromium 67 192 

Coal-tar 26 79 

Indigo 26 80 

N:s. p. f 63 184 

Columns, iron or steel 312 397 

Combed — 

Silk * 1201 1006 

Wool * 1106 961 

Combination — 

Penholders 352 462 

Shotguns and rifles 365 485 

Suits, knit *. 916 890 

Combinations, chemical 5 31 

Combs : 

Horn or horn and metal 1437 1178 

Metal 1428 1145 

Comfits . _ 748 739 

Component material of chief value, definition 1459 1215 

Composition: 

Cork 1412 1114 

Fuel 1545 1273 

Metal, copper, chief value 1552 1283 

Compounds: 

Alcoholic _ -. 22 67 

Aluminum (alumina *) 6 33 

Ammonium 7 36 

Antimony 8 41 

Bismuth 20 64 

Caffeine (caffein *) 14 55 

Casein 30 88 

Chemical, n. s. p. f 5 31 

Cobalt 27 85 

Cream 708 651 



1518 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Compounds — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Distilled spirit 802 827 

Glycerophosphoric acid 24 72 

Indoxyl 26 76 

Lead, n. s. p. f 44 130 

Leuco 26 79 

Medicinal 5, 22 31, 67 

Milk 708 651 

Potassium 75 211 

Pyroxylin 29 87 

Tin 85 248 

Titanium 86 248 

Compressed cork 1412 1114 

Compress leather 1302, 1313 1050, 1087 

Concentrated melada 501 591 

Concentrates, metallic. (See Ores.) 

Concretes, floral, nonalcoholic . 1566 1303 

Condensed milk 708 651 

Conduits, iron or steel 328 426 

Confectionery 506 610 

Containers : 

Barrels, empty 409 574 

Bay rum*. .. 812 839 

Bay water * 812 839 

Beans in * 763 786 

Beverage 809 836 

Bottles 217, 218 307, 309 

Boxes, empty 409 576 

Candy 506 609 

Carboys 217 307 

Casks, empty 409 574 

Cement 203, 205 259, 265 

Champagne * 803 828 

Chemicals in • 21 65 

Chocolate * 776 806 

Cocoa * 776 806 

Confectionery 506 610 

Demijohns 217 306 

Drugs in 21 65 

Egg * 713 665 

Exported and returned 1514 1242 

Fish 719-721 672-680 

Fluorspar* 207 270 

Fruit 410, 743 578, 727 

Glass 218 309 

Grapes in 742 724 

Hogsheads, empty 409 574 

Jars 217 307 

Lime t 204 263 

Medicinals in 21 65 

Metal 1668 1452 

Mineral water* 808 835 

Mushroom * 766 791 

Olive oil 50 155 

Paper 1668 1452 

Peas* 767 792 

Pen 353 464 

Pineapples in * 746 735 

Poultry * 712 660 

Quicksilver 383 527 

Soft drink * 807 833 

Spice 780 811 

Spirits 809 836 

Steel wool 334 439 

Still wine * 804 829 

Sugar, adulterated 506 611 



INDEX. 1519 

Paragraph of 

Containers— Continued. H - R - 7456 - p age. 

Tea 1608 1452 

Thermostatic 1454 1210 

Truffles* 766 791 

Vials 217 307 

Wines 809 836 

Cooks' knives 355 469 

Copaiba balsam 10 46 

Copal, manufactures of , n. s. p. f 1439 1186 

Copals 1577 1320 

Copper (see also Brass): 

Acetate 1554 1287 

Articles not plated, n. s. p. f 393 552 

Bars, ingots, pigs, or plates 1553 1284 

Black or coarse 1553 1284 

Bottoms * 378 517 

Braziers' * 378 517 

Cement 1553 1284 

Clippings 1553 1284 

Coins 1550 1281 

Composition metal 1552 1283 

Engravers' plates 378 517 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 393 551 

Matte (see also Regulus) 388 535 

Medals 1611 1373 

Old 1 553 1284 

Ore 1553 1284 

Pins 350 460 

Pipes* 378 517 

Plates, not manufactured 1553 1284 

Plates, rolled or manufactured 378 517 

Plates, with layers of other metal 309 392 

Print rollers or' blocks 392 550 

Regulus 1553 1284 

Polls, rods or sheets, etc 378 517 

Scale 1553 1284 

Strips * 378 517 

Subacetate or verdigris 1554 1287 

Sulphate or blue vitriol 1554 1287 

Trophies 1611 1373 

Tubes and tubing 378 517 

Woven-wire cloth 318 412 

Copperas. . % 1568 1305 

Copra: 

Xot shredded, desiccated, etc 1620 1380 

Shredded, desiccated, etc.* 756 759 

Copying — 

Books, letter * 1310 1082 

Paper 1304 1054 

Coquill glasses 226 329 

Coral: 

Cut, not set 1429 1148 

Marine, uncut 1555 1289 

Cordage: 

Hemp 1005 912 

Jute 1003 905 

Cord, fabric, cotton 905 864 

Cordial, ginger 804 829 

Cordials and leakage of 802, 812 826, 838 

Cords, flax, hemp, or ramie 1004 908 

Cords and tassels: 

Artificial silk * 1 215 1041 

Cotton 912 882 

Lace * 1430 1156 

Silk 1.207 1030 

Vegetable fiber 1014 927 

Wool 1114 985 



1520 IXDEX. 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Corduroys, cotton * 909 874 

Coriander seeds 780 815 

Cork: 

Artificial, and manufactures of 1412 1114 

Bark, squares, etc. 1412 1113 

Bark, unmanufactured 1556 1289 

Carpet 1018 936 

Composition or compressed 1412 1114 

Cutters 356 471 

Disks 1412 11 14 

Granulated or ground 1412 1114 

Insulation 1412 1114 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1412 1114 

Paper 1412 1115 

Refuse and shavings 1556 1289 

Stoppers 1412 1114 

Substitutes* 1412 1114 

Tile 1412 1113 

Wafers 1412 1113 

Washers 1412 1113 

Waste 1556 1289 

Wood, unmanufactured 1556 1289 

Corms 751 746 

Corn: 

Broom . 774 803 

Grain (corn or maize) 725 688 

Knives 354 465 

Meal, etc 725 689 

Salad seed * 762 782 

Corrosive sublimate 16 57 

Corset: 

Clasps 336 440 

Covers, knit * 916 890 

Lacings 912 882 

Steels". 336 440 

Corticine 1018 936 

Corundum : 

Grains 1415 1119 

Manufactures 1415 1119 

Ore 1565 1302 

Cosmetics 57 178 

Cotton : 

Articles — 

Appliqued, ornamented, etc.* 1430 1154 

Household 911 878 

Lever or go-through machine * 1430 1155 

N.s. p. f 920 899 

Bagging 1517 1248 

Baling ties, iron or steel 314 401 

Bands and bandings * 912 882 

Basket paragraph 920 899 

Bath mats * 909 876 

Batting * 920 899 

Bed sets, Nottingham lace 919 898 

Bedspreads 911 878 

Belting for machinery 912 882 

Belts and beltings* 912 882 

Bindings* 912 882 

Bias dress facings* 909 874 

Blankets 911 878 

Bone casings* (See Tubings) 912 882 

Boot lacings 912 882 

Braces 912 882 

Braids* 1430 1154 

Bureau covers, plain woven 911 878 



INDEX. 1521 

Paragraph of 
Cotton— Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Candle wicking 912 882 

Card laps 901 846 

Carpets* 1020 942 

Centerpieces, plain woven 911 878 

Chenille curtains, table covers, etc 920 899 

Cloth 903-910 858-877 

Articles, n. s. p. f 920 899 

Bleached 903 858 

Coated 906 867, 869 

Colored 903 860 

Cordurovs* 909 874 

Countable 903 858 

Damask, table, and manufactures of 910 876 

Definition 904 862 

Dved 903 858 

Extra threads : 905 864 

Filled 906 867, 869 

Jacquard upholstery 908 872 

Lappet or swivel. 905 864 

Linings, silk-striped* 907 870 

Mercerized* 903, 905 860, 865 

Method of assessing duty on 904 862 

Oilcloths 906 869 

Painted* 906 860, 866 

Pile fabrics and manufactures of 909 874 

Plushes* 909 874 

Printed 903 858 

Sateens, woven with eight or more harness 905 864 

Silk-striped sleeve lining* 907 870 

Silk stripes* 907 870 

Silk and cotton 907 870 

Special cloths 906 867 

Stained* 903 860 

Tapestries 908 872 

Terry- woven fabrics. 909 874 

Tire 'fabrics 905 864 

Tracing 906 867 

Unbleached 903 858 

Upholstery, Jacquard-woven 908 872 

Velveteens* 909 874 

Velvets* 909 874 

Waterproof 906 867, 869 

Window hollands 900 868 

Woven-figured 903 858 

Clothing- 
Knit , 916 891 

Lace, or ornamented with embroidery, etc.* 1430 1154 

N. s. p. f 918 895 

Collars and cuffs, shirt 918 895 

Collets 912 882 

Combination suits * 916 890 

Cord fabric 905 864 

Cords and tassels 912 862 

Corduroys * 909 874 

Corset covers * v.: 916 890 

Corset lacings ; 912 882 

" Cottons " 902 848 

Countable cloths 903 858 

Crochet 902 848 

Cuffs and collars, shirt 918 895 

Curtains — 

Chenille* 920 899 

Lace 1430 1153 

Nottingham 919 897 

82304—22 96 



1522 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Cotton— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Damask and manufactures 910 876 

Darning 902 848 

Doilies 911 878 

Drawers, knit * 916 892 

Dress facings, bias * 909 874 

Dust cloths 911 878 

Edgings * 1430 1154 

Embroidered articles * 1430 1154 

Embroideries * 1430 1154 

Embroidery. :. 902 848 

Fabric for use in pneumatic tires 905 864 

Fabric, in the piece, knit 913 884 

Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width 912 882 

Featherstitched braids * 1430 1154 

Flocks, manufactured * 901 842 

Flocks * 1557 1290 

Flouncings * 1430 1154 

Flutings * 1430 1154 

Galloons * 1430 1154 

Garters 912 882 

Gauze, plain 903 851 

Gins 1504 1223 

Gloves 914 886 

Gorings * 1430 1154 

Handkerchiefs 917, 1430 893, 1153 

Healds 912 882 

Hollands, window 906 868 

Hose and half hose 915, 1430 888, 1153 

Household articles 911 878 

Insertings * 1430 1154 

Knit fabrics 913 884 

Knit goods 916 891 

Knitting 902 848 

Labels for garments or other articles 912 882 

Lace articles * 1430 1154 

Laces * 1430 1154 

Lace window curtains 919, 1430 897, 1153 

Lacings, boot, shoe, and corset 912 882 

Lamp wicking 912 882 

Lappets and swivels 905 864 

Long staple * 1557 1290 

Loom harness 912 882 

Manufactures of — 

Chenille * 920 899 

Jacquard figured 920 899 

N. s. p. f 920 899 

Mats and matting* 1020 939 

Mop cloths 911 878 

Mufflers 917, 1430 893, 1153 

Napkins 911, 1430 878, 1153 

Narrow wares * 912 882 

Nets or nettings 903, 919, 1430 | 89g ^ 

Nottingham lace — 

Bed sets 919 898 

Curtains 919 897 

Nets and nettings '. 919 898 

Pillow shams 919 898 

Oilcloth 906 869 

Ornaments 1430 1153 

Pile fabrics and manufactures of 909 874 

Pillowcases, 911 878 

Pillow shams, Nottingham lace 919 898 

Plushes* 909 874 

Plush ribbons. 909 873 



INDEX. • 1523 

Paragraph of 

Cotton— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Polishing cloths 911 878 

' Quillings* 1430 1154 

Quilts 911 878 

Raw 1557 1290 

Ribbons 909, 912, 1430 | 8g2 ^ 

Roping* 901 ' 842 

Roving 901 846 

Ruchings * 1430 1154 

Rugs * 1020 942 

Runners, plain woven 911 878 

Sateens, woven with eight or more harness 905 864 

Scalloped articles * 1430 1154 

Scarfs, plain woven 911 878 

Seed * 762 785 

Seed oil 50 150 

Sewing thread 902 848 

Sheets 911 878 

Shirts * 916 892 

Shoe lacings 912 882 

Skirt bindings * 909 874 

Skirtings * 1430 1154 

Sliver 901 846 

Small wares * 912 882 

Special cloths 906 867 

Spindle banding 912 882 

Spool thread* 902 849 

Staple, long * 1557 1290 

Stockings * (see also Hose and half hose) 915 888 

Stove wicking 912 882 

Suspenders 912 882 

Sweaters 916 891 

Swivels 905 864 

Table covers, chenille * 920 899 

Table covers, plain woven 911 878 

Table damask and manufactures 910 876 

Tapes * 912 882 

Tapestries 908 872 

Tares 1517 1248 

Tassels and cords 912 882 

Terry woven fabrics 909 874 

Thread, except spool* 901 844 

Thread, sewing 902 848 

Ties, iron or steel 314 401 

Tights* 916 890 

Tire fabric 905 864 

Towels 911 878 

Tracing cloth 906 867 

Trimmings* 1430 1154 

Tubings 912 882 

Tuckings* 1430 1154 

Underwear 916 891 

Union suits* 916 890 

Upholstery goods 908 872 

Veils and veilings* 1430 1154 

Velvets and velveteens* 909 874 

Vests* 916 892 

Warp yarns* 901 842 

Warps 901 844 

Wash rags or cloths* 909 874 

Waste (or flocks*) 1557 1290 

Waste, advanced in value 901 847 

Wearing apparel 916. 918, 1430 l g95 ^ 



1524 - INDEX. 

n ■ riji'j. i Paragraph of 

Cotton — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Webs and webbings * 912 882 

Wicking— lamp, stove, and candle 912 882 

Window curtains — 

Lace* 1430 1154 

Nottingham lace 919 897 

Window hollands ] 906 868 

Yarn 901 843 

Cottonseed oil « 50 150 

Coach lace * 1430 1154 

Coumarin 26 77 

Court-plaster 61 183 

Coverings. (See Containers.) 
Covers: 

Cigarette book 1452 1206 

Corset* 916 890 

Cotton, table or bureau 911 878 

Wool*. 1119 1001 

Cowpeas 765 790 

Crab meat 722 681 

Cranberries* 737 716 

Crayons 1449 1199 

Cream 707 650 

Nuts ' 755 755 

Of tartar 9 43 

Powder 708 652 

Separators* 372, 1504 504, 1223 

Substitutes or compounds 708 654 

Creams, cleaning or polishing . 12 52 

Creels or baskets 344 453 

Creosote oil 1546 1276 

Cr£pe paper 1304 1054 

Cresol* 25, 1546 75, 1276 

Crinoline cloth ...... 1426 1141 

Crochet : 

Cottons 902 848 

Needles 343 450 

Crocheted articles: 

Silk 1208 1031 

Wool 1115 990 

Crockery ware , 212 290 

Crocus bulbs 751 746 

Crosscut saws 340 445 

Crosses, fur 1420 1132 

Crotonaldehyde 2 24 

Croton oil 1626 1396 

Crowbars 326 423 

Crown glass 223, 224 323, 325 

Crucibles, earthenware or stoneware 210 285 

Crude steel 304 379 

Cryolite or kryolith 1558 1294 

Crystals, watch 238 356 

Cuba bark and manufactures 1406 1098 

Cubarithms 1530 1259 

Cudbear 1510 1235 

Cuff buttons 1411, 1428 1109, 11 45 

Cuffs: 

Cotton 918 895 

Flax 1016 931 

Culm ] 545 1273 

Cultivators 1504 1223 

Cumene (cumol*) 1546 1276 

Cumidine (cumidin*) 25 73 

Cummin seeds 780 815 

Cumol.* (See Cumene) 1546 1276 



INDEX. 1525 

Paragraph of 
Cups: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Crockery ware 212 290 

Porcelain 213 295 

Curios 1678 1464 

Curling-stone handles* 393 551 

Curling stones * 235 350 

Currants: 

Cuttings and seedlings 753 751 

Dried 742 726 

Zante * 742 726 

Curriers' knives 355 469 

Curry and curry powder 780 815 

Curtains: 

Bamboo 413 584 

Bead * 1403 1094 

Chenille * 920 899 

Lace r 1430 1153 

Nottingham lace 919 897 

Window, lace (except Nottingham) 1430 1153 

Cutch extract 36 106 

Cuticle knives 354 465 

Cutlery. (See Knives, etc.) 

Cutters and blades, machine 356 471 

Cuttings: 

Hide 1580 1326 

Plants, trees, or shrubs 752, 753 749, 752 

Cuttlefish bone 1560 1297 

Cyanamid, calcium 1540 1269 

Cvanide: 

Potassium (potash*) 1636 1415 

Sodium 1654 1434 

Cyanite * (see Kainite) 1635 1415 

Cylindrical furnaces, welded 328 427 

Cylindrical or tubular tanks or vessels 328 426 

Cvroene 1546 1276 

Dahlia bulbs * 751 746 

Damage on wines, etc., allowance for 812 838 

Damar 1577 1320 

Damask, table: 

Cotton and manufactures of 910 876 

Vegetable fiber not cotton, and manufactures of 1012 925 

Dandelion roots 775 804 

Darning: 

Cotton 902 848 

Needles 1618 1379 

Dates 741 723 

Dead or creosote oil 1546 1276 

Deals 1683 1468 

Decalcomania paper 1305 1 059 

Decalcomanias 1306 1068 

Decanters, glass, blown * 218 310 

Deciduous cuttings and seedlings 752 750 

Deck beams, iron or steel 312 397 

Decoctions,* nutgalls (see Extracts^ 1 15 

Definitions: 

Bottles 217 306 

Bread 1522 1254 

Carboys 217 306 

Cloth rcotton) 904 862 

Component material of chief value 1459 121 5 

Cotton cloth 904 862 

Demijohns 217 306 

Drug 31 89 

Engravings 1685 1473 

Etchings 1685 1478 

Ferromanganese 302 366 



1526 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Definitions— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Filler tobacco 602 ,620 

Grass 1406, 1437 1098, 1178 

Jars 217 306 

Line 349, 1410 458. 1 105 

Liqueurs 801 826 

Machine tools 372 504 

Painting 1-147, 1685 1195, 1478 

Paper 1302 1050 

Periodical 1619 1379 

Plush 1206 1026 

Regalia 1660 1442 

Sculptures * 1447, 1685 1195, 1478 

Spiegeleisen 301 358 

Statuary 1685 1478 

Steel 306 385 

Straw 1406, 1437 1098, 1178 

Velvets 1206 1026 

Vials 217 306 

Vinegar 739 719 

Wine gallon 810 837 

Wire rods 315 403 

Wood cuts 1685 1478 

Wool •. . . . 1121 1004 

Wrapper tobacco 602 620 

Degras - 49 146 

Dehydrothiotoluidine , 25 73 

Demijohns, glass, molded or pressed {see Containers) 217 306 

Dental instruments and parts •. . 359 477 

Dentifrices 57 178 

Detectors, time *. . . 368 495 

Dextrine and substitutes 81 242 

Dextrose and sirup. 504, 505 604, 607 

Dials: 

Enameled, watch or other instruments 367 492 

Watch and clock, markings 367, 368 489, 493 

Diamidostilbendisulfo acid * 25 75 

Diaminostilbene 25 73 

Diamond : 

Bort* 1429 1149 

Dust 1429 1149 

Diamonds: 

Cut, not set 1429 1149 

Glaziers' and engravers' , unset 1561 1297 

Miners' 1561 1297 

Rough or uncut 1429 1149 

Dianisidine (dianisidin*) 25 73 

Dice.... 1413 1116 

Dichloride : 

Ethylene - 2 • 24 

Propylene 2 24 

Dichlorophthalic acid 25 73 

Dichromate (bichromate*) : 

Potassium 75 211 

Sodium 78 231 

Die blanks and blocks, steel 304 380 

Dielytra clumps * 751 746 

Dies or rolls for engraving, steel* 393 551 

Diethyl sulphate 35 102 

Digitalis 33 99 

Dihydroxy naphthalene (dioxynaphthalene*) 25 73 

Dimethylaminophenol 25 73 

Dimethylaniline (dimethylanilin*) 25 73 

Dimethylphenylbenzylammonium hydroxide 25 73 

Dimethyl phenylenediamine 25 73 

Dimethyl sulphate 35 102 



INDEX. 1527 

Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. Page. 

Dinitrobenzene (binitrobenzol*) . 25 73 

Dinitrochlorobenzene (binitrochlorobenzol,* binitrochlorbenzol*) ..25 73 

Dinitronaphthalene (binitronaphthalene* ) 25 73 

Dinitrophenol : '. 25 73 

Dinitrotoluene (binitrotoluol*) 25 73 

Dioxide, barium 11 51 

Dioxynaphthalene* (dihydroxynaphthalene) 25 73 

Diphenylaimin* ( diphenylamine) 25 73 

Diphenylamine (diphenylamin*) 25 73 

Diphenvloxide 2(5 77 

Disk or tooth harrows 1504 1223 

Disks: 

Aluminum 374 510 

Carbon* 216 302 

Cork or artificial 1412 1114 

Glass * 227 330 

Soft wax, or master records 1677 1463 

Distillates: 

Coal-tar and other tar 25, 1546 75, 1276 

Petroleum 1627 1401 

Distilled oils. (See Oils.) 
Distilled spirits: 

Compounds 802 826 

Forfeiture 811 837 

Leakage 812 838 

Standard for proof 810 837 

Divi-divi 1563 1299 

Extract 36 107 

Documents, public, foreign governments 1529 1259 

Dog-skin plates and mats 1420 1132 

Dog skins, undressed* 1053 1432 

Doilies, cotton 911 878 

Dolls and parts of 1414 1117 

Dominoes 1413 1116 

Doublets 1429 1148 

Down and manufactures 1419 1127 

Dragon's blood 1577 1321 

Drag saws 340 445 

Drainage tools, metal 373 509 

Draughts 1413 1116 

Drawers, knit, cotton or other vegetable fiber* 916 892 

Drawing: 

Instruments, metal 3G0 480 

Knives 355 469 

Paper 1307 1072 

Drawings: 

Bound or unbound 1310 1084 

For exhibition 1686 1480 

Original 1685 1478 

Pen and ink, n. s. p. f . . . .• 1447 1195 

Twenty years old * 1685 1478 

Drawn work articles 1430 1154 

Dress: 

Buttons, metal 1428 1145 

Facings, bias, cotton pile * 909 874 

Goods, wool or hair * 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Steels 336 440 

Drills, agricultural 1504 1223 

Dross: 

Lead 389 538 

Or residuum, burnt pyrites 1590 1337 

Druggets, wool 1118 995, 998 

Druggists' sundries * 1437 1179 



1528 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Drugs: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Botanical 31 90 

Definition 31 89 

In capsules, pills, etc 21 65 

Inedible — 

Advanced 31, 32 90, 91 

Crude 1502, 1562 1222, 1298 

Drums, iron or steel, reimported 1514 1242 

d-Tagatose 505 607 

d-Talose 505 607 

Dulcite 505 608 

Dust: 

Bone 1527 1257 

Cloths, cotton 911 878 

Diamond 1429 1149 

Zinc 391 547 

Dusters, feather 1407 1102 

Dutch metal: 

Clippings 1534 1262 

Leaf 379 521 

Dutch wool carpets * 1118 998 

Dyeing: 

Extracts, vegetable origin 36 105 

Materials, vegetable origin 1563 1299 

Dyes: 

Alizarin 26 80 

Anthracene (anthracin *) 26 77 

Carbazol* 26 77 

Coal-tar 26 79 

Description 26 79 

Indigo 26 80 

Lac * 36 105 

Marking 26 77 

Natural 26,36,1510 { 1Q5 ^ 

Synthetic 26 79 

Dyewoods 1563 1299 

Earth or earths: 

Fuller's 207 275 

Ocher * 70 199 

Sienna* 70 199 

Umber* 70 199 

Unmanufactured 207 270 

Earthenware: 

China 212 290 

Crucibles 210 285 

Granite 212 290 

Manufactures n. s. p. f . 210, 212 285, 290 

N. s. p. f 214 298 

Rockingham 210 286 

Tiles and tiling 202 257 

Earths or clays 207 270 

Earthy or mineral substances and manufactures 214 298 

Ebony .V 404 561 

Ecgonine and derivatives 55 173 

Edgings 1430 1153 

Educational institutions. (See Institutions.) 

Eelgrass, manufactured or dyed 1440 1186 

Eels, fresh or frozen * 718 671 

Egg, albumen and yolk 713 662 

Eggplant seed * 762 783 

Eggs: 

Bird 1564 1301 

Dried 713 663 

Fish 1564 1301 



INDEX. 1529 

Paragraph of 

Eggs— Continued r H. R. 7456. Page. 

Insect 1564 1301 

Poultry 713 661 

Silkworm * . . 1564 1301 

Whole, frozen, etc 713 661 

Egret plumes 1419 1128 

Electrical-measuring mechanisms 368 493 

Electric — 

Appliances, table, household, kitchen, and hospital 339 443 

Carbons 216 303 

Electrodes 216 304 

Light bulbs and lamps 229 334 

Light poles 405 567 

Machine brushes 216 304 

Papers, asbestos 1401 1091 

Storage batteries 320 415 

Electrodes: 

Carbon or graphite 216 304 

Nickel 385 530 

Electrotype — 

Metal * 389 538 

Plates 341 447 

Elements, chemical n. s. p. f 5 32 

Embossing rolls . 1443 1191 

Embroidered articles 1430 1153 

Embroideries 1430 1153 

Embroidery: 

Cotton, for handwork 902 848 

Machine needles 343 449 

Machines and shuttles 372 504 

Emery: 

Files, paper, wheels 1415 1119 

Grains 1415 1119 

Manufactures 1415 1119 

Ore 1565 1302 

Emigrants* (See Immigrants.) 

Emulsions, gelatin * 39 120 

Enamel: 

Ceramic 231 338 

Fusible * 231 338 

Glass 231 339 

Opal, tiles, tiling, and rods 231 341 

Paints 63 185 

Enameled — 

Dials, watch or other instrument 367 492 

Tiles 202 257 

Ware 339 444 

Encaustic tiles 202 257 

Enfleurage grease 1566 1303 

Engines, steam 372 504 

Engraved — 

Dies and rolls * 341 447 

Steel plates 341 447 

Engravers' — 

Diamonds 1561 1297 

Plates, copper 378 517 

Engravings: _ 

Books of 1310 1083 

Definition 1685 1478 

For exhibition 1686 1480 

For institutions 1531 1260 

For the United States 1528 1258 

N. s. p. f 1447 1195 

Twenty years old * 1310, 1685 1081, 1478 

Unbound 1685 1478 

Envelopes, paper 1308 1075 



1530 INDEX. 

Paragr 

7456. Page. 



Paragraph of 



Epsom salts 47 134 

Erasers, knife 354 465 

Ergot... 34 100 

Essences: 

Coffee 775 805 

Floral (flower *) not containing alcohol 1566 1303 

Fruit- 
Containing alcohol 22 . 66 

Not containing alcohol 37 116 

N.s.p.f 37 117 

Essential oils. (See Oils.) 

Esters: 

Alcoholic 22 66 

Cellulose 28,29 85,86 

Cocaine 55 173 

Diethyl and dimethyl sulphate 35 102 

Ecgonine 55 173 

Ethvl acetate and chloride 35 103 

Fruit- 
Containing alcohol 22 66 

Not containing alcohol 37 116 

N.s.p.f 35 104 

Opium 55 170 

Etchings 1310 1083 

Artists' proof, unbound 1685 1478 

Books of 1310 1083 

Definition 1685 1478 

For institutions - 1531 1260 

For United States 1528 1258 

Twenty vears old* 1310, 1685 1081, 1478 

N.s.p.f 1447 1195 

Ethers: 

Acetic* ----- 35 102 

Cellulose 28,29 85,86 

Containing more than 10 per cent alcohol 22 66 

Ethvl 35 104 

Fruit* 37 116 

Nitrous* 35 101 

N.s.p.f 35 104 

Sulphuric* l 35 102 

Ethyl- 
Acetate, chloride, and ether 35 103 

Alcohol, non-beverage 4 30 

Methyl ketone 3 25 

Ethylene-chlorohydrin, dichloride, glycol, and oxide 24 

Eucalyptus oil 54 166 

Evergreen cuttings and seedlings 752 750 

Excrescences: 
Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Explosives: 

Coal-tar 26 83 

Mining, blasting or artillery 1578 1323 

Expressed oils. (See Oils.) 

Extracted oils. (See Oils.) 

Extracts : 

Alcoholic 22 66 

Annatto 1510 1236 

Bark* 36 105 

Combinations of, vegetable 36 105 

Dyeing or tanning, etc 36 105 

Flavoring — 

Containing alcohol 22 66 

Not containing alcohol 37 116 



INDEX. 1531 

Paragraph of 
Extracts— Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Hop 779 810 

Indigo* 26 79 

Licorice 45 131 

Madder* 26 79 

Malt 805 832 

Meat 705 644 

Munjeet* 26 79 

Xutgalls. . .. 1 15 

Opium, aqueous* 55 169 

Orleans* ]510 1236 

Bocoa* 1510 1236 

Roucou* 1510 1236 

Safflower or saffron* 1510 1238 

Sumac* 36 113 

Tanning or dyeing, etc 36 105 

Wool 1105 958 

Eyeglasses and frames 225 328 

Fabrics: 

Artificial silk 1215 1041 

Bagging 1517 1249 

Beaded or spangled 1403 1094 

Cotton, knit ■. 913 884 

Cotton, with fast edges 912 882 

Embroidered or ornamented 1430 1156 

For pneumatic tires 905 864 

Jute 1008 918 

Knit (see also Knit goods) — 

Silk 1208 1032 

Vegetable fiber 913 884 

Wool 1115 987 

Lace 1430 1156 

Pile- 
Cotton 909 874 

Silk ; 1206 1027 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 101 1 924 

Wool 1111 978 

Silk- 
Ascertainment weight 1214 1039 

Knit 1208 1032 

Pile 1206 1027 

With fast edges 1207 1029 

Woven 1205 1022 

Terry-woven 909 874 

Textile, asbestos 1401 1091 

Tire 905 864 

Vegetable fiber, with fast edges 1014 927 

Wire 318 412 

With fast edges, not exceeding 12 inches in width — 

Artificial silk* 1215 1040 

Cotton 912 882 

Silk 1207 1029 

\ egetable fiber, not cotton 1014 927 

Wool 1114 985 

Wool- 
Knit 1115 987 

Pile 1111 978 

With fast edges 1114 985 

Woven 1108-1110 969-977 

Woven — 

Bullion 382 525 

( otton (see also Cotton cloth ) 903-910 858-877 

Flax, hemp, or jute, for paddings 1010 923 

Jute* 1008 918 

Lame or lahn 382 525 

Metal thread 382 525 



1532 INDHX. 

Fabrics — Continued. Paragraph of 

Woven— Continued. H.R.7456. 

Silk 1205 1022 

Silk, weight of, ascertainment 1214 1039 

Tinsel wire 382 525 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1009, 1010 921, 922 

Wool 1108-1110 969-977 

Fans: 

Not palm leaf 1422 1137 

Palm leaf, plain 1567 1304 

Facings, dress, bias* 909 874 

Farriers' knives 355 469 

Fashion magazines 1306 1068 

Fasteners, snap, iron or steel 348 457 

Fats (see also Oils): 

Chemically treated 52 161 

Hydrogenated 52 161 

Feather dusters 1407 1102 

Feathers and import restrictions 1419 1128 

Feather-stitched braid* 1430 1154 

Feeds: 

By-product, wheat or other cereals 731 704 

Grain and mixed feeds 731, 732 704. 706 

Felt: 

xVdhesive for sheathing vessels* 1302 1048 

Deadening 1302 1049 

Hair, and manufactures of 1426 1142 

Not woven 1113 983 

Roofing 1302 1049 

Sheathing 1302 1048 

Fence posts, wood* 406 570 

Fence rods 315 402 

Fencing, galvanized wire 317 411 

Fennel: 

Oil* 54 163 

Seeds • 780 816 

Fenugreek seed* 762 783 

Ferricyanide : 

Potassium 75 273 

Blues 65 189 

Ferroallovs , - 302 362 

Ferroboron 302 374 

Ferrocerium 302 374 

Ferrochrome, or ferrochromium 302 371 

Ferrochromium tungsten 302 369 

Ferrocyanide: 

Blues 65 189 

Potassium 75 213 

Sodium 78 232 

Ferromanganese 302 366 

Ferromolybdenum 302 367 

Ferrophosphorus 302 371 

Ferrosilicon , - 302 370 

Ferrotitanium 302 372 

Ferrotungsten 302 368 

Ferrouranium 302 374 

Ferrous sulphate 1568 1305 

Ferrovanadium 302 373 

Ferrozirconium 302 374 

Fertilizers 1576 1317 

Fiber, vegetable: 

AppliqueVl articles* 1430 1154 

Bands and banding* 912 882 

Bed sets, Nottingham lace 919 898 

Belting for machinery 912 882 

Belts and beltings* 912 882 

Bindings* 912 882 



INDEX. 1533 

Paragraph of 

Fiber, vegetable— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Boot lacings 912 882 

Braces 1014 927 

Cables 1005 912 

Candle wicking 912 882 

Carpeting* 1020 941 

Carpets* 1020, 1118 941, 997 

Cloths, upholstery 908 872 

Clothing 916, 1016, 1430 | g31 ^ 

Collets 912 ' 882 

Cordage 1003, 1005 905, 912 

Cords ■ 1014 927 

Cords and tassels 1014 927 

Corduroys* 909 874 

Corset lacings 912 882 

Curtains, Nottingham lace 919 897 

Damask and manufactures 1012 925 

Embroideries 1430 1157 

Fabrics with fast edges not exceeding 12 inches in width 1014 927 

Floor coverings, n. s. p. f 1020 939 

Garters 1014 927 

Gloves 914 886 

Handkerchiefs. 1015, 1430 929, 1153 

Healds 912 882 

Hose and half hose 915 888 

Hose, for conducting liquid or gas 1007 916 

Hydraulic hose* 1007 916 

Jacquard woven upholstery cloths 908 872 

Knit goods 913-91 6 884-892 

Labels for garments 912 882 

Lace window curtains 919 897 

Laces 1430 1156 

Lacings, boot, shoe, or corset 912 882 

Lamp wicking 912 882 

Loom harness". 912 882 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1019 938 

Mats* 1020 941 

Narrow wares 101 4 927 

Nets and nettings 1430 1156 

Nets and nettings, Nottingham lace 919 897 

Pile fabrics and manufactures 1011 924 

Pillow shams, Nottingham lace 919 898 

Plushes* 909 874 

Raw, not flax, hemp, coir, cotton 1575 1310 

Roving 1002 904 

Rugs* 1020 941 

Shoe lacings 912 883 

Sliver : 1002 904 

Small wares 912 882 

Spindle banding 912 882 

Stockings. (See Hose and half hose.) 915 888 

Suspenders 1014 927 

Tapes, measuring 1014 928 

Tapestries 908 872 

Tassels 1014 927 

Tubings 1014 927 

Underwear 916 891 

Velveteens* 909 874 

Velvets* 909 874 

Waterproof cloth 906 867, 869 

Waste, for paper making 1517 1248 

Wearing apparel 916, 1016, 1430 | 93] ^^ 

Webs and webbings* 1014 ' 928 

Wicking 912 882 



1534 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Fiber, vegetable— Continued. H. R. 7456. 

Woven articles 1019 938 

Woven fabrics 1009, 1010 921, 923 

Fiber ware, indurated 1303 1051 

Fibers: 

Asbestos 1515 1245 

Dried — 

Drugs, advanced 31 90 

Drugs, crude 1562 1298 

For paper stock 1641 1421 

Not dressed or manufactured 1575 1310 

Textile- 
Artificial silk* ; 1215 1040 

Coir (or cocoa fiber) 1551 1282 

Flax r 1001 900 

• Hair, of camel 1101 945 

Hair, of angora goat, alpaca, etc 1102 948 

Hemp 1001 902 

Istle 1575 1310 

Jute and jute butts 1575 1311 

Manila 1575 1311 

N. s. p. f 1575 1316 

Sisa] 1575 1312 

Sunn 1575 1313 

Tampico fiber 1575 1310 

Silk 1651 1431 

Wool 1101-1102 945. 948 

Fibrin 1569 1306 

Field glasses and frames 228 332 

Figs 741 722 

Filaments, artificial silk 1215 1040 

Filberts 755 756 

File blanks 362 482 

Files 362 482 

Emery 1415 1119 

Nail 354 465 

Filler tobacco 601, 602 614, 620 

Films: 

Censorship 1451 1202 

Damaged 1514 1243 

Exposed abroad 1514 1243 

Moving-picture, net exposed 1451 1203 

Photographic, not exposed 1451 1202 

Prize fight, prohibited*. . . 1451 1203 

Filter: 

Masse or stock 1303 1051 

Tubes* 212 294 

Filtering paper 1309 1076 

Finnan haddie 719 673 

Fir: 

Balsam 10 46 

Logs 402 558 

Firebrick 201 254 

Firecrackers 1416 1122 

Firewood 1683 1468 

Fireworks 1416 1122 

Fish: 

Balls, with meat or vegetables 773 801 

Bladders, not crude or dried, etc.* 39 119 

Boned, dried, salted ; skinned, etc 719 674 

Caviar and other fish roe ." 722 682 

Crab meat 722 681 

Eggs 1564 1301 

Fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, n. s. p. f 718 669 

Glue 39 119 

Herring, pickled or salted 720 676 

Knives, n. s. p. f 355 469 



INDEX. 1535 

Paragraph of 

Fish— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Lobsters 1649 1428 

Mackerel, pickled or salted 720 676 

Oils 49 140 

Oils of American fisheries 1624 1385 

Packed in oil or other substances 721 678 

Paste 722 681 

Pickled, smoked, etc I 721 679 

Products of American fisheries 1624 1385 

Roe 722 682 

Sauce 722 681 

Sea herring, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice 1645 1425 

Shellfish 1649 1428 

Shrimp 1649 1428 

Sounds — 

Cleaned, split, or prepared 39 119 

Crude, dried, or salted 1524 1255 

Tuna, fresh, frozen or packed in ice 1645 1425 

Fishhooks 344 453 

Fishing — 

Nets, flax, hemp, or ramie 100*6 915 

Rods and reels 344 453 

Tackle 344 453 

Fishplates, railway, iron or steel 322 418 

Fishskins, raw or salted 1570 1306 

Flannels, wool or hair 1108, 1109 969, 973 

Flaps, paper 1306 1068 

Flavoring extracts: 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Nonalcoholic 37 116 

Flavors: 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Coal-tar 26 81 

Nonalcoholic 37 116 

Flax: 

Collars and cuffs , 1016 931 

Cords 1004 908 

Damask, table, and manufactures of 1012 925 

Fabrics 1009-1011 921-925 

Floor coverings 1020 939 

Gill nettings, nets, etc 1006 915 

Hackled and not hackled 1001 900 

Handkerchiefs 1015 929 

Interlinings 1010 923 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f.* 1019 938 

Nets, fishing 1006 915 

Noils 1001 901 

Paddings for clothing 1010 923 

Pillowcases 1013 927 

Roving 1002 904 

Seines 1006 915 

Sheets 1013 927 

Sliver 1002 904 

Straw 1001 900 

Tapes, measuring 1014 928 

Threads 1004 908 

Tow 1001 901 

Towels 1013 927 

Twines 1004 908 

Waste for paper stock 1641 1421 

Wearing apparel 1016 931 

Webs, fishing 1006 915 

Woven fabrics 1009, 1010 921, 923 

Yarns 1004 908 

Flaxseed 760 765 

Oil 50 153 

Screenings, etc 732 706 



1536 index. 

Paragraph of 

H. R.7456. Page. 

Fleshing knives 355 469 

Flexible metal hose and tubing 328 427 

Flies, artificial 344 453 

Flint, flints, and flint stones, unground 1571 1307 

Flitters, bronze 379 521 

Floats 362 482 

Flocks: 

Cotton * 1557 1290 

Cotton, manufactured . . 901 842 

Wool 1105 958 

Floor coverings: 

Cork carpet 1018 936 

Corticine 1018 936 

Linoleum 1018 935 

Matting 1020, 1021 940, 942 

N. s. p. f 1020 939 

Oil cloth 1018 935 

Vegetable fiber 1020 941 

Wool 1117, 1118 993, 997 

Floral: 

Concretes and essences 1566 1303 

Waters 58 180 

Floss, silk 1204 1015 

Flouncings 1430 1157 

Flour: 

Banana 736 713 

Barley 723 685 

Buckwheat. 724 687 

Corn 725 690 

Potato 769 796 

Rice 728 695 

Rye 729 698 

Sago 1644 1424 

Snuff 604 623 

Tapioca 1666 1451 

Wheat 730 701 

Wood * 414 589 

Flower: 

Bulbs, roots, tubers, etc 751 745 

Essences * 1566 1303 

Seed 762 782 

Waters 58 180 

Flowers: 

Althea or marshmallow, crude 1502 1222 

Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. f 1419 1130 

Cut, fresh or preserved 751 748 

Drugs — 

Advanced. 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Marshmallow or althea, advanced 32 95 

Of sulphur * 1663 1447 

Flues, iron or steel : 328 425 

Flume hose * - . 1007 916 

Fluorene 1546 1276 

Fluoric acid * 1501 1217 

Fluoride, cerium 84 246 

Fluorspar 207 277 

Flutings 1430 1157 

Fluxes, ceramic and glass 231 338 

Fly books and boxes 344 453 

Foods, breakfast, cereal 733 707 

Footballs ■. 1402 1093 

Footwear 1405, 1601 1097, 1361 

Forceps, hand 354 465 



INDEX. 1537 

Paragraph of 
Forgings: H. R. 7456. rage. 

"For axles, n. s. p. f., iron or steel 323 • 419 

Iron or steel 319 413 

Forks: 

Table, butchers, carving, etc 355 469 

Tuning 1441 1187 

Formaldehyde, solid or solutions 38 118 

Formalin (formaline*) 38 118 

Formate, sodium 78 231 

Formic acid 1 18 

Forms, engraved steel* 341 447 

Fossils 1572 1308 

Fountain pens and parts 353 464 

Fowls, land and water* 711 659 

Fox, silver or black, skins and manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1420 1132 

Foxes, black or silver 715 667 

Frames: 

Eveglass, goggles, and spectacles 225 328 

Iron or steel* 393 551 

Optical instrument 228 332 

Freestone: 

Monumental or building 235 350 

Not monumental or building 1 661 1445 

French chalk and manufactures of .- 209 283 

Friezes, tile or tiling 202 257 

Fringes: 

Metal 382 525 

N.s. p. f 1430 1157 

Tinsel wire, lame, etc 382 525 

Frostings, glass 231 338 

Fruit: 

Button? 748 , 740 

Essences — 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Nonalcoholic 37 116 

Esters — 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Nonalcoholic 37 117 

Ethers* (esters) 37 116 

Flavors — 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Nonalcoholic 37 116 

Juice 806 833 

Knives 355 469 

Mvrobalans 1563 1299 

Oils- 
Alcoholic 22 67 

Nonalcoholic 37 116 

Peel 740 720 

Plants for propagation* 753 753 

Sirups, alcoholic, n. s. p. f 808 833 

Stocks 753 752 

Trees— 

Grafted or budded '. 753 752 

Seedlings and cuttings 753 752 

Fruits: 

Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. f 1419 1130 

Dried, desiccated, or evaporated 735-749 711-741 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude : 1562 1298 

In alcohol 750 743 

In brine 749 742 

82304—22 97 



1538 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Fruits — Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

In their natural state 735-747 710-738 

Mixtures of 749 742 

N. s. p. f 749,750 741,743 

Pickled 748 740 

Preserved or prepared 735-750 712-743 

Fuel: 

Compositions (see also Coal) 1545 1273 

Oil 1627 1401 

Fuller's earth 207 275 

Fulminates and powder 1516 1247 

Furnaces, welded, cylindrical 328 426 

Furniture (see also Household effects) 411, 414 580, 587 

Fur or furs: 

Crosses 1420 1132 

Dressed on the skins 1420 1133 

Hats, bonnets, hoods, etc 1427 1144 

Hatters' 1421 1136 

Linings 1420 1132 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1420 1133 

Plates 1420 1132 

Silver or black fox 1420 1332 

Skins — 

Carroted 1421 1136 

Dressed 1420 1133 

Undressed 1573 1308 

Undressed 1573 1308 

Wearing apparel 1420 1133 

Fusains 1449 1199 

Fusees 1417 1123 

Fusel oil 4 27 

Fuses, blasting, mining, etc 1418 1127 

Fusible enamel * 231 338 

Fustic: 

Extract 36 108 

Wood 1563 1299 

Galactose 505 607 

Galalith 30 88 

Galleries, metal 1428 1145 

Gallic acid 1 19 

Gall nuts (see also Nutgalls). 1563 1300 

Gallon, proof, definition 810 837 

Galloons 1430 1157 

Galvanized iron or steel 309 392 

Galvanized wire 316,317 405,411 

Gambier 1510 1237 

Game birds, dressed * 712 660 

Game, n. s. p. f 704 643 

Garbanzos 765 790 

Garden seeds 762 775 

Garlic 768 794 

Garnetted waste, wool 1105 957 

Garters: 

Cotton .' 912 882 

Silk 1207 1029 

Vegetable fiber 1014 927 

Wool 1114 9S5 

Gas black 68 194 

Gaskets and paper for, asbestos 1401 1091 

Gas mantle: 

Scrap ' 84 247 

Supporters. 215 301 

Gas mantles 1435 1176 

Gas-measuring mechanism 368 493 

Gasoline 1627 1401 

Gas retorts 215 301 



INDEX. 1539 

Paragraph of 

H. It. 7456. Page. 

Gauffre leather * 1600 1345 

Gauges, glass strips for 226 328 

Gauze or leno-woven nets or nettings 903 851 

Gauze, wire . 318 412 

Gelatin and manufactures 39 120 

Gems for institutions (see also Precious stones) 1660 1442 

Gentian 33 98 

Geraniol 56 176 

Geranium oil 1625 1390 

Germanica bulbs * 751 747 

German silver 377 516 

Gill nets and nettings 1006 915 

Gimps 1430 1157 

Ginger: 

Ale 807 834 

Beer 807 834 

Cordial 804 830 

Root, candied or preserved 777 809 

Root, not preserved or candied 780 818 

Wine 804 830 

Gins, cotton 1504 1223 

Girders, iron or steel 312 397 

Glass (see also Paste) : 

Articles n. s. p. f 218 310 

Blown 218 * 310 

Bottles- 
Blown 218 309 

Molded or pressed 217 307 

Carboys, molded or pressed 217 306 

Buttons * 1411 1108 

Colors 231 338 

Containers — 

Blown 218 309 

Molded 217 307 

Pressed 217 307 

Containing wire netting 221, 222 319, 321 

Crown, colored, ornamented, or manufactured 224 325 

Crown, silvered 223, 224 323, 325 

Cut 218 310 

Cylinder — 

Colored , ornamented , or manufactured 224 325 

. Silvered 223, 224 323, 325 

Cvlinder, crown, and sheet — 

Polished 220 316 

Unpolished 219 314 

Decanters, blown * 218 310 

Demijohns 217 306 

Disks * 227 330 

Enamels 231 339 

Engraved and etched 218 309 

Eyeglasses 225 328 

Flint 217 306 

Fluxes 231 338 

Frosted 218 309 

Gilded 218 309 

Glazes. ;. 231 338 

Goggles 225 328 

Ground 218 309 

Jars. : 217 307 

Lens 227 330 

Lenses 226, 228 329, 332 

Looking 223 323 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f 230 337 

Mirror plates 223 323 

Mirrors 223, 230 323, 336 

Optical 227 330 



1540 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Glass (see also Paste) — Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Ornamented 218 309 

Painted 218 309 

Plate 221-224 318, 325 

Plates * 227 - 3S0 

Pot clay, Gross-Almerode 207 270 

Printed 218 309 

Prism 227 330 

Rods 231 338 

Sand-blasted 218 309 

Sheet 219, 220, 224J 316 3 3 1 |g 

Silvered 218 '309 

Slides for magic lanterns 226 328 

Spectacles 225 328 

Stained 218 309 

Strips for gauges 226 328 

Tiles or tiling 231 338 

Vials 217 307 

Window * 219, 224 313, 325 

Stained or painted for institutions 1688 1482 

Windows, stained or painted 230 336 

For institutions 1688 1482 

Glasses: 

Coquill. 226 329 

Eye, frames, and parts 225 328 

Field, frames, and mountings 228 332 

Goggles, frames and parts 225 328 

Opera, frames, and mountings 228 332 

Piano 226 329 

Spectacles, frames and parts 225 328 

Glauber salt 78 235 

Glazes, ceramic and glass 231 338 

Glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, unset 1561 1298 

Glazier's lead 389 538 

Glove leather 1431 4163 

Glove tranks 1433 1169 

Gloves: 

Boxing i 1402 1093 

Cotton 914 886 

Leather 1433 1170 

Silk, knit 1208 1032 

Wool, knit 1115 989 

Gloxinia bulbs * 751 746 

Glucose * 504 604 

Glue 39 120 

Casein 39 121 

Fish* 39 120 

Size 39 121 

Stock, all other 1580 1326 

Glycerin 40 123 

Glycerophosphoric acid, salts, and compounds 24 72 

Glycol-ethylene, monoacetate, and propylene , 2 24 

Goat hair. (See Hair, goat, and like animals.) 

Goat skin plates and mats 1420 1133 

Goatskins* 1600,1653 1345,1432 

Goats 702 634 

Goggles, frames, and parts 225 328 

Gold: 

Articles, n. s. p. f , 393 550 

Bullion 1537 1265 

Chemical compounds 19 63 

Coins 1550 1281 

Leaf 380 523 

Manufactures, n. 8. p. f 393 550 

Medals 1611 1373 

Ores 1628 1404 



INDEX. 1541 



Paragraph of 
H. R. 



Gold— Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Pens 352 462 

Size * : 72 203 

Sweepings 1628 1406 

Tinsel lame or lahn 382 525 

Tinsel wire 382' 525 

Trophies 1611 1373 

Goldbeaters' molds and skins 1574 1309 

Golf balls 1402 1093 

Goods. (See Articles and knit goods.) 

Gooseberry, cuttings and seedlings 753 751 

Gorings: 

Ornamented bv embroidery, etc.* 1430 1154 

Silk * '. 1207 1029 

Wool * 1114 985 

Gothrough laces, etc.* 1430 1155 

Grains: 

Abrasive, artificial 1415 1119 

Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. f 1419 1127 

Brewers' 731 704 

( orimdum and emery 1415 1119 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Gramophones and parts 1442 1189 

Granadilla boards, etc 404 562 

Granite: 

Monumental and building 235 352 

Unmanufactured 1661 1445 

Ware 212 290 

Grapefruit 743 729 

Grapefruit, boxes or barrels containing 410 578 

Grapes 742 724 

Grape : 

Sugar * '. 504 604 

Vines, cuttings, and seedlings 753 751 

Graphite 211 287 

Electrodes 216 302 

Manufactures . 216 302 

Graphophones and parts 1442 1189 

Grass: 

Definition 1406 1098 

Eel 1440 1186 

Floor coverings * 1020 940 

Manufactures 1406. 1437 1098, 1178 

Sea 1440 1186 

Seeds 761 769 

Grasses and fibers (see also Fibers) 1575 1310 

Paper stock 1641 1421 

Grease : 

Animal, alcoholic 22 66 

Animal, n. s. p. f ; 49 147 

Enfleurage 1566 1303 

Paints, theatrical 57 178 

Rendered * (see also Oils, chemically changed, n. s. p. f .) .... 52 162 

Soap or wire drawing * 49, 50 140, 148 

Soluble, n. s. p. f 51 159 

Wool 49 146 

Grease-proof papers 1305 1060 

Green, chrome 67 193 

Green, Paris 59 181 

Greenhouse plants 752 750 

Greenhouse stock *. 752, 753 744, 750 

Greeting cards 1310 1080 

Grindstones 236 354 

Grit, iron or steel 335 439 



1542 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Grits: , H. R. 7456. Page. 

Buckwheat 724 688 

Corn 725 690 

Oat 727 694 

Groats, buckwheat 724 688 

Gross-Almerode glass pot, clay 207 270 

Guaiacol (guiacol *) and derivatives 26 77 

Guano 1576 1317 

Guayule 1587 1332 

Guiacol (see Guaiacol) 26 81 

Guiacol carbonate * 26 78 

Gums and gurn resins: 

Amber and amberoid 1577 1318 

Arabic 1577 1319 

British 81 242 

Camphor 48 138 

Chicle 23 68 

Copal 1577 1320 

Damar 1577 1320 

Dextrine 81 242 

Dragon's blood 1577 1321 

Guayule 1587 1332 

Gutta balata 1587 1334 

Gutta-percha 1587 1334 

Gutta siak 1587 1334 

India rubber 1587 1332 

Jelutong 1587 1332 

Kadaya 1577 1321 

Kauri 1577 1320 

Pontianak 1587 1332 

Resins, n. s. p. f 1577 1321 

Rosin 1672 1458 

Sandarac 1577 1321 

Senegal 1577 1319 

Tragacanth 1577 1321 

Tragasol 1577 1321 

Turpentine 1672 1458 

Gun: 

Barrel molds, steel 304 380 

Barrels 365, 1648 484, 1427 

Blocks for gunstocks 1683 1468 

Stocks 365 484 

Wads, hair felt 1426 1140 

Wads, n. s. p. f 1423 1138 

Gunpowder 1578 1323 

Gunny bags and cloth for paper stock 1517, 1641 1248, 1420 

Guns : 364-366 484, 487 

Gut and manufactures 1434 1175 

Gutta balata 1587 1334 

Gutta-percha: 

Crude 1587 1334 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 1178 

Scrap or refuse 1587 1332 

Gutta siak 1587 1334 

Gypsum or plaster rock 205 265 

Gypsum cements 205 265 

Hair: 

Alpaca goat 1102 948 

Angora goat 1102 948 

Camel 1101 945 

Cattle 1579 1325 

Classified as "wool " 1121 1004 

Cloth 1108, 1111, 1426 969, 978 

1141 

Curled for beds or mattresses 1425 1140 



INDEX. 1543 

Paragraph of 

Hair— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Felt, and manufactures 1420 1142 

Goat, and like animals 1102 948 

Yarns * 1107 965 

Horse {see Horsehair V 

Human and manufactures 1424 1138 

Mixed 1103 956 

Nets 1424 1138 

On the skin 1101, 1102 946, 950 

Ornaments 1428 1145 

Pencils 1407 1102 

Pins 350 460 

Press cloth 1426 1141 

Regulations 1 104 957 

Wood sticks 1684 1476 

Halibut* 718, 721 670, 679 

Hammer molds, steel 304 380 

Hammers: 

Blacksmiths' r 326 423 

Tuning 1441 1187 

Hams 703 639 

Handkerchiefs: 

Not ornamented — 

Cotton 917 893 

Flax, hemp, or ramie* 1015 929 

Silk 1209 1033 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 101 5 929 

Ornamented 1430 1153 

Embroidered 1430 1153 

Pace 1430 1153 

With drawn-work 1430 1153 

Handle bolts, wood 1683 1468 

Handles: 

Broom * 414 589 

Curling-stone * 393 551 

Knife 354 465 

Umbrella 1455 1210 

Hand saws 340 445 

Haneing paper 1309 1076 

Hangings, paper 1309 1076 

Hardware, saddlerv, and harness 345 454 

Hare skins* " 1653 1432 

Harness: 

Hardware 345 454 

Immigrants' 1508 1232 

Peather 1600 1350 

Loom 912 882 

Harrows, tooth or disk 1504 1223 

Harvesters 1504 1223 

Harvest haK straw 1406 1098 

Hash 773 803 

Hassocks 1119 1001 

Hatbands, silk* 1207 1030 

Hat braids and manufactures, ramie 1404 1096 

Hat pins 350 460 

Hats: 

Fur 1427 1144 

Harvest 1406 1098 

Straw, r-hip. crrass. etc 1406 1098 

Hatters' fufa 1421 1136 

Hatters' irons 327 423 

Hatters' plush 1453 1208 

Hav 778 809 

Hay forks and knives 355 469 

Headers 1504 1223 

Head nets, wool * 1430 1155 



1544 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Heading blocks and bolts 406 570 

Heads, doll 1414 111 7 

Healds, cotton 912 882 

Healds, wire 316 407 

Heddles, wire , 316 407 

Heliotropin 56 175 

Hemlock: 

Bark 1563 1299 

Extract 36 ] 08 

Western, logs 402 558 

Hemp: 

Binding twine 1521 1252 

Cables 1005 912 

Cordage 1005 912 

Cords 1004 908 

Fabrics, woven 1009, 1010 921, 923 

Floor coverings 1020 939 

Gill nettings 1006 915 

Hackled 1001 900 

Handkerchiefs *, 1015 929 

Hose, flume or hvdraulic * 1007 916 

Interlinings 1010 923 

' ' Line of " 1001 903 

Manila, manufactures 1406 1098 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f .*..... 1019 938 

Nets, fishing 1006 915 

New Zealand — 

Binding twine 1521 . 1252 

Fiber 1575 1313 

Paddings 1010 923 

Pile fabrics * 1011 924 

Roving 1002 904 

Seed* 762 785 

Seines 1006 915 

Sliver 1002 904 

Small wares* 1014 928 

Threads and twines 1004 908 

Tow 1001 901 

Waste for paper stock 1641 1422 

Webs 1006 915 

Woven fabrics 1009 921 

Yarns 1004 908 

Hempseed oil 50 1 52 

Henbane 33 99 

Herbaceous perennials 751 746 

Herbs: 

Chemically treated or colored 1419 1127 

Drugs, advanced 31 90 

Drugs, crude 1562 1298 

For culinary use 780 812 

Herring: 

Boned 720 676 

Oil 49 142 

Pickled or salted 720 676 

Sea, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice 1645 1425 

Skinned 719 675 

Smoked or kippered * 721 678 

Hexamethylenetetramine 38 119 

Hide cuttings 1580 1326 

Hide rope * 1581 1327 

Hides : 

Cattle 1582 1328 

N. s. p. f 1653 1432 

Hinges or hinge blanks * 393 551 

History specimens, natural, for public collections 1 655 1437 

Hoarhound seed * 762 785 



INDEX. 1545 

Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. Page. 

Hobnails 331 432 

Hogsheads (empty)* (see also Containers) 409 574 

Hollands, window 906 868 

Hollow ware:. 

Cast, coated, glazed, or tinned 327 423 

Iron or steel, enameled or glazed 339 443 

Utensils, aluminum 339 444 

Hones 1583 1329 

Honey 717 668 

Hoods, fur 1427 1143 

Hoods, straw, chip, grass, etc 1406 1098 

Hoofs, unmanufactured 1584 1330 

Hooks and eyes 347 456 

Hooks: 

Fish 344 453 

Snelled 344 453 

Hoop: 

Iron or steel 313 400 

For baling cotton or other commodities 314 401 

Galvanized or coated 309 391 

Poles * 414 589 

Hoops: 

Barrel, iron or steel 313 400 

Wood 407 571 

Hop- 
Extract 779 810 

Poles * 414 589 

Roots * 751 744 

Hops 779 810 

Horn: 

Buttons * 1411 1108 

Combs 1437 1178 

Manufactures of , n. g. p. f , 1437 1179 

Strips and tips 1585 1330 

Horns and parts, unmanufactured : 1585 1330 

Horsehair: 

Artificial and manufactures (see also Silk, artificial) 1215 1043 

Real- 
Manufactures 1406 1098 

Unmanufactured 1579 1325 

Horserakes 1504 1223 

Horses 714 665 

Strayed across boundary line 1507 1229 

Horseshoe: 

Xail rods * 315 403 

Xails 331 434 

Horseshoes 333 438 

Hose and half hose: 

Cotton 915 888 

Silk 1208 1032 

Wool 1115 988 

Hose: 

Flume of cotton, flax, etc.* 1007 916 

For liquids or gases, of vegetable fiber 1007 916 

Hydraulic * 1007 916 

Metal, flexible 328 426 

Hospital utensils •. 339 444 

Household — 
Effects— 

Of persons from abroad 1532 1261 

Of returning residents 1678 1464 

Utensils 339 444 

Hubs 406 570 

Hulls, grain 73 1 704 

Hunting knives 355 469 



1546 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Hyacinth— H. R. 7456. Page. 

Bulbs 751 745 

Clumps * 751 744 

Hydrate: 

Alumina * (see also Aluminum hydroxide) 6 33 

Chloral 24 70 

Potash * 75 210 

Soda* 78 223 

Terpin 24 70 

Hydra ted — 

Lime 204 263 

Sodium carbonate or sal soda 78 228 

Hydraulic- 
Cement 203 260 

Cement, sheets and plates 1401 1091 

Hose * 1007 916 

Hydriodate of potash * 75 210 

Hydrochloric acid 1501 1219 

Hydrofluoric acid 1501 1218 

Hydrographic charts 1529 1 259 

Hydroplanes and parts 370 499 

Hydrosulphite, sodium and compounds 79 240 

Hydroxide : 

Aluminum 6 33 

Chromium, crude* 5 31 

Dimethyl-phenylbenzylammonium 25 73 

Potassium 75 216 

Sodium 78 232 

Hydroxvphenylarsinic acid 25 73 

Hyposulphite, sodium* 78 223 

Ice 1586 1331 

Skates 1402 1093 

Ichthyoloil* 5 31 

Imitation (see also Artificial) — 

Papers 1305,1307 1060,1072 

Pearl beads 1403 1094 

Pearls 1429 1151 

Precious stones 1429 1151 

Semiprecious stones 1429 1151 

Immigrants' — 

Animals, harness, and wagons 1508 1232 

Professional books, tools of trade, etc 1637 1416 

Implements: 

Agricultural, and parts 1504 1224 

Immigrants' 1637 1416 

Impurities with — 

Grains and seeds 732 706 

Nuts 759 763 

Spices 780 812 

Vegetables 772 801 

Incandescent electric-light bulbs 229 334 

Indelible leads 1450 1201 

India malacca joints 1684 1476 

India rubber (see also Rubber): 

Articles, n. s. p. f • 382 525 

Crude 1587 1332 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437,1438 1181,1184 

Milk of * - .- 1587 1332 

Scrap or refuse 1587 1332 

With— 

Cotton 91 2 882 

Silk 1207 1029 

Tinsel wire, lame, etc 382 525 

Vegetable fiber 912,1014 882,928 

Wool 1114 985 

Vulcanized 1438 1184 



INDEX. 1547 

Paragraph of 

Indian— H - «• 7456 - Page- 
Madder and extracts * 26 79 

Red * 70 1 99 

India straw matting, and floor covering 1020 939 

Indigo: 

Carmined * 26 80 

Dves 26 80 

Extracts * 26 80 

Natural 26 80 

Pastes * 26 80 

Synthetic * 26 80 

Indigoids * 26 80 

Indoxvl and compounds 26 80 

Indurated fiber ware 1303 1051 

Ingots: 

Copper 1553 1284 

Nickel 385 530 

Platinum 1634 1411 

Steel 304 379 

Cogged 304 378 

For railway wheels, etc.* 304 379 

Ingrain carpets, rugs, and art squares 1118 998 

Ink: 

N. s. p. f 41 125 

Powders — 

Coal-tar 26 78 

N. s. p. f 41 125 

Inosite 505 607 

Insect flowers: 

Advanced 32 96 

Crude 1502 1222 

Insects: 

Dried, drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1 298 

Eggs of 1564 1301 

Insertings 1430 1153 

Institutions: 

Books, engravings, etc. , for 1531 1260 

Casts and statuary for 1660 1442 

Charts and publications issued, by 1529 1 259 

Life-saving apparatus imported by 1605 1 366 

Regalia and gems for 1660 1442 

Works of art for 1687, 1688 1481, 1482 

Instruments: 

Dental and parts 359 477 

Drawing r 360 478 

Immigrants' 1637 1416 

Laboratory 360 479 

Marking of 360 478 

Mathematical 360 478 

Musical, and parts 1441 11 88 

Optical, and frames 228 332 

Philosophical 360 479 

Scientific 360 479 

Surgical, and parts 359 477 

Surveying 228, 360 332, 478 

Insulating material, rubber or gutta-percha 1437 1 1 82 

Insulators: 

Electrical, n. s. p. f 1439 1186 

Molded, rubber or gutta-percha 1437 1178 

Integuments 706 647 

Intestines 706 647 

Inulin 505 608 

Inventions, models of 1615 1376 



1548 INDEX. 



Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. Page. 



Invoices, tobacco 602 620 

Iodate of potash * 5 31 

Iodide, potassium 75 214 

Iodine: 

Crude 1588 1335 

Resublimed 42 127 

Iodoform * 5 31 

Ionone. 56 1 75 

Ipecac: 

Advanced 32 94 

Crude 1502 1222 

Iridium 1589 1335 

Steel *..... 305 383 

Iris Kaempferii bulbs * 751 747 

Iron (see also Iron or steel): 

Alloys 301, 302 358, 362" 

Andirons, cast 327 424 

Band for baling 314 401 

Bar 303 376 

Bars 302 37ft 

Billets 303 376 

Blooms 303 37$ 

Cast, articles 327 424 

Castings ' 327 424 

Chromate * 1544 1272 

Flats 303 376 

Flues, charcoal 328 42& 

Galvanized 309 391 

Hatters' irons, cast 327 424 

Hollow ware, cast 327 424 

Hoop, for baling 314 401 

Kentledge ." 301 358 

Loops 303 376 

Manganese alloy 301 358 

Manganiferous ore 1590 1337 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 393 551 

Muck bars 303 376 

Ore 1590 1237 

Oxide, containing more than 25 per cent sulphur ^ 1663 1447 

Pigs 301 358 

Pipe, cast 327 424 

Pipes, charcoal 328 42S 

Plates, cast 327 424 

Rods, round 303 376^ 

Round 303 376 

In coils 303 376 

Sadirons, cast 327 424 

Scrap 301 358 

Shapes 303 376 

Slabs 303 376 

Spiegeleisen 301 358 

Square 303 376 

Stays, charcoal. 328 426 

Stove plates, cast 327 424 

Sulphate of* 1568 1305 

Tailors' irons, cast 327 424 

Sulphuret of i 1668 1447 

Tubes, charcoal 328 426 

Vessels, cast 327 424 

Iron-hydroxide pigments 70 201 

Iron-oxide pigments 70 201 

Iron or steel (see also Iron; Steel): 

Abrasives * 335 439 

Allowance, none, for rust, etc 394 556 

Anchors and parts 319 413 

Angles 312 397 



index. 1549 

Paragraph of 

Iron or steel (see also Iron; Steel) — Continued. H. R.7456. Pago. 

Anvils 325 422 

Articles or wares, n. s. p. f 393 551 

Axle — 

Bars . 323 420 

Blanks 323 420 

Axles 323 420 

Fitted to railway wheels 324 421 

Forgingsfor 323 420 

Parts 323 420 

Baling — 

Hoops or ties 314 401 

Wire 317 411 

Band— 

For baling 314 401 

Galvanized or coated 309 391 

Manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 

N. s. p. f 313 400 

Bands, n. s. p. f 313 400 

Barbed wire 1680 1466 

Barrel hoops 313 399 

Bars — 

Cold-rolled, etc 315 403 

Galvanized or coated 309 391 

Beams. . 312 397 

Blacksmiths' hammers, tongs, and sledges 326 423 

Boiler plate 307 388 

Bolt blanks ." 330 431 

Bolts 330 431 

Boxes, reimported 1514 1242 

Brads 331 436 

Buckles for wearing apparel 346 455 

Building forms 312 397 

Bulb beams 312 397 

Cables covered with cotton, etc 316 407 

Card clothing 337 441 

Car-truck channels 312 397 

Chain and chains 329 429 

Chain, manufactures of 329 429 

Channels 312 397 

Columns 312 397 

Conduits 328 426 

Cotton ties 314 401 

Crowbars 326 423 

Cylindrical tanks or vessels 328 426 

Deck beams 312 397 

Drums, exported and returned 1514 1242 

Duty, minimum on manufactures 311 396 

Fence rods, wire 315 403 

Fishplates, railway 322 418 

Flat- 
Rails, punched 322 418 

Rods 315 403 

Ware, enameled or glazed 339 444 

Flues..: 328 426 

Forgings — 

For axles, n. s. p. f 323 420 

Not machined, etc 319 414 

Frames* 393 551 

Furnaces, welded cylindrical 328 426 

Galvanized 309 392 

Wire 316, 317 405, 411 

Girders 312 397 

Grit 335 439 

Heddle3 and healds 316 407 

Hinges or hinge blanks* 393 551 ' 



1550 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Iron or steel {see also Iron; Steel) — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Hobnails 331 433 

Hollowware, enameled or glazed 339 444 

Hoop — 

Galvanized or coated 309 391 

Manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 

N. s. p. f 313 400 

Hoops, barrel 313 400 

Horseshoe: 

Nail rods* : 315 403 

Nails 331 434 

Horseshoes, wrought 333 438 

Hospital utensils 339 444 

Household utensils 339 444 

Joists. 312 397 

Kitchen utensils 339 444 

Lock washers . 330 431 

Mule shoes 333 438 

Nail rods 315 403 

Nails 331 433 

Nut- 
Blanks, wrought 330 431 

Locks, spiral 330 431 

Nuts, wrought 330 431 

Ox-shoes 333 438 

Parasol ribs or stretchers 342 449 

Pipes 328 426 

Plate- 
Boiler 307 388 

Definition 307 388 

Manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 

N. s. p. f .* 307 387 

Plates 307 387 

Coated with tin or lead 310 395 

Cold rolled, smoothed only 309 393 

For impressions on glass 341 448 

Galvanized or coated 309 392 

Pickled or cleaned 309 393 

Polished, planished, or glanced 309 393 

With layers of other metal 309 393 

Posts 312 397 

Print rollers or blocks. . . 392 550 

Rails 322 418 

Railway — 

Bars 322 418 

Fishplates or splice bars 322 418 

Tires or wheels 324 421 

Ribs, umbrella or parasol 342 449 

Rivet rocis 315 403 

Rivets 332 437 

Rods- 
Galvanized or coated 309 392 

Wire 315 403 

Rope 316 407 

Rust or discoloration, no allowance 394 556 

Saddlerv and harness hardware ^ 345 454 

Sand. . .* 335 439 

Sashes * 393 551 

Screw rods, wire 315 403 

Screws, wood 338 442 

Scroll- 
Galvanized or coated 309 392 

Manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 

N.s. p. f 313 399 

Sheet, manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 

Sheets 307 388 

Coated with tin or lead 310 395 

Cold-hammered, blued, brightened, etc 315 403 



INDEX. 1551 

Iron or steel (see also Iron; Steel) — Continued. Paragraph of 

Sheets— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Cold-rolled, smoothed only 309 393 

Common or black, corrugated or crimped 308 390 

Definition of 30S 390 

Galvanized or coated with zinc, spelter, etc 309 392 

Pickled or cleaned 309 393 

Polished, planished, or glanced r 309 393 

With layers of other metal 309 393 

Shoes, horse, mule, and ox 333 438 

Shot 335 439 

Skelp 308 390 

Sheared or rolled in grooves 307 388 

Spikes 331 435 

Spiral nut locks 330 431 

Splice bars, railway 322 438 

Sprigs * ' 33 i 436 

Staples 331 434 

Stays 328 426 

Strand 316 407 

Strips: 

Cold-hammered, etc 315 402 

Galvanized* 309 392 

N. s. p. f 313 399 

Structural shapes 312 397 

Studs 332 437 

Table utensils 339 444 

Tacks 331 433 

Taggers' tin 310 395 

Tanks, cylindrical 328 426 

Tees 312 397 

Telegraph and telephone wire and cables 316 407 

Terneplate. manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 

Terneplates 310 395 

Tinplate. manufactures, minimum duty 311 396 

Tin plates 310 395 

Tires 324 421 

Tools, track 326 423 

T rails 322 418 

T T (Tees) * 312 397 

Tubes 328 426 

Umbrella ribs, stretchers, and tubes 342 449 

Utensils, enameled or glazed 339 444 

Vessels, cylindrical 328 426 

Washers, wrought 330 431 

Wedges 326 423 

Wheels for railwav purposes 324 421 

Wire- 
Baling 317 411 

Barbed 1680 1466 

Brads _ 331 436 

Coated 316 407 

Covered with cotton, etc 316 407 

Galvanized 317 411 

Nails 331 434 

Rods 315 403 

Round 316 406 

Spikes 331 435 

Staples 331 434 

Tacks 331 436 

Wood screws 338 442 

Isinglass 39 120 

Japanese * 39 121 

Isopropvl alcohol 4 28 

Istle: 

Binding twine 1521 1252 

( lables and cordage * 1005 912 



1552 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Istle— Continued. H. it. 7456. Page. 

Dressed, dyed, or combed 1458 1214 

Fiber 1575 1310 

Italian cloths, wool or hair* 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Ivory: 

Balls, chessmen, chips, dice, etc 1413 1116 

Manufactures, n. s. p. L 1438 1183 

Studs. '. 1411 1108 

Tusks 1591 1339 

Vegetable* , 1664 1450 

Button blanks 1410 1105 

Buttons 1410 1105 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1438 1183 

Ivy or laurel root 403 560 

Jacquard — 

Cards 1309 1076 

Designs, paper 1309 1076 

Figured material, cotton, manufactures of * 920 899 

Woven fabrics, silk ' 1205 1022 

Woven upholstery cloth 908 872 

Talap: 

Advanced 32 94 

Crude 1502 1222 

Jam 748 739 

Japan — 

Matting and floor coverings 1020 940 

Paper and imitation 1307 1072 

Varnishes* 72 203 

Japanese — 

Isinglass * (see also Agar-agar) 39 121 

Maple 404 561 

Tung oil 1626 1400 

Whiteoak 404 561 

Jars, glass (see also Containers) 217 307 

Jasmine oil * 1566 1303 

Jellies 748 739 

Jelutong 1587 1332 

Jet manufactures 233 347 

Jet, unmanufactured 1592 1340 

Jewel boxes, leather or parchment 1432 11 66 

Jewelers' saws 340 446 

Jewelry 14,28 1146 

Jewels, clock, watch, compass, etc 367 491 

Joists-, iron or steel 312 397 

Joss stick or joss light 1593 1340 

Jubes, chemicals, etc., in 21 65 

Juglandium oil * 54 163 

Jugs: 

Thermostatic 1454 1209 

Used for importation of wines, etc. (see also Containers) 809 836 

Juice: 

Cane, sirups of 501, 503 596, 599 

Cherry 806 833 

Fruit 806 833 

Lemon 1604 1366 

Lime 1604 1366 

Orange, sour : 1604 1366 

Prune 806 833 

Juniper oil * 54 163 

Junk 1594 1341 

Jute 1575 1311 

Bagging for cotton 1517 1249 

Bags 1017 933 

Butts 1575 1311 

Cordage 1003 905 

Fabrics 1008, 1010 918, 923 



ikdex. 1553 



Paragraph of 



Jute— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Floor coverings * 1020 941 

Machinery, manufacturing * 372 504 

Padding for clothing 1010 923 

Raw 1575 1311 

Roving 1003 900 

Sacks 1017 933 

Twine and twist 1003 905 

Woven fabrics 1008, 1010 918, 923 

Yarns 1003 905 

Waste for paper stock 1641 1422 

Kadaya 1577 1321 

Kainite 1635 1415 

Kale seed 762 778 

Kangaroo skins, dressed and finished * 1600 1345 

Kaolin or china clay 207 273 

Kauri gum 1577 1320 

Keene's cement 205 265 

Kelp 1595 1341 

Kentledge, iron 301 358 

Kernels, apricot or peach 760 767 

Kernels, palm-nut 1620 1380 

Kerosene 1627 1401 

Kerosene mantles 1435 1176 

Ketone, ethyl methyl 8 25 

Kid skins * 1600 1348 

Kieserite 1596 1342 

Kindling wood * 414 589 

Kirschwasser 802 827 

Kitchen: 

Forks 355 469 

Knives 355 469 ■ 

Utensils 339 443 

Knife blades and handles 354, 356 465-471 

Knife erasers 354 465 

Knit fabrics and goods: 

Artificial silk 1215 1042 

Cotton or other vegetable fiber — 

Fabric, in the piece ' 913 884 

Gloves 914 886 

Hose and half-hose 915, 1430 888, 1153 

Underwear 916 891 

Wearing apparel 916 891 

Silk 1208 1032 

Wool 1115 987-991 

Knitted articles, wool 1115 988, 991 

Knitting cottons, for handwork 902 848 

Knitting needles 343 450 

Knives 354-356 465-471 

Artists' 355 469 

Beet-topping 355 469 

Bench 355 469 

Bread 355 469 

Bmdding 354 465 

Butchers' 355 469 

Butter 355 459 

Cake 355 46G 

Canning 355 469 

Carpenters' bench 355 469 

Carving 355 469 

Cheese 355 469 

Cigar 355 469 

Clasp 354 465 

Cooks' 355 469 

Corn 354 465 

82304—22 98 



1554 index. 

Paragraph of 

Knives— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Curriers' 355 469 

Cuticle 354 465 

Cutting 356 471 

Drawing 355 469 

Farriers' 355 469 

Fish 355 469 

Fleshing 355 469 

Fruit . . . 355 469 

Hay 355 469 

Hunting 355 469 

Kitchen 355 469 

Leather 356 471 

Machine 356 471 

Manicure 354 465 

Marking 354, 355 465, 469 

Painters' 355 469 

Pallette 355 469 

Paper mill 356 471 

Pen 354 465 

Pie 355 469 

Planing-machine . 356 471 

Plumbers' 355 469 

Pocket 354 465 

Pruning 354 465 

Pulp mill 356 471 

Shoe 355 469 

Slicing 355 469 

Sugar beet 355 469 

Table 355 469 

Tanners' 355 469 

Tannery 356 471 

Tobacco 356 471 

Vegetable 355 469 

Kohlrabi seed. 762 779 

Kryolith or cryolite 1558 1294 

Kyanite * 1635 1413 

Labels, cotton or other vegetable fiber 912 882 

Labels, paper ' 1306 1068 

Laboratory instruments, metal 360 479 

Lac, crude, seed, button, stick, or shell 1597 1342 

Lac dye* 36 105 

Lac spirits * (see also Tin bichloride) 85 247 

Lace : 

Articles 1430 1156 

Bed sets, Nottingham 919 898 

Braids 1430 1157 

Curtain machines 372 505 

Curtains 919, 1430 897 , 1153 

Fabrics 1430 1156 

Handkerchiefs 1430 1153 

Napkins 1430 1153 

Nets and nettings 919, 1430 897, 1156 

Nottingham — 

Bed sets 919 898 

Curtains 919 897 

Nets and nettings 919 897 

Pillow shams 919 898 

Wearing apparel 1430 1153 

Window curtains (except Nottingham) 1430 1153 

Lace-making machines 372 505 

Laces : 

Artificial silk * 1430 1155 

Automobile* 1430 1154 

Burnt-out 1430 1157 

Carriage* 1430 1154 



INDEX. 1555 

Paragraph of 

Laces—Continued. H - *• 7456 - Pa e e - 

Chip 1406 1098 

Coach* 1430 1154 

Cotton* 1430 1154 

Flax * 1430 1154 

Go-through machine * 1430 1155 

Grass 1406 1098 

Handmade 1430 1156 

Hat 1406 1098 

Lever-machine * 1430 1155 

Machine made 1430 1156 

N. s. p. f 1430 1156 

Shoe, leather .' 1600 1361 

Silk * 1430 1156 

Straw 1406 1098 

Tinsel * 1430 1154 

Vegetable fiber* 1430 1155 

Wool * 1430 1155 

Lacings, boot, shoe, corset, cotton or vegetable fiber 912 882 

Lactarene 1598 1343 

Lactic acid 1 14 

Lahn. (See Lame.) 

Lakes, color, coal-tar 26 79 

Lamb, fresh 702 635 

Lamb skins * 1600 1349 

Lame or lahn articles 382, 1215, 1430 525, 

1041, 1153 

Lampblack 68 194 

Lamps: 

Crockery ware 212 290 

Electric 229 334 

Miner's safety * 1605 1366 

Porcelain. 213 295 

Lampwicking, cotton or other vegetable fiber 912 882 

Lancewood 404 562 

Landscapes, American views of 1310 1084 

Land fowls * 711 659 

Lanolin * ■ 49 146 

Lantern slides 226 328 

Lappets (cotton cloth *) 905 864 

Lard, compounds and substitutes 703 640, 641 

Last blocks 406 570 

Latch needles 343 450 

Laths 1683 1470 

Laudanum 55 172 

Laurel root 403 560 

Lava: 

Monumental and building 235 353 

Tips 215 301 

Unmanufactured 1599 1344 

Lavender oil 1625 1390 

Layers of plants for fruit stocks 753 752 

Lead-bearing mattes 388 536 

Lead-bearing ores 388 536 

Assay of 388 535 

Sampling of 388 535 

Lead: 

Acetate 44 129 

Alloys, n. s. p. f 389 538 

Antimonial 389 538 

Arsenate 44 ^ 130 

Articles not plated, n. s. p. f 393 * 551 

Bars i 389 538 

Bullion 389 538 

Compounds, n. s. p. f 44 129 

Dross 389 538 



1556 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Lead— Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Glazier's 389 . 538 

Manufactures 393 550 

Nitrate 44 129 

N. s. p. f 389 538 

Pencils.. 1449 1198 

Pigments 69 195 

Pigs 389 538 

Pipe 389 538 

Reclaimed 389 538 

Red 69 197 

Refuse * 389 538 

Resinate ." 44 136 

Scrap 389 538 

Sheets 389 538 

Shot 389 538 

White 69 197 

Wire 389 538 

Leaded zinc oxides 74 207 

Leaders 344 453 

Leads, pencil or crayon 1450 1201 

Leaf: 

Aluminum 379 522 

Bronze - 379 522 

Dutch metal 379 521 

Gold 380 523 

Palm, manufactures 1437 1179 

Silver 381 524 

Tobacco 601, 602 612, 620 

Leakage of wines, etc. , allowance for 812 838 

Leather: 

Bags 1432 1166 

Band, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1345 

Baskets 1432 1166 

Belts 1432 1166 

Belting and sole 1600 1346 

Bend, n. s. p. f .* 1600 1S45 

Board •. 1302, 1313 1050, 1089 

Boots 1601 1361 

Buff * 1600 1345 

Calfskins, bookbinders, n. s. p. f * 1600 1345 

Tanned or dressed, n. s. p. f.* 1600, 1345 

Card cases 1432 1166 

Compress 1302, 1313 1050, 1087 

Cut into shoe uppers, etc 1600 1360 

Dressed upper * 1600 1347 

Enameled * 1600 1345 

Enameled upholstery 1431 1163 

Gauff re * 1600 1345 

Glove 1431 1163 

Gloves 1433 1170 

Goatskins, dressed, n. s. p. f .* 1600 1357 

Grain* 1600 1345 

Harness 1600 1350 

Japanned* 1600 1345 

Jewel boxes 1432 1166 

Kangaroo skins, dressed, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1345 

Kid skins, dressed, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1345 

Knives for machines 356 471 

Lambskins, dressed, n. s. p. f* „ 1600 1345 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f 1432 1166 

Moccasins 1432 1165 

Morocco skins for 1600 1357 

N. s. p. f 1600 1358 

Patent* 1600 1351 

Pianoforte 1431 1162 



INDEX. 1557 

Paragraph of 
Leather— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Pianoforte action 1431 1162 

Player-piano action 1431 1161 

Pocketbooks 1432 116(5 

Portfolios 1432 1165 

Rough, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1354 

Saddles and saddlery 1600 1359 

Satchels 1432 1166 

Sheepskins, dressed, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1357 

Shoe laces 1600 1361 

Shoes 1601 1361 

Sele, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1346 

Split* 1600 1355 

Upholstery 1431 1163 

Upper, dressed, n. s. p. f.* 1600 1347 

Vamps 1600 1360 

Varnished* 1600 1345 

Leaves: 

Althea or marshmallow, advanced 32 95 

Althea or marshmallow, crude 1502 1222 

i Artificial, n. s. p. f 1419 1127 

Buchu 33 97 

Coca 33 97 

Cocoa* 1548 1279 

Drugs, advanced 31 90 

Drugs, crude 1562 1298 

Gentian* ...... 33 97 

Herb, for culinary use 780 812 

Marshmallow or althea, advanced 32 95 

Marshmallow or althea, crude 1502 1222 

Natural, treated, etc 1419 1127 

Ornamental 1419 1127 

Leeches , 1602 1363 

Lees, wine 9 43 

Lemonade 807 834 

Lemon-grass oil 1625 13S9 

Lemon — 

Box shooks 410 577 

Juice 1604 1366 

Oil 54 165 

Peel 740 721 

Lemons 743 727 

Boxes or barrels containing 410 578 

Lenses: 

Glass and pebble 226 329 

Photographic and projection, and frames, etc 228 332 

Lentils 765 790 

Letter-copying books * 1310 1082 

Letter paper 1307 1072 

Leuco-compounds 26 79 

Lever clock movements and markings 367, 368 488, 493 

Lever machine laces * 1430 1155 

Levulose 505 607 

Libraries of persons from foreign countries 1532 1261 

Library of Congress, books, etc., for 1528 1258 

Library. (See "Library of Congress" and "Institutions.") 
Lichens, drusrs: 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Licorice — 

Extracts 45 131 

Root 33 98 

Lifeboats 1605 1366 

Life-saving apparatus 1605 1366 

Lights, night 1417 1123 

Lignaloe oil 1625 1391 



1558 index. 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Lignum vit* 404 561 

lily bulbs 751 746 

Lily of the valley pips and clumps 751 745 

Lime : 

Artificial sulphate * 71 202 

Borate - 1533 1262 

Chlorinated (chloride of *) 13 53 

Citrate 46 132 

Hydrated . 204 263 

Juice : 1604 1366 

Nitrogen 1540 1267 

N. s. p. f 204 262 

Oil 1625 1391 

Sulphate, artificial * 71 202 

Limes 743 728 

Boxes or barrels containing 410 578 

Limestone: 

Crude or crushed 204 262 

Monumental and building 235 353 

Rock asphalt 1603 1364 

Linaloe.* (See Lignaloe.) 
Linen. (See Flax.) 
Linings: 

Cotton * 907 870 

Flax, hemp, or jute 1010 923 

Fur 1420 1132 

Wool 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Linoleate, cobalt 27 85 

Linoleum 1018 935 

Linotype composition * 389 538 

Linotype machines 1541 1269 

Linseed * 760 765 

Oil 50 153 

Liquor, ammoniacal gas * 1458 1214 

Liqueurs 801, 802 826, 827 

Liquors: 

Coloring for * 26, 36 78, 105 

Spirituous — 

Breakage and leakage 812 838 

Forfeiture 811, 813 837, 839 

Minimum duty 811 837 

Listings, asbestos 1401 1092 

Literary institutions. (See Institutions.) 

Litharge 69 195 

Lithographic: 

Articles 1306 1068 

Booklets, etc 1310 1083 

Periodicals 1306 1068 

Plates, engraved 341 447 

Prints for institutions 1531 1260 

Stones, not engraved 1606 1367 

Transfer paper, not printed 1305 1061 

Lithographs 1306 1068 

Lithopone 74 209 

Litmus 1510 1238 

Loadstones 1607 1368 

Lobsters 1649 1428 

Lock washers, iron or steel 330 431 

Locks, spiral nut, iron or steel 330 438 

Locomotives, steam 372 • 504 

Locomotive tires, iron or steel 324 420 

1683 1470 

Cabinet wood * 404 561 

Drugs, crude 1562 1298 

Fir, spruce, cedar, or western hemlock 402 558 



index. 1559 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Logwood 1563 ]299 

Logwood extract 36 109 

London purple 59 181 

Looking-glass plates 223, 230 323. 336 

Loom harness 912 882 

Loops, iron 303 376 

Lozenges, chemicals, etc., in 21 65 

Lumber (see also Wood) 1683 1470 

Lupins 765 790 

Lupulin 779 810 

Macaroni 726 691 

Mace 780 818, 819 

Oil * 54 163 

Machine — 

Chains, iron or steel 329 429 

Knives 356 471 

Needles 343 450 

Tools and parts . .'. 372 504 

Machines and machinery: 

Agricultural .". 1504 1224 

Belting, vegetable fiber 912 882 

Cash registers 1541 1270 

Cream separators *. 372, 1504 504, 1 223 

Embroidery and shuttles 372 505 

For making lace curtains and parts 372 505 

For making nets and nettings and parts 372 505 

Jute manufacturing * 372 504 

Lace making and parts 372 505 

Linotvpe 1541 1 269 

N. s. p. f 372 508 

Oil spreading. 1541 1269 

Printing presses, machines, etc., for use of blind 1530 1259 

Sand blast 1541 1270 

Sewing 1541 1269 

Shuttles 372 504 

Shoe \ . . . 1541 1269 

Sludge 1541 1270 

Sugar making 1504 1224 

Tar spreading 1541 1269 

Thrashing (threshing*) 1504 1223 

Typesetting. 1541 1 269 

Typewriters 1541 1269 

Mackerel: 

Fresh * 718 670 

Pickled or salted 720 676 

Madder and extracts * 26 79 

Magazine pistols 366 487 

Magazines, fashion • 1306 1068 

Magnesia (see also Magnesium) : 

Calcined 47 135 

Clay supporters 215 301 

Magnesite : 

Brick 201 254 

Crude, ground, or calcined 47 136 

Magnesium: 

Alloys 375 513 

Carbonate 47 133 

Chloride 47 134 

Manufactures of, n. 8. p. f 375 513 

Metallic and scrap 375 513 

Oxide, medicinal 47 135 

Powder 375 513 

Sheets, ribbons, tubing, wire, etc 375 513 

Scrap, metallic 375 513 



1560 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Magnesium — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Sulphate 47 134 

Wares, n. s. p. f 375 513 

Mahaleb cherry, stocks, cuttings, etc * 753 752 

Mahogany , 404 562 

Maize or corn 725 688 

Malacca: 

Furniture made of 411 579 

India, joints 1684 1477 

Malleable iron castings, n. s. p. f 327 424 

Malt: 

Barley 723 684 

Extract 805 832 

Sprouts 731 704 

Malted milk 708 652 

Manetti roses, seedlings and cuttings 752 749 

Manganese: 

Boron 302 367 

Ferro 302 366 

Metal 902 367 

Ore or concentrates. 302 362 

Oxide* 302 362 

Silicon 302 3(57 

Steel 305 383 

Manganiferous iron ore 1590 1337 

Mangelwurzel seed 762 779 

Mangling rolls ... 1443 1191 

Mangrove: 

Bark 1563 1299 

Extract 36 110 

Manicure knives 354 465 

Manifold paper 1307 1074 

Manila: 

Binding twine - . 1521 1252 

Cables and cordage 1005 912 

Fiber 1575 1311 

Manila hemp, braids; etc., for making hats , 1406 1098 

Manna: 

Advanced 32 95 

Crude. 1502 1222 

Mannite , 505 608 

Mannose 505 607 

Mantle: 

Gas, scrap 84 247 

Threads, asbestos 1401 1090 

Mantles: 

Gas, kerosene, or alcohol 1435 1176 

N. s. p. f 1435 1176 

Slate -• 237 355 

Tile 202 258 

Manufactured — 

Articles, unenumerated or n. s. p. f 1458 ] 214 

Barytes ore 64 186 

Building stone 235 350 

Burrstones 234 349 

Clay 207 270 

Cork, artificial 1412 1114 

Cotton waste 901 847 

Earths 207 270 

Eelgrass 1440 1186 

Emery... H15 1119 

Feathers 1419 1 130 

Insulating materials 1437 1182 

Moss 1440 ] 186 

Pumice stone 206 268 

Rattan 411 580 



INDEX. 1561 

Paragraph of 

Manufactured— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Sea grass 1440 1186 

Seaweeds 1440 1186 

Tobacco 603 621 

Waste, cotton 901 847 

Manufactures: 

Amber 1436 1177 

Asbestos 1401 1091 

Bisque ware 21S 295 

Bladders 1436 1177 

Bone 1437 1179 

Catgut 1434 1175 

Chalk 18 61 

Chemical stoneware . 213 295 

Chinaware : 213 295 

Chip . . 1437 1179 

Cork, artificial 1412 1114 

Cotton 920 899 

Cotton: 

Pile fabrics 909 874 

Table damask 910 876 

Barthenware 210, 212 285, 290 

Emerv 1415 1119 

Flax, etc , 1019 938 

Fox skins, silver and black 1420 1134 

French chalk 209 283 

Fur 1420 1133 

Gelatin 39 120 

Glass .'. 230 336 

Grass 1437 1179 

Gut, n. s. p. f 1434 1175 

Gutta-percha 1437 1178 

Hair felt 1426 1142 

Horn '....' 1437 1179 

Human hair 1424 1138 

India rubber 1437, 1438 1181, 1184 

Ivory 1438 1183 

Leather 1432 1166 

Material for buttons 1409 1104 

Mica 208 280 

Mother-of-pearl 1438 1182 

Palm leaf 1437 1179 

Paper 1813 1088 

Papier-mache 1303 1052 

Parchment 1432 1165 

Parian ware 213 295 

Paste 230 337 

Pile fabrics — 

Cotton 901 874 

Vegetable fiber 1011 924 

Wool 1111 978 

Plaster of Paris 1438 1182 

Porcelain 213 295 

Pulp 1303 1051 

Pumice stone 206 268 

Quills 1437 1179 

Ramie hat braids 1404 1096 

Rawhide '..'..' 1432 1165 

Shell, shells, pieces of 1438 1183 

Silk, n. s. p. f 1213 1039 

Slate 237 355 

Sponges : 1445 1193 

Steatite or soapstone 209 283 

Stoneware 210, 212 285, 289 

Straw 1437 1179 



1562 INDEX. 

Manufactures — Continued. Paragraph of 

Table damask — H. R. 7456. Page. 

Cotton 910 876 

Vegetable fiber . 1012 925 

Talc 209 283 

Vegetable fiber — 

N. s. p. f 1019 938 

Pile fabrics . 1011 924 

Table damask 1012 925 

Vegetable ivory 1438 1183 

Wax 1436 1178 

Weeds _ . 1437 1179 

Whalebone _ . 1437 1179 

Wood . . . 414 587, 589 

Wool— 

N. s. p. f . . . 1120 1002 

Pile fabrics 1111 978 

Samples of 1122 1005 

Manures 1576 1317 

Manuscripts, n. s. p. f . . 1608 1368 

Maple : 

Japanese 404 561 

Sirup arid sugar .-. 504 603 

Mapr 

Bound or unbound 1310 1082 

For institutions 1531 1260 

For use of United States or library of Congress 1528 1258 

N. s. p. f 1310 1082 

20 j ears old * 1310 1081 

Maraschino cherries 738 717 

Marble: 

And manufactures 232, 233 342, 346 

Works of art 1689 1484 

Marbles, toy 1414 1117 

Markings : 

Bottles, thermostatic 1454 1210 

Carafes, thermostatic 1454 1209 

Clock movements 367, 368 488, 493 

Cutlery 354, 355 465, 469 

Dental instruments 359 476 

Dials, clock and watch 367, 368 488,493 

Dyes, packages containing 26 77 

Jugs, thermostatic 1454 1209 

Knives 354, 355 465, 469 

Laboratory instruments. 360 478 

Nippers 361 480 

Philosophical instruments 360 478 

Pincers* 361 480 

Pliers 361 480 

Razors 358 474 

Scientific instruments 360 478 

Scissors 357 472 

Screws 338 442 

Shears 357 472 

Steel wool containers 334 438 

Surgical instruments 359 476 

Thermostatic containers 1454 1209 

Watch movements 367 488 ( 

Marmalades 748 740 ' 

Mar-rons 755 756 

Marrow, crude - 1609 1368 

Mar.shmallow root, leaves, and flowers: 

Advanced 32 95 

(rude 1502 ' 1222 

Masks, paper, pulp, or papier-mache* 1303 1053 

Masse, filter 1303 1051 

Master records 1677 1463 



index. 1563 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 74.56. Page. 

Mat. stereotype matrix 1313 1088 

Match boxes, metal 1428 1145 

Matches 1417 1124 

Importation, white phosphorus prohibited 1117 1123 

Mate : 

.Vlvancea 32 96 

Crude 1 502 1222 

Mathematical instruments, metal 300 478 

Matrices, metal, for sound records 1677 1463 

Mats {see. oho Matting\: 

Bath ' 009 874 

China straw 1020 940 

Cocoa fiber 1021 942 

Corticine 1018 936 

Cotton * 1020 942 

Doeskin 1420 1133 

Flax * 1020 939 

Goatskin 1420 1 133 

Hemp * 1020 939 

India straw 1020 939 

Japan straw 1020 940 

Jute * 1020 941 

Linoleum 1018 935 

Oilcloth, floor 1018 935 

Rattan 1021 943 

Straw 1020 940 

Vegetable fiber, n. s. p. f.* 1020 939 

Wool 1118 998 

Matte: 

Antimony * 150!) 1233 

Copper {see also Regulus ) 388 535 

Lead-bearing • 388 536 

Nickel 1628 1405 

Matting: 

Cocoa fiber 1021 942 

( otton * 1020 939 

Rattan 1021 943 

Straw, < hina. Japan, or India 1020 939, 940 

Vegetable substances * 1020 939 

Maz/.ard cherry, stocks, cuttings, etc.* 753 752 

Meal : 

Bone -. 1527 1257 

' orn 725 689 

Oat 727 693 

Oil cake 1623 1383 

Rice 728 695 

Rve , 729 698 

Measurers, time 368 493 

Meat : 

Coconut — 

Not shredded 1620 1380 

Shredded 756 758 

Crab 722 681 

Extract 705 644 

Fresh 701-704. 706 629-649 

Fresh, prepared, preserved, n. s. p. f 706 645 

Inspection of , 706 645 

Reindeer 704 642 

Slicing cutters 356 471 

With vegetables 773 803 

Mechanisms: 

For measuring flowage of water, gas, electricity, etc 368 493 

For regulating speed of arbors, drums, disks 368 493 

Time-measuring, and cases 368 494 

Medals as trophies 1611 1373 



1564 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Medicinal — H. R. 7456. Page. 

Chemicals in small packages 21 65 

Preparations — 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Mercurial* 16 57 

N. s. p. f 5 31 

Medicinals, coal-tar 26 81 

Meerschaum 1612 1374 

Melada and concentrated melada 501 591 

Melibiose 505 607 

Melitzitose 505 608 

Menhaden oil 49 142 

Menthol 48 137 

Merchandise (see Articles). 

Mercurial preparations 16 57 

Mesh- 
Bags and purses, metal 1428 1145 

Metal 1428 1145 

Meta-bisulphite, sodium 78 238 

Metacresol 25 73 

Metal- 
Alloys (see Alloys). 

Antimony 376 515 

Articles or wares, n. s. p. f , 393 551 

Babbitt 389 538 

Bell, broken 1519 ] 251 

Britannia * 389 538 

Bronze in leaf. ..... 379 522 

Chrome or chromium 802 371 

Composition, copper, chief value 1552 1283 

Containers * 1668 1453 

Dutch- 
Clippings 1534 1262 

Leaf 379 522 

Electrotype * 389 538 

Manganese 302 362 

Matrices, for sound records 1677 1463 

Manufactures, u. s. p. f 393 551 

Pewter, old * 389 538 

Plates, with layers of other metal 309 892 

Sheets : 

Decorated or coated *'. 393 551 

With layers of other metal 309 392 

Silicon 302 361 

Stereotype* 389 538 

Threads, and articles of 382, 1430 525, 1153 

Type 389 538 

Wolfram * 302 361 

Yellow- 
Bolts 378 517 

Piston rods 378 517 

Shafting 578 517 

Sheathing 378 517 

Sheets 378 517 

Metallic: 

Magnesium and scrap 375 513 

Mineral substances, crude, n. s. p. f 1559 1295 

Tungsten 302 368 

Metallics, bronze 379 521 

Metals: 

Ores of the platinum 1628 1406 

Unwrought, n. s. p. f 1559 1295 

Metanilic acid 25 73 

Methanol. 4 29 

Methylanthracene , 1 546 1276 

Methylanthraquinone 25 73 



index. 1565 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. 

Methvlnaphthalene 1546 127(5 

Methyl: 

Alcohol 4 29 

Anthranilate 26 77 

Salicylate 26 77 

Metronomes 1441 1187 

Mica, and manufactures of 208 280 

Microscopes and frames 228 332 

Military ornaments, metal 1428 1145 

Milk: 

Compounds of 708 654 

Condensed or evaporated 708 651 

Fresh 707 650 

Malted 708 652 

Powder 708 651 

Sour 707 650 

Substitutes for 708 654 

Sugar of* 5 31 

Millboard, asbestos 1401 1091 

Millet seed 761 772 

Millinery ornaments: 

Feather, etc 1419 1130 

Metal 1428 1145 

Mill: 

Saws 340 445 

Shafting, steel * 304 378 

Millstones 234 349 

Mineral: 

Objects in alcohol 22 67 

Oils 1627 1401 

Orange 69 196 

Salts, from mineral waters 1613 1375 

Strontium, carbonate and sulphate 1662 1446 

Substances — 

And manufactures 214 298 

Metallic, crude, n. s. p. f 1559 1295 

Waters 808 836 

Wax, crude 1676 1461 

Mineralogical specimens for public collections 1655 1437 

Minerals, crude, n. s. p. f 1614 1375 

Miners' : 

Appliances, rescue* 1605 1366 

Diamonds 1561 1297 

Powders, fulminating* 1516 1247 

Safety lamps* ;;:.; 1605 1366 

Mining: 

Explosives 1578 1323 

Fuses 1418 1127 

Mirrors: 

Large 223 323 

Small 230 336 

Miso 773 802 

Mittens, wool, knit 1115 989 

Mixtures: 

Chemical- 
Alcoholic 22 67 

Bismuth, chief value* 20 64 

Nitric and sulphuric acids 1501 1217 

N. s. p. f 5 32 

Precious metal, chief value 19 63 

Tin, chief value. . ., 85 248 

Titanium, chief value 86 248 

Coal-tar 26 79 

Coal-tar distillates and pitches 1546 1278 



1566 INDEX. 

M ixtures — Continued . Paragraph of 

Medicinal — H. R. 7456. Page. 

Alcohol 22 67 

N. s. p. f 5 32 

Sugar and water 501 596 

Moccasins, leather, rawhide, or parchment 1432 1165 

Models of inventions 1615 1376 

Mohair. (See Hair, goat, etc.) 

Button forms 1409 1 104 

Molasses 501, 503 596, 599 

Molds: 

Button 1411 1109 

Goldbeaters' 1574 1309 

Gun barrel 304 378 

Hammer : 304 378 

Molybdate, calcium 302 367 

Molybdenum: 

Metal, ore, and alloys 302, 305 363, 383 

Steel 305 383 

Monazite sand 1616 1377 

Monoacetate , glycol 2 24 

Monohydrated sodium carbonate 78 228 

Monumental stone 232, 235 342, 352 

Monuments 233 346 

Mop cloths, cotton, not jacquard 911 878 

Moquette carpets and rugs * 1118 996 

Morocco leather, skins for * ; ; 1600 1357 

Morphine (morphia *) 55 172 

Sulphate 55 173 

Mosaic cubes 232 342 

Moss : 

Crude, n. s. p. f 1617 1378 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Manufactured or dyed 1440 1186 

Peat -. 1448 1196 

Mother-of-pearl : 

Buttons and studs 1411 1108 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1438 1182 

Unmanufactured 1630 1408 

Motion-picture films 1451 1203 

Moto-photography film pictures 1451 1202 

Motor : 

Boats and parts of 370 500 

Cycles and parts of 371 502 

Mountings, optical instruments 228 332 

Mouthpieces for pipes 1452 1206 

Movements : 

Clock 368 494 

Watch 367 489 

Moving-picture films 1451 1203 

Mowers 1504 1223 

Muck bars 303 376 

Mufflers : 

Cotton 917 893 

Embroidered,* etc 1430 1155 

Silk. . . 1209 1033 

Mugs : 

Crockery ware 212 290 

Porcelain 213 295 

Mules 714 666 

Straying across boundary line 1507 1 229 

Mule shoes 333 438 

Multif lora roses, seedlings and cuttings of 752 749 

Mnngo 1105 958 



INDEX. 1567 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Munjeet and extracts * 26 79 

Muntz or yellow metal sheets, etc 378 517 

Muriate: 

Ammonia * 7 37 

Potash 1635 1414 

Muriatic acid 1501 1219 

Mushrooms 766 791 

Mushroom spawn * 762 783 

Music: 

For institutions 1531 1260 

For the blind 1530 1259 

In books or sheets 1310 1082 

Twenty years old * 1310 1081 

Wire 1441 1187 

Musical: 

Instrument — 

Cases 1441 1187 

Strings, gut * 1434 1174 

Strings, metal 1441 1187 

Instruments and parts 1441 1188 

Musk : 

Artificial 26 76 

Grained or in pods. 1506 1228 

Muskets * 364 484 

Muskets, muzzle-loading 364 484 

Mustard: 

Ground or prepared 780 819 

Seeds 780 819 

Mutton, fresh 702 635 

Muzzle-loading muskets, shotguns, and rifles 364 484. 

Mvrobalan (myrobolan *): 

Extract 36 110 

Plum stocks, cuttings, etc.* 753 752 

Mvrobalans fruit 1563 1299 

Myrtle, sticks 1684 1476 

Nail files .' 354 465 

Nail rods 315 403 

Nails 331 433 

Naphtha 1627 1401 

Naphthalene (napthalin *): 

Melting 79° or above 25 73 

Melting below 79° 1546 1276 

Naphthol * 25 73 

Naphthol, alpha and beta 25, 26 73, 76 

Naphthylamine (naphthylamin *) 25 73 

Naphthvlenediamine (naphthylenediamin *) 25 73 

Naphtol. (See Naphthol.) 

Naphtolsulfoacids and salts of * 25 75 

Naphtylaminsulfoacids and salts of * 25 75 

Napkins, cotton 911 878 

Napkins, lace 1430 1153 

Narcissus bulbs 751 745 

Narrow wares. (See Small wares). 

Natural historv specimens 1^55 1437 

Neck rufflings" 1430 1153 

Needle books and cases 343 449 

Needles: 

Crochet 343 450 

Darning 1(518 1379 

Embroiderv machine 343 449 

Hand-sewing 1018 1379 

Knitting 343 450 

Knitting-machine 343 450 

Latch 343 450 

N. s. p. f 343 451 

Sewing-machine 343 450 



1568 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Needles— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Shoe-machine 343 450 

Spring-beard 343 450 

Tape 343 450 

Negatives, photographic film. 1451 1203 

Neroli oil 1625 1392 

Net-making machines 372 505 

Nets or nettings: 
Cotton — 

Gauze 903 851 

Leno-woven 903 851 

Gill of flax, hemp or ramie 1006 915 

Head * 1430 1155 

Human hair 1424 1138 

Lever or go-through machine * 1430 1155 

Nottingham lace 919 897 

N. s. p. f 1430 1153 

Silk * 1430 1155 

Vegetable fiber * 1430 1155 

Wool * 1430 1155 

Newspapers , 1619 1380 

Newsprint paper (see also Printing paper) 165# 1440 

New Zealand hemp binding twine {see also Hemp) 1521 1252 

Nickel 385 530 

Allov 385 530 

Anodes . . . 385 130 

Articles, not plated, n. s. p. f 393 550 

Bar buttons* 349 458 

Bars 385 530 

Chromium 302 374 

Electrodes 385 530 

Ingots 385 530 

Matte 1628 1405 

Ore 1628 1405 

Oxide 385 530 

Pigs , 385 530 

Plates 385 530 

Plates, with layers of other metal , 309 392 

Rods 385 530 

Sheets 385 530 

Sheets with layers of other metal 309 392 

Silver unmanufactured 377 516 

Steel - 305 383 

Strands 385 530 

Strips 385 530 

Tungsten 302 369 

Vanadium , 302 374 

Zirconium 302 374 

Night lights 1417 1123 

Nippers 361 481 

Niter cake 1654 1436 

Nitranilin * (see also Nitroaniline) - 25. 73 

Nitrate: 

Ammonium (ammonia *) 7 38 

Barium 11 51 

Calcium. 1540 1268 

Cerium 84 246 

Cubic * 16-54 1434 

Lead 44 129 

Potassium or saltpeter 75 217 

Sodium 1654 1435 

Strontium. 82 244 

Thorium 84 245 

Nitrated oils and fats 52 162 

Nitric acid 1501 1249 

Nitrite, amvl *. . . 35 101 



INDEX. 1569 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Nitrite, sodium • 78 234 

Nitroaniline. . . 25 73 

Nitroanthraq uinone 25 73 

Nitrobenzaldehyde 25 73 

Nitrobenzene (nitrobenzol *) 25 73 

Nitrobenzol. (See Nitrobenzene.) 

Nitrogen, lime 1540 1269 

Nitronaphthalene 25 73 

Nitrophenol 25 73 

Nitrophenylenediamine ( nitrophenylenediamin *) 25 73 

Nitropicric acid * 26 79 

Nitrosodimethylani-line 25 73 

Nitrotoluene (nitrotoiuol *) 25 73 

Nitrotoiuol {see Nitrotoluene.) 

Nitrotoluylenediamine (nitrotoluylenediamin '*) 25 73 

Noils: 

Flax 1001 901 

Silk exceeding 2 inches in length 1201 1007 

Wool * 1105 957 

Nonenumerated articles 1458, 1459 1214, 1216 

Noodles 726 691 

Note paper 1307 1072 

Nottingham lace articles 919 897 

Number of silk, ascertainment of : . .. ] 211 1039 

Nursery or greenhouse stock * 752, 753 744, 750, 

751 

Nut blanks 330 431 

Nut-galls, crude 1563 1300 

Nutgalls, extracts and decoctions of 1 15 

Nut locks, spiral 330 431 

Nutmegs 780 820 

Nut oil* 50 148 

Nut oils, n. s. p. f 1626 1401 

Nuts, drugs: 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude. 1562 1298 

Nuts: 

Almonds 754 754 

Brazil 755 755 

Chestnuts 755 756 

Coconuts 756 758 

Cream or Brazil 755 755 

Edible, n. s. p. f 759 763 

Filberts 755 756 

Marrons 755 756 

Palm 1620 1380 

Peanuts 757 759 

Pecans 758 762 

Pickled 748 739 

Pknolia _• 755 757 

Pistache 755 757 

Ta-ua 16C4 1450 

Walnuts 758 762 

Nuts, vrought iron or stool 330 431 

Nux vomica 1621 1382 

Oak: 

Bark 1563 1299 

Extras 36 111 

.1 a panese white 404 561 

Oakum 1622 1382 

Oar blocks * 406 '570 

Oat hulls 731 704 

Oatmeal 727 693 

Oats 727 692 

Ochers 70 199 

Ochery earths * 70 199 

82304—22 9«j 



1570 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Odoriferous chemicals: H - R - 7456 - Page- 
Coal-tar •. 26 79 

N. s. p. f 56 175 

Oil or oils: 

Acetone 3 25 

Almond, bitter 1625 1387 

Almond, sweet 1626 1399 

Amber * 54 163 

Ambergris * 54 163 

Aniline (anilin *) 25 73 

Animal 49 140 

Animal, alcoholic 22 66 

Animal, American fisheries 1624 1385 

Animal, sulphonated 51 160 

Animal, combinations and mixtures n. s. p. f 53 163 

Anise (or anise seed *) 1625 1386 

Anthoss * 1625 1386 

Anthracene 1546 1276 

Aspic * (spike lavendar oil) 1625 1386 

Attar of roses * (otto of roses) \ 1625 1386 

Bean * (sesame) 1626 1396 

Benzine 1627 1401 

Bergamot 1625 1386 

Birch, sweet 26 77 

Birch tar* 54 163 

Cajeput * 54 163 

Cake and meal 731, 1623 703, 1383 

Camomile * 54 163 

Camphor 1625 1388 

Caraway 1625 1388 

Cassia 1625 1389 

Castor 50 149 

Castor, sulphonated 51 160 

Cedrat * 54 163 

Chamomile * 54 163 

Chemically treated 52 1 61 

Chinese nut * 1626 1396 

Chinese tung (nut *) 1626 1400 

Chlorinated 52 162 

Cinnamon 1625 1389 

Citronella 1625 1389 

Civet * 54 163 

Clove - 54 166 

Coconut 50 151 

Cod 49 144 

Cod-liver 49 144 

Combinations (except essential or distilled) 53 163 

Combinations containing essential or distilled 56 175 

Cottonseed 50 150 

Creosote 1546 1276 

Croton .• 1626 1396 

Dead 1546 1276 

Distilled or essential 54, 1625 164, 1386 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Mixtures or combinations 56 175 

Eucalyptus 54 166 

Expressed or extracted 50, 1626 149, 1396 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Fennel * - 54 163 

Fish 49 145 

Fish of American fisheries 1624 1385 

Flaxseed 50 153 

Fruit, alcoholic. 22 66 

Fruit, nonalcoholic 37 117 

Fuel 1627 1401 



INDEX. 1571 

Paragraph of 
Oil or oils— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Fusel 4 27 

Gasoline 1627 1401 

Geranium 1625 1390 

Hardened 52 161 

Hempseed 50 152 

Herring 49 142 

Hydrogenated 52 161 

Ichthyol * 5 31 

Japanese tung... 1626 1400 

Jasmine or jasimine * 1566 1 303 

Juglandium * 54 163 

Juniper* 54 163 

Kerosene 1627 1401 

Lavender 1625 1390 

Leather, dressing or stuffing * 49, 50 140, 148 

Lemon 54 165 

Lemon-grass 1625 1389 

Lignaloe 1625 ■ 1391 

Lime 1625 1391 

Linseed 50 153 

Mace * 54 163 

Menhaden : 49 142 

Mineral 1627 1401 

Mineral, combinations and mixtures, n. s. p. f 53 162 

Naphtha 1627 1401 

Neroli 1625 1392 

Nitrated 52 162 

Nut, n. s. p. f 1626 1401 

Oleo , 701 631 

Olive, n. s. p. f 50 155 

Olive, unfit for food 1626 1399 

Orange 54 165 

Orange flower 1625 1392 

Origanum 1625 1392 

Otto (attar*) of roses 1625 1393 

Oxidized 52 161 

Paintings 1447, 1685 1195, 1479 

Palm 1626 1396 

Palmarosa 1625 1393 

Palm-kernel ]626 1396 

Paraffin 1627 1401 

Patchouli 54 168 

Peanut 50 156 

Peppermint 54 167 

Perilla 1626 1398 

Petroleum 1627 1401 

Pettigrain 1625 1393 

Poppy-seed 50 157 

Rapeseed 50 158 

Red or oleic acid 1 19 

Rendered.* (See Animal oils.) 

Rose 1625 1393 

Rosemary 1625 1394 

Sandalwood 54 168 

Seal 49 143 

Seeds * 762 775 

Sesame (sesamum seed *) 1626 1398 

Soap-making* 49, 50 140, 148 

Sod 49 141 

Soya-bean 50 152 

Sperm 49 143 

Spermaceti 1624 1385 

Spike lavender 1625 1390 

Sulphonated 51 159 

Thyme 1 625 1395 



1572 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Oil or oils— Continued. H - R - 7456 - Pa e e - 

Tung, Japanese and Chinese 1626 1400 

Turkey red 51 159 

Valerian* 54 163 

Vegetable, combinations and mixtures, n. s. p. f 53 162 

Vitriol 1501 1217 

Vulcanized 52 162 

Whale 49 142 

Whale, American fisheries 1624 1385 

Wintergreen 26 77 

Wire drawing* 49,50 140,148 

Ylang ylang . 1625 1395 

Oil-bearing seeds and materials 760 70 J 

Oilcloth: 

Cotton 906 869 

Floor J018 935 

Mats and rugs 1018 935 

Oil-gas tar: 

Crude 1546 1276 

Distillates 25 75 

Pitch 1546 1276 

Oil of vitriol. 1501 1217 

Oil-spreading machines 1541 1269 

Oleic acid 1 19 

Oleomargarine ^ . 709 654 

Oleooil 701 631 

Oleo stearin 701 631 

Olive oil 50 155 

Unfit for food 1626 1399 

Olives 744 730 

Onions 768 794 

Onion seed......'. 762 779 

Onion-skin paper 1307 1071 

Onyx and manufactures 232, 233 342. 347 

Opal enamel tiles and rods. 231 341 

Opera glasses and frames 228 332 

Opium and derivatives 55 170 

Optical glass J 227 330 

Optical instruments and frames 228 332 

Orange: 

Flower oil - 1625 1392 

Juice, sour 1604 1386 

Mineral 69 196 

Oil 54 165 

Peel 740 721 

Sticks. 1684 1476 

Oranges - 743 728 

Boxes or barrels for 410 578 

Orchids* 751 747 

Orchid or orchil liquid * 1510 1235 

Ore or ores: 

Antimony , - 1509 1234 

Barvtes.: 64 186 

Cerium or cerite 1542 1271 

Chrome or chromic 1544 1272 

Chromite 1544 1272 

Cobalt 1547 1278 

Ooppor 1553 1284 

Corundum 1565 1302 

Emertf 1565 1302 

Gold.foV." 1628 1404 

Iron - 1590 1337 

Lead-bearing %&% 536 

Manganese &Q2 362 

Manganifcrous iron 1590 1337 

Mol \ lulcnum 302 363 

Nickel 1628 1405 



INDEX. 1573 

Paragraph of 
Ore or ores — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Platinum metals 1628 1406 

Silver 1628 1405 

Sulphur (pyrites) 1663 1449 

Thorium 1616 1377 

Tin 1670 1456 

Tungsten 302 364 

Zinc-bearing 390 543 

Organzine, silk 1203 1013 

Oriental carpets and rugs 1117 993 

Oriental gut and manufactures of 1434 1175 

Origanum oil 1625 1392 

Orleans and extracts * 1510 1235 

Ornaments, n. s. p. f 1430 1153 

China, etc 212, 213 289, 294 

Metal 1428 1145 

Millinery 1419, 1428 1130, 1145 

Orpiment * 1513 1241 

Orthocresol 25 73 

Osier: 

Articles, n. s. p. f 411 579 

Basket 411 579 

Braids, etc., for hats 1406 1098 

Osmium 1589 1336 

Osprey feathers 1419 1128 

Ossein 1580 1326 

Ostrich feathers 1419 1128 

Otto (attar*) of roses 1625 1393 

Outerwear, knit or crocheted: 

Silk 1208 1032 

Wool 1115 990 

Oxalate, titanium potassium 86 248 

Oxalic acid , . 1 20 

Oxide: 

Antimony 8 41 

Cobalt 27 84 

Ethylene 2 24 

Iron pigments 70 201 

Iron, containing more than 25 per cent sulphur 1663 1447 

Leaded zinc 74 207 

Magnesium, medicinal. 47 133 

Manganese * 302 362 

Nickel 385 530 

Strontium (strontia *) 82 244 

Thorium 84 245 

Tin, black 1670 1456 

Uranium 1674 1460 

Zinc 74 207 

Oxidized oils and fats 52 161 

Ox shoes 333 438 

Packers' skewers 412 583 

Packing (see also Containers) — 

Boxshooks 409 576 

Boxes, empty 409 576 

Woven sheet, asbestos 1401 1091 

Padding for clothing, flax, hemp, or jute 1010 923 

Paddy 728 695 

Painters' knives 355 469 

Paintings : 

Definition 1685 1478 

Glass, for institutions 1688 1482 

Mineral colors 1685 1 478 

N. s. p. f 1447 1195 

Oil 1685 1478 

Original 1685 1478 

W ater colors 1085 1478 



1574 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Paints {see also Pigments): H. R. 7456. Page. 

Artists' 62 184 

Enamel 63 185 

N. s. p. f 63 184 

Theatrical grease 57 178 

Palette knives 355 469 

Palings 407 571 

Palladium 1589 1336 

Palm: 

Nut kernels 1620 1380 

Nuts 1620 1380 

Oil 1626 1396 

Palm-kernel oil 1626 1396 

Palm leaf: 

Braids, etc. , for hats 1406 1098 

Fans, plain 1567 1304 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 1179 

Natural 1567 1304 

Palms* 751 747 

Palmarosaoil 1625 1393 

Pamphlets 1310 1081 

For the blind 1530 1259 

Pants, knit* - 916 892 

Paper: 

Albumenized 1305 1063 

Albums 1311 1085 

Articles 1304-1306, 1313 1053-1070, 

1087 

Asbestos.... - 1401 1091 

Bags 1305 1061 

Bands 1306,1313 1068,1087 

Basic, plain 1305 1063 

Bibulous* 1304 1055 

Blotting 1309 1076 

Board 1302,1313 1048,1089 

Boxes 1313 1088 

Wall pockets 1313 1087 

Bond 1307 1072 

Book 1301 1046 

Booklets 1310 1083 

Books - 1310 1081 

Boxboard * 1302 1048 

Boxes 1305, 1313 1064, 1088 

Bristol board* 1302 1048 

Fourdrinier 1307 1072 

Building 1302 1048 

Buttons* 1411 H08 

Calendars 1306 1068 

Calender plate finished * 1305 1062 

Cardboard 1302 : 1313 1048,1088 

Cards, ligthographically printed 1306 1 068 

Christmas, greeting, or post «^ - - 1310 1080 

Playing. 1312 1086 

Cigar bands 1306 1068 

Cigarette (except cork paper) 1452 1206 

Cigars and cigarettes 605 623 

Cloth-lined. . 1305 1059 

Compress leather » 1302,1313 1050,1087 

( 'opying 1304 1 054 

Cork... 1412 1115 

Crepe 1304 1054 

Cut into designs, etc 1313 1088 

Decaleomania 1305 1059 

Decalcomanias 1306 1068 



INDEX. 1575 

Paragraph of 
Paper— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Decorated 1305 1059 

Drawing 1307 1072 

Embossed- 1305, 1307, 1313 1059, 1073 

1087 

Emery 1415 1119 

Envelopes 1308 1075 

Filtering 1309 1056, 1076 

Fine 1307 1071 

Flaps 1306 1068 

Flock coated 1305 1059 

Gelatin coated 1305 1059 

Grease-proof 1305 1060 

Gummed 1305 1059 

Handmade 1307 1072 

Hanging 1309 1076 

Hangings 1309 1076 

Jacquard 1309 1076 

Japan, and imitation 1307 1072 

Labels 1306 1068 

Leather board 1302, 1313 1050, 1089 

Ledger 1307 1072 

Letter 1307 1072 

Letter-copying books * 1310 1082 

Machine — 

Handmade 1307 1073 

Knives 356 471 

Manifold 1307 1074 

Manufactures of. n. s. p. f 1313 1088 

Marbleized * 1305 1061 

Masks 1303 1053 

Metal coated 1305 . 1059 

Newsprint 1659 1045, 1440 

Note 1307 1072 

N. s. p. f 1304,1309 1056,1078 

Paper stock 1641 1421 

Pamphlets 1310 1081 

Onionskin and imitation 1307 1071 

Paraffin 1305 1062 

Parchment, vegetable and imitation 1305 1060 

Pencils 1449 1198 

Photographic 1305 1060 

Pictures 1306 1068 

Placards 1306 1068 

Plain basic 1305 1063 

Pottery* 1304 1054 

Press 1313 1088 

Boards 1313 1088 

Printed 1305 1057 

Printed matter, n. s. p. f 1310 1081 

Printing 1301 1045 

Pulpboard 1302, 1313 1048, 1089 

Record 1307 1072 

Reinforced 1305 1059 

Roofing 1302 1049 

Ruled 1307 1073 

Sensitized 1305 1060 

Sheathing 1302 1048 

Stereotype 1304 1054 

Matrix, mat or board 1313 1088 

Stock 1641 1421 

Surface-coated 1305 1059 

Tablet 1307 1072 

Test or container boards 1313 1088 

Tissue 1304 1054 

Transfer 1305 1061 



1576 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Paper— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Transparent *. . 1305 1060 

Twine, for binding wool * 1313 1087 

Typewriter , 1307 1072 

Wall pockets 1313 1089 

Waste 1641 1420 

Wax 1305 1059 

Wrapping 1305 ; 1309 1064, 1076 

Writing 1307 1071 

Papier-mach6: 

Boxes 1305,1313 1061,1089 

Buttons * 1411 1108 

Manufactures of 1303 1052 

Masks 1303 1053 

Wall pockets 1313 1089 

Paprika 780 821 

Paracetaldehyde 2 24 

Paracresol 25 73 

Paraffin 1627 1401 

Oil 1627 1401 

Paper 1305 1062 

Paraformaldehyde 38 118 

Paranitranilin * (nitroaniline) 25 73 

Parasol : 

Ribs and stretchers ' 342 449 

Sticks o 1684 1476 

Parasols 1455 1210 

Parchment 1629 1407 

Manufactures of , n. s. p. f . 1432 1165 

Paper. . . . 1305 1060 

Parian: 

Ware, and manufactures 213 295 

Works of art ... 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Paris: 

Green 59 181 

White 18 61 

Parsley seed 762 779 

Parsnip seed 762 780 

Partridge, sticks of 1684 1476 

Paste or pastes: 

Alimentary 726 692 

Fish 722 681 

Indigo* 26 78 

Manufactures of (glass) n. s. p. f 230, 1428 337, 1145 

Meat 773 801 

Theatrical g>ease* 57 178 

Toilet 57 178 

Tomato 770 798 

Vegetable 773 . 801 

Pastels 1685 1478 

N. s. p. f 1447 1195 

Patchouli oil 54 168 

Patent : 

Alum* 6 34 

Barley* 723 685 

Leather* 1600 1351 

Tartar* 9 43 

Paving: 

Posts 405 567 

Tiles 232 341 

Peaches 745 732 

Peach kernels 760 767 

Peanut oil 50 156 

Peanuts 757 759 



INDEX. 1577 

Paragraph of 
Pearl: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Barley (pearled*) 723 685 

Beads, imitation 1403 1094 

Button blanks 1410 1105 

Buttons 1410 1106 

Hardening* 205 265 

Mother-of-, unmanufactured 1630 1408 

Pearls: 

Imitation 1429 1151 

J^ot set or strung 1429 1150 

Parts of 1429 1150 

Reconstructed * 1429 1148 

Svnthetic * 1429 1148 

Pears' 745 734 

Pear trees, seedlings and cuttings 753 752 

Peas (pease *) 767 792 

Pease, seed * 767 792 

Peat moss 1448 1196 

Pebble: 

Brazilian, umvrought 1535 1264 

Lenses - 226 329 

Pecans 758 762 

Peel, fruit 740 720 

Peignee. silk * (combed silk *) 1201 1006 

Pen-and-ink drawings 1447, 1685 1195, 1478 

Pencil: 

Attachments 352 462 

Caps or protectors 1449 1197 

Leads 1450 1201 

Pencils: 

Hair 1407 1102 

Lead 1449 1198 

Mechanical — 

N. s. p. f 1449 1197 

Of base metal, not plated 352 463 

Not metal 1449 1197 

Paper 1449 1198 

Slate 1449 1198 

Penholders and parts 352 462 

Penknives 354 466 

Pens: 

Fountain, and parts 353 464 

Gold 352 462 

Metallic, n. s. p. f 351 461 

Nib and barrel in one piece 351 461 

Stylographic, and parts 353 464 

Peony bulbs * 751 ; 747 

Pepper 780 820, 821 

Peppermint oil 54 167 

Pepper seed 762 780 

Perchlorate: 

Ammonium (ammonia *) 7 38 

Potassium • 75 212 

Percussion caps 1418 1125 

Perennials, herbaceous 751 746 

Perfume materials 56 175 

Perfumery 57 178 

Perilla oil 1626 139S 

Periodicals: 

Definition 1619 1379 

Lithographic 1306 1068 

N. s. p. f 1619 1379 

Permanganate, potassium 75 218 

Persian berries, extract 36 111 



1578 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Personal effects: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Accompanying passengers 1678 1464 

Of citizens dying abroad 1631 1409 

Peru balsam . 10 47 

Petroleum oil and distillates 1627 1401 

Pettigrain oil 1625 1393 

Pewter: 

Manufactures 393 550 

Metal, old * 389 538 

Phenol. 25 73 

Phenolic, synthetic, resin 26 82 

Phenolphthalein 26 76 

Phenylacetaldehyde 26 77 

Phenylenediamine (phenylenediamin *) 25 73 

Phenylethyl alcohol 26 77 

Phenylglycine 25 73 

Phenylglycineorthocarboxylic acid 25 73 

Phenylhydrazine 25 73 

Phenylnaphthylamine (phenylnaphthylamin *) 25 73 

Philosophical apparatus 360, 1686 479, 1480 

Philosophical institutions. (See Institutions.) 

Phonograph-record albums 1311 1086 

Phonographs and parts 1442 1189 

Phosphate : 

Ammonium (ammonia *) 7 39 

Sodium 78 235 

Phosphates, crude 1632 1409 

Phosphoric acid and anhydride 1 21 

Phosphorus 60 182 

Photo-engraved plates 341 447 

Photograph albums 1311 1085 

Photographic: 

Cameras and parts of, n. s. p. f 1451 1203 

Chemicals 26 80 

Films 1451 1203 

Lenses and frames 228 332 

Paper 1305 1060 

Pictures 1686 1480 

Plates 1451, 1514 1203, 1243 

Photographs: 

Bound or unbound * 1310 1083 

For exhibition 1687 1481 

For institutions 1531 1260 

For use of United States or Library of Congress 1528 1258 

N. s. p. f 1310 1083 

20 years old * 1310 1081 

Photogravure plates 341 447 

Phthalic acid and anhydride 25 73 

Phthalimide 25 73 

Pianoforte: 

Action, leather 1431 1162 

Actions and parts 1441 1187 

Leather 1431 1162 

Pickets 407 571 

Pickled fruits and nuts 748 739 

Pickles * 748 739 

Picric acid 26 83 

Pictorial paintings on glass for institutions 1688 1 482 

Picture books * 1310, 1414 10S0 : 1117 

Pictures: 

Motion 1451 1202 

Paper 1306 1069 

Photographic, for exhibition 1686 1480 

Pie knives 355 469 

Piercing saws 340 445 



INDEX. 1579 

Paragraph of 

Pigments: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Artists' 62 184 

Barium sulphate, precipitated 64 188 

Barytes, ground 64 186 

Bone black 66 191 

Black, n. s. p. f 68 194 

Blanc fixe 64 188 

Blue 65 189 

Calcium sulphate, precipitated 71 203 

Chrome 67 192 

Gas black 68 1 94 

Iron-oxide and hydroxide 70 201 

Lampblack 68 194 

Lead, n. s. p. f 69 198 

Leaded zinc oxide 74 207 

Litharge 69" 195 

Lithopone 74 209 

N. s. p. f 63 184 

Ocher 70 199 

Orange mineral 69 196 

Red lead 69 197 

Satin white 71 203 

Sienna 70 199 

Silica , 207 276 

Ultramarine blue 65 190 

Umber 70 199 

Vermilion red 73 206 

Wash blue 65 190 

. White, containing lead * 69 197 

White lead 69 197 

White, containing zinc * « 74 207 

White sulphide of zinc * 74 207 

Zinc oxide 74 207 

Pignolia nuts 755 757 

Pig or pigs: 

Copper 1553 1284 

Iron 301 358 

Lead 389 538 

Nickel 385 530 

Tin 386 532 

Zinc 391 545 

Pile fabrics: 

Cotton 909 874 

Flax, hemp, or ramie * 3011 924 

Silk 1206 1027 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1011 924 

Wool 1111 978 

Pillowcases: 

Cotton 911 878 

Linen 1013 927 

Pillow shams: 

Nottingham lace 919 898 

Pill tiles 212 289 

Pills, chemicals, etc., in 21 65 

Pimento: 

Allspice 780 822 

Sticks of 1684 1476 

Pimientos, prepared or preserved 780 823 

Pincers 361 481 

Pineapples 746 735 

Pins: 

Jewelry 1428 1145 

Not jewelry 350 460 

Tuning 1441 1187 



1580 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Pipe: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Bowls 1452 1206 

Cast-iron 327 423 

Copper * 378 517 

Lead 389 538 

Pipes : 

Charcoal iron 328 425 

Iron or steel 328 426 

Pitch . 1441 1187 

Smokers ' 1452 1206 

Pips, lily of the valley 751 745 

Pistache nuts 755 757 

Pistols 366 487 

Piston rods, Muntz or yellow metal 378 517 

Pit saws 340 445 

Pitch: 

Blast-furnace tar 1546 1276 

Burgundy 1538 1266 

Coal tar 1546 1276 

Oil-gas tar 1546 1276 

Pipes 1441 1187 

Water-gas tar 1546 1276 

Wood , 1667 1452 

Placards, paper i 1306 1068 

Plain basic paper. 1305 1063 

Plaits, straw, chip, grass, etc 1406 1098 

Planing machine knives 356 471 

Planking, ship * 414 589 

Planks: 

Cork, artificial. 1412 1114 

Cabinet wood 401 561 

Wood 16*} 1470 

Piano glasses 226 329 

Planters 1504 1223 

Planting material for Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 

Plants: 

Deciduous and evergreen 752 750 

For Botanical Garden 1633 1411 

For Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 

Fruit 753 752 

Greenhouse * 751 747 

Natural, chemically treated, etc., n. s. p. f 1419 1127 

Nursery stock * 752 750 

Rose * 752 749 

Tea 1668 1453 

Plaques: 

Earthern ware 212 289 

Porcelain 213 294 

Plaster of Paris: 

( rude 205 265 

Manufacturers of. n. s. p. f 1 438 1185 

Plaster rock or gypsum 205 265 

Plasters: 

Court 61 183 

Healing or curative 61 183 

Plastics, pyroxylin 29 87 

Plateaux, fur ] 127 1143 

Plate: 

Boiler, iron or steel 307 388 

Iron or steel 307 388 

Definition 307 387 

Glass- 
Cast polished, unsilvered 222 321 

Colored, manufactured, ornamented 224 325 



INDEX. 1581 

Plate— Continued. Paragraph of 

Glass— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Fluted, ribbed, rolled, rough 221 318 

Silvered 223 ; 224 323, 325 

Material, storage battery 320 415 

Scrap tin 301 358 

Plates: 

Aluminum 374 510 

Asbestos 1-101 1091 

Brass 378 519 

Carbon 216 . 216 

Cast-iron 327 423 

Cement, hydraulic 1401 1091 

Circular saw 304 380 

Copper — 

Cast and unmauufacturv 1 1553 1284 

Rolled or manufactured 378 517. 

With layers of othei metal 309 391 

Clock 367, 368 488, 493 

Dial* 367, 368 489, 494 

Doe-skin 1420 1133 

Electrotype 341 447 

Engraved — 

For printing 341 447 

Steel 341 447 

Engraver's copper 378 517 

Fur 1420 1133 

Goat-skin 1420 1133 

Glass, optical* 227 330 

Half-tone 341 447 

Hydraulic cement 1403 1091 

Iron or steel. (See Iron or steel.) 

Lithographic 341 447 

Looking-glass 223, 230 323, 336 

Metal, with layers of other metal 309 392 

Mica 208 280 

Nickel 385 530 

With layers of other metal 309 392 

Photo-ensraved 341 447 

Photographic, dry, n. s. p. f 1451 1203 

Photogravure 341 447 

Platinum 1634 1411 

Steel. (See Steel.) 

Railway fish 322 418 

Saw* 308 380 

Circular 304 380 

Stereotype 341 447 

Storage battery 320 415 

Stove 327 423 

Tagger's tin 310 395 

Terne 310 395 

Tin 310 395 

Watch 367, 368 488, 493 

Platinum: 

Apparatus for chemical uses * 360 479 

Articles or wares 393 550 

Bars , 1634 1411 

Chemical compounds, mixtures, and salts 19 63 

Combinations with iridium, etc 1589 1335 

Ingots 1634 1411 

Metals, ores of 1628 • 1404 

Plates 1634 1411 

Scrap 1634 141 1 

Sheets * 3P3 551 

Sponge 1634 1411 

Unmanufactured 1634 1411 

Wire* 393 551 



1582 INDEX. 



Paragraph of 



H. R. 7456. Page. 

Player-piano-action, leather 1431 1162 

Playing cards 1312 1086 

Pliers 361 481 

Plows 1504 1223 

Plumbago 211 287 

Plumbers' knives 355 469 

Plumes 1419 1130 

Plum trees, seedlings and cuttings 753 752 

Plums 747 737 

Plush: 

Cotton * 909 874 

Definition 1206 1026 

Hatters' 1453 1208 

Ribbons — 

Cotton * 909 873 

Silk 1206 1027 

Silk 1206 1027 

Wool * 1111 978 

Pocketbooks, leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Pocket knives 354 466 

Points, steel 332 437 

Poker chips 1413 1116 

Poles: 

Electric-light 405 567 

Hoop * 414 589 

Hop* 414 589 

Telegraph, telephone, and trolley 405 567 

Polishing — 

Cloths, cotton, plain 911 878 

Creams, powders, and preparations 12 52 

Pomades 57 178 

Pomelos * 743 727 

Boxes or barrels for 410 578 

Pontianak 1587 1332 

Pool balls 1413 1116 

Poppy seed 760 766 

Oil 50 157 

Porcelain — 

Ware 213 295 
Worksof art.". V. V. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. ...... '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. ...... 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Porch blinds 413 584 

Pork 703 638 

Porter 805 831 

Portfolios, leather or parchment 1432 1165 

Portland cement: 

Hydraulic 203 260 

White, nonstaining 205 266 

Positives, photographic-film 1451 1203 



Stamp album 1311 1085 

Stamps, foreign 1658 1439 

Post-card albums 1311 1085 

Post cards 1310 1083 

Foreign 1658 1439 

Posts: 

Iron or steel 312 397 

Paving 405 567 

. Fence, wood * 406 570 

Wood 406 570 

Potassa, tartrate of * 9 43 

Potassium or potash: 

Alloys * 1559 1295 

Alum 6 35 

Aluminum sulphate 6 35 

Antimony tartrate 8 42 



INDEX. 1583 

Paragraph of 

Potassium or Potash — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Bicarbonate 75 215 

Bichromate * (dichromate) 75 211 

Bitartrate 9 43 

Bromide 75 215 

Carbonate 75 215 

Caustic 75 216 

Chlorate 75 212 

Chloride 1635 1414 

Chromate 75 211 

Crude salts, n. s. p. f 1635 1413 

Cyanide 1636 1416 

Dichromate (bichromate *) .- 75 211 

Ferricyanide 75 213 

Ferrocyanide 75 213 

Hydrate * 75 210 

Hydriodate* 75 210 

Hydroxide 75 216 

Iodate * 5 31 

Iodide 75 214 

Metal * 1559 1295 

Muriate 1635 1414 

Nitrate 75 217 

Perchlorate 75 212 

Permanganate 75 218 

Prussiate, red and yellow 75 213 

Salts, crude, n. s. p. f 1635 1413 

Sodium tartrate 9 45 

Sulphate 1635 1414 

Titanium oxalate 86 248 

Potatoes 769 796 

Potato- 
Flour 769 796 

Starch 80 241 

Pots, carbon, porous * 216 302 

Pottery 210, 212, 213 j 285 > 2 |^ 

Paper * 1304 1054 

Works of art 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Pouches, tobacco 1452 1206 

Poultry: 

Dead 712 660 

Live 711 658 

Powder or powders : 

Bleaching 13 52 

Bronze 379 521 

Cases, metal 1428 1145 

Cleaning 12 52 

Cream 708 652 

Curry ' 780 815 

Fulminating 1516 1247 

Gun 1578 1323 

Ink, coal-tar 26 79 

Ink, n. s. p. f 41 125 

Magnesium 375 513 

Milk 708 651 

Molybdenum 302 367 

Soap, n. s. p. f 77 220 

Tin 379 521 

Toilet 57 178 

Tungsten 302 368 

Precious stone settings 1428 1145 

Precious stones and imitations of 1429 1148 

Preparations: 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Anatomical 1652 1431 

Bismuth 20 64 



1584 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Preparations — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Chemical, n.s. p. f. .. 5 31 

Cleaning* 12 52 

Coal-tar * '. 25, 26 74, 78 

Dyeing 36 105 

Medicinal, n. s. p. f 5 31 

Mercurial 16 57 

Opium 55 170 

Philosophical* 360 479 

Polishing* 12 52 

Scientific* 360 479 

Tanning 36 105 

Toilet : 57 178 



Boards .' 1313 1088 

Cloth- 
Camel's hair * 1426 1141 

Hair 1426 1141 

Paper 1313 1088 

Presses, printing * 372 504 

For the blind 1530 1259 

Printed matter: 

Coated paper, not lithographic 1305 1057 

N. s. p. f 1310 1082 

Printing: 
Paper — 

For books * 1301 1046 

For newspapers * 1659 1045, 1440 

Presses *. 372 504 

For the blind. 1530 1259 

Print blocks or rollers, metal 392 550 

Prints : 

Lithographic * 1310 1081 

For institutions '. 1531 1260 

Motion picture . 1451 1203 

Prizes. . ....... 1611 1373 

Professional — 

Books, etc., immigrants' 1637 1417 

Works of art 1685, 1686 1478, 1480 

Projection lenses and frames , 228 332 

Proof of spirits: 

Ascertainment 810 837 

Basis of duty 811 837 

Properties, theatrical 1637 . 1416 

Propylene chlorohydrin, dichloride, and glycol 2 24 

Protoxide of strontian * . 82 243 

Prune juice or wine , 806 833 

Prunelles 747 737 

Prunes. 747 737 

Pruning knives 354 465 

Prussian blue * 65 189 

Prussiate : 

Potash, red and yellow 75 213 

Soda, yellow 78 232 

Prussic acid * 1 23 

Publications: 

Gratuitous 1529 1259 

Institutional 1529 1259 

Public documents, foreign Governments 1529 1259 

Puddings. 734 709 

Vegetable, meat, or fish 773 801 

Pulp: 

Beet, dried... 731 704 

Manufactures of :. . . 1303 1051 

Masks 1303 1053 

Mill knives 356 471 



INDEX. 1585 

Paragraph of 
Pulp— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Rag 1641 1421 

Shoe buttons* 1411 1108 

Wood 1610 1370 

Export restrictions 402, 1301 560, 1047 

Woods*' 402, 1683 558, 1469 

Pulpboard 1302, 1313 1048, 1089 

Pulu 1638 1418 

Pumice stone and manufactures 206 268 

Purple, London 59 181 

Purses, mesh 1428 1145 

Putty 18 62 

Pyrethrum: 

Advanced 32 96 

Crude 1502 1222 

Pyridine (pyridin *) 1546 1276 

Pyrites 1663 1449 

Burnt, dross or residuum from 1590 1 337 

Pyrogallic acid 1 21 

Pyroligneous acid * (acetic acid) 1 11 

pyroxylin: 

Compounds.. 29 87 

Liquid solutions 23 85 

Manufactures 29 87 

Plastics 29 87 

Quarantine, animals in 1507 1229 

Quarrv tiles or quarries 202 257 

Quartzite 1661 1443 

Quebracho: 

Extract 36 112 

Wood 1563 1299 

Quicksilver — • 

And containers 383 527 

Flasks or bottles, exported and returned 1514 1242 

Vermilion reds containing 73 206 

Quillings 1430 1157 

Quills 1419 1128 

Manufactures of , n. s. p. f 1437 1179 

Quilts: 

Cotton 911 878 

Down 1419 1127 

Quinaldine 25 73 

Quinces* 749 741 

Quince trees, seedlings and cuttings 753 752 

Quinine (quinia*) — 

Barks 1518 1250 

Sulphate 1639 1418 

Quinoline (quinolin*) 25 73 

Quoits* 393 551 

Rabbit. — 

Fur hats 1427 1144 

Skins* 1653 1 432 

Rackets 1402 1093 

Radioactive substitutes 1640 1419 

Radish seed 762 780 

Radium and salts of ] 640 1419 

Raffinose 505 608 

Rag pulp 1641 1421 



For paper stock 1641 1421 

N. s. p. f. * 1641 1420 

Wash, cotton * 909, 920 874, 899 

Wool 1105 957 

Railroad ties 405 568 

Rails, iron or steel 322 418 

82304—22 100 



1586 index. 

Paragraph of 

Railway: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Bars 322 418 

Fishplates 322 418 

Tires 324 420 

Wheels and parts 324 421 

Raisins 742 725 

Ramie: 

Cords 1004 908 

Fabric, woven 1009 921 

Fish nets 1006 915 

Gill nettings 1006 915 

Handkerchiefs * 1015 929 

Hat braids and manufactures 1404 1096 

Hose, hydraulic * 1007 916 

Manufactures * 1019 938 

Nets and nettings, fishing 1006 915 

Roving 1002 904 

Seines 1006 915 

Sliver 1002 904 

Small wares * 1014 928 

Threads 1004 908 

Twines 1004 908 

Webs 1006 915 

Yarns 1004 908 

762 775 

Oil 50 158 

362 482 

Ratafia 802 827 

Rattan 411 580 

Articles, n. s. p. f 411 579 

Chair cane * 411 579 

Furniture 411 580 

Hat braids and manufactures 1406 1098 

Matting and mats 1021 943 

Sticks 1684 1476 

Raw articles, unenumerated 1458 1 214 

Rawhide: 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1432 1165 

Rope 1581 1327 

Razors and blades 358 474 

Ready-made clothing. (See Wearing apparel.) 

Reapers 1504 1223 

Record paper 1307 1072 

Records, master, and metal matrices of 1677 1463 

Red- 
Cedar * 401 557 

Chalk 18 61 

Indian * 70 199 

Lead 69 197 

Oil or oleic acid 1 19 

Pepper 780 820 

Prussiate of potash 75 213 

Venetian * 70 199 

Vermilion, containing quicksilver 73 206 

Vermilion, not containing quicksilver * 69 195 

Reed chair cane * 411 581 

Reed furniture 411 579 

Reeds: 

Definition 411 579 

Manufactured 411 581 

Unmanufactured * 1684 1476 

Reels, fishing. 344 453 

Regalia and gems, for religious, etc., purposes 1660 1442 

Registers, cash 1541 1269 



INDEX. 1587 

Paragraph of 

Regulus: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Antimony 376 515 

Copper 1553 1 284 

Reindeer meat 704 642 

Religious — 

Devotional articles 1444 1 192 

Institutions. (See Institutions.) 
Rendered oils. (See Oils.) 

Rennet (rennets *) 1642 1 423 

Replicas and reproductions of works of art 1447, 1685 1195, 1478 

Rescue appliances, miner's * 1605 1 366 

Residuum from burnt pyrites 1590 1337 

Resin (see also Gum and gum resin): 

Gum 1577 1318 

Synthetic phenolic 26 82 

Manufactures of 1439 1186 

Resinate, lead 44 130 

Resorcinol (resorcin *) : 

Medicinal 26 76 

Not medicinal 25 73 

Retorts, gas 215 301 

Retorts, platinum for chemical use * 360 479 

Revenue stamps, foreign 1658 1 438 

Rhamnose 505 608 

Rhodinol 56 176 

Rhodium: 

Chemical compounds and salts 19 63 

Combinations with platinum 1589 1335 

Ribbons: 

Artificial horsehair * 1215 1040 

Artificial silk * 1215 1040 

Bullion 382 525 

Cotton * 912 882 

Cotton velvet or plush 909 873 

Lame or lahn 382 525 

Magnesium 375 513 

Metal thread 382 525 

Ornamented 1430 1153 

Plush- 
Cotton 909 873 

Silk 1206 1026 

Silk 1207 1029 

Silk velvet or plush 1206 1027 

Tinsel wire 382 525 

Vegetable fiber * 1014 928 

Velvet- 
Cotton 909 873 

Silk 1206 1027 

Wool * 1114 985 

Ribose 505 607 

Ribs for umbrellas and parasols 342 449 

Rice 728 694 

Bran, flour, and meal 728 695 

Cleaned for use in the manufacture of canned foods 1643 1423 

Wine 804 829 

Ricmoleic acid * (see also Alizarin assistant) 51 159 

Rifle barrels 365 484 

Rifle stocks 365 484 

Rifles: 

Air, tovs 1414 1 117 

Breech-loading 365 485 

Combination 365 485 

Muzzle-loading 364 484 

Parts of 365 485 

Repeating 365 485 



1588 INDEX. 



Paragraph of 
H. R.7456. 

If 



Page. 

King travelers, spinning and twisting 316 407 

King waste, wool ] 105 057 

Rings, saddlery or harness 345 454 

Rivet rods 315 403 

Rivets, iron or steel 332 437 

Rochelle salts 9 43 

Rock crystal, manufactures of, n. s. p. f 233 348 

Rockets'. 1416 1122 

Rock: 

Limestone asphalt 1603 1364 

Plaster or gypsum 205 265 

Rockingham earthenware * 212 286 

Rocoa (roucou) and extracts * 1510 ] 236 

Rods: 

Aluminum 374 510 

Brass 378 519 

Bronze 378 519 

Copper 378 517 

Cork, artificial 1412 1114 

Cvlinder dass or opal enamel ... 231 338 

Fence. tip. . 315 402 

Fishing 344 453 

Flat 315 402 

Horseshoe nail * 315 403 

Iron or steel — 

Cold-drawn, etc 315 402 

Galvanized or coated 309 392 

Nail 315 402 

Nickel 385 530 

Rivet 315 403 

Round iron 303 375 

Screw 315 402 

Steel wire, rolled * 315 403 

Wire 315 403 

Roe of fish 722 682 

Roll bars for pulp and paper machinery 356 472 

Roller bearings and parts 321 416 

Rollers, antifriction 321 416 

Rollers, print, metal 392 550 

Calendar. 1443 1191 

Copper 378 517 

Steel, for bonds, etc 393 550 

Roman candles 1416 1122 

Roman cement 203 260 

Roofing: 

Felt 1 302 1049 

Paper 1302 1049 

Slate 2— 355 

Root or roots: 

Althea, advanced 32 95 

Althea, crude 1502 . 1222 

Brier (briar *) 403 560 

Bulbous * 751 745 

Chicorv 7 7 5 804 

Dandelion 775 804 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

(rude 1562 1298 

For Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 

Ginger — 

( andied or preserved 777 809 

Not candied or preserved 780 818 

1 (op * 751 745 

I fori icultural 751 744 

I vv 403 560 



index; 1589 

Paragraph of 

Root or roots— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Laurel 403 560 

Licorice 33 98 

"Marshmallow — 

Advanced 32 95 

Crude 1502 1222 

Sarsaparilla 33 99 

Stocks 751 747 

Rope: 

Asbestos 1101 1091 

Ends for paper stock 16 1 1 1420 

Rawhide. 1581 1327 

Waste ] M 1 1420 

Wire 310 407 

Roping-. (See Roving. I 

Rosa rugosa. seedlings and cuttings of 752 750 

Rosaries .. 144 4 1192 

Rosemarv oil 1625 1394 

Rose oil." 1625 1393 

Rose plains * 752 749 

Roses, seedlings and cuttings 752 749 

Rosewood 404 563 

Rosin 1072 1457 

Rosin, violin 144(1 1194 

Rottenstonc 1661 1443 

Roucou and extracts * 1510 123G 

Roving: 

Cotton ..... 903 840 

Flax 1002 904 

Hemp 1002 904 

Jute 1003 906 

Ramie 1002 904 

Silk 1202 1010 

Vegetable fiber n. s. p. f 1002 904 

Wool .-,,.. 1106 963 

Ro vim: wastk wool 1105 957 

Rubber: 

1 lard, manufactures of, n. s. p. f -..-.■ 1438 1184 

India, crude 1587 1332 

Manufactures of 1437 • 1181 

Milk of* 1587 1332 

Vulcanized, manufactures of 1438 1184 

Rubies, cut, not set 1429 1148 

Ruchings ]430 1157 

Ruffling, neck 1430 1157 

Rugs. {See Carpets and rugs,) 

Cork carpet * 1018 935 

( 'otton * , 1020 942 

Corticine * 1018 935 

Linoleum 1018 935 

Oilcloth 1018 935 

Straw * 1020 940 

Vegetable fiber * 1020 940 

Vegetable substances, n. s. p. f.* 1020 940 

Rum, bay 58 180 

Runners* cotton, plain woven cloth 911 878 

Rust, iron or steel 394 . 556 

Rutabaga seed 702 781 

Ruthenium 1 589 1 337 

Rye. grain, flour and meal 729 698 

Saccharides 505 608 

Saccharin (saccharine * > 26 76 

Sacks, jute 1017 933 

Saddlery hardware 345 454 

Saddles and saddlerv, leather L600 1359 

Sadirons 327 423 



1590 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Safety fuses 1418 1127 

Safetv pins 350 460 

Safety razors 358 474 

Safflower 1510 1239 

Safflower extracts 1510 1235 

Saffron 1510 1238 

Saffron cake* 1510 1239 

Saffron extracts 1510 1235 

Safrol 56 176 

Sage 780 823 

Sago, crude, and flour 1644 1424 

St. John's bread seed* 762 785 

St. Julian plum stocks, cuttings, etc.* 753 752 

Sake r . 804 829 

Sal ammoniac* (ammonium chloride) 7 37 

Salep, advanced* 31 90 

Salep, crude* 1562 1299 

Saleratus* 78 224 

Salicin 505 608 

Salicylate, methyl „ 26 77 

Salicylic acid and salts, medicinal 26 76 

Salicylic acid and salts, not medicinal 25 73 

Salmon, fresh* 718 669 

Salmon, pickled, salted, smoked, or otherwise prepared 719 672 

Salol 26 76 

Salop, advanced* 31 90 

Salop, crude* 1562 1299 

Sal soda 78 228 

Salt 78 230 

Cake 1654 1436 

Drawback* 78 224 

For curing fish* 78 223 

Salt or salts: 

Alcoholic 22 67 

Alkaloid from cinchona bark 1639 1418 

Amidonaphtolsulfoacid* 25 75 

Aniline (anilin*) 25 74 

Antimony oxide* 8 41 

Black* 1635 1413 

Bismuth 20 64 

Cerium . 84 247 

Chemical, alcoholic 22 67 

Chemical, n. s. p. f 5 32 

Cinchona bark - 1639 1418 

Cocaine 55 173 

Ecgonine 55 173 

Epsom 47 134 

Glauber 78 235 

Glycerophosphoric acid 24 72 

Gold 19 63 

Medicinal, alcoholic 22 67 

Medicinal, n. s. p. f R 32 

Mineral 161 3 1375 

Naptholsulfoacid* 25 75 

Naphtylaminosulfoacid* 25 75 

N.s.p. f 5 32 

Opium 55 170 

Platinum 19 63 

Potash, crude, n. s. p. f 1635 1413 

Radium 1640 1419 

Rhodium... 19 63 

Rochelle 9 43 

Salicylic acid , medicinal 26 76 

Salic vlic acid , not medicinal 25 73 

Santonin 76 219 



INDEX. 1591 

Paragraph of 

Salts or salts— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Selenium 1646 1426 

Silver 19 63 

Strvehnine 83 244 

Sul'phoacid* 25 75 

Thorium . 84 245 

Tin 85 248 

Uranium 1674 1460 

Saltpeter 75 217 

Samples, of wool manufactures 1122 1005 

Sampling: 

Lead-bearing ores 388 536 

Zinc -bearing ores 390 543 

Sand: 

Asbestos 1515 1245 

Crude or manufactured 1 661 1444 

Iron or steel 335 439 

Monazite 1616 1377 

Sandalwood oil 54 168 

Sandarac 1577 1321 

Sand-blast machines 1541 1270 

Sandstone , monumental and building 235 350 

Sandstone, unmanufactured 1661 1445 

Santonin and salts of.., 76 219 

Sarsaparilla root 33 99 

Sashes, iron or steel* 393 551 

Satchels, leather or parchment 1432 1166 

Sateens, cotton, woven with 8 or more harness 905 864 

Satin white 71 203 

Satinwood 404 563 

Sauce, fish 722 681 

Sauces, n. s. p. f 748 739 

Sausage, bologna* 706 647 

Sausage casings 706 646 

Savonnerie carpets and rugs 1117 993 

Sawdust* 414 589 

Saw — 

Plates* 308 390 

Plates, circular 304 380 

Saws 340 445 

Saxon v carpets and rugs* 1118 997 

Scale, copper 1553 1284 

Scalpings, grain or seed 732 705 

Scarfs, cotton 911 878 

Scenery, theatrical 1637 1416 

Schappe silk yarn 1202 1011 

Schmaschen gloves* 1433 U70 

Scientific — 

Apparatus 1686 1480 

Collections, specimens for 1655 1437 

Institutions. (See Institutions.) 

Instruments, metal 360 479 

Scissors 357 473 

Scoops, metal 373 510 

Scourings, grain or seed 732 706 

Scrap — 

Albums 1311 1085 

Aluminum 374 510 

Gas mantle 84 247 

Gutta-percha 1587 1334 

Iron 301 358 

Lead 389 538 

Antimonial 389 538 

Metallic magnesium 375 513 

Platinum 1634 1411 

Rubber 1687 1332 



1592 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Scrap— Continued. H. R.7456. rage. 

Steel. 301 358 

Tin 386 533 

Tin plate 301 358 

Tobacco 603 621 

Screenings, grain or seed 732 706 

Screen, wire 318 412 

Screens, bamboo, wood, etc 413 584 

Screens, of carpets or rugs 1119 1001 

Screws, wood, of iron or steel 338 442 

Screw wire rods 315 402 

Scroll iron or steel: 

Galvanized or coated 309 391 

N. s. p. f 313 399 

Sculptures (see also Works of art) : 

Casts of, for models 1660 1442 

Definition 1685 1478 

N. s. p. f "... 1447 1195 

Original 1685 1478 

Twenty years old* . . 1685 1478 

Sea grass, manufactured or dyed 1440 11S6 

Sea herring, fresh, frozen or packed in ice 1645 1425 

Seal oil 49 143 

Seaweeds, crude, n. s. p. f 1617 1378 

Seaweeds, manufactured or dyed 1440 1186 

Seed cane for Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 

Seedlings of plants, trees, or shrubs 752, 753 749. 751 

Seeds: 

Alfalfa 761 769 

Alsike clover . 761 771 

Anise 780 813 

Apricot kernels 760 767 

Aromatic drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude - 1562 129S 

Beet..: 762 776 

Beet (except sugar) 762 776 

Cabbage 762 776 

Canary 762 777 

Caraway 780 813 

Cardamom .-....-: 780 813 

Carrot.. ..'.... 762 777 

Cassia 780 814 

Castor bean 760 765 

Cauliflower 762 777 

Celery. . 762 778 

Clover, n. s. p. f 761 771 

Cloves 780 817 

Collard * 762 782 

Coriander "." 780 815 

Corn salad * 762 782 

Cotton * 762 767 

Crimson clover 761 770 

Cummin 7S0 8 1 5 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 ! 298 

Eggplaat* 762 783 

Fennel 780 816 

Fenugreek * 702 783 

Flaxseed 760 765 

Flower 762 782 

For Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 

Garden and field 762 775 

Grass 761 769 

Hairy vou-h 761 773 

Hemp* 762 768 



INDEX. 1593 

Paragraph of 
Seeds— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Hoarhound * 762 785 

Kale 762 778 

Kohlrabi 762 779 

Linseed * 760 765 

Mangelwurzel 762 779 

Millet 761 772 

Morbid growth drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Mushroom spawn * 762 783 

Mustard 780 819 

Nutmeg 780 820 

( )il-bearing 760, .1620 767, 1380 

Onion 762 779 

Palni nut and kernels 620 1380 

Parsley 762 779 

Parsnip 762 780 

Peach kernels 760 767 

Peas 767 792 

Pepper 762 780 

Pepper, spice 780 820, 821 

Poppy 760 766 

Radish 762 780 

Rape* 762 768 

Red clover 761 770 

Rutabaga ' 762 781 

St. John's bread or bean * 762 785 

Sorghum * 762 784 

Spice 780 811 

Spinach 762 781 

Spring vetch ■ 761 773 

Sugar beet 762 775 

Sugarcane* : 762 784 

Sunflower 760 767 

Timothy 761 772 

Tree. I* 762 781 

Turnip 762 781 

Vetch 761 773 

White clover 761 771 

Seg and Russian seg bagging 1517 1248 

Seines, gill, of flax, hemp, or ramie 1006 915 

Selenium, and salt.-,. .....' 1646 1426 

Semiprecious stones: 

( Jut, not set 1429 1 1 51 

Imitation 1429 1151 

Manufactures of (not jewelrv) 233 349 

Semivitrified tiles . 202 257 

Semolina 730 702 

Senegal 3577 1319 

Separators, cream * 372, 1504 504, 1223 

Serums 1511 1240 

Sesame bean oil * 1626 1396 

Sesame oil 1626 1398 

Sesamum seed oil * 1626 1396 

Sesquicarbonate, sodium ' 78 228 

Sewing — 

Machine needles 343 450 

Machines and parts 1541 1 270 

Xeedles, hand 1618 1379 

Silk 1204 1015 

Thread, cotton 902 848 

Shaddocks * 743 730 

Shaddocks, boxes or barrels containing 410 578 

Shades, bamboo, wood, etc 413 584 



1594 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Shafting: H. R.7456. Page. 

Muntz or yellow metal 378 51 7 

Mill, steel * 304 378 

Steel 304 380 

Shale coal 1545 1273 

.Shapes: 

For hats, fur 1427 1143 

Iron 303 375 

Steel 304 378 

Shavings: 

Cork.. , 1556 1289 

For paper stock 1641 1421 

Steel 334 439 

Shawl pins 350 460 

Shawls, wool: 

Knit * • 1115 987 

Woven * 1116 991 

, Shear blades used in machines 356 471 

Shears 357 473 

Sheathing: 

Copper * 378 517 

Felt 1302 1048 

Muntz or yellow metal 378 517 

Paper 1302 1049 

Sheep 702 633 

Dip 1647 1427 

Straying across boundary line 1507 1 229 

Skins, dressed and finished * 1600 1345 

Wool 1101, 1102, 944, 947, 

1121 1004 
; Sheet glass: 

Colored, manufactured, ornamented 224 325 

Polished 220 316 

Unpolished 219 314 

Sheets: 

Aluminum 374 51 

Asbestos 1401 1091 

Brass 378 519 

Bronze 378 519 

Copper 378 517 

Copper, with layers of other metal 309 391 

Cotton 911 878 

Flax 1013 927 

Gelatin* 39 120 

Hydraulic cement and asbestos 1401 1091 

Iron or steel. (See Iron or Steel.) 

Lead 389 538 

Magnesium 375 513 

Metal, decorated or coated * 309 392 

Metal, with layers of other metal 309 392 

Muntz or yellow metal 378 517 

Nickel 385 530 

Nickel, with layers of other metal 309 391 

Platinum * 393 551 

Pyroxylin 29 86 

Steel, n. s. p. f 304 378 

Willow 1406 1099 

Zinc 3°1 545 

Shellac 1597 1342 

Shellac manufactures 1439 1186 

Shellfish 1649 1428 

Shell: 

Buttons. 1410 1106 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f 1438 1184 



index. 1595 

Paragraph of 

Shells: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Cartridge, empty 1418 1125 

Cocoa* 1617 1378 

Not sawed, etc., unmanufactured 1630 1408 

Engraved, cut, etc , 1438 1184 

Shingle bolts 1683 1470 

Shingles 408 572 

Ship- 
Chronometers 367 489 

Planking * 414 589 

Timber 1683 1470 

Shirt collars and cuffs: 

Artificial silk 1210 1035 

Cotton 918 895 

Flax 1016 931 

Silk 1210 1035 

Shirts: 

Cotton, knit* 916 892 

Silk and artificial silk 1211 1036 

Shoddy 1105 958 

Shoe- 
Buckles 346 455 

Buttons* 1411 1111 

Knives 355 469 

Laces, leather 1600 1361 

Lacings, cotton 912 882 

Machine needles 343 45Q 

Machinery 1541 1270 

Uppers, vamps, etc., leather 1600 1347 

Shoes: 

Horse, mule, or ox, iron or steel 333 438 

Leather 1601 1361 

Not leather 1405 1097 

Shooks: 

Box, exported and returned. ^ 1514 1242 

Box, foreign , ! 409 576 

Fruit box, exported and returned 410 578 

Shorts, wheat or other cereals 731 704 

Shotgun barrels 1648 1427 

Shotguns and parts 364, 365 484, 485 

Shot, iron or steel 335 439 

Shot, lead 389 538 

Shoulders of pork 703 639 

Shovels, metal 373 510 

Shrimps 1649 1428 

Shrubs: 

Chemically treated, etc 1419 1127 

For Department of Agriculture 1633 141 1 

Nursery or greenhouse * 752, 753 749, 751 

Shuttles for machines 372 504 

Side arms 363 483 

Sienna earths * 70 199 

Siennas 70 199 

Siftings, tea 14 55 

Signals, chemical 1417 1123 

Silica, crude and pigment 207 276 

Silicate, sodium 78 237 

Silicic acid * 1 23 

Silicide, calcium 302 361 

Silicon: 

Chromium 302 361 

Manganese 302 360 

Metal 302 361 

Steel 305 361 

Zirconium 302 361 



1596 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Silk, artificial: H. R. 7456. Pago. 

Articles of , n. s. p. f 1215 1041 

Articles, lever or go-through machine * 1430 1155 

Beltings * 1215 1042 

Braids* -. 1430 1155 

Collars, shirt 1210 1035 

Cords * 1215 1042 

Embroideries* 1430 1155 

Fabrics of , n. s. p. f 1215 1041 

Fibers* 1215 1041 

Filaments 1215 1041 

Fringes * 1430 1155 

Galloons* 1430 1155 

Knit goods. 1215 1042 

Laces * 1430 1155 

Lame 1215 1041 

Neckruffling* 1430 1155 

Ribbons 1215, 1430 1042, 1153 

Ruchings* 1430 1155 

Shirt collars 1210 1035 

Shirts, for men and boys 1211 1036 

Tassels * 1215 1042 

Threads 1215 1041 

Trimmings * 1430 1155 

Waste 1215 1041 

Yarns 1215 1041 

Silk: 

Appliqued articles * 1430 1155 

Articles, lever or go-through machine * 1430 1155 

Ascertainment of weight or number 1214 1039 

Ascertainment of width. 1206 1026 

Assessment of duty on yarn 1202 1008 

Bands and bandings * 1207 1030 

Beaded goods * 1430 1155 

Belts and beltings * 1207 1030 

Bindings * .* 1207 1030 

Bolting cloths 1526 1256 

Bone casings * (see also Tubings) 1207 1030 

Braces. 1207 1030 

Braids* 1430 1155 

Button forms 1409 1104 

Carded * 1201 1006 

Chenilles 1206 1027 

Chiffon articles* 1430 1155 

Clothing, knit* 1208 1032 

Clothing, not knit or crocheted . . 1212 1038 

Clothing, ready-made 1212 1038 

Cocoons 1650 1429 

Collars, shirt 1210 1035 

Combed* 1201 1006 

Cords 1207 1030 

Cords and tassels 1207 1030 

Cotton cloth containing 907 870 

Crocheted goods 1208 1032 

Dressed 1201 1006 

Edgings* 1430 1155 

Embroidered articles* 1430 11 55 

Embroideries* 1430 1155 

Fabrics, knit, in the piece 1208 1032 

Fabrics, pile 1206 1027 

Fabrics with fast edges, not exceeding 12 inches in width 1207 1029 

Fabrics, woven in the piece . - 1205 1022 

Floss. 1204 1015 

Flouncings* 14*30 1155 

Fringes* 1 130 1 1 55 



INDEX. 1597 

Paragraph of 
Silk— Continued. n.R.7456. Page. 

Galloons* 1430 1155 

Garters 1207 1030 

Gloves, knit 1208 1032 

Gorinss* 1207 1030 

Handkerchiefs 1200 1033 

Hatbands* 1207 1030 

Hatters' plush 1453 1208 

Hose and half-hose, knit 1208 1032 

Imitation. (See Artificial silk.) 

Inserting* , 1430 1155 

Jacquard woven fabrics 1205 1022 

Knit fabrics in the piece 1208 1032 

Knit goods 1208 1032 

Laces* 1430 1155 

Lining, sleeve, cotton* 907 870 

Manufactures of , n. s. p. f 1213 1039 

Mufflers, woven 1209 1033 

Neck rufflings* : 1430 1155 

Nets and nettings* 1430 1155 

Noils, exceeding 2 inches in length 1201 1007 

Number, ascertainment of 1214 1039 

Orgaimne 1203 1013 

Ornamental articles* 1430 1155 

Ornaments* . 1430 1155 

Outerwear, knit 1208 1032 

Partially manufactured : 1201 1006 

Peignee* (combed* silk) 1201 100G 

Pile fabrics 1206 1027 

Plush , distinguished from velvet 1206 1027 

Plush, hatters' 1453 1208 

Plush ribbons 1 206 1027 

Plushes 1206 1027 

Raw 1651 1430 

Readv-made clothing 121 2 1038 

Ribbons, n. s. p. f . /. 1207 1029 

Ribbons, ornamented * 1430 1155 

Ribbons, plush 1206 1027 

Ribbons, velvet 1206 1027 

Roving 1202 1010 

Runnings * 1430 1155 

Rufflinss * 1430 1155 

Schappe yarn 1202 1011 

Sewing 1204 1015 

Shirt collars 1210 1035 

Shirts, for men and boys 1 211 1036 

Singles, thrown 1203 1013 

Skeins 1651 1430 

Sleeve linings, cotton * 907 870 

Small wares"* 1207 1030 

Spangled goods * 1430 1155 

Stripes * : 907 870 

Spun 1202 1011 

Suspenders 1 207 1030 

Tamboured articles * 1430 1155 

Tassels 1 207 1030 

Tassels and cords 1207 1030 

Threads, n. s. p. f 1204 1015 

Thrown 1203 1013 

Tram 1203 1013 

Trimmings * 1430 1155 

Tubings 1 207 1030 

Twist 1204 1015 

Underwear, knit 1 208 1032 

Veils and veilings * 1430 1155 

Velvet, distinguished from plush 1200 1026 



1598 INDEX. / 

Paragraph of 
Silk— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Velvet ribbons 1206 1027 

Velvets 1206 1027 

Waste 1650 1429 

Wearing apparel, knit * 1208 1032 

Wearing apparel, not knit or crocheted 1212 1038 

Webs and webbings * 1207 1030 

Weight, ascertainment of 1214 1039 

Width, ascertainment of 1206 1026 

Woven fabrics — 

In the piece 1205 1022 

Jacquard woven 1205 1022 

Yarn — 

Method of assessing duty 1202 1008 

N. s. p. f 1204 1015 

Schappe or spun 1202 1011 

Thrown 1203 1013 

Silkworm eggs * 1564 1301 

Silver: 

Albata or Argentine* 377 516 

Articles or wares, n. s. p. f 393 551 

Bullion 1537 1264 

Chemical compounds, mixtures, and salts 19 63 

Coins 1550 1281 

Fox skins and manufactures 1420 1132 

German, unmanufactured 377 516 

Leaf -. 381 524 

Manufactures 393 550 

Medals 1611 1373 

Nickel, unmanufactured 377 516 

Ores 1628 1404 

Sweepings 1628 1406 

Tinsel lame or lahn 382 525 

Tinsel wire 382 525 

Trophies 1611 1373 

Similar (unenumerated) articles 1459 1216 

Sirup : 

Dextrose 504 604 

Fruit, alcoholic 806 833 

Maple 504 603 

Melada 501 591 

Other 501, 503 596, 599 

Sisal grass 1575 1312 

Binding twine 1521 ■ 1252 

Cables 1005 912 

Cordage 1005 912 

Size: 

Glue 39 121 

Gold * 72 203 

Skates 1402 1093 

Skeletons 1652 1431 

Skelp, iron or steel 308 390 

Skelp iron or steel, sheared or rolled in grooves 307 388 

Sketches, original 1685 1478 

Skewers 412 583 

Skins: 

Bird 1419 1130 

Chamois 1431 1161 

Dressed, etc.* 1600 1345 

Fish 1570 1306 

Fox, silver or black 1420 1132 

Fur, carroted 1421 1136 

Fur, undressed 1573 1308 

Goldbeaters' 1574 1309 

Morocco* 1600 1345 

Raw 1653 1432 

Undressed * 1573, 1653 1308, 1432 



INDEX. 1599 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

Skirt bindings, cotton pile* 909 874 

Skirtings, hemstitched or tucked * 1430 1154 

Slabs: 

Breccia marble, onyx 232 342 

Cork, artificial 1412 1114 

Iron 303 376 

Slate 237 355 

Steel 304 379 

Slack, coal 1545 1273 

Slag, basic 1576 1318 

Slate: 

Books 1310 1082 

Pencils 1449 1198 

Slates and manufactures 237 355 

Sledees, blacksmiths' 326 423 

Sleeve linings * 907 870 

Slicing knives 355 469 

Slides, for magic lanterns 226 328 

Slipper buckles 346 454 

Slippers * (see also Boots and shoes) 1405 1097 

Sliver: 

Cotton 901 846 

Flax, n. s. p. f 1002 904 

Hemp 1002 904 

Jute 1003 904 

Ramie 1002 904 

Vegetable fiber, n. s. p. f 1002 904 

Slubbing waste, wool 1105 957 

Sludge machines and parts 1541 1269 

Smalts, glass 231 338 

Small wares: 

Artificial silk 1215 1040 

Cotton 912 882 

Silk 1207 1029 

Vegetable fiber 1014 928 

Wool 1114 985 

Smelting: 

Lead-bearing ores 388 536 

Zinc-bearing ores 390 543 

Smel ts, fresh or frozen * 718 670 

Smokers' articles 1452 1206 

Snap fasteners 348 457 

Snaps, saddlery or harness 345 454 

Snelled hooks 344 453 

Snuff and snuff flour 604 623 

Soap: 

Castile 77 220 

Castor oil 51 159 

Fancy toilet * 77 220 

Medicinal or medicated * 77 220 

N. s. p. f 77 220 

Perfumed toilet * 77 220 

Powder, n. s. p. f 77 220 

Toilet 77 220 

Tooth 57 178 

Soapstone and manufactures 209 283 

Societies. (See Institutions.) 
Soda or sodium: 

Alkalies containing * 5 32 

Arsenate (arseniate*) 78 224 

Ash 78 227 

Baking 78 224 

Benzoate 26 76 

Bicarbonate 78 224 

Bichromate * 78 223 

Bisulphite 78 238 



1600 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Soda or sodium — Continued. H - R - 7456 - Pa § e - 

Borate, crude 1533 1261 

Borate, refined : 78 226 

Bromide 78 226 

Carbonate, calcined 78 227 

Carbonate, crystal * 78 223 

Caustic 78 232 

Chlorate 78 229- 

Chloride 78 230 

Chromate 78 231 

Crystal carbonate* ( sodium carbonate, hydrated) 78 223 

Crystals * 78 223 

Cvanide 1654 1434 

Dichromate (bichromate *) 78 231 

Ferrocyanide or yellow prussiate of soda 78 232 

Formate 78 231 

Hydrated carbonate or sal soda 78 228 

Hydrosulphite and compounds '. 79 240 

Hydroxide or caustic soda - 78 232 

Hyposulphite * 78 223 

Meta-bisulphite 78 238 

Monohydrated carbonate 78 228 

Nitrate 1654 1435 

Nitrite 78 234 

Phosphate 78 235 

Potassium tartrate 9 43 

Prussiate of, yellow 78 232 

Sal or hydrated sodium carbonate 78 228 

Sesquicarbonate. 78 228 

Silicate 78 237 

Sulphate, crude. 1654 1436 

Sulphate, crystallized 78 235 

Sulphide (sulphid *) 78 236 

Sulphite 78 238 

Sulphoxylate compounds 79 240 

Supercarbonate.* (See also Sodium bicarbonate.) 78 224 

Tartrate, potassium 9 43 

Thiosulphate 78 239 

Yellow prussiate of 78 232 

Soda water 807 834 

Sod oil 49 141 

Solder 389 538 

Soles, leather 1600 1346 

Soluble greases, n. s. p. f 5] 159 

Solutions: 

Formaldehyde or formalin 38 118 

Pyroxylin 28 85 

Sorbite. . . *. 505 607 

Sorghum seed* 762 784 

Sounds, fish: 

Crude, dried, or salted, n. s. p. f 1524 1255 

Prepared 39 121 

Soud 773 803 

Souvenirs 1678 1464 

Soya-bean oil 50 152 

Soya beans* 763 786 

Prepared or preserved 773 803 

Spades, metal 373 510 

Spangled or beaded articles and fabrics 1403, 1430 1094, 1153 

Spangles 1403 1094 

Spanish brown* 70 199 

Spanish cedar '. 404 561 

Sparkling wines.. 803 829 

Spawn, mushroom* 762 783 

Specimens, natural history 1655 1437 

Specimens for scientific public collections 1655 1437 

Spectacles and frames 225 328 



INDEX. 1601 

Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. Page. 

Spermaceti oil 1624 1385 

Sperm oil 49 143 

Spices (see also Seeds): 

Cinnamon 780 816 

Cloves 780 817 

Curry and curry powder 780 815 

Drugs, advanced* 31 90 

Drugs, crude* 1562 1298 

Ginger 780 818 

Mace 780 818, 819 

N. a. p. f 780 824 

Nutmegs 780 820 

Pimento 780 822 

Sage 780 823 

Turmeric 780 823 

Spiegeleisen 301, 302 358, 360 

Spike lavender oil 1625 1390 

Spikes, iron or steel 331 433 

Spinach seed 762 781 

Spindle banding, cotton 912 882 

Spiral nut locks, iron or steel 330 431 

Spirit varnishes 72 204 

Spirits : 

Distilled 802 827 

Compounds 802 827 

Containers 809 836 

Forfeiture 811 837 

Imitations 811 837 

Leakage, breakage, etc 812 838 

Permit for 813 839 

Proof 810, 811 837 

Regulations for 814 840 

Lac* (see also Tin bichloride) 85 247 

Nitrous ether* 35 101 

Turpentine 1672 1457 

Spirituous beverages. (See Spirits, distilled.) 

Splice bars, railway 322 418 

Splittings, mica 208 280 

Sponge, platinum 1634 1411 

Sponges and manufactures, n. s. p. f 1445 1193 

Sponges, rubber* 1437 1179 

Spool thread, cotton* 902 849 

Sporting goods 1402 1093 

Sporting shotguns and rifles 365 485 

Sprigs, iron or steel * 331 433 

Spring-beard needles 343 450 

Sprinkler tops 387 533 

Sprocket chains, iron or steel 329 429 

Sprouts, malt 731 704 

Spruce logs 402 558. 

Spun silk vara 1202 1011 

Spunk 1656 1437 

Spurs used in the manufacture of earthenware 1657 1438 

Stained glass windows 230 336 

For churches 1688 1482 

Stained window glass for churches 1688 1482 

Stains: 

Alizarin 26 80 

Coal-tar 26 79 

Indigo 26 80 

N . s . p . f 63 184 

Stamp albums 1311 1085 

Stamp cases, metal 1428 1145 

S2304— 22 101 



1602 INDEX. 



Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. 



Stampings, metal '. 1428 1145 

Stamps, foreign 1658 1438 

Staple, long, cotton* 1557 1290 

Staples, wire 331 434 

Starch: 

Burnt or British gum 81 242 

Chemically treated 81 242 

N. s. p. f 80 241 

Potato. 80 241 

Soluble 81 242 

Substitutes for 81 242 

Statuary: 

Definition „ 1685 . 1478 

For educational purposes 1660 1442 

N- s. p. f 1447 1195 

Original . 1685 1478 

Statues and statuettes: 

Earthenware 212 289 

Porcelain 213 294 

Stave bolts 406 570 

Staves 407 571 

Returned, as boxes or barrels 1514 1242 

Stays, iron or steel 328 425 

Steam — 

Engines 372 504 

Locomotives 372 504 

Stearic acid 1 22 

Stearin, oleo 701 631 

Steatite manufactures, not toilet preparations 209 282 

Steel or iron. (See Iron or steel.) 
Steel: 

Alloys 305 383 

N. s. p. f . , substitutes for tool steel 304 378 

Antifriction balls and rollers 321 416 

Balls, antifriction 321 416 

Band — 

For baling 314 401 

Saws 340 445 

Barrels, American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 

Bars 304 379 

Billets 304 379 

Blooms 304 379 

Boron * 305 383 

Boxes, American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 

Carboys, American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 

Casks, American manufacture, returned 1514 1242 

Castings 304 380 

Chromium 305 383 

Circular saw plate 304 380 

Cloth, woven- wire 318 412 

Cobalt 305 382 

Crucible, electric,* etc 304 379 

Definition 306 385 

Die- 
Blanks 304 378 

Blocks 304 378 

Dies* 393 551 

Forms * 341 447 

Galvanized 309 392 

Wire 316, 317 406, 411 

Gun-barrel molds 304 378 

Hammer molds 304 380 

Hoop for baling 314 401 

Ingots 304 379 

Iridium * 305 383 

Manganese : 305 383 



INDEX. 1603 

Steel— Continued. Paragraph of 

Manufactures— H. R. 7456. Page. 

From tinplate, etc 311 396 

N.s.p.f 393 551 

Molds, gun-barrel and hammer 304 380 

Molybdenum 305 383 

Nickel 305 383 

N. s. p. f 304 378 

Plate, crucible * 304 379 

Plates — 

Circular saw 304 380 

Engraved 341 447 

N. s. p. f 304 378 

Points 332 437 

Pods, rolled wire * 315 403 

Rollers, antifriction 321 416 

Rolls * 393 551 

Saws 340 445 

Scissors and shears 357 473 

Scrap 301 358 

Shafting 304 380 

Shapes 304 380 

Shavings 334 439 

Sheets, n. s. p. f 304 378 

Silicon 305 383 

Slabs 304 379 

Strings for musical instruments 1441 1187 

Strips 316 405 

Substitutes for 304 378 

Swaged 304 380 

Tantalum * 305 383 

Titanium * 305 383 

Tool 304, 305 378, 383 

Travelers 316 407 

Trouser buttons 349 458 

Tungsten 305 383 

Uranium * 305 383 

Vanadium 305 383 

Wolfram * 305 383 

Wool 334 439 

Woven-wire cloth 318 412 

Steels: 

Corset or dress 336 440 

Table, butchers', carving, etc 355 469 

Steel-tired wheels for railway purposes 324 421 

Steins: 

Crockery ware 212 289 

Porcelain 213 294 

Stems: 

Artificial and ornamental, n. s. p. f 1419 1127 

Clove 780 817 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Tobacco — 

Cut 604 623 

Uncut 1671 1457 

Stereotype-matrix mat or board 1313 1088 

Stereotype: 

Metal * 389 538 

Paper 1304 1054 

Plates 341 447 

Stibnite containing antimony * 1509 1233 

Stick: 

Bean 773 802 

Lac 1597 1342 



1604 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Sticks: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Cork, artificial 1412 1114 

Fishing rod, wood for 1684 1476 

Parasol 1455 1211 

Wood for 1684 1476 

Partridge, pimiento, bamboo, hairwood, etc 1684 1476 

Rough, hewn, sawed, or bored 406 570 

Sunshade 1455 1211 

Wood for 1684 1476 

Umbrella 1455 1211 

Wood for • 1684 1476 

Walking cane, wood for 1684 1476 

Whip, wood for 1684 1476 

Still wines 804 830 

Stilts used in earthenware manufacture 1657 1438 

Stock:' 

Filter 1303 1051 

Glue 1580 1326 

Nursery and greenhouse * 752 744, 750 

Paper 1641 1421 

Stockings. (See Hose and half hose.) 

Stocks: 

Fruit * 753 752 

Rifle 365 484 

Root 751 746 

Rose * 752 749 

Shotgun 365 484 

Stock-treating parts, pulp and paper machinery 356 471 

Stone: 

Monumental or building 235 350 

Not monumental or building 1661 1443 

N. s. p. f 1661 1443 

Pumice and manufactures 206 268 

Stones: 

Curling * 235 350 

Flint, unground 1571 1307 

Imitation, precious 1429 1151 

Lithographic — 

Engraved . 341 447 

Not engraved 1606 1367 

Precious 1429 1148 

Semiprecious — 

For jewelry 1429 1151 

Manufactures, not jewelry 233 349 

Synthetic cut 1429 1148 

Stoneware 210, 212 285, 289 

Chemical 213 295 

Stoppers: 

Cork 1412 1114 

Glass, cut 218 309 

Storage: 

Battery plates and material 320 415 

Batteries, electric 320 415 

Storax * . 10 45 

Stout 805 831 

Stove: 

Plates, cast-iron 327 423 

Wicking 912 882 

Stramonium 33 99 

Strand, wire 316 405 

Straw 778 809 

Baskets of. 413 585 

Blinds, porch and window 413 584 

Braids for hats, etc 1406 1098 

Curtains, shades, screens 413 584 

Definition 1406 1098 



INDEX. 1605 

Paragraph of 

Straw— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Flax 1001 900 

Hats 1406 1098 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 1179 

Matting, mats, rugs 1020 940 

Stretchers, umbrella and parasol 342 448 

Strings, musical instrument: 

Gut * 1434 1174 

Metal 1441 1187 

Stripes, silk * 907 870 

Strips: 

Aluminum 374 510 

Brass 378 519 

Copper * 378 517 

Glass, for gauges 226 328 

Horn 1585 1330 

Iron, n. s. p. f 313, 315 399, 402 

Nickel 385 530 

Paper 1313 1087 

Steel 313, 315, 316J 399 ' 4 ^g 

Zinc 391 545 

Strontia * (strontium oxide) 82 243 

Strontian, protoxide * 82 243 

Strontianite 1662 1446 

3trontium (strontia *): 

Carbonate, precipitated 82 244 

Mineral 1662 1446 

Nitrate 82 244 

Oxide 82 244 

Sulphate, mineral 1662 1446 

Structural shapes, iron or steel 312 397 

Strychnine (strychnia *), and salts 83 244 

Stucco, asbestos 1515 1245 

Studs: 

Automobile tire 332 436 

Dress, not metal 1411 1109 

Iron or steel 332 436 

Stummels, pipe bowls 1452 1206 

Stylographic pens and parts 353 464 

Styrax balsam 10 ■ 48 

Subacetate, copper 1554 1287 

Sublimate, corrosive 16 57 

Substitutes: 

Allov steel 304 380 

Butter* 709 656 

Cheese 710 656 

Cocoa-butter * 776 808 

Dextrine 81 242 

Coffee 775 804 

Cork* 1412 1114 

Cream 708 654 

Lard 703 641 

Milk 708 654 

Radioactive 1640 1420 

Steel allov 304 380 

Sugar 501 591 

Adulterated 506 611 

Beet seed 762 775 

Beets 764 789 

Bone char for decolorizing * 66 191 

Box shooks 409 576 

Oandv 506 610 

Cane * 504 606 

Cane-seed * 762 784 

Colored 506 611 



1606 INDEX. 

_ „ Paragraph of 

Sugar — Continued. H. K. 7456. Page. 

Contained in dried sugar cane 504 603 

Drainings * 501, 503 596, 599 

Dutch standard * 501 590 

Grape * 504 604 

Imports by manufacturers 502 597 

Machinery 1504 1224 

Maple , 504 603 

Mi 1 k o f * 5 31 

Mixtures with 501 596 

Refined , 501, 506 591, 611 

Saccharides 505 608 

Sweepings * 501, 503 596, 599 

Tank bottoms 501 591 

Tinctured . ; 506 611 

Sugar-beet knives 355 469 

Suits: 

Combination, cotton * 916 890 

Union * . 916 890 

Sulfate, benzidine 25 73 

Sulfid of zinc, white * 74, 88 207, 250 

Sulfonamide, toluene 25 73 

Sulphanilic acid 25 73 

Sulphate : 

Aluminum (alumina *) 6 34 

Ammonium (ammonia *) 7 39- 

Aluminum 6 35 

Barium 64 188 

Combinations or mixtures with zinc sulphides 74 207 

Baryta * . 64 186 

Barytes, artificial * 64 186 

Calcium, precipitated 71 203 

Cobalt 27 85 

Copper 1554 1288 

Diethyl, esters 35 102 

Dimethyl, esters 35 102 

Ferrous 1568 1305 

Iron * 1568 1305 

Lime, artificial * 71 202 

Magnesium (magnesia *) . 47 134 

Mineral strontium 1662 1446 

Morphine (morphia *) , 55 173 

Potassium (potash *) 1635 1414 

Aluminum 6 35 

Quinine (quinia *) 1639 1418 

Sodium (soda *).... 78 235 

Crude 1 654 1436 

Zinc «8 951 

Sulphide (sulphid * sulfid *): 

Antimony 8 41 

Arsenic 1513 1241 

Sodium 78 236 

Zinc 88 252 

White * 74, 88 207, 250 

Combinations with barium sulphate 74 207 

Sulphite, sodium 78 238 

Sulphoacids and salt * 25 73 

Sulphonalod: 

A iiimal or vegetable oils 51 159 

( Jastor oil 51 159 

Sulphoricinoleic acid * 51 159 

Sulphoxylate, sodium; and compounds 79 240 

Sulphur and sulphur ore 1663 1447 

Sul phuret of iron 1663 1447 

Sulphuric — 

Acid and anhydride 1501 1220 

Ether * 35 101 



INDEX. 1607 

Paragraph of 

Sumac: H. K.7456. Page. 

Extract * 36 113 

Ground * - 1458 1214 

Unground -. 1563 1299 

Sunflower seed 760 767 

Sunn: 

Binding twine 152 1 1252 

Cable? and cordage 3005 912 

Fiber 1575 1313 

Sunshades: 

Not paper or lace and sticks for 1455 1211 

Wood for sticks 1684 1476 

Supercarbonate of soda * 78 223 

Supporters, magnesia clay 215 301 

Surface-coated papers 1305 1059 

Surgical instruments and parts 359 477 

Suneying instruments 228 : 360 332, 478 

Suspenders: 

Cotton 912 882 

Silk 1207 1029 

Vegetable fiber 1014 927 

Wool 1114 985 

Sweaters, vegetable fiber * 916 891 

Sweepings: 

Gold and silver 1628 1406 

Sugar * 501. 503 596, 599 

Tea 14 54 

Sweetmeats 748 739 

Swine 703 637 

Swivels: 

Cotton cloth 905 864 

Harness or saddlerv 345 454 

Swords and blades. 363 483 

Sycamore lumber * 1683 1469 

Synthetic: 

Alizarin * 26 80 

Camphor 48 138 

Chemicals 26 80 

Cut stones 1429 1148 

Indigo * 26 80 

Odoriferous chemicals 26, 56 77, 175 

Phenolic resin 26 82 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1439 1186 

Precious stones * 1429 1148 

Resins 26 82 

Tanning materials 26 82 

Syrup. (See Sirup.) 
Table covers, cotton: 

Chenille * 920 899 

Plain woven 911 878 

Table damask and manufactures: 

Cotton 910 876 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton 1 1012 925 

Table knives and forks 355 470 

Table slabs, slate 237 355 

Table utensils 339 444 

Tablets: 

Braille 1530 1259 

Chemicals, etc., in 21 65 

Tackle: 

Fishins: 344 453 

Immigrants' 1508 1232 

Tacks, iron or steel 331 433 

Tagatose, d- 505 607 

Taggers: 

Iron or steel, coated with tin or lead 310 395 

Tin 310 395 



1608 INDEX. 



Paragraph of 
H. R. 7458. 



Tagua nuts. (See also Vegetable ivory) 1664 1450 

Tailors' irons 327 423 

Tailors' chalk 18 61 

Talc and manufactures 209 283 

Talcum.* (See Talc.) 

Tallow 701 630 

Tallow, vegetable 1675 1460 

Talose, d- 505 607 

Tamarinds 1665 1450 

Tamboured articles 1430 1157 

Tampico fiber 1575 1310 

Binding twine 1521 1252 

Cables* 1005 912 

Cordage* 1005 912 

Dressed, dyed, or combed 1458 1214 

Tank bottoms 501 591 

Tanks, iron or steel, cylindrical and tubular 328 426 

Tanners' knives 355 469 

Tannery knives for machines 356 471 

Tannic acid 1 15 

Tannin 1 15 

Tanning: 

Barks 1563 1299 

Extracts 36 105 

Materials, synthetic coal-tar 26 82 

Woods 1563 1299 

Tantalum 302 373 

Steel* 305 383 

Tape needles 343 450 

Tapers 1417 1123 

Tapes: 

Cotton* 912 882 

Flax 1014 928 

Measuring 1014 928 

Vegetable fiber 1014 928 

Tapestries, cotton or other vegetable fiber 908 872 

Tapestry carpets and rugs 1118 997 

Tapioca and flour 1666 1451 

Tar: 

Crude and pitch of — ■ 

Blast-furnace 1546 1276 

Coal 1546 1277 

Oil-gas 1546 1276 

Water-gas 1546 1276 

Distillates — 

Blast-furnace 25 73 

Coal 25 73 

Oil-gas 25 73 

Water-gas 25 73 

Spreading machines 1541 1269 

Wood 1667 1452 

Tartar: 

Cream of 9 43 

Crude 9 43 

Emetic 8 41 

Patent* 9 43 

Refined 9 43 

Tartaric acid 1 16 

Tartrate: 

Calcium 9 43 

Potassium-antimony 8 42 

Sodium potassium 9 43 

Tassels: 

Artificial silk* 1215 1041 

Cotton 912 882 



INDEX. 1609 

Paragraph of 
Tassels— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Lame or lahn 382 525 

Silk 1207 1030 

Tinsel wire 382 525 

Vegetable fiber 1014 927 

Wool 1114 985 

Tea 1668 1453 

Containers 1668 1452 

Impure 14 54 

Plants 1668 1453 

Sittings, sweepings, and waste 14 54 

Teams, immigrants' 1508 1232 

Teasels (teazels*) 781 825 

Tees, iron or steel 312 397 

Teeth, natural or unmanufactured 1669 1455 

Telegraph poles 405 567 

Telegraph wire 316 407 

Telephone: 

Poles 404 567 

Wire 316 407 

Telescopes and frames 228 331 

Tendons 706 647 

Tennis balls 1402 1093 

Terneplate, manufactures 311 396 

Terneplates 310 395 

Terpineol 56 176 

Terpin hvdrate 24 70 

Terra alba * 207 270 

Terra cotta, works in 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Terra japonica *. 1510 1235 

Terry-woven fabrics and manufactures 909 874 

Test'boards 1313 1088 

Tetrachloride: 

Carbon 17 59 

Tin 85 248 

Tetrachloroethane 17 60 

Tetrachlorophthalic acid 25 73 

Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone 25 73 

Tetramethvldiaminodiphenvlmethane 25 73 

Textbooks* 1 1310 1082 

Textile braids, n. s. p. f 1430 1156 

Textile grasses and fibers 1575 1310 

Theatrical grease paints 57 178 

Theatrical properties 1637 1416 

Thermostatic containers 1454 1210 

Thiocarbanilide 25 73 

Thiosalicylic acid 25 73 

Thiosulphate, sodium 78 239 

Thorite * 1616 1377 

Thorium, nitrate, oxide and salts 84 245 

Thorium ores 1616 1377 

Thrashing machines 1504 1223 

Thread: 

Articles 1430 1156 

Artificial horsehair and silk 1215 1040, 1043 

Asbestos mantle 1401 1090 

Cotton* m 901, 902 844, 848 

Flax, hemp, or ramie 1004 968 

Metal 382, 1430 524, 1153 

Silk 1204 1015 

Waste, wool 1105 958 

Threshing machines 1504 1223 

Thrown silk 1203 1013 

Thvme oil 1625 1395 

Thvmol. 24 71 



1610 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Ties: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Baling 314 401 

Railroad 405 568 

Tights, knit, vegetable fiber * 916 890 

Tiles and tiling: 

Articles 202 257 

Cement 202 257 

Ceramic mosaic 202 258 

Cork 1412 1114 

Corrugated 202 257 

Cylinder °lass 23 1 341 

Decorated 202 257 

Earthenware 202 257 

Embossed 202 257 

Enameled 202 257 

Encaustic 202 257 

Flint. . 202 258 

Friezes composed of 202 257 

Glass 231 341 

Glazed 202 258 

Gold decorated 202 257 

Grooved 202 257 

Hand painted 202 257 

Ornamented 202 257 

Mantels composed of 202 258 

Manufactures 202 257 

Opal enamel 231 341 

Paving 232 342 

Pill 212 289 

Quarry 202 258 

Semivitrified 202 258 

Spar 202 257 

Unglazed 202 258 

Vitrified 202 258 

Timber: 

Hewn, sided, or squared 401 557 

Red cedar* 401 557 

Round and unmanufactured 1683 1470 

Round for spars or wharves 401 558 

Ship 1683 1468 

Time of taking effect of act Title I, sec. 1. 7 

Time-burning chemical signals 1417 1123 

Time detectors* 368 ■ 495 

Time-measuring mechanisms 368 493 

Timothy seed 761 772 

Tin. . i 386 532 

Bar 386. 1670 532, 1455 

Bichloride 85 248 

Black oxide of 1670 1456 

Block 386, 1670 532, 1455 

Cassiterite 1670 1456 

Compounds 85 248 

Containers* 1668 1452 

Grain 386,1670 532,1456 

Granulated 386,1670 532,1455 

Mixtures 85 248 

Ore 1670 1456 

Oxide, black 1670 1456 

Pig.... 386,1670 532,1455 

Plate, scrap 301 358 

Plates 310 395 

Plate, manufacturers of 311 396 

Powdered 379 521 

Production proclamation 1670 1455 

Salts 85 248 

Scrap 386 533 



INDEX. 1611 

Paragraph of 

Tin— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Tasters 310 395 

Tetrachloride 85 248 

Tincture, opium 55 169 

Tinsel wire articles 382, 1430 525, 1153 

Tips: 

Horn 1585 1330 

Lava , 215 301 

Penholder 352 462 

Tire fabric, cotton 905 864 

Tires: 

Automobile and bicycle 1 437 1181 

Iron or steel , locomotive 324 420 

Tissue paper 1304 1054 

Titanium'. 302 372 

Compounds and mixtures 86 248 

Potassium oxalate 86 248 

Steel* 305 383 

Tobacco: 

Cigars, cigarettes, cheroots 605 623 

Exported^ and returned 1514 1242 

Filler 601, 602 614, 620 

Knives 356 471 

Leaf 601, 602 612, 620 

Examination... 602 620 

Invoicing: 602 620 

X. s. p. f 603 621 

Pipes and pipe bowls 1452 1206 

Pouches - - 1452 1206 

Scrap 603 621 

Snuff and snuff flower 604 622 

Stems, cut 604 622 

Stems not cut , ground . or "pulverized 1 671 1457 

Turkish .. 601 612 

Wrapper 601, 602 614, 620 

Toilet: 

Articles 1678 1464 

Brushes - - 1407 1102 

Pastes, powders, and preparations 57 178 

Soap 77 220 

Waters - - 57 178 

Tolidine (tolidin *) 25 73 

Tolu balsam 10 47 

Toluene (toluol *) 1546 1276 

Toluenesulfochloride 25 73 

Toluene sulfonamide 25 73 

Toluidine (toluidin*) 25 73 

Toluol ' ' 1546 1276 

Toluylenediamine (toluvlenediamin*) 25 73 

Tomatoes 770 798 

Tomato paste 770 798 

Tongs, blacksmiths' , iron or steel 326 423 

Tonka (tonqua*, tonquin*) beans 87 250 

Tool steel 304 378 

Tools: 

Drainage, and parts 373 509 

Immigrant.-' 1637 1416 

Machine, and parts 372 504 

Track 326 422 

Tooth: 

J bushes 1407 1102 

Harrows 1504 1223 

Soaps 5' 178 

Toothpicks 412 583 

Top waste, wool 1105 957 



1612 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Tops: H. R. 7456. Page. 

Sprinkler 387 534 

Wool 1106 962 

Tournav velvet carpets and rugs * 1118 997 

Tow, flax and hemp 1001 901, 903 

Towels: 

Cotton 911 878 

Linen 1013 . 927 

Tov or tovs: 

• Balloons 1414 1117 

Books.. , 1414 1117 

Bullions 382 524 

Chinaware 213 295 

Earthenware 212 289 

Lame or lahn 382 524 

Marbles 1414 1117 

Metal threads 382 524 

Not earthenware 1414 1117 

N. s. p. f 1414 1117 

Porcelain 213 295 

Tinsel wire 382 524 

Tracing cloth, cotton 906 867 

Track tools, iron or steel 326 422 

Tragacanth 1577 1321 

Tragasol 1577 1321 

Trails 322 419 

Tram, silk 1203 1013 

Tranks, glove 1433 1169 

Transfer paper 1305 1061 

Tree seed 762 781 

Trees: 

Chemically treated, etc., n. s. p. f 1419 1127 

Deciduous or evergreen, cuttings and seedlings 752 750 

For Department of Agriculture 1633 1411 

Fruit seedlings and cuttings 753 752 

Tribromophenol ' 25 73 

Trichloroethylene ~ 17 60 

Trimmings 1430 1156 

Trinitrotoluene 26 77 

Tripoli 1661 1443 

Troches, medicinals, etc. , in 21 65 

Trolley poles 405 567 

Trophies 1611 1373 

Tropical fruit plants * 753 753 

Trouser buckles 346 455 

Trouser buttons, metal 349 458 

Truffles 766 791 

Tubers 751 747 

Tubes: 

Bronze 378 519 

Charcoal iron 328 425 

Collapsible 387 534 

Copper 378 517 

Filter* 212 290 

Iron or steel 328 426 

Plate metal 328 426 

Umbrella 342 449 

Tubing: 

Brass 378 519 

Copper 378 517 

Magnesitun 375 513 

Metal flexible 328 427 

Ttfbings: 

Cotton 912 882 

Silk 1207 1031 



INDEX. 1613 

Paragraph of 

Tubings— Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Vegetable fiber 1014 927 

Wool 1114 985 

Tubular tanks and vessels 328 426 

Tickings 1430 1157 

Tulip bulbs 751 745 

Tuna, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice 1645 1425 

Tung oil, Japanese or Chinese 1626 1400 

Tungsten-bearing ores * 302 362 

Tungsten: 

Alloys 302 368 

Chromium 302 371 

Compounds 302 361 

Concentrates 302 364 

Ferrochromium 302 371 

Metallic 302 364 

N Lckel 302 361 

Ore 302 364 

Powder 302 368 

Steel 305 383 

Tungstic acid 302 368 

Tuning forks, hammers, and pins 1441 1187 

Turkev-red oil 51 160 

Turkish tobacco .- 601 614 

Turmeric 780 823 

Turnips 771 799 

Turnip seed 762 781 

Turpentine, gum, and spirits 1672 1458 

Turpentine, Venice * 1672 1457 

Turtles 1673 1459 

Tusks, ivory 1591 1339 

Tweezers 354 465 

Twine : 

Binding 1521 1252 

Flax 1004 908 

Hemp 1004 908 

Jute 1003 905 

Paper, for binding wool * 1313 1087 

Ramie 1004 908 

Twist, jute 1003 905 

Twist, silk 1204 1015 

Type metal 389 538 

Types: 

New 384 529 

Old * 389 538 

Printing, for the blind 1530 1260 

Typesetting machines 1541 1270 

Typewriter paper 1307 1072 

Typewriters and parts 1541 1269 

Ultramarine blue 65 190 

Umber earths * 70 199 

Umbers 70 199 

Umbrella: 

Ribs and stretchers 342 449 

Sticks 1455 1211 

Tubes 342 449 

Wood for sticks 1684 1476 

Umbrellas, not paper or lace 1455 1211 

Underwear, flannels f or * 1109 973 

Underwear, knit: 

Cotton 916 891 

Silk 1208 1032 

Vegetable fiber 916 891 

Wool 1115 990 

Unenumerated articles 1458, 1459 1214, 1216 

Union suits, knit * 916 890 



1614 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

H. R. 7456. Page. 

United States (see also Botanic Garden, Department of Agriculture, 
and Library of Congress) : 

Articles, growth or manufacture of 1514 1242 

Books, engravings, etc., for use of 1528 1258 

Unmanufactured unenumerated articles 1458 1214 

Upholstery: 

Cloths, Jacquard woven, vegetable fiber 908 872 

Goods, cotton * 908 872 

Leather, enameled 1431 1163 

Uppers for boots and shoes, leather 1600 1360 

Uranium, oxide and salts of 1674 1460 

Uranium, steel * 305 383 

Urea 24 71 

Utensils: 

Aluminum 339 444 

Containing electrical heating elements 339 443 

Flatware 339 443 

Hollow ware 339 444 

Hospital 339 444 

Household 339 444 

Kitchen 339 444 

Laboratory 360 479 

Philosophical 360 479 

Scientific 360 479 

Table 339 444 

Vaccines 1511 1240 

Vaccine virus * 1511 1240 

Valerianic acid 1501 1221 

Valerian oil* 54 163 

Valonia 1563 1299 

Valonia extract 36 112 

Vamps, leather 1600 1360 

Vanadium: 

Chromium 302 361 

Nickel 302 361 

Steel 305 383 

Vanilla beans 87 249 

Vanillin . 56 176 

Vanity cases, metal 1428 1145 

Varnishes: 

Gold size or Japan* 72 204 

N . s. p. f 72 204 

Spirit - 72 204 

Vases: 

Alabaster 233 347 

Breccia .. 233 345 

Earthenware 212 289 

Jet 233 345 

Marble 233 345 

Onyx 233 345 

Platinum, for chemical use* 360 479 

Porcelain 213 294 

Veal, fresh 701 629 

Vegetable: 
Articles — 

For dyeing or tanning 1563 1300 

In alcohol 22 67 

Decoctions for dyeing or tanning 36 105 

Extracts for dyeing or tanning 36 105 

Fiber. (Sec Fiber, vegetable.) 

Ivorv *. (See also Tagua nuts). 1664 1450 

Buttons..... 1410 1105 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f 1438 1183 

Knives 355 469 

Oils, sulphonated. (See also Oils, vegetable) 51 160 



INDEX. 1615 

Paragraph of 

Vegetable— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Parchment paper. ' 1305 1060 

Preparations for dyeing or tanning 36 105 

Substances — 

Crude 1617 1378 

Fibrous, n. s. p. t 1575 1316 

Tallow 1675 1460 

Wax, crude 1676 1461 

Vegetables: 
Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Natural 772 800 

Preparations of 773 801 

Prepared or preserved 773 802 

With meat or fish 773 803 

Veils and Ceilings 1430 1157 

Vellum 1629 1407 

Vehicles, immigrants' 1508 1232 

Velvet or velvets: 

Carpets and rugs '. 1118 997 

Cotton* " 909 874 

Distinguished from plushes : 1206 1026 

Ribbons, cotton. 909 873 

Ribbons, silk 1206 1027 

Silk 1206 1027 

Tapestry carpets and rugs 1118 997 

Wool* 1111 978 

Velveteens, cotton* 909 874 

Veneers of wood 404 565 

Venetian: 

Carpets and rugs* 1118 998 

Red* 70 199 

Venice turpentine* 1672 1457 

Venison 704 643 

Verdigris 1554 1288 

Vermicelli 726 691 

Vermilion reds: 

Containing quicksilver 73 206 

Xot containing quicksilver* 69 195 

Vermuth 804 829 

Vessels : 

Cast iron 327 423 

Iron or steel 328 426 

Platinum, for chemical use* 360 479 

Vests, knit, cotton* 916 892 

Vetch seed 761 773 

Vials, glass 217 307 

Views, landscape, United States 1310 1084 

Vinegar 739 719 

Proof 739 720 

Vines, deciduous and evergreen 752 750 

Violas and parts of 1441 1187 

Violin rosin 1446 1194 

Violins and parts of 1441 1187 

Violoncellos and parts 1441 1187 

Virus, vaccine* 1511 1240 

Viruses 1511 1240 

Vitriol: 

Blue 1554 1288 

Oil of 1501 1217 

Vulcanized: 

Oils and fats. .. 52 162 

Rubber, manufactures 1438 1184 

Wads, gun : 1423 1138 

Wafers 734 708 

Cork 1412 1113 



1616 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
H. R. 7456. Page. 

Wagon blocks ! 406 570 

Wagons: 

Agricultural 1504 1224 

Immigrants' 1508 1232 

Waistcoat buckles, iron or steel 346 455 

Walking canes 1455 1211 

Wood for 1684 1476 

Wall pockets, paper, papier-mache, or paper board 1313 1089 

Walnuts 758 762 

Ware: 

Bisque 213 295 

Chemical porcelain 213 294 

Chemical stone 213 295 

China 213 295 

Cream-colored 212 290 

Crockery 212 290 

Earthen 212 290 

Flat 339 443 

Hollow 339 444 

Parian 213 295 

Porcelain 223 295 

Stone 212 289 

Wares (see also Articles): 

Magnesium, n. s. p. f 375 513 

Warps, cotton 901 844 

Warp varn, cotton* 901 842 

Wash:" 

Blues 65 189 

Cloths, cotton* 909 874 

Rags, cotton* 909 874 

Washers: 

Cork 1412 1113 

Iron or steel, wrought 330 431 

Lock, of iron or steel 330 431 

Waste: 

Cork 1556 1289 

Cotton 1557 1290 

Advanced 901 847 

N. s. p. f 1456 1212 

Paper-making 1517, 1641 1248, 1420 

Silk 1650 1430 

Tea 14 54 

Wool 1105 957 

Watchcases 367 488 

Watch: 

Crystals 238 356 

Dials 367 492 

Jewels 367 491 

Movements 367 489 

Parts 367 489 

Marking 367 488 

Plates 367 488 

Water 

Artificial mineral 808 836 

Bay 58 180 

Colors 1447, 1685 1195, 1478 

Floral or flower 58 180 

Fowls * 711 659 

Imitation mineral 808 836 

Mineral 808 836 

Soda 807 834 

Toilet 57 178 

Water-gas tar: 

Crude 1546 1276 

Distillates 25 73 

Pitch 1546 1277 



INDEX. 1617 

Paragraph of 

H. E.7456. Page. 

Water-measuring mechanisms 368 493 

Waterproof cloth 906 869 

Wattle- 
Bark 1563 1299 

Extract 36 113 

Wax: 

Animal, crude 1676 1461 

Bees * 1676 1461 

Bees, white bleached 1457 1213 

Disks 1677 1463 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1436 1178 

Matches 1417 1124 

Mineral, crude 1676 1461 

Paper 1305 1059 

Tapers* 1417 1123 

Vegetable, crude 1676 1461 

Wearing apparel : 

Appliqued 1430 1157 

Beaded 1430 1153 

Cotton 916, 918 891, 895 

Doeskin 1420 1133 

Embroidered 1430 1157 

Fur 1420 1133 

Goatskin 1420 1133 

Hides or skins 1420 1133 

Lace 1430 1156 

Ornamented 1430 1156 

Passenger's 1678 1464 

Scalloped • 1430 1157 

Silk- 
Knit * 1208 1032 

Not knit 1212 1038 

Spangled 1430 1153 

Tamboured 1430 1157 

Theatrical, not for sale 1637 1416 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton : 916, 1016 891, 931 

Wool 1115, 1116 988, 992 

Weasands ..-..- 706 647 

Webs and webbings: 

Cane 411 579 

Cotton * ■ 912 882 

Gill, flax, hemp, or ramie 1006 915 

Jute 1014 928 

Silk * ' 1207 1029 

Vegetable fiber, not cotton * 1014 927 

Wool * 1114 985 

Wedges, iron or steel 326 423 

Weeds: 

Drugs — 

Advanced 31 90 

Crude 1562 1298 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 1179 

Weight of silk, ascertainment 1214 1039 

Whalebone: 

Manufactures of, n. s. p. f 1437 1179 

Unmanufactured 1679 1465 

Whale oil 49 142 

American fisheries 1624 1385 

Wheat (see also Cereal breakfast food) 730 700 

Bran 731 704 

By-product feeds : 731 704 

( harT 732 706 

( racked or crushed 730 703 

Feeds, by-product 731 704 

82304—22 102 



1618 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 

Wheat (see also Cereal breakfast food) — Continued. H.R.7456. Page. 

Flour 730 701 

Impurities 732 706 

Products, n. s. p. f 730 703 

Scalpings 732 705 

Screenings 732 706 

Scourings 732 706 

Semolina 730 702 

Shorts 731 704 

Wheels: 

Axles fitted in , 323 420 

Emery 1415 1119 

Hubs for 406 570 

Railway, iron and steel 324 421 

Steel-tired, railway *. 324 421 

Whetstones 1583 1329 

Whip gut, and manufactures 1434 1175 

White: 

Arsenic 1 17 

Lead 69 197 

Paris 18 61 

Phosphorus matches, importation prohibited 1417 1123 

Pigment — 

Containing lead * 69 195 

Containing zinc * 74 207 

Satin 71 203 

Sulphide of zinc * 74, 88 207, 252 

Whiting 18 61 

Whitewood, lumber * 1683 1469 

Wick, asbestos 1401 1091 

W r icking — lamp, stove, candle, cotton 912 882 

Width of silk, ascertainment 1206 1026 

Wild: 

Animals and birds for exhibition 1508 1232 

Birds, feathers, heads, etc. 1419 1130 

Mace 780 818. 819 

Willow 411 580 

Articles of, n. s. p. f 411 579 

Baskets 411 580 

Braids, etc. , for hats 1406 1099 

For baskets 411 580 

Furniture* 411 580 

Manufactures of * 411 582 

Wilton carpets and rugs 1118 997 

Wind matches. 1417 1123 

Window: 

Blinds, bamboo, etc 413 584 

Curtains — 

Lace, not Nottingham 1430 1153 

Nottingham lace 919 897 

Glass*.... 219,224 313,325 

Stained or painted for institutions 1688 1482 

Hollands, cotton 906 868 

Windows: 

Stained or painted 230 336 

For institutions 1688 

Wine: 

Breakage, etc 812 

Champagne 803 

Coloring* 26,36 

Ginger 804 

Imitations of 811 837 

Lees 9 43 

Permit for 813 839 

Proof 810,811 837 

p rune 806 833 

Rice (sake) 804 829 



838 

829 

78, 105 

829 



INDEX. 1619 

Paragraph of 
Wines: B..K. 7456. Page. 

Sparkling 803 829 

Still 804 830 

Wings, wild birds' 1419 1 130 

Wintergreen oil 26 77 

Wire: 

Articles * 393 551 

Baling 317 411 

Barbed 1680 1466 

Brads, iron or steel 331 436 

Cables 316 407 

Cloth 318 412 

Coated, iron, steel, or other metal 316 405 

Covered with cotton, etc 316 407 

Fabric 318 412 

Fence, barbed * 1680 1466 

Fencing, galvanized 317 411 

Flat 316 405 

Fringes, tinsel 382 525 

Galvanized, n. s. p. f 317 411 

Gauze 318 412 

Healds or heddles 316 407 

In glass 221, 222 319, 321 

Iron or steel 316 406 

Lead 389 538 

Magnesium 375 513 

Manufactures of * 316-318 406, 412 

Music 1441 1187 

Nails 331 433 

Platinum * 393 551 

Rods 315 403 

Rope 316 407 

Round 316 406 

Screen 318 412 

Spikes 331 433 

Staples 331 434 

Strand 316 405 

Tacks 331 433 

Telegraph, telephone 316 407 

Tinsel- 
Articles 382, 1430 525, 1153 

Gold, silver or other metal 382 525 

Witherite 1681 1467 

Wolfram metal * 302 361 

Wolfram steel * 305 383 

Wood: 

Alcohol 4 29 

Ashes 1635 . 1415 

Barrels — 

Empty 409 574 

Filled with fruit 410 578 

Baskets 4]3 585 

Blinds, porch and window L 413 584 

Blocks — 

Car 406 570 

Gun 1683 1468 

Heading 406 570 

Last 406 570 

N.s. p. f* 406 570 

Oar * 406 570 

Wagon 406 570 

Boards 404, 1683 563, 1468 

Bolts- 
Handle 1683 1468 

Heading 406 570 



1620 INDEX. 

Wood — Continued. Paragraph of 

Bolts— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Shingle 1683 1468 

Stave. 406 570 

Box •.. 404 562 

Boxes — 

Covered or lined 130* 1064 

Filled with fruit 410 578 

Packing, empty. ----- 40<: 576 

Paper 1313 1088 

Brier (briar *-) root. . . 403 560 

Broom handles * 414 589 

Cabinet * 404 561 

Cabinet furniture 414 587 

Casks, empty 409 574 

Cedar, red * .• 401 557 

Cedar '. 402 558 

Cedar, Spanish 404 561 

Cork, unmanufactured 1556 1289 

Charcoal . . . 1682 1468 

Clapboards 1683 1469 

Curtains 413 584 

Deals 404, 1683 563, 1470 

Ebony 404 561 

Extracts, dyeing or tanning * 36 105 

Fence posts * 406 570 

Fire -. . .- 1683 1468 

Flour * 414 589 

Furniture 411, 414 580, 587 

Fustic 1563 1299 

Granadilla 404 562 

Hogsheads, empty . . . . 409 574 

Hoop poles * -.- 414 589 

Hop poles * 414 589 

Hoops 407 571 

Hubs for wheels 406 570 

Ivy or laurel root - = 403 560 

Japanese maple - 404 561 

Japanese white oak 404 561 

Kindling *. , 414 589 

Lancewood 404 562 

Laths --. 1683 1470 

Lignum-vitae 404 561 

Logs, cabinet * 404 563 

Logs of cedar, lignum-vitae, lancewood, etc 404 564 

Logs of fir, spruce, cedar, or western hemlock 402 558 

Logs, n. s. p. f 1683 1470 

Logwood 1563 1299 

Lumber 1683 1470 

Mahogany 404 561 

Manufactures, n. s. p. f 414 589 

Palings 407 571 

Paving posts 405 567 

Pencils 1449 1198 

Pickets 407 571 

Pitch of ., 1667 1452 

Planks 404, 1683 563, 1468 

Poles: 

Hop and hoop* 414 589 

Telephone, trolley, electric -light, and telegraph 405 567 

Posts... - 406 570 

Posts, fence * 406 570 

Posts, paving 405 567 

Pulp 1010 1370 

Quebracho 1563 1299 

Railroad ties 405 568 

RaUan and manufactures of 411 580 



INDEX. 1621 

Paragraph of 

Wood— Continued. H. £.7456. Page. 

Rosewood 404 563 

Satinwood 404 563 

Sawdust * 414 589 

Screens 413 584 

Screws 338 442 

Shades 413 584 

Shingles 408 572 

Ship planking * 414 589 

Ship timber 1683 1468 

Shooks 409, 410 576, 577 

Skewers, butchers' and packers' 412 583 

Staves 407 571 

Sticks for fishing rods, parasols, etc 1684 1476 

Sticks, rough-hewn, sawed or bored 406 570 

Tar 1667 1452 

Timber, hewn, sided, or squared 401 557 

Timber, round, for spars or wharves 401 558 

Timber, round, unmanufactured 1683 1470 

Timber, ship 1683 1468 

Toothpicks 412 583 

Unmanufactured, n. s. p. f 404 566 

Veneers 404 565 

Willow and manufactures of 411 580 

Rough, n. s. p. f 1684 1476 

Woodcuts: 

Definition 1685 1478 

Unbound 1685 1478 

Woods: 

Dveing or tanning * 1563 1299 

Pulp * 402, 1683 560, 1469 

Tanning or dyeing * 1563 1299 

Wool and wools: 

Adrianople skin or butcher's * 1102 947 

Advanced 1106 964 

Alpaca 1102, 1121 950, 1004 

Angora goat hair 1102, 1121 948, 1004 

Articles — 

Beaded or spangled* 1430 1155 

Knit or crocheted 1115 990 

Of carpets or rugs 1119 1001 

Art squares, ingrain 1118 998 

Bagdad * 1102 947 

Bandings * 1114 985 

Basket paragraph of wool schedule 1120 1002 

Beaded articles * 1430 1155 

Bedsides * 1118 998 

Belts and beltings * 1114 985 

Bindings * 1114 985 

Blankets 1112, 1120 980, 1002 

Bookings * 1118 998 

Braces 1114 985 

Bunting * 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Buttons * 1411 1108 

Braids * 1430 1155 

Camel's hair 1101,1121 945,1004 

Carpet 1101 945 

Carpets and rugs (see also Carpets and rugs) — 

Handmade, machine-made knotted pile fabrics, chenille Ax- 
minsters 1117 993 

N. s. p. f 1118 997 

Castel Branco * 1102 947 

China, lamb 's * 1102 947 

< lasses I, II * 1102 952 

Classes II, III * 1101 946 



1622 index. 

Wool and wools — Continued. Paragraph of 

Clothing— ' H. P. 7456. Page. 

Not knit or crocheted 1116 991 

Ready-made * - - 1116 991 

Cloths * 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Coat linings * 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Combed * 1106 961 

Combing * 1102 947 

Cordova - 1101 945 

Cords 1114 985 

Cords and tassels 1114 985 

Cotswold * 1102 949 

Covers * 1119 1001 

Crocheted articles 1115 990 

Crossbred 1102 948 

Definition . 1121 ■ 1004 

Donskoi : : 1101 945 

Dress goods* 1108,1109 969,972 

Druggets 1118 998 

Edgings * 1430 1155 

Embroidered articles * . . . 1430 1155 

Embroideries * 1430 1155 

English 1102 948 

Extract 1105 958 

Fabrics — 

Fast edges. 1114 985 

Knit 1115 987 

Pile 1111 978 

Woven 1108-1110 969-977 

Felts, not woven 1113 983 

Flannels* 1108,1109 969,973 

Flocks 1105 958 

Floor coverings 1117, 1118 993, 997 

Flouncings * 1430 1155 

Fringes * 1430 1155 

Galloons* 1430 1155 

Garters 1114 985 

Gimps * 1430 1155 

Gloves, knit 1115 989 

Goat hair* 1102,1121 948,1004 

Gorings * 1114 985 

Grease 49 146 

Hassocks 1119 1001 

Head nets * 1430 1155 

Hose and half hose, knit 1115 988 

Insertings * 1430 1155 

Italian cloths * - - 1108, 1109 968, 972 

Knit- 
Fabrics 1115 987 

Goods 1115 988-991 

Laces * - - 1430 1155 

Leicester * - - 1102 947 

Lincolnshire * 1102 947 

Linings * 1108, 1109 969, 972 

Manufactures: 

Beaded or spangled * - 1430 1155 

N. s. p. f 1120 1002 

Mats 1118 998 

Merino * , 1102 948 

Mestiza * 1102 947 

Metz or metis * 1102 947 

Mittens, knit 1115 989 

Mixed 1103 956 

Mohair : 1102 950 

Mungo 1105 958 

Narrow wares 1114 985 



INDEX. 1623 

Paragraph of 
Wool and wools — Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Nets, head * 1430 1155 

Xettings * 1430 1155 

N. s. p. f 1102 947 

Xoils 1105 957 

On the skin 1101, 1102 946, 950 

Oriental carpets and rugs 1117 993 

Ornaments * 1430 1155 

Outerwear, knit or crocheted 1115 990 

Partially manufactured wool '. 1106 961 

Pile fabrics and manufactures 1] 11 978 

Plashes * 1111 978 

Rass 1105 958 

Regulations 1104 957 

Ribbons * 1114 985 

Roping * 1106 963 

Roving 1106 963 

Rugs (see also Carpets and rugs): 

Handmade, machine-made, knotted-pile fabrics, chenille 

Axminsters 1117 993 

N. s. p. f 1118 997 

Russian camel's hair * 1101 946 

Samples: 

Of manufactures 1122 1005 

Standard * 1104 956 

Scoured 1102 952 

Screens of carpets or rugs 1119 1001 

Shawls: 

Knit * 1115 987 

Woven* 1116 991 

Sheep 1101, 1102, H2l{ 947> -^ 

Shoddy 1105 ' 958 

Skirted * 1102 948 

Small wares 1114 985 

Smyrna, native 1101 945 

South American, native 1101 945 

Spangled articles * 1430 1155 

Standard samples * 1104 956 

Steel 334 439 

Suspenders 1114 985 

Stockings. (See Hose and Half -hose.) 

Tassels and cords 1114 985 

Tops 1106 962 

Trimmings * 1430 1155 

Tubings 1114 985 

Underwear, knit 1115 990 

Unwashed * 1102 948 

Valparaiso 1101 945 

Velvets * 1111 978 

Washed 1102 947 

Wastes and waste material 1105 957 

Wearing apparel — 

Knit or crocheted 1115 988-991 

Not knit or crocheted 1116 991 

Webbings * 1114 985 

Woven fabrics 1108-1110 969-977 

Yarn 1107 965 

Works of art: 

Alabaster 1685 1478 

Antiquities 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Bronze 1685, 1689 1478, 1483 

For exhibition by institutions, etc 1687 1481 

For institutions, etc 1689 1483 

For temporarv exhibition 1686 1480 

Ivory 1685 1478 



1624 INDEX. 

Paragraph of 
Works of art— Continued. H. R. 7456. Page. 

Marble 1685, 1689 1478, 1484 

More than 100 years old 1689 1483 

More than 20 years old* 1685 1478 

N. s. p. f 1447 1195 

Not for sale 1687 1481 

Original 1685 1478 

' Parian 1685, 1689 1478, 1483 

Plaster 1685 1478 

Porcelain : 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Pottery 1687, 1689 1481, 1483 

Productions of American artists 1688 1482 

Professional 1685 1478 

Stone 1685 1478 

Terra cotta 1685, 1687, 1689J 1478 ' ^ 

Wax 1685 1478 

Wood 1685 1478 

Worm gut and manufactures of 1434 1175 

Woven: 

Articles, vegetable fiber, not cotton 1019 938 

Fabrics. (See Fabrics, woven.) 

Mufflers, silk 1209 1033 

Woven-wire cloth 318 412 

Wrapper tobacco 601, 602 614, 620 

Definition of 602 620 

Wrapping paper 1305, 1309 1064, 1076 

Wreaths, flowers, leaves, etc 1419 1130 

Writing paper 1307 1071 

Xylene (xylol f ) 1546 1276 

Xvlidine (xvlidin *) 25 73 

Xylol *....! - 1546 1276 

Xylose 505 607 

Yarn: 

Artificial horsehair * 1215 1043 

Artificial silk 1215 1040 

Asbestos 1401 1092 

Coir 155L 1282 

Cotton 901 843 

Flax 1004 908 

Hemp 1004 908 

Jute 1003 905 

Ramie ' 1004 908 

Silk- 
Artificial 1215 1040 

N. s. p. f 1204 1014 

Schappe or spun 1202 1011 

Waste, wool 1105 958 

Wool 1107 957 

Yellow- 
Chrome 67 192 

Metal sheets, etc 378 517 

Prussiate — 

Potash 75 213 

Soda 78 232 

Ylang ylang oil 1625 1395 

Yolk, egg 713 662 

Zaffer 1690 1484 

Zante currants * 742 726 

Zinc : 

Articles, not plated 393 550 

Hearing ores 390 543 

Import regulations 390 542 

Block 39 L 545 

Calamine * 390 542 

Chloride 88 251 



INDEX. 1625 

Paragraph of 

Zinc— Continued. H. R.7456. Page. 

Coils 391 545 

Dust 391 547 

Duties, two-year provision 391 545 

Manufactures, n. s. p. i 393 550 

Old 391 548 

Ore 390 543 

Oxide 74 207 

Pigment containing* 74 207 

Pius 391 545 

Sheets 391 545 

Strips , 391 545 

Sulphate 88 251 

Sulphide (sulfid*).. 88 252 

Sulphide, combinations with barium sulphate , 74 . 207 

White, sulphide o£ * 74, 88 207, 250 

Worn-out 391 548 

Zirconium 302 361 

Nickel 302 374 

Silicon 302 374 

Zoological collections, animals and birds for 1508 1232 

o 




v. 




V-B> 







